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Microfiche 

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C 


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J    Couvartura  da  coulaur 


□    Covars  damagad/ 
C 


Couvartura  andommagte 

Covers  rastorad  and/or  laminatad/ 
Couvartura  rastaurte  at/ou  palliculAa 

Covar  titia  miasing/ 

La  titrtt  da  couvartura  manqua 

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Bound  with  othar  matarial/ 
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n 


n 


D 


Tight  binding  may  causa  shadows  or  distortion 
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□    Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprand  du  materiel  supplemen 


upplementaire 


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^^^  ^^X  13X  22X 


26X 


30X 


12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


r« 

Idtails 
IS  du 
nodifier 
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ilmage 


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right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
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method: 


L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grflce  d  la 
g6n6rosit6  de: 

Bibliothdque  nationale  du  Canada 


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filmage. 

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dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
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plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
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prsmtdre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboies  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  —^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE  ",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 

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film^s  A  des  taux  de  reduction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
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et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


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EVENTS 


iir 

* 


INDIAN  HISTORY, 

BEGINNING  WITH  AN  ACCOUNT   OF   TUE 

ORIGIN  OF  THE  AMERICAN   INDIANS, 

AND  EARLY  SETTLEMENTS  LN  NORTH  AMERICA, 

AND   EMBRACING 

CONCI(=E  BIOGRAPHIES 

UJ?    J  HE  DIFFERENT  INDIAN    TRIBES, 

k 

WITH 

NAilRATIVES  AND  CAPTIVITIES, 

INCLUDING 


ALSO 

AN    APPENDIX, 

THE  U.  STATES,  AKD  AN  INDIAN  VOCABULARY. 


ILLUSTRATED  WITH  EIGHT  FINE  ENGRAVINGS. 


LANCASTER  : 

PUBLISHED  BY  G.  HILLS  &  CO. 

BRYSOX,  PEARSOL  AND  WIMER,  PRIMTERg. 

1841. 


.•r^  -s 


*'^i>  v-f- 


FA'ENTS    Dl'  INDIA 


*»    'V^      i»«*  ■    ^C"^»M*V'    J  \^  ■'  ■      •r 


ifinr/itir.r  L'f/i    J'/iiP: 


IVENTS    Dl'  INDMIV  Tfl.HTORY. 

iiptrtimSnnt  li    i>rAt>ri(-<l  l»y  P«if.Mlioi|laH. 


mmiif^'''''''''^WI99f''^^^^^^^'^^^^^'^^^f^^^i'^ 


"^' 


Entered  according  to  the  act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1841,  by 

G.  HILLS, 

in  the  Clerk's  office  of  the  District  Court  for  the  Eastern  District  of  Penn 
sylvania. 


'm~* 


CONTENTS. 


'^ 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 

FRONTispiECE-Rescue  of  Capt.  John  Smith  bv  Pocahontas  rnn  fin  fll  , 
First  Encounter  with  the  Indians,  (pp.  29  30 7  ^''''^"°°^^'-  ^PP"  ^0'  ^^'i 
Pumataco  •  ,  alias  Philip,  (p.  46.)    ^^       '      ' 
Interview  of  Pontiac  with  Major  Rogers,  (p.  155.) 
General  St.  Clair's  Defeat,  (pp.  289,  290.)  ■' 

Combat.  "'  '.   -J  ' 

Harris's  Escape,  (p.  47G.) 
SSat  ^'"  ^''""^^°Sa  Indians  at  Lancaster  by  the  Paxton  Boys.  (pp. 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  AMERICAN  INDIANS. 


CHAPTER    I. 


PAGE 


"^wrftingsT^^r  ?PP°!"^  J°  ''^^«  '''^^"^^   to  America  in   tljeir 

*  •  •  •  •  •  Ji> 


CHAPTBR    II. 

Of  modern  theorists  upon  the  peopling  of  America, 

CHAPTER    III. 

Early  settlements  in  North  America,     . 


IG 


23 


INDIAN  BIOGRAPFIY. 

CHAPTER    I. 

Synopsis  of  the  New  England  Indians  at  tho  date  of  the  Plvmouth 
settlement-The.r  first  head-sachem  known  to  the  Enehsh  Cn 


31 


CHAPTER    11. 


^oSon"onrJstnftiP^H''°  ^^"'P  ^3^  '^^  colonies-Immediate 
Sc%\f  hlrcindSci;"".'""^^''.''^';'*^'  -dependence,  &c.- 


4G 


^•■■1 


CONTENTS. 


CIIAPfEK    III. 


PACK 


The  Narragansett  tribe— Territory  and  power— Chief  sachemt  at  the 
date  of  the  English  aettUiinents  in  ficw  Kugiand,    ....      56 


CHAPTKR    IV. 


The  Pc(iuot  tribe— Their  first  ciiief  sachem  known  to  the  English, 
Pckoath, Qi 


CHAPTER   V. 


The  Indian  tribes  of  Virginia  at  the  date  of  the  Jamestown  sctlie- 
ment— The  Powhatan  confederacy— Reception  of  Captain  Smitli  by 
Powhatan— Interposition  of  Pocahontas  in  his  favor,        ...      72 


f  CIIAPTEll    VI. 

Conduct  of  Powhatan  after  Smitli's  departure  for  Enijland,  and  causes 
of  it— Marriage  of  Pocahontas  with  John  Ilolfe— Dcatii  and  charac- 
ter of  Powhatan, 91 

I 

CHAFXER  VII. 

The  family  of  Powhatan— Sequel  of  the  history  of  Pocahontas— Ilcr 
civilisation  and  instruction  in  Christianity— Her  visit  to  England  in 
1616— Ilerdeatii  and  character— Her  descendants,  .        .        .        .106 


CHAPTER   VIII. 


Sequel  of  the  history  of  Opecliancanongh— The  great  massacre  of 
1622— Massacre  of  1641— Capture  of  Opcchaucanoug'i  by  the  Eng- 
lish—His death  and  character, 116 


CHAPTER    IX. 

Biographical  sketch  of  Captain  John  Smith, 


126 


CHAPTER    X. 


Summary  account  of  the  Five  Nations— Anecdotes  of  the  Onondaga 
chief,  Garangula — History  of  tlie  Five  Nations  continued  to  the 
time  of  Adario— Adventures  of  Black-Kettle, 131 


CHAl'TER    XI. 


The  Five  Nations  continued — Remarks  on  their  oratory — Circum- 
stances favorable  to  it — Account  of  a  council  of  the  confederates  at 
Onondaga  in  1690, 141 


CHAPTER    XII. 


Account  of  the  Ottawas — Their  first  chief  sachem  known  to  the  Eng- 
lish, Pontiao— He  saves  Detroit  from  an  army  of  Indians,      .       .    153 


00NTKNT8. 


CHAPTER    Xni. 


MOC 


tro.t  undertaken  by  l-ontiac  in  SnL&t:rf7oStetroi?,  !'  ^"  jci 


CIIAITER    XIV. 


Siege  of  Detroit  maintained  bv  Pnn*;^^     a  i       i 
Indian  army-Arrival  ot-su7rnr?«h~'3^'''''f"''S^®'  ^^'"cd  by  tbe 
Bridge-Poitiao   a'    cnlt .   ra  sc     ttf  1"^''"^^^"'/''^  "^  ^'""''y 
peaoe-His  authority  as^'Lft  1^-1  ?,  '^T^^"  ^"'^'=""'  '"^^e 
traditionary  fume,         .    '""^"'""-"'s  talents  as  an  orator-Ilis 


170 


CriAPTRU    XV. 

^Se"n\llSi^stJ?^'S"  J'-^  S---^  -".  including  Ta- 

them- White-EyVs  leader  yon?.nd"r    '!"•''-]«'»  Parties  among 
Anecdotes,     .        .  "'  *""''  ^"'^  t^aptam  Pipe  of  the  otlier- 



cirArrfin  xvr. 


183 


Observations  on  the  chamrfor  «r  wut    t-i  t^. 

his  death-Thc    alter  S  and  --^'^^'''"^'f'*'''  «°'"'nfint  on 
aware  nation-Grand" In  ii-inr.n^'r'  ;vn  ascendancy  in  tbe  Del- 


speechont  Itorcasion     M^^^^^^  ^^  J^etroit-ripe's  spirited 

but  fails  to  prove  them  '''''  "''"^"  ^S^^'"^*  the  missio^arS; 

' 193 


NARRATIVES,  CAPTIVITIES  AND  ANECDOTES. 


CIIAPTKR    I. 


Destruction  of  Schenectady, 


202 


CHAPTEK   ir. 

Murder  of  Miss  McCrea-PIeroism  of  Mrs.-  Merril, 


207 


CHAI'TER   III. 


Welsh  or  White  Ind 


lans, 


210 


CIIAPTKR    IV. 


Battle  of  Oriskaiia-Dcstruction  of  VV'y 


oming 


J     •       • 


.    313 


OONTUVni. 


CIIAVXKK   V. 


PAOX 


Tecunjieh-Hw  great  exertion,  to  prevent  the  whites  from  overrun- 
dLa^h'orTeiU"'"'."  "'  '5iPP««-'— liHttle  of  the  Tbame..a.d 


239 


niAITKR    VI. 

Facts  in  tho  history  of  the  Honcca  nation-Sagoycwatha,  or  Red- 
Jackct-His  iainous  speech  to  a  missionary-Governor  Clinton', 
account  ot  h.m-VV.tchcraft  alfair-One  of  his  p.nipk,  put  io  lea  h 

Lafayette-Counnl  at  Canan  a.,;ua-l'armors.Urothor-Narrative 
ot  his  capture  during  the  revolutionary  war,     . 


243 


CIIAI'TKK   Vir. 


do^l^ljc-Jacket-Delbutod"  bj?  General  Wa;r;;inZ'baU^^^ 


273 


cirAPTEn  VIII. 


'^rudTam'ily^'in'no?'''*^:  """'l  "^'^P^'^^^y  "^  Reverend  John  Williamg 


297 


CIIAI'TKU    IX. 


of  pS  PI  '■?  "!  ^"'"?"'- ""  ■^^'"ff^  chicf-Crcsap's  war-Baltic 
,^Lh?i)  V'''''=i;'t-' '7'. '"«.''""""**  spofch-Thc  genuineness  of  it 
doubted-Cornstock-llis  history-Melancholy  death  of  Logan,         301 


CUAPTKR  X. 


Adam  Poe, 


311 


G 


CHAPTER  XI. 


Narrative  of  the  captivity  of  John  Ortiz,  a  Spaniard,  who  was  ele-cn 
years  p  prisoner  among  the  Indians  of  Florida,    "'.   ""  "^^  J''^'^;' 


315 


CHAPTER    XII. 


Narrative  of  the  captivity  of  Mrs.  Mary  Rowlandson,  wife  of  Rev. 
Joseph  Rowla.  '.on,  v.ho  was  talcen  p-isoucr  when  Lancaster  was 
destroyed  mt.     year  lU-6 J  writiea  by  herself,       .       .  332 


Ai 
1 

V 


Par 

re 


CONTKNTt. 


322 


cuArTKa  xui. 


fAQK 


CHAPTER    XIV. 


362 


rilAPTKU    XV. 

■'rr.i'u'.if.f  isa  M^rs^^^t:  f  i»M,,  „e„j,  „„ 

coi/iiriunicii(eil  t-  "-  "    ■       •-''      »' •naroii  s  L'anisi.n  m  n,. .,,,«.  ._ 
ter  01'  tlic  place, 


taken  at  the  destruction  o?  M■17u^.7d^^•!;  fr'"'"'^"^''-  ^^?"''^'  '^J"" 
--..un.catca  to  Dr.  Cotton  ^i^U.oV{i?XlS?]X'^.ii:SLi^! 


3G4 


CHAI'TKH    XVI. 


in  ihe  dibtnct  olAl  diiJ     W      I  .^  .    *■  fe'"""'',**""  t"'  St.  iivovge  river 




36G 


CnAPTEH   XVII. 


Narrative  of  excessive  distress  of  persons  (ikr 
' 


ken  at  the  destruction  of 
on  the  tvventy-seventh 


392 


CHAPTER   XVIII. 


^S  "  rS^;nd!S.!S^:i.^-f  ^'  --"P'ified  in  the  captivity 
son,ofKnoxmarshat  Sedr^^^^^^^^^^^ 

l^ugJand,  m  the  year  17''4  ^"^'  ^^^  ^''"  ludiuus  in  New 

'  ■       *        ' 395 

CHAPTER    XIX. 

''£S^S"£,!';^S^Sl!!^,^J^5r'f'  "T'""—  *^'-  by  the 
wa«  an  inhabitant'  Octobrriti.i74t"'''  ^  "'"'  ^""""'-''•'  ^^''«^«  ^e 


406 


CHAPTER    XX. 


' 41C 


8 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTEK   XXI. 
Captivity  of  Mary  IWler,  of  Hopkinton,     . 


PAGE 

.    417 


CHAPTER   XXII. 


Narrative  of  the  captivity  of  Mrs.  Isabella  M'Coy,  who  was  taken 
captive  at  Epsom,  N.  H.,  in  the  year  1747.  Collected  from  the  re- 
collections of  aged  people  who  knew  her,  by  the  Rev.  Jonathan 
Curtis,  a  minister  of  that  town,  about  seventeen  years  ago,  and  Ly 
him  communicated  to  the  publishers  of  the  New  Hampshire  Histori- 
cal Collections, 4j^ 


CHAPTER   XXIII. 

An  account  of  the  remarkable  occurrences  in  the  life  and  travels  of 
Colonel  James  Smith,  (late  a  citizen  of  Bourbon  county,  Kentucky,) 
during  his  captivity  with  the  Indians,  in  tha  years  1755,  '56, '57, 
'o8,  and  '59,  ,       .    425 

CHAPTER   XXIV. 

Harris's  Escape, 475 

CHAPTER   XXV. 

Minutes  of  the  Provincial  Council,  of  the  year  1721,  from  which  it  will 
be  seen  that  the  Mingocs  or  Conestogas:  were  a  large  and  powerful 
tribe, .    477 

CHAPTER    XXVI. 

MasFacreof  the  Coaestoga  Indians  in  Pennsylvania,  .        .       »       .    489 

CHAPTER   XXVII. 

Indian  Anecdotes,    ......,..,,    493 


INTERESTING  FRAGMENTS^ 

The  Wester:)  Mothers, ^^(y 

^^^elaOiie  Jndk.i,, .'       !    513 

An  Indian  Mother— Great  battle  in  the  ^ndian  country,     .        .        .514 

Miciiigan  and  Wisconsin  Border, 5I5 

Chapter  on  Indians, 51<) 

•An  extract  from  the  Life  of  Capt.  Samuel  Brady,       .        .        '  .     .*    50] 
Polygamy— Treatment  to  Wives— Marriage  Ceremonies— Mode  of 
Divorcing— Another  Ceremony— Children  called  by  the  Mother's 

name,  &c 504 

Deathof  an  Indian  Warrior, !        !       '.    52b 

Appendix, 52J) 


^f- 


PREFACE. 


^  Anortier  book  upon  the  Aborigines  of  North  America,  exclaims  the 
reader !  I  ave  we  not  volume  upon  volume  of  works' on  the  Indians 
o  th.s  contment7  Their  manners  and  customs,  warfare  and  barbaH- 
ties  have  been  described  again  and  again,  by  antique  as  well  as 
|T>odorn  wrtters:  Church,  Hoyt,  Hubbard,  Mail.er,  M^Clun.   F  inT 

roud,  S™th,  Hutchinson,  Heckewelder,  Fletcher,  irake  S  m  v 
.    others,  have  all  wntten  books  in  relation  to  some  certain  tribes  con 

nu.g  themselves  to  distinct  latitudes,  whilst  others  of  them      vetale  " 

andmg  of  the  P.  gr.ms  at  Plymouth  up  to  the  present  period;  but  they 
are  most  generally  given  in  a  prolix  detail-much  that  to  the  mZ 
Zh  "^fV^t"  "^'  -interesting,  and  which  for  the  LTea" 
length  are  laid  aside,  and  their  beautiful  parts  lost  sight  of  as  Ihev 

He  would  not  be  understood  to  say,  that  the  authors  of  the  books  we 
have  alluded  to  are  in  any  manner  blameable  for  this;  they  have 
labored  laithfully  and  industriously  in  the  accumulation  ftcts  1 
natter  which  directly  concerns  every  American.  They  have  made 
heir  su,,ects  part  of  the  history  of  our  own  government,'a;d  LTuch 
we  should  understand  them,  and  be  conversaiUwith  the  events  change 
and  scenes  of  days  that  have  passed.  '         ° 

Voluminous  histories  are  looked  upon  and  very  often  deemed  too 
mtricate  by  some  to  be  read.    In  view  of  a  full  and'minute  de "rfpt  on 
of  all  the  Indians  that  priorly  existed  in  the  vast  territories  which  now 
compose  the  Umted  States,  it  would  require  as  many  ^  aL  td  a^ 
much  labor  as  the  printing  of  the  archives  of  our  own'republL    ^ 
oik  has  however  been  undertaken  by  a  distinguished  author,  S.  G. 
Dhakh,  Ksq    oi  Massachusetts,  who  has  already  published    evera 
vo  u  ,hich  a.  deservedly  popular.     We  must  here  acknoXd; 

:nr:;:rt  ;t  r'  ':^  '-'  — of  theevents  which  appe;. 
«e  axG  no\r  abuui  presenting  to  the  public. 


10 


PREFACE. 


We  do  not  design,  by  the  publication  of  a  compendium  of  the 
Event,  m  Ind,an  History,  to  rMm  any  particular  Advantage  o 
othez   books  of  a  s,mdar  character  that  have  already  been  issued 
.     There  are,  notwithstanding,  a  number  of  advantages  connected  whh 

^^m^'-T'  /'  ^^'""^^  ^^  '-  --^  ^-^--'-^  ^ventJ  n 

en   he    iZf'      ?7^^  """°^'  ''  ^'*'-  '^^^  ''^^y  — '''  J- 

select  n!  7        7         ""'  "  '°""'^^^°"  '''''^-  '^'^  -«  had  an  eye  in 

e  ect,ng  from  those  works  which  are  the  most  accurate  in  their 

answering  the  purpose  to  complete  our  object.     The  Bio-Maphic-U 

celebrated  m  the  Indian  annals;  some,  indeed,  are  as  complete  and 
^on  nrehensiveas  can  any  where  else  be  found  ;-of  this  the  r  ad  r  ^U 
be  bet<er  enabled  to  judge  when  examining  it 

A  History  of  the  indigenes  of  any  count,;  has  for  itself  many  claims 
M  hich  attract  the  notice  of  the  learned,  and  the  lovers  of  lh41"  ' 
but  especially  can  our  own  claim  attention;  so  varied,  ..ea    and 
mantle  are  the  events  which  followed  their  discovery,   h^  nil  ' 

ZX:!ZI^:  T  °^''f '--y-^hout  beingwLr  .nd  be^ 
.atisfied  w  th  the  change  which  the  God  of  Heaven  and  earth  ha. 
n^nc^y  wrong  t  an.ng  this  people.     The  numerous  tribes  t 
oic  in  existence  when  the  first  navigators  arrived  upon  the  soil  of 

cou  d  s  "  i'^r  '  T  ''^"^•^"^^-^--  «^'  Py  --1  welcome,  which 
Tund"  f  "  '""  "^'"^'^^  '^  '^'  ^«y^S--s  themselves  from 
an  uncivilised  race;  a  race  of  men  who  never  before  looked  in  the 
face  of  a  .kUe  mrn-.Uo  never  belbre  beheld  the  white  sails  o  a 
--1  spring  through  the  waters  of  their  own  wide  and  roi:::!ti: 
'  ivei., -these  have  passed  away  with  the  tid.  of  civilisation,  which  has 
run  Its  course  m  the  same  space  of  time  westward  of  the  Atlantic  Ocea" 

afi;7;he'''F'  "'       '  rT'  "  '''''''  '^^^^^  ^"^  ^^^^  -"^--^  '-d  passed 
after  the  Europeans  took  possession  of  the  soil,  when  their  most 

extensive  leagues  were  severed  and  their  governments  relinquished, 

as  though  civilisation  was  a  very  antipode  to  their  prosper!  y  as 

nation  and  a  people.     They  have  passed  away  with  the  years  which 

:::  I':;'r  ''-:;.  f-^^  -  --  -^^  P-penty,  one  of  the  mighS 
upon  he  globe.  1  he  mountains  and  umbrageous  forests,  dressed  in 
all  the  primitive  grandeur  of  Nature,  where  they  pursued  the  eliase 
and  walked  in  majestic  pride  as  the  lords  of  the  soil,  now  w  a  ^ 
extent  are  made  to  give  echo  to  the  enterprise  and  industry  oHhe 
defendants  of  the  Anglo-Saxons.     The  many  thousands  wL  now 


PREFACE. 


11 


inherit  the  cmes  the  towns  and  villages,  where  once  stood  the  rude 
wigwams   and   hut.  of  the  Indians,  send  up  the  daily  sounds  of 

sTro?r     t    vu'"  *'?'""  "^'  the  war-dance,  and  the  rtide 
sports  of  the  wdd  chddren  of  nature,  are  hushed  in  the  plains  where 
we  now  behold  the  labor  of  the  husbandman;  the  margins  of  the 
noble  nvers  connectmg  the  Atlantic  are  in  many  places  the  harbors 
of  busy  marts,  and  mstead  of  the  lone  canoe  with  her  darin.  masters 
moving  upon  the  waters,  vessels  of  ponderous  shape  and  dimen! 
sions,  guided  by  the  sconce  and  skill  of  the  sturdy  mariner,  are  found  ' 
m  every  navigable  nver;  a  population  equal  to  all  the  tri  es  now  in 
existence  in  the  United  States  have  their  homes  upon  the  deep.    Ho" 
d/eadful  were  the  events  of  the  times  which  brought  about  the  chances 
we^have  alluded  to;  history  but  faintly  tells  the  treasure  and  sufferings 

The  Biographic-al  department  of  our  volume  we  have  taken  especial 
pams  w-ith ;  the  Northern  and  Southern,  and  the  Six  Nations  of  Indians 
^  are  enibraced  in  it.     Since  printing  the  history  of  Miantonomo,  chief 
o  the  Narragansetts,  we  learn  from  a  late  publication  that  the  citizens 
of  Norwich,  Connecticut,  devoted  the  fifth  of  July  to  a  noble  purpose 
and  we  honor  them  for  it-that  of  erecting  a  monument  to  the  Lemory 
of  Miantonomo,  the  gallant  Indian  warrior  and  chieftain  who  fell 
and  was  buried  on  the  spot  called,  from  the  circumstance,  "Sachem's 
l^lain     near  the  nmnulacturing  village  of  Greenville,  on  the  Shetucket. 
rhe  burial  spot  of  the  warrior  had  been  conspicuoul  until  within  a 
few^years  past,  by  a  Cairn  formed  by  loose  stones  deposited  upon  it 
by   he  aborigmal  pilgrims  to  his  grave;  but  lately,  the  proprietor  of 
Jje  land  had  permitted  them  to  be  carted  off  to  underpin  a  house 
The  monument  IS  a  single  block  of  granite,   bearing  this  simple' 
inscription;  "Miantonomo,  1043."  ^ 

A  review  of  the  Indians  of  the  middle  States  are  also  given,  and  in 
this  we  have  extracted  from  Ileckewelder  and  Proud,  erpecia  ly  that 
par  which  lifers  to  Pennsylvania.     Some  of  the  eariiest  treaties  with 
the   ndians,  by  Governor  Keith,  are  given  for  their  novelty;  they  are 
the  transactions  which  took  place  betsveen  the  Conestoga  Indians,  a 
ube  of  the  Six  Nations,  and  the  Provincial  Council,  which  have  but 
lately  appeared  in  the  records  printed  by  the  State.     The  Conestoaa 
massacre  we  have  strived  to  place  in  such  a  form  as  to  free  it  from 
all  censure;  it  heretofore  has  been  found  fault  with  for  reflecting  upon 
a  respectable  portion  of  the  citizens  of  the  citv  and  county  of  Lan- 
caster,  as  having  been  engaged  in  the  horrible  butchery,  or  connivin<T 
at  it;  this  we  think  was  an  error  in  several  authors,  and  it  has  lately 


12 


PREFACE. 


been  ascertained  who  the  real  actors  in  this  inhuman  destruction  of 
life  were,  and  we  have  thrown  the  blame  in  that  way. 

The  frontispiece  of  this  book  is  the  rescue  of  Captain  John  Smith, 
by  Pocahontas,  the  "  Saviour  of  Virginia,"  after  he  was  condemned 
to  death  by  her  father,  Powhatan.  The  engravings  are  placed  in 
their  regular  order  through  the  work,  so  that  the  reader  will  be  enabled 
the  more  readily  to  understand  their  illustrations.  No  pains  have  been 
spared  to  give  a  correct  delineation  of  those  parts  of  the  Events  which 
we  thought  deserved  a  plate. 

The  Narratives  and  Captivities  also  occupy  a  considerable  portion 
of  the  volume,  and  are  made  up  of  the  most  important  adventures  and 
captivities  that  have  taken  place  within  the  last  two  centuries.  It  will 
be  seen  that  some  of  them  have  been  condensed  for  the  purpose  of  oh- 
serving  a  uniform  description  in  the  book.  Nothing  however  has  been 
omitted,  which  materially  affects  either  the  sense  or  correctness  of  the 
original. 

The  miscellaneous  scraps  we  have  given  at  fhe  conclusion  of  the 
book  we  came  in  possession  of  while  the  printing  of  the  work  was   ' 
going  on,  and  we  present  them  as  well  worthy  of  note  by  the  reader. 

On  a  close  examination  it  will  be  found  that  the  many  subjects 
which  arc  embraced  in  the  volume  have  been  collected  at  the  cost  of 
considerable  labor,  and  it  is  the  sincere  desire  of  the  publishers  that 
it  will  receive  giat  reward  which  it  merits.  Should  it  answer  the 
means  for  which  it  is  designed,  of  carrying  to  the  door  of  every  man 
a  correct  compilation  of  the  most  important  Events  in  Indian  History, 
then  will  we  rest  satisfied,  whether  our  undertaking  is  rewarded  or 
not.  But  before  any  pass  judgment  upon  it,  we  would  ask  them  to 
examine  it.  CoMriLER. 


Lancaster,  August  21,  1841, 


truction  of 


hn  Smith, 
ondemned 
placed  in 
be  enabled 
have  been 
mts  which 

Ic  portion 
itures  and 
s.  It  will 
ose  of  oh- 
has  been 
ess  of  tlif 

on  of  the 
rt  ork  was 
reader. 
(  subjects 
le  cost  of 
hers  that 
iswer  the 
^ery  man 

History, 
arded  or 

them  to 

PILER. 


EVENTS 


tv 


INDIAN   HISTORY. 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  AMERICAN  INDIANS. 


0  could  Iheir  ancient  Incas  rise  again 
TfewK^rv.^"**  "'«  murderer  we^k  as  we? 

We  come  with  joy  from  our  eternS  reli 

&S.^""f^P^""««  and  kingdoms  down 

Thi  sTorVshalTrh?."^  trc^ble^JErown  ? 

1  IS  thus  Omnipotence  his  law  fulfils 

And  vengeance  executes  what  justiS  wills. -Cowper. 


IThc  mo.^  «uacu  a.  u.e„  .0.  D..e.  H..o,,  of  ..e  ...U  A™..e.„  I„U.„., 

CHAPTER  I. 

'"""  -HOHS  SUPPOS.I,  -  H.VE^R...HK.I>  ^  .MBRIC.  I.  ,«„« 

^^^^<^^W:irj:^^^^^  r,  ^^^  onginal  man  of 

Indies  by  saihng  west,  cauZL  L  ""?•*  ?  ^'"^^  ^*  ^^^  East 

nent  of  America.  When  ttf  liT7  f.'^'  ^^'""^  ^"^  «>«ti- 
and  many  after  him,  supposed  thevhnl  n''-  ^^^f^^^  Columbus, 
of  the  continent  of  India  and  hen 'J tK  T''?  ^^  ^''^  ^^^'»  ^^^r^ 
c-allt<l  Indians.  The  error  was  n^fH  ^^^!  '^"^  ^^""'^  ^^em  wem 
oht«;ned,  that  it  could  nTwdrbeThlT!'''"?  ""'"  '^'  "^"^  ^^^  so 
b^-  -  -tie  to  us  by  what  nlml  the  inSff"^-  V'  *"^"'  ^^*  ^^  ^^te« 
and  especiallv  th4  o"  '  "!!?  - ' -^  '"^l^^"^"  *^^^  country  are  known. 


14 


EVENTS   IN   INDIAN   HI8T0KV. 


I*; 
111 


.'imong  us  but  in  application  to  the  aboriginal  Americans.  But  mth 
the  people  of  Europe  it  was  not  so  unimportant.  Situated  between 
the  two  countries,  India  and  America,  the  same  name  for  the  inha- 
bitants  of  both  must,  at  first,  have  produced  considerable  inconve- 
nience,  if  not  confusion ;  because,  in  speaking  of  an  Indian,  no  one 
would  know  whether  an  American  or  a  Zealander  was  meant,  unless 
by  the  context  of  the  discourse.  Therefore,  in  a  historical  point  of 
view,  the  error  is,  at  least,  as  much  to  be  deplored  as  that  the  name  of 
the  continent  itself  should  have  been  derived  from  Americus  instead 
of  Columbus. 

It  has  been  the  practice  of  almost  every  writer,  who  has  written 
about  the  primitive  inhabitants  of  a  country,  to  give  some  wild  theo- 
ries of  others,  concerning  their  origin,  and  to  close  the  account  with 
Ins  own ;  which  generally  has  been  more  visionary,  if  possible,  than 
those  of  his  predecessors.  Long,  laborious,  and,  we  may  add,  useless, 
disquisitions  have  been  daily  laid  before  the  world,  from  the  discovery 
•if  America  by  Columbus  to  the  present  time,  to  endeavor  to  explain 
i)y  what  means  the  inhabitants  got  fronfi  the  old  to  the  new  world.  To 
act,  therefore,  in  unison  with  many  of  our  predecessors,  we  will  be- 
gin as  far  back  as  they  have  done,  and  so  shall  commence  with  Theo- 
pompus  and  others,  from  intimations  in  whose  writings  it  is  alletred 
the  ancients  had  knowledge  of  America,  and  therefore  ])eopled  it.  ^ 

Theopompus,  a  learned  historian  and  orator,  who  flourished  in  the 
time  of  Alexander  the  Great,  ]p  a  book  entitled  Thaumasia,  gives  a 
sort  of  dialogue  between  Midas  the  Phrygian  and  Silenus.  The  book 
Itself  is  lost,  but  Strabo  refers  to  it,  and  ^lianus  has  given  us  the 
substance  of  the  dialogue  that  follows.  After  much  conversation, 
Silenus  said  to  Midas,  that  Europe,  Asia  and  Africa  were  but  islands 
surrounded  on  all  sides  by  the  sea  ,•  but  that  there  was  a  continent 
situated  beyond  these,  which  was  of  immense  dimensions,  even  with- 
out limits  ;  and  that  it  was  so  luxuriant,  as  to  produce  animals  of  pro- 
digious  magnitude,  and  men  grew  to  double  the  height  of  themselves, 
and  that  they  lived  to  a  far  greater  age ;  that  they  had  many  great 
cities,  and  their  usages  and  laws  were  diiferent  from  ours  ,•  that  in 
one  city  there  were  more  than  a  million  of  inhabitants ;  that  o'old  and 
silver  were  there  in  vast  quantities.  This  is  but  an  abstract  from 
iEhanus's  extract,  but  contains  all  of  it  that  can  he  said  to  refer  to  a 
country  west  of  Europe  and  Africa.  Elian  or  JEliama  lived  about 
A.  D.  200. 

Hanno  flourished  when  the  Carthagonians  were  in  their  greatest  pros- 
perity,  but  the  exact  time  is  unknown.  Some  place  his  time  40,  and 
others  140,  years  before  the  founding  of  Rome,  which  would  be  about 
800  years  before  our  era.  He  was  an  officer  of  great  enterprise, 
having  sailed  around  and  explored  the  coast  of  Africa,  set  out  from 
the  Pillars  of  Hercules,  now  called  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar,  and  sailed 
westward  30  days.  Hence  it  is  inferred  by  many,  that  he  must  have 
visited  America,  or  some  of  its  islands.  He  wrote  a  book,  which  he 
entitled  Periplus,  giving  an  account  of  his  voyages,  which  was  trans- 
lated and  published  about  1533,  in  Greek. 


ORIGIN   OF  THE   INDIANS. 


15 


west  of  J'jirnnn  -m,!   ^^^■  vears  oeiore  Uhrist.     Islands    vinf^ 

Hole    TlT^Cctm^^^^  "^"^'^"^^  ^y  Home/and 

10,000  furlongs  To  "a frt«W         ""•     -^'"^.'^  '"^P'''"'  ^^  ^  ^^"^ 

Ha"£  sn  r^oaT  SM::te£"  ""^  i«-°  -»-- 

place,  "An  island  in  tL  r^^.Z.    pIv  P.*      ™  ^^^^'  '"  another 

strait  ,  calted    he  Pn£  r^^  ?"  *»^«  P«««^ge  to  those 

greate   an^a  .er  tit  T  vhi?  '^^^^^^  ^'^  T'''  ^^  '^^'  '«'^"d  was 

-  ....tvr>  a«u  iur  a  iong  time  aiter- 


.* 

% 


i$ 


EVBNTO  IN   INDIAN   HISTOXY. 


wards  the  aca  thereabouts  was  full  of  rocks  and  shelves."  This  ac- 
count, although  mixed  with  fahlo,  cannot,  we  think,  be  entirely  rejected; 
and  that  the  ancients  had  knowledge  of  countries  westward  of  Europe 
appears  as  plain  and  as  well  authenticated  as  any  passage  of  history 
of  that  period. 

Aristotle,  or  the  author  of  a  book  which  is  generally  attributed  to 
him,  speaks  of  an  island  beyond  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar;  but  the  pas- 
sage savors  something  of  hearsay,  and  is  as  follows : — «'  Some  say 
that,  beyond  the  Pillars  of  Hercules,  the  Carthagenians  have  found  a 
very  fertile  island,  but  without  inhabitants,  full  of  forests,  navigabb 
rivers,  and  fruit  in  abundance.  It  is  several  days'  voyage  from  th<j 
main  land.  Some  Carthagenians,  charmed  by  the  fertility  of  tlje 
coimtry,  thought  to  marry  and  settle  there ;  but  some  say  that  the 
government  of  Carthage  forbid  the  settlement  upon  pain  of  death, 
from  the  fear  that  it  would  increase  in  power  so  as  to  depiive  the 
mother  country  of  her  possessions  there." 

Seneca  lived  about  the  commencement  of  the  vulgar  era.  He  wrote 
tragedies,  and  in  one  of  them  occurs  this  passage : — "  The  time  will 
come  when  the  ocean  will  loosen  the  chains  of  nature,  and  we  shall 
l)ehold  a  vast  country.  A  new  Typhis  shall  discover  new  worlds : 
Thule  shall  no  longer  be  considei-ed  the  last  country  of  the  knqwn 
world." 


CHAPTER  II. 

OF  MODERN  THKORISTS  UPON  THE  PEOPLING  OP  AMERICA. 

Flerrera  argues  that  the  new  world  could  not  have  been  known  to 
the  ancients,  and  that  what  Seneca  has  said  was  not  true.  For  that 
God  had  kept  it  hid  from  the  old  world,  giving  them  no  certain  know- 
lodge  of  it ;  and  that,  in  the  secresy  and  incomprehMsibility  of  his 
providence,  he  has  been  pleased  to  give  it  to  the  Castilian  nation. 
That  Seneca's  prediction  (if  so  it  may  be  considered)  was  a  false  one, 
because  ho  said  that  a  new  world  would  be  discovered  in  the  north, 
and  that  it  was  found  in  the  west.  Herrera  wrote  about  1598,  before 
which  time  little  knowledge  was  obtained  of  North  America. 

Thomas  Morton,  who  came  to  New  England  in  1622,  published  in 
1637  an  account  of  its  natural  history,  with  much  other  curious  matter. 
In  speaking  upon  the  peopling  of  America,  he  thinks  it  altogether  out 
of  the  question  to  suppose  that  it  was  peopled  by  the  Tartars  from  the 
iK)rth,  because  «  a  people,  once  settled,  must  be  removed  by  compul- 
sion, or  else  tempted  thereunto  in  hopes  of  better  fortunes,  upon  com- 
mendations  of  the  place  unto  which  they  should  be  drawn  to  remove. 
And  if  it  may  be  thought  that  these  people  canie  over  the  frozen  sea, 
then  would  it  be  by  compulsion.  If  so,  then  by  whom,  or  when  ? 
Or  what  part  of  this  main  continent  may  be  thought  to  border  upon 
the  country  of  the  Tartars  I  It  is  yet  unknown ;  and  it  is  not  likely 
that  a  people  well  enough  at  ease  will,  of  their  own  accord,  undertake 


OBIOIN   Of   TIIK    iJfOIAMd. 


u 


i6    mvol  over  a  sm  ol  ,ce,  considering  how  nuiny  difficuLu^  tl»cv 
Khali  cnanmter  with.     A«.  first,  vvhethev  there  be  anv  land  at^.c  cSl 
ci    hen-  unknown  way,  no  land  being  ui  view ;  thon'want  of  Z^To 
«usta.n  lile  in  the  mean  t.me  upon  that  sea  of  ice?   Or  how  shaniev 
do  fi)r  fue  ,  to  keep  then,  at  night  frou.  freezing  to  death?  whk^h  S 
.K)^  1x3  had  in  «uch  a  place.     But  it  may  i>erhap.s  be  granted  that Tl" 
.mtivos  othjs  country  n»ght  originally  como  of  the  scattJ^^ed  1 W  i 
lor  after  that  Brutu.s,  who  wa«  the  Iburth  from  Eneas    left  Sm,.' 
u,x.n  the  confhct  held  with  the  Latins,  (where,  altht^gThe  gav^^S 
JTnTruJT'  to  the  slaughter  of \heir  g.^at  captain  S  rTnv 
oU  ers  of  the  heroes  of  Lat.um,  yet  he  held  it  more  safely  to  d^n 
unto  «omc  other  ,,lae(3  and  ,«3ople,  than,  by  staying,  to  runlho  S 
(if  an  unquiet  hie  or  doubtful  Conquest ;   w],ich,ks  histo  v  ,m£ 
^uuou   he  perlbrmed.)    This  peop/e  wa^  dispersed  the  ^i^noqti 
tion,  i,ut    he  p<3oplc  that  lived  with  him,  by  rLon  of  their  c^nvcTi 

xited  of  bot  .      1  his  IS  the  mam  ground  of  Morton,  but  he  says  much 

more  upon  the  subject;  as  that  the  similarity  of  the  Ian  uayes  of  ^ 

ndums  to  the  (ireok  and  Roman  is  very  gLt.     Fror^Ce^oLmn^. 

i^^;  S  I'u  t'l'  ■'?''  ^t!'^'""!'  ^.l"'  ^'>"^'^»'^  '^''"^  "l'^««t  to^a.in: 
M.  ?    l     'f     .  "-■'''•     -'^"'"=''  '^'"'*f'^»  thinks  it  very  improbabk- 

tha  the  lartars  came  over  by  the  north  from  Asia,  becS  ttv 
c«uld  not  see  land  beyond  the  ice,  yet  he  finds  no  diffi^uhv  hw,^  2 
thorn  across  the  wide  Atlantic,  al.hough  he  allows  tE  no  ^15 
fa  ill  1  f""<  J'-ve  a  J  atin  origin1,e  thinks  evident,  ISTk^ 
witi  out  dolibt,  their  ancestors  were  acquainted  with  the  god  Pan. 

dia^so^SbT  "^■''  "'^  f"^  ^•"■•^'>'  ^«  questioned'tha    tL  U. 

Tol^^r        ™'""^  ^''^^  <iescended  from  a  class  of  the  Himb^ 

1  tJ,e  southern  parts  of  Asia."     That  they  could  not  have  conrfW 

be  north    K-cause  the  South  American  Indians  are  unSre  tha^of  the 

.K>r  h.     1  his  seems  to  clash  with  the  more  rational  v  ews  of  t?u£^ 

d^^d  1 :  cSor^'^r  •■  "^^"""  ^'-^  '^-^^  of  Amenc^  h!;£; 

uLsco\ueU,  tfie  Californians  ho  nearest  to  Asia.  We  are  ,ip/,ijnmf«.f 
wuh  the  mode  of  writing  in  all  tJH3  eastern  nations  We  SXS^ 
gmsh  betwa-n  the  c  mracters  of  the  Japanese,  the  Chin  J,  tht  ChS 
lartars  the  Mogul  Tartars,  and  other  nations  extendin..  as  far  «s  t^ 
Bay  of  Kumtschatka,-  and  learned  dis.sertations  on  then^by  Mr.  Ce^ 

?1    .  u^u  V^""  "'^^  ^^  ^''«  ""P^rial  academy  af'sciei^  a 

Petersburg.  What  discovery  would  it  fx!  to  meet  with  any  ofTlS??fvf 

Asia.  But  as  to  the  Cahioniians,  if  ever  they  were  possessed  of  irZ 
nventK>n  to  perpetuate  their  nx^moirs,  they  havee^  freiXt^  and  ^i^ 
tha  js  noy  found  among  thci.  a.^oun'ts  to  no  n^^  tS  '^  oS^uro' 

Z  ^- 1  '^"''  r'^^  "^^^'^  «"^  "^'^  adulterated^alS^  s^ci! 
«on  of  time.  1  hey  hare  not  so  much  as  retained  any  kn^le  W 
the  partiaular  country  f  ro^  which  they  emigrated."  Thi^  i«  thTS 
of  oue  who  hved  many  years  among  the  Indi^xve  r^nZ^^Ji     ^'^' 


!  accou»»fr 


Z* 


>tuu< 


1« 


I'.VKNTil   !."»    lSDl\y    IIISTORV. 


tii 


Mr.  Wiluiun  VVo<xl,  wlio  loll  New  KmkIuiuI  hi  lti:j3,  nil(«r  a  sliorr 
Muy,  H.iys,  "Oi  thoir  limj^uu^o,  whicli  i.s  only  |)oculiar  to  (licinsi-lvr.s 
nut  mc,i„nij<  to  any  ot'  the  rcfinod  tcnRucs-^omc  have  tlu.uL'ht  tlu-v' 
iniglit  IK!  ot  the  tlis|K.r.s<'(l  J.,ws,  lK,.(;au.s«-  somo  of  their  wohIsIk^  near 
unto  th(;  ll.'brow;  but  l)y  Uw  .sanio  rule,  tlioy  may  conolu.lf!  fl.en.  U, 
im  .s<.m.,-ot  the  yleamngs  ofall  nations,  iKrau.o  tlicy  havt;  words  which 
.s.xjnU  afuir  the  (Tiwk,  Latin,  Kri'nch,  and  othur  timiruos." 

Mr.  Jonii  .l.)3H(;iyn,  wh..  resided  soin.,-  tini(3  in  iN  "w  I'lngland,  fron) 
tic  ycHir  1()3S,  says,  "The  Mohawks  are  alwut  500:  their  stK^oc-h  a 
•haUx^t  oi  the  Tartars  (as  also  is  the  T.iri<ish  tonirue)."     In  another 
vvork,  he  says,  "  iN'ew  lingland  is  hy  some  athrmod  to  be  an  island 
iHxmded  on  the  north  witli  the  River  of  Canada  (so  called  fn.n.  Mon- 
•steiir  Cane,)  ,,„  the  south  with  the  Rhov  Monhegan,  or  lludsc.n's 
Kivet,  so  -ailed  Ix'causc  he  was  liie  iirst  that  (hswncred  it.    Some  wiH 
Uave  America  lo  Ix;  an  island,  which  oat  ol'  question  n)ust  needs  U- 
It  theiv  I,-  a  northeast  passage  Ibund  out  into  the  South  Sea.     It  wn- 
imns  1,  ..AiOO.OOO  acres.     The  discovery  of  the  northwest  pas.six.r,- 
(whicn  lies  wnhm  the  River  of  Canada)  was  undertaken  with  the  heh, 
ot  sonv  I  rolcstant  Frenchmen,  which  lell  Canada,  and  rotiix^d  to  Bos- 
i^i  HiM.ur  the  year  1669.     The  north.-ast  people  oi-Anu-rica,  that  is. 
New  Lngland   &c.,  are  judged  to  Ik.  Tirtars,  called  Samoades,  bc-ini>- 
ahko  111  c-omplcxion,  shape,  hal.it  and  nuuuiei-s." 

Reve.e.iu  Thomas  Thovowgoo.j  pubiisiied  a  book  ia  165:2,  to  pi>,v:<:- 
iiat  tiie  Judians  were  ih.i  Jews  wlio  had  been  »  lost  in  the  world  lor 
liio  spae^.  (..  near  2,000  years."     Jk'ing  written  to  for  his  opinion 
.«  the   onga,  oi   the  m.tives,    -he   kindiv  answers  to  those   lottt-r^ 
.mm  Salem,  ui  i\ew  Lngland,  2()ih  of  the  10th  nx.nth,  more  tlian 
10  years  since,  in  ha>c  verba:'     Tlmt  they  did  not  come  into  AmtTi- 
••ti  Horn  the  northeast,  as  some  had  imagined,  he  tliouaht  evi(k-nt  fi.i 
tiies.j  reasons:  1,  then-  anccstnrs  atiirm  they  came  IromUie  soulhwtsi 
and  return  thence  when  they  die;  '2,  IxK-auie  they  "separate  their  wo- 
men ai  a  little  wgwam  by  themselves  in  their  lemininc;  seasons;"  and 
^,  -l)eside  their  god  Kutrand  to  the  southwest,  they  hol.l  that  Nana- 
witnawit  (a  god  over  hea^l)  made  the  heavens  (uid  tjic  earth;  and  some 
taste  ot  alhmty  with  tlie  Hebrew  I  liave  found." 

D<>:tor  Cotton  Mather  s;.ys,  "  it  should  not  pass  without  i-cniark. 
tliat  three  most  memorable  things  whicli  have  borne  a  very  <rreat  as- 
pect upon  human  atfairs,  did  near  the  same  time,  nanK?Iv,  atljie  c^n- 
clusioh  of  the  lill(>enth,  and  tlie  beginning  of  tlie  si.xtc<:Mith  c.^nrurv 
an,sc  unto  the  world:  the  first  was  the  resurrection  of  Literatun-;  tfio 
second  was  the  opening  of  America;  the  third  was  irhc  Reformation  of 
K(;ligion.        Ihe  reader  must  now  .summon  liis  gravity.     "  But  "  this 
author  continues,  "as  probably  the  Devil,  seducing  ihe  first  inlKibil 
fan ts  o  America  into  it,  therein  aimed  at  the  having  of  them  and  tlieir 
posterity  out  ol  the  souiid  of  the  silver  trumpets  of  the  gospel,  tJirn  to 
1x3  neard  through  the  Roman  Empii-e.     If  the  Devil  had  any  e-xpccta- 
uon,  that,  by  the  peopling  of  America,  lie  should  utterly  deprivranv 
hurojieans  ot  the  two  beaielits,  literature  and  religion,  whicli  dawned 
ui>ou  the  nuscrabic  world,  (one  just  before,  the  other  just  atler,)  the- 


, ." 


and 


this 


ORIGIN    OF   TIIK    IXOIAXS.  jj, 

hrnl  thniofl  nnvit'atitm  hitlirr  Vi.*  ir.  ».r.  i        i  .    *    ... 

l<ore;  and  thou.d,  wo  hZu^,  ^^'X'"T"'\  '^"''  'ir.st  hording 
mh«hih.ntH  ol-  this  rni^htv  n  n  ,    ;     v  ■  ^      ""'  ^"'"""'^  "'•^'  '^-"* 

yospolot  tho  Lord  Jesus  (.'hWst  u„„l,l  .  """f.  "i  hopvH  that  thL' 
'iisturh  his  ah,s..l„f,.  c..n,,irc  over  thn  Zf  ''"'"•V'"'"'^'  '^'  •'*'^^"'>'  °'- 
'<T.„.s  w,th  the  Hevil,  L  loTn  ,    h  n  wS     '"^'■,^'''"\"'««  "'  ■'"'ch  ill 

ron.,.,s  tounnls  ousting    i,?  , •;;;!' '':;^'  """"  "f '''  "'"'  -''l'>us  ,U. 

s!H.t  of  i,M-ouiul  which  1...11  m  do r  .  , '  Z'  7^  "'  ''."''■''"•^  "''^"  ^»«^' 
loniPs;  ,HHl  our  J-:ii.,t  was  i  li  ,  '  '  '  ''  ^'^^'' ^'"•''^  t^"it<.".l  Co. 
could  ,V.un  Ihm  old  nsu  ;■  ,^  S.  ^^J""  '""T  ■  "i  ""^'"  '^  '"^ 
'^'  God  fhc  prinoo  of  this  worhi.- '  "''"'  '"'"^  '^  ''3'  ^''^-^-rnth 

Huhhc-jrd,  who  wrote  about  IfiSO   l.nu  ft,; 
>' ft- ony  observation  bo  nrnd.,,'.  ei  '""""^'^  "'''"'"  P^^-^-«"g«*-' 

.«.^ier  to  sav  fi-on.  what  u  n  ti  ,•  l  """ ''!  ""''  'J'^P'^-'i^n^S  .t'. 
'ii'I  derive  th(.ro^^.in  C IpJ'  ,,  '^  ""'•' ^'""^  'Von.  whom  tlK'v 
ro  l>o  descended  (Von   the       '  J^  \J^ ",:;  ^^  ^^''-  i-ncy  th.-.n 

«alan.aneser  and  Ksarhadi  .,;.,'-  "j:;^!^'  7"-'  ^'M>tive  by 
:;»i:n-,  there  iK-ing  „o  Ibotstep  n  1 1  ,  ^^' I' f  ^'--" '-r  any 
thorn  nir.ro  than  to  aiiv  other  of  the  hill  '  ""'""  !"'^'I"»quity  to 
ii>cir  lanouaoe  or  manners.-'  ''' *"  tl»o  earth,  either  m  lo 

.-n,  it  has  been  Z^t^'^;^;  ^X-TT  "?'  ^'^'''^''^  '"  ^-n- 
i.a.i  a  eonmion  onoi^;  buMl^s  i^  .  "  'l'"''  ^'""^^  "'^>-  "'"^^  have- 
^aniy  ibilow.  Who  w  ,neto  tl  ■ii;r''^"«'0".  ^Joc^s  not  nc^^- 
""<i--  sinnlar  ciremn^;  e  ';•  n"  lnv''""V^^'''^'  ^^'-"  Pl^-^^ 
-similar  actions?  that  like  ^vr  ts  w  II     \  "",'•','"'  "■""'•^•'  ""''  '"^"cc- 

<v.Nses  produce  not  like  el  ,!?  Tl^  ''  i""'?  '''^'^  ^^'"'i^''^  ^  -',]  like 
■"•^•■nt  to  show,  that,  alfhou-h  U)o  J  di  r  *  7''*«"'"g  we  think  ,ui: 
<'""n>on  M ith  the  Scythians  the  T  1  r'?  '"""  f ""'"  ^"^^^^^'^  '" 
■■^"'i  i"^l''0d  every  other  mSn  still  th,!'  ^^"";^-^"'  "'■"^'^^^•^'  ^^^Ish, 
-3  to  the  contrary,  have  al  "^.x  i^If  to  S  ^T^  ^■'i'^""  ^''^  ""^ 
"f  ongm  as  either  or  all  of  tk-  latter  themselves  priority 

^^^^''o'^:::::^^       th.  peop,o  of  co^  p^^^e 

mlai;ible  certainty  that  liM  I"  '  ''^^'^"^ ''^  ■''•«'d>  "  We  know  with 
->urce,"  n^eanin^AS.  I  "foZrtI -'"''T  ''^T^  ^'""^  ^^e  san^ 
-'ni-sc  notion,  that  to  admit    ny     l"^^^^^^^^^^^^^  ^--•^'-  '^Pon  the 

vontyof  the  holy  Scrititu res      \v'  ^  ^"  '"'•«''^'-'  "pon  tlie 

'<"ave   them   eq.uVhy   i  S-il  '  in  '  '"   ""'  '"'^  ^^"  ^''^'  '^^i^^^  We 

--c.]y,that:il  Imbila  ;  ';L  Vr;;"yj"^^"«T-'  ^-un.^ 
at  t^>e  same  time,  and  by  ddfcrent  ra  es  o/  m^^  rr.  'f-"  ^^'^"^^'^ 
pled,  we  know:  that  it'was  so  oeo|X?a'  rr^--^'-''  '^  '^^  '''  f^" 


bac 


IV  as  \vi'  iiav( 


any 


dO 


■vaifTs  ly  i?rnrAN  iiistobv. 


I'l 


a{U»unf,  wo  soc  iio  rra.son  to  diHlxilicv* .  Henri*,  when  it  wa»  no/  so,  iii 
nn  iiitilr  fi)  iii(|uin',  as  it  would  \rc.  iin|)oNsiblf'  to  < ■onceivo  of  the  nimi- 
Irilatioii  of  spnce.  Wht'ii  u  m;\v  country  was  discovered,  much  in- 
(|uiry  was  made  to  OMCortuin  from  whence  carne  the  inhnhitunts  fourui 
upon  it — not  (!ven  UHkinj^  whence  cume  the  other  nnimnlH.  The  a  •,- 
kk\v(!r  to  us  is  plain.  Man,  the  other  anitnal»,  tret;«  and  plants  of  ("very 
kind,  were  placed  there  by  the  supreinti  directing  hand,  which  curritis 
iBi  every  opcrntion  of  nature  by  fixed  and  undeviatiny  laws.  This,  it 
must  U;  plain  to  every  rcinder,  is,  ut  least,  as  reconcileable  to  th(!  Bible 
hlsfoiy  n::^  the  theory  of  Uol«'rtson,  which  is  thut  of  Orotius,  and  all 
tliusc  wlio  have  followed  them. 

Smith  siiys,  "  There  are  found  men  and  animals  nil  over  the  habi- 
fuhle  earth:  who  has  put  them  upon  it?  We  have  already  said,  it  w 
Ik;  wlio  lias  mndc  the  ;j;raH9  grow  ii>  the  fields;  and  wo  >'hould  l)e  iki 
more  surprised  to  find  in  America  men,  than  we  iiouid  to  tind  flies." 
Mr.  ynutli  also  says,  "Some  do  not  wish  to  believe  that  the  caterpil- 
lars and  the  snails  <  T  one  part  of  th(^  world  should  Ix;  tinginally  from 
wiollier  part:  wherefore  be  r.stonished,  thci/.  t'lat  there  should  be  in 
America  some  kinds  of  animals,  and  some  races  of  men  like  our  own  I" 

V'(j|faire  has  written  upim  th(!  subject  in  a  manner  that  will  always 
U;  alfracting,  howfiver  much  oy  little  ciedence  may  Ix?  allowed  to  what 
fie  has  written.  The  chapter  is  as  follows:  "Since  many  fail  not  to 
iuuJ;u  systems  upon  the  manner  in  which  America  has  Ixien  peopled, 
il  is  lelt  only  for  iis  to  say,  that  he  who  created  Hies  in  those  re<ii(»n{» 
I'axaitcd  man  then?  also.  However  pleasant  it  may  bt;  to  dispute,  it 
ctmnot  he  denied  that  the  .^upremc  Being,  who  lis'es  in  all  nature,  has 
laxjitcd  about  the  48^  two-legged  animals  without  leathers,  the  color  of 
wiiose  skiu  is  a  mixture  of  wliite  and  canwition,  witfi  long  beards  ajv 
p«'oaclii)ig  to  red;  about  the  line,  in  Africa  and  its  islands,  negnx's 
without  beards;  and  in  the  same  latitude,  other  negroes  witli  Ix-ards, 
wane  of  tlicni  having  wool  and  some  hair  on  their  headk*;  and  among 
tli(a)i  other  animals  r|uite  white,  having  neither  hair  nor  wool,  but  a 
kind  of  wliite  silk.  It  dees  not  very  clearly  appear  what  should  have 
imAi'Utcd  God  from  placing  on  another  continent  animals  of  the  sanu- 
ijpecies,  of  a  copper  color,  in  the  siuiie  latitude  in  which,  in  Africa  aiui 
Asia,  they  are  found  black;  or  even  from  making  them  without  beards 
in  the  very  MinK;  latitude  in  which  others  possess  them.  To  wlmt 
longlhs  are  we  carried  by  the  rage  for  systems  joined  with  the  tyranny 
of  [)rejudice!  Wo  see  these  animals;  it  is  agreed  that  tiod  lias  hiui 
die  power  to  place  theci  uhere  they  are,  yet  it  is  not  agreed  that  ha 
has  so  placed  them.  Tlic  same  persons  who  readily  admit  that  tlie 
bouvers  of  Canada  ar-i  »!'  ^/iiij;.!  an  origin,  .^sert  that  the  men  must 
have  come  there  in  hodis,  and  that  Mexico  must  have  been  peopled  by 
some  of  the  descendants  of  Magog.  As  well  might  it  be  said,  that,  if' 
IJhere  he  men  in  the  moon,  they  must  have  been  taken  there  by  AstoU 
{>ho  on  his  hijipogriff,  when  he  went  to  fetch  Roland'a  senses,  which 
vcre  corked  up  in  a  bottle.  If  America  had  been  discovered  in  hiis 
time,  and  then;  had  then  been  men  in  Europe  systematic  enough  to 
have  a(haucc-d,  with  the  Jesuit  Lcfitau,  that  tljc  Caribbecs  desceiuied 


tht 


ii 


IS  not  m)i  it) 
if  the  aimi- 
,  much  ill' 
tants  fuuihi 
TIk?  a  > 
Its  of  ((vory 
lioh  curriL?) 
I.  This,  it 
to  thc!  Biblf 
us,  und  all 

r  thc  habi- 
>iai(i,  it  i.4 

on  1(1  1)0    IK  I 

lind  Hies." 
ic  catcrpil- 
iiinlly  Ironi 
oiild  be  ill 
our  own?" 
VI 1 1  ahvuys 
ed  to  wtiat 
iuil  not  to 
n\  peopled, 
3se  re  <i  ions 
dispute,  it 
uUure,  ho* 
ho  color  of 
teards  ajv 
Is,  negroes 
ith  Ix-ards, 
md  niiiong 
t'ool,  but  a 
hould  have 
t"  the  sanii- 
Africa  and 
lOut  beards 
To  M  Imt 
le  tyranny 
id  lias  hiul 
ed  that  he 
it  that  tlkc 
men  must 
peopled  by 
lid,  that,  ll' 
'.  by  AstoU 
ses,  which 
!red  in  hifc 
enough  to 
dcscciukd 


ORIGIN   OP   THK    INDIANS.  ^ 

hZ  '^not^!TV''?'"'''rf  '^^  ^"^'"^ ''~'»  »'>«J«^-.  he  would 
have  vjono  well  tu  have  brought  back  the  bottle  contuinini?  the  wita  of 

Uje«e  reaBoners,  which  he  would  doubtlesH  have  found  m  ZlZm 
|Uon«  w.th  hoHe  of  Anguhca  s  lover.  The  firHt  thing  done  whTan 
mhab.te.i  ,«land  ..  d^^-overod  in  thc  Indian  Ocean,  or  in  the  S^u^X 
bea,  18  to  uiquin,',  Whence  came  these  ,)eople?  but  a^  for  the  treeTand 
the  tortoises  they  are,  without  any  heitation,  pronoun^  to  teindt 
Menous;  a«  if  u  were  more  difficult  for  nature  to  make  men  thart^ 
make  tortoises.  One  thmg,  however,  which  seems  to  counteln^ 
dhis  system  is,  that  there  is  scarcely  an  island  in  the  eastern  or  S^ 
ocean  which  does  not  contain  jugglers,  quacks,  knaves.  anHcir 
1  h.8,  It  IS  probable,  gave  rise  to  the  opinion,  that  these  animals  a^  of 
the  same  race  with  ourselves."  """"««s  are  oi 

Dr.  S.  L.  Mitchill,  of  New  York,  a  man  who  wrote  learnedly,  if  not 
wisely,  on  almost  every  subject,  has,  in  his  opinion,  like  huS  b^ 
fore  him,  set  the  great  question,  H<»c  was  America  peopedfaTrZ 
He  has  no  doubt  but  the  Indians,  in  the  first  place,  arT  of  h^s^nt 
from  thZ"  Wr/^-'  northeastern  nations  of  Asia,  and  heicelprung 
rom  them.  What  time  he  settles  them  in  the  country  he  does  ntj 
ell  us,  but  gets  them  into  Greenland  about  the  year  8  or  900.  Thinl^ 
he  saw  the  Scandinavians  as  far  as  the  shores  of  the  st  Lawrence  bu^ 

aL   nllwl  i     l"u"".^'  '^^"^"^^  '^•l  °^«'-  'he  western  coun^n^ 

^n       '  r  ^PPf^'hend  the  doctor  would  have  short  time  for  his  emC 
g  ants  to  do  all  that  nature  and  art  have  done  touching  these  matS 
In  the  first  place,  it  ,s  evident  that  many  ages  passed  away  from  tS 
time  these  tumuli  weie  begun  until  they  wefe  finishedVsd.  a  XuS^ 
of  ages  must  have  passed  since  the  use  for  which  they  were  re3  C 

o^ers  whTcIrm^:  JT'  '^'^'  '^'  ^''"'  y'^'^  S--  fr«-  »he  r^n   of 

^;^^:t:7^'-  ^-'-  ^-^-  b^nt^eirtoS 
The  learned  Doctor  Swinton,  in  a  dinsertation  upon  the  peoolinff  of 
America,  after  stating  the  different  opinions  of  vLous  authors  K 
have  advocated  n)  favor  of  the  "  dispersed  people,"  the  PhcBnidrs  and 

In  fn  H  .  rr^'^'^u^™"'  '""'^  I^^i''^  ^ho  inhabited  a  countrfn^ 
80  far  disfant  from  them  as  Egypt  and  Pho^rrlcia,  our  readers  3  ^ 
we  apprehend,  readily  admit.     Now,  no  coun.ry  can  bT  pItcLd  upo ^ 

Asm,  par'acularly  Great  Tartary,  Siberia,  and  more  especiallv  Z 

wmch  many  ;rartarian  colonies  passed  into  America,  a^d  peooled  the 
most  considerable  part  of  the  new  world."  ^^ 

hJ^"^:  '^ '!  °?  ^°  ^  '^^"'®^'  ^^  'he  most  rational  way  of  gettins  in. 

Tnce  of  eauatnWnl  „^  i  °°\^"^'V«  ^^X  '«  account  for  the  exist, 
ence  ot  equatorial  ammals  in  America,  when  all  authors  agree  that 


EVENTS   IN   INDIAN   HI8T6«Y. 


i  i! 


(  i: 


they  never  could  have  passed  that  wa>,  as  they  never  could  have  sur- 
vived  the  coldness  of  the  climate,  at  any  season  of  the  year.  More- 
oyer,  the  vocabulary  we  have  given,  if  it  prove  any  thing,  proves  that 
either  the  inhabitants  of  North  America  did  not  come  in  from  the  north- 
west, or  that,  if  they  did,  some  unknown  cause  must  have,  for  aoes 
suspended  all  communication  between  the  emigrants  and  their  ances- 
tors upon  the  neighboring  shores  of  Asia. 

In  1822,  there  appeared  in  London  a  work  which  attracted  some 
attention,  as  most  works  have  upon  similar  subjects.  It  was  entitled, 
«  Description  of  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  city,  discovered  near  Palenque^ 
m  the  kingdom  of  Guatemala,  in  Spanish  America;  translated  from  the 
oiiginal  manuscript  report  of  Capt.  Don  Antonio  Del  Rio,  followed  by 
a  critical  investigation  and  research  into  the  history  of  the  Americans 
by  Dr.  Paul  Felix  Cabrera,  of  the  city  of  New  Guatemala." 

Captain  Del  Rio  was  ordered  by  the  Spanish  king,  in  the  year  1786, 
to  make  an  examination  of  whatever  ruins  he  might  find,  which  heac- 
cordingly  did.  From  the  manuscript  he  left,  which  afterwards  fell 
into  the  hands  of  Doctor  Cabrera,  his  work  was  composed,  and  is  thai 
part  of  the  work  which  concerns  us  in  our  view  of  systems  or  conjee- 
tures  concerning  the  peopling  of  America.  We  shall  be  short  with 
this  author,  as  his  system  differs  very  little  from  some  which  we  have 
already  sketched.  He  iu  very  confident  that  he  has  settled  the  ques- 
fion  how  South  America  received  its  inhabitants,  namely,  from  the 
1  hcEnicians,  who  sailed  across  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  that  the  ruined 
aty  described  by  Captain  Del  Rio  was  built  by  the  first  adventurers. 

Doctor  Cabi-era  calls  any  system,  which,  in  his  view,  does  not  har- 
monise  with  the  Scriptures,  an  innovation  upon  the  "  holy  Catholic  re- 
ligion; '  and  rather  than  resort  to  any  such,  he  says,  « It  is  better  to 
believe  his  [God's]  works  miraculous,  than  endeavour  to  make  an  os- 
tentatious  display  of  our  talents  by  the  cunning  invention  of  new  sys- 
tems, m  attributing  them  to  natural  causes."     The  same  reasonin^^ 
will  apply  m  this  case  as  in  a  former.     If  we  are  to  attribute  ever  J 
thing  to  miracles,  v/hercfore  the  necessity  of  investigation  ?     These 
authors  are  fond  of  investigating  matters  in  their  way,  but  are  displeased 
if  others  take  the  same  liberty.     And  should  we  follow  an  author  in 
tiis  theories,  who  cuts  the  whole  business  short  by  declarino-  all  to  be 
a  miracle,  when  he  can  no  longer  grope  in  the  labyrinth  of  his  own 
forming?  Our  reader  would  be  just  in  condemning  such  waste  of  time. 
When  every  thing  which  we  cannot  at  first  sight  understand  or  com- 
prchend  must  not  be  inquired  into,  from  superstitious  doubts,  then  and 
there  will  be  fixed  the  bounds  of  all  science;  but,  as  Lord  Bvron  said 
upon  another  occasion,  "  not  till  then." 

"  If  it  be  allowed,  (says  Dr.  Lawrence,)  that  all  men  are  of  the  same 
species.  It  does  not  follow  that  they  are  all  descended  frpm  the  same 
flimily.  We  have  no  data  for  determining  this  point:  it  could  indeed 
only  be  settled  by  a  knowledge  of  facts,  which  have  long  ago  been  in- 
volved in  the  impenetrable  darkness  of  antiquity."  That  climate  has 
nothing  to  do  with  tiie  complexion,  he  offers  the  following  in  proof;— 
"  The  establishments  of  the  Europeans  in  Asiu  and  A^merica  have 


(( 


id  have  sur- 
3ar.  More- 
proves  that 
m  the  north- 
'e,  for  ages, 
their  ances- 

acted  some 
/as  entitled, 
F  Palenque, 
ed  from  the 
bllowed  by 
Americans, 

year  1786, 
hich  heac- 
rwards  fell 
and  is  thai 
I  or  conjee- 
short  with 
;h  we  have 
i  the  ques- 
,  from  the 
the  ruined 
jnturers. 
3s  not  har- 
Jatholic  re- 
9  better  to 
ake  an  os- 
'  new  sys- 
reasoninw 
•ute  every 
?     These 
displeased 
author  in 
5  all  to  be 
f  his  own 
e  of  time. 
1  or  corn- 
then  and 
yron  said 

"  the  same 
the  same 
lid  indee-d 
I  been  in- 
mate has 
proof: — 
ica  have 


I 


I 


ORIGIN   OF   THE   INDIANS; V*f  33 

Iho  I6th  century,  Columbus  Con^  IT^  kI  l'?  '"'S'""'"?  "f 

Spaniard.  ,he  ^es.  lniL\£2%t ZZiZtX'^ ■''''' ''^, 

.he  nations  iivin|  in  tite  nirth  of  r..1nd  S"'  °""™"  "'  "" 


CHAITER  III. 

EAHLY  SETT1EME,VTS  I»  NOSTII  AMERICA. 

the  colmiL.  ''""''  ^"""""'''  '"'«'  '»™Si"  supplies  to  , 

M^'m^^^S^uISZ:^  1'°"''™'  England,  .and  was  ,1„  ' 

He  fell  in  wirtlfclS  nca  "aiX^T  l! V''? ''''"  °'  ^"^'"^ 

met  near  the  shoi^    bv  fte  „,T„    •  '  .u    *  ''"  '^''^^wered.    Being 

'"^o  ''y;l>o-'9.h^o  t/cr--  --3.  ..0  w.  kindly 

The  ne..t  year  Marttn  Prittg  arrived  on  the  coi^f  and  colla*^  a 

J  ieTB5ta"p?st'orpSn*"^!;f  "f"*'  "f  «P""ation.        ' 

Pnng  found  it  on  Xtt  uo^idgStotT '""         ■=""■  ='''°°'  ""=  "'^'"''- 


Wt  BVBNTS   IN   INDIAN   HI8T0R¥. 

cai^  of  Sassafras.  The  Indians  appeared  hostile  to  this  company^ 
and  caused  them  to  leave  the  coast  sooner  than  they  would  otherwise 
have  done.  But  this  Avas  not  without  a  cause.  A  canoe  had  been 
stolen  from  them,  and  they  were  sported  with  by  the  sailors,  who,  to 
get  rid  of  them,  when  they  had  amused  themselves  sufficiently,  would 
set  their  dogs  to  chase  them  away. 

In  1606,  Captain  George  Weymouth  carried  off  five  of  the  natives 
from  the  coast  of  New  England,  against  their  consent;  one  of  whom 
was  a  chief. 

In  1607,  the  first  permanent  colony  of  Virginia  arrived  in  the  Che- 
sapeake,  the  twenty-sixth  of  April,  and  the  thirteenth  of  May  they  took 
a  position  for  a  town;  which,  soon  after,  in  honor  of  King  James, 
was  named  James  Town.  They  were  annoyed  by  the  Indians  at  first, 
and  one  person  was  killed.  A  peace  was  concluded  in  June  following, 
but  it  was  of  short  duration.  An  attempt  also  to  settle  a  colony  on 
Kennebcck  river  was  made  this  year,  but  was  relinquished  the  next. 

In  1614,  Captain  John  Smith  made  a  profitable  voyage  to  New 
England,  and  made  an  accurate  survey  of  its  coast.  The  New  Eng- 
land  Indians,  in  this  voyage,  were  justly  incensed  against  the  English, 
to  a  great  degree.  When  Smith  went  for  England,  he  left  one  Hunt 
to  complete  his  cargo  of  fish.  This  perfidious  man  enticed  twenty - 
four  Indians  on  board  his  vessel,  put  them  in  confinement,  and  sold 
them  at  Malaga  to  the  Spaniards  for  slaves.  Jn  the  course  of  the 
year,  another  vessel  came  on  the  coast  to  trade,  with  two  of  those  taken 
off  by  Hunt  to  assist  in  the  business.  It  was  now  designed  to  settle  a 
trading  house,  but  the  Indians  soon  discouraged  them  in  the  attempt. 
One  of  the  prisoners  had  died,  and  the  other  was  not  permitted  to  go 
on  shore.  But  some  approached  the  ship  under  pretence  of  trade,  and 
he  jumped  overboard.  His  friends  in  the  canoes  discharged  their  ar- 
rows  so  thick  at  the  same  time,  that  in  defiance  of  the  English  guns 
they  got  him  on  board,  and  paddled  off.  A  number  of  the  English 
were  badly  wounded,  and  some  of  the  Indians  killed.  The  English 
were  discouraged,  and  sailed  for  England.  Two  other  natives,  carried 
away  by  Hunt,  found  means,  in  time,  to  get  back  to  New  England, 
and  in  some  measure  allayed  the  vengeance  of  their  countrymen,  by 
assuring  them  that  the  English,  in  general,  were  highly  displeased  at 
the  conduct  of  Captain  Hunt. 

These,  and  many  other  insults  on  the  Indians,  though  small  in  com- 
"*parison  with  those  suffered  by  their  race  in  South  America,  were  more 
than  enough  to  cause  them  to  entertain  fearful  apprehensions  of  every 
stranger. 

Before  1619,  perhaps  it  would  have  been  altogether  impracticable  to 
have  attempted  a  settlement  in  New  England,  previous  to  this  time. 
The  natives,  before  which,  were  extremely  numerous  and  warlike; 
but  this  year  a  mortal  sickness  prevailed  among  them,  that  almost 
entirely  desolated  the  country;  insomuch,  that  the  living  could  not  bury 
the  dead.  For  when  the  Pilgrims  arrived  at  Plymouth,  the  ground 
was  strewed  with  human  bones.  The  extent  of  this  pestilence  was  from 
Penobscot  to  Narraganset. 


EAHLY   SETTLEMENTS    IN    NORTH    AMERICA.  25 

Ongin  of  (he  Settlement  of  New  England. -m.otvy  and  sunorsti- 

on  iK^gan  o  Jose  somo  ground  in  England,  as  caWy  ..s  1050^  And 

the  pcrsocu  ions  and  s„f  enngs  ui'  the  c-urly  .nartyrs  of  religious  ik". 

do.n  have:  been  d.c  suhj.ct  oi'  nmny  massy  vohnncs.     Jn  154'     a 

iturgy  had   been  prepan.!  by  the  bishops/and  a  law  passed    k., 

MMlmgto  It.       J  lie  clergy  were  ordered  to  cnCnn  to  the  lit.,r<.v 
."uler  pa.n  o(  hnes  and  imprisonment.     And,  as  J,as  al    'v     S 
Kjen  the  case,  anw.ng  all  sects,  the  new  sect,  then  denom 3  P    ^ 

ri.s::;r'''"''"^'''^'^"' "'•'-''-'- 

Jn  1007,  a  congregation  lied  from  England  into  Holland,  and  in 
HXH,  u-ere  .,o.ned  by  others,  and  a  church  was  then-  .st         led    u 
cordmg,  as  they  behoved,  to  the  principles  of  the  primitiv      ]     ch  of 
Urns  ;hav>ng  Air     ohi>   Hobinsnn  il,;  their  paster.     Tk:i,^ rem.w      ' 
<rom  England  mto    Inlland  was  attended  with'th.,-  ur.v.terdil  i    ,1    ■ 
Mnd  though  overlooked  by  the  chief  historians,  who  Jntvet  S   t^^l 

;     J-sory,  .s  certairdy  an.ong  the  first  articles  that  sho  1    ]' '"! 
tv    ;■       p  "n"'"^  '""'  "'  ''  Manuscri|,t  Jiistorv,  written  bv  Mr 

lu<  ,■.•„«■  „1  Icngil,  and  took  liicm  in,  i„   |,o  .,i„|„       1,    ",',,"'' ,-" 

mmmmm 

inibrm  the  lords  o  •  the  co  nci   of  Tern   n,  d  '     ]f  ""'■■^■'^^^"=^'-^  «""f  '" 
cmo  irom  ,l,„  council  tnblo;  1,„,  ,|,o  is»no  w.      L  „    .  "•>     omv'' 

''M'ri.=on  „„,  ,„,;„;„";:;/r j,^c",  i '■  sr  ;:™„T^^^^^^^^ 


/ 


^'6 


EVENTS   IN   INDIAN   HISTORY. 


flJ 


at  Hull,  havinfr  a  ship  of  his  own  IxMonging  to  Zealand.     They  mndo 
agrw-nient  with  him,  find  acquuintcd  him  with  their  condition,  hoping 
to  tiud  more  ihifldiilness  in  him  than  in  the  ioritier  of  their  own  na- 
tion.    He  hade  them  not  tear,  Ibr  he  would  do  well  enough.     He  was 
by  appointment  to  take  them  in,  b(;twe(!n  Grindstone  and  ilull,  where; 
was  a  larg(!  common,  a  good  way  distant  from  any  town.     Now 
against  the  prefixed  time,  the  women  and  children,  with  the  goods, 
were  sent  to  the  place  in  a  small  hark,  which  they  had  hired  for  that 
Mid,  and  the  men  wen;  to  meet  them  hy  land;  Im't  it  so  ii'll  out,  that 
they  were  there  a  day  before  the  ship  cami',  and  ihe  sea  being  rough 
and  the  women  very  sick,  prevailed  with  the  seamen  to  put  into'^a 
creeJc  hard  by,  where  they  lay  on  ground  at  low  wtiti;r.     The  next 
morning  the  ship  came,  but  they  were  fast  and  could  not  stir  till  about 
mxui.     In  the  mean  time,  the  ship-masfr^r,  perceiving  how  the  matter 
was,  sent  his  boat  to  get  the  men  aboard,  whom  he  saw  ready,  walk- 
ing about  the  shore,  but  after  the  first  boat  full  was  got  aboard,  and 
she  was  ready  to  go  for  more,  th(>  master  (>spied  a  great  company,  both 
horse  and  loot,  with  bills  and  guns  and  other  weajjons,  lor  the  country 
was  raised  to  take  them.     The  Dutchman  seeing  that,  swore  his  coun- 
try  oath,  ^  Sacnimenfc,'  and  having  the  wind 'fair,  weighed  anchor, 
hoisted  s;iils,  and  away.     After  enduring  a  fearful  storm  at  sea,  lin- 
fourteen  days  or  more,  seven  whereof  thc:y  nciver  saw  sun,  moon  nor 
stars,  and  being  dtiven  near  the  coast  of  Norway,  they  arrived  at  their 
desired  haven,  where  thu  _    opie  came  flocking, "athniring  their  delive- 
rance, the  storm  having  been  so  long  and  sore,  in  which  much  hurt 
had  been  done,  as  tlus  mast(u-'s  friends  related  to  him  in  their  congra- 
tulations.    The  rest  of  the  men  that  were  in  greatest  danger  made  a 
shift  to  escc'ipe  away  before  the  troop  could  sur[)ris(>  them,  those  only 
staying  that  best  n)ight  be  assisting  unto  the  women.     But  pitiful  it 
was  to  see  the  heavy  case  of  these  poor  women  in  distrciss;  what  weep- 
ingand  crying  on  every  side — some  f()r  their  husbands  that  were  car- 
ried away  in  the  ship,  others  not  knowing  what  shcjuld  become  of  them 
and  their  little  ones,  crying  for  fear  and  quaking  with  cold.     Being 
apprehended,  they  werr.'  hurried  from  one  jjlace  to  another,  till  in  the 
end  they  knew  not  what  to  do  with  them;  for,  to  imprison  so  many 
women  with  their  innocent  children  lor  no  other  cause,  many  of  them. 
Ixit  that  they  would  go  with  their  husbands,  seeni(;(l  to  Im;  unreasonable, 
and  all  would  cry  out  at  them;  and  to  send  them  home  again  was  as 
difficult,  for  they  alleged,  as  the  truth  was,  they  had  no  homes  to  i^t. 
to,  for  they  had  either  sold  or  otherwise  disposed  of  their  houses  and 
living.   To  be  short,  after  they  had  been  thus  turmoiled  a  good  whik;, 
and  cx)nveyed  from  one  constable  to  anothei-,  they  wei'o  glad  to  he  ri(l 
of  them  in  the  end  upon  any  terms,  though  in  the  mean  time,  they, 
poor  souls,  endured  misery  enough." 

After  remaining  several  years  in  Holland,  they  began  to  fear  that 
their  company  would  finally  become  lost,  by  their  conn(;ction  with 
the  Dutch,  and  their  eflbrts  to  establish  the  true  religion  also  lost. 
Some  of  their  young  men  had  already  engaged  in  the  mditary 
service  of  the  Dutch,  and  marriages  with  tlieir  young  women  had 


■t 


m 


I 


EVRtV    SETTtKMKNTH    IX    XORTH    AMKRICA. 


27 


taken  ])laco.    These  things  canscd 
Jiiorc  csiKjeially  iK-cause'the  Dutch 


Under  these  considerations,  their  thoiiirht 


America:  hut  never  so  iiir  noril 


much  grief  to  the  pious  (orefathors; 
were  dissolute  in  their  morals. 

s  wer(!  turned  towards 


ieigh  was  ai)out  this  time  ])rojectin 


'i  as  New  England.     Sir  Walter  Rji 


|)lace  was  lirst  taken  under  consid'erat 
was  promised,  and  ail  tin;  he 


gn  settlement  in  (}uiana,  and  tl 


inn.     Here 


Ins 


mfies  ol  a  tr 


•pical 


a  perpetual  sprint 

Hut  CAW. 


•  I    •■      ,,      ,.  ,.  ,    •■ t.,,,nv.<ii  summer. 

sKienng  ,he  d.s..ases  wuch  were  so  iatal  to  Europeans,  an.l  tlu^ir  near 
vicm.tvo   he  .Spaniards,  the  n.a.jority  were  agahlst  a  ^moval  thitho 
At  length  they  n.solved  to  make  Ihc.ir  setfl,.,nent  in  north  Vindnin 
and  accordmg.y  they  sent  agents  to  England  to  ohtaia  a  grantlh,,.; 
le  Vn-g,ma  company,  an.l  to  know  whether  the  king  would  c.  an 
'li'^n,  hberty  ..   cons-wence  i,>  that  distant,  country.    TlurVir-inia  c  nn 
i)Hny  were  wd  u.g  to  grant  tlrm  such  privilogos  as  we-';        U  dr 
,Km-er  hut  the  iHgonedJauK.  would  agrei  no  iLrther  thm/ ^  o  c  u " 
mve  at  them,  provided  ihc^  sh.oul.tl  conduct  peaceably." 

he  agents  -■eturned  the  next  year,  1018,  to  the^reat  diseouracrc 
ment  of  the  congn^gafon.     Resolved,  however,  to  make  anotlu-r  trild 
o^nu.  were  sent  ag.un  the  next  year,  and  arter  long  and  t^S 
dulajs  a  grant  was  ohtauaed,  under  the  seal  of  the  cnmany,  which 
ath.-  all    his  great  troulde  and  expense,  was  never  used.  '      '  '  ' 

Not^v,thstandmg,  their  removal  was  not  oiven  up,  an.l  they  made 
ivady  tor    heir  voyage  with  what  expedition  theV  could.      ItTs 

S   t  :?lhir  ^'"'''  ^'  f-'orctoUparethe  way;  and  a^ ^ 

ngl>    two  ships  wcuT,  got  ready,  one  named  the  Spc-d well,  of  sixty 

tons,  the  o  lier  the  Mayflower,  of  one  Junulred  an.l  iioht  tons.     S- 

thy  left  bouthamp.m  i..r  America ;  but  they  were  twice  fb  ml  to 
r..-turn  by  reason  of  the  bad  state  of  the  l.-sser'.hip. 
bo-  rdXX^r''"''  '"  i''""'^  the  Speclwell,  and  they  embarked  on 
llS;'n!S.5'?:^;;^;"^^''  •"  ''''  ^'^^"  of  Septemher,  again  sailed  on 
Such  Mere  the  transactions,  and  such  tlu.  difficulties  attendinc.  this 
Frsevermg  company  of  pilgrims  (as  they  are  truly  called       n  ik 

Uu  clst.i  '^''^'''  '""  "'"^'  ''"''  '^■'^™  '^''''  ""^i'  they  appeai  on 

Lauding  of  the  Pilgrims  at  Phjmovth.~M\cr  some  difficulties 
mjt  voyage  ol  two  months  an.l  three  .lays,  they  tell  in  wi,  "  S 
ol  Cape  Cod  on  the  ninlh  of  Nov,.mber.  Findmg  themselves  fur  Sr 
Lorth  than  they  mter.d.d  to  settle,  they  s..,o.l  t.^the  sc.uthwar  1  k  t 
M.,n  hiuhng  themsehvs  n..n-|y  encompassed  with  dang.n-ous  h'oal 
tlK,'  captain  took  a.lvantage  of  th,.ir  feirs,  and  bore  up  aoai^.  fo'L' 
c.4.0;  an,l,  on  th,.  lOih  of  Novemb.n-,  anchored  m  Cape  Cod  harbor^ 

place,  aV.TlSi?cfbc;.'f  ST.'  '"'"^f  ^'"  '^'"J^  ^^'^^^  '^rown  out  of  its 

nottl'CectJL' th^o/cLtl^dTh:  SmtrvVt'Tl!?r^'^.  ^^•''"'^  '''T  ^'^^  ^^^    ' 
.nlJing  that  the  En'glish  should  .eranyCin'i'thcr;  "'"'  '"'  ^^^«  ""' 


as 


EVENTS    IN    INDIAN   lUSTOKV. 


()ii  <)l)!iorviii<;  their  latitiide,  they  fbiiiid  thenis(!lve.s  out  oftlie  hmits 
of  tlu;  soutli  Viro-inia  coiiipuiiv ;  upon  wliieh  it  was  Jiiiited  I)y  some 
that  they  shoiilil  now  Ik.;  iiiuKir  no  laws,  ami  every  servant  would  havt; 
MS  uiiicli  authority  as  his  master.  Hut  (he  wisdom  that  had  conducteil 
llii'in  hither  was  sullicient  to  provide  ajrainsl  Ihisevil;  therelbro,  an 
instrument  was  drawn  and  signed,  by  whieh  tlu^y  unanimously  I'ornaMl 
themselves  into  a  body  politie.  'I'his  in.«ftrument"was  excr.uted"  Novem- 
Ix'r  th(!  1  Ith,  and  signed  by  iJirty-one  persons;  that  bein^tlu;  numlMirof 
men  (pialilitid  to  act  li)r  themselves.  Their  whole  niniii)er  consisted  of 
one  hundred  and  one.*  John  Carver  was  chosen  j^'overnor  lor  one  year. 

*  It  Avill  no  (l()ul)t  be  ever  intcrcstiiifr  to  posterity  to  know  the  first  form 
ol  govcrmneiit  over  drawn  up  in  tiiis  country,  and  tlu;  tiiuncs  oftlioso  who 
lirst  ventured  upon  tii"  .jreut  undertaking  of  settliufr  in  Atnorica.  IJotli 
are  lioro  presented  to  tlu;  reader,  as  they  are  found  in  Mr.  Prince's  JNcw 
hn^land  Cbronology : — 

"lu  tlu!  name  of  God,  Amen.  Wo,  wlioso  natncs  are  under  written,  the 
loyal  suhjects  of  our  dread  Hovoroinfu  lord,  iCing  James,  l)y  the  {,'raco  of 
(.od,ot  Great  ISrilain,  France;  and  Ireland,  Kini,Mlefeuder  of  tiie  faith, &c.: 

'•llayui^r  undertaken,  for  the  j,'lory  of  Gml  and  the  advancement  of  the 
(  hristian  laUii,  and  honour  of  our  kinir  and  country,  avoyaire  to  plant  the 
lu-st  colony  in  the  nortiioru  jiarts  of  Viriiiuia,  do,  })y  tiTuse  ])rescnts, 
soleuuily  ami  mutually  in  the  jjresence  of  God,  and  of  one  another,  cove- 
nant and  combine  ourselves  toyolher  into  a  civil  body  politick,  for  our 
bettor  orderuiy  and  i)reservation,  and  fartherancc  of  the  ends  albresaid; 
and  by  virtue  hereof,  to  enact,  constitute,  and  frame  such  iust  and  equal 
laws,  ordmances,  acts,  constitutions,  and  ollices,  from  tirne  to  time,  as 
shall  be  thought  most  meet  and  convenient  lor  liio  general  good  of  tiie 
colony.  Unto  which  we  promise  all  due  submission  and  obedience.  In 
Avilness  whereof  W(!  have  hereunder  sid)scribed  our  names  at  Cape  Cod, 
the  11th  oi  INovembcr,  in  the  reign  of  our  sovereign  lord,  Kin'^  James,  of 
hngland,  France  and  Ireland,  the  XVIII,  and  of  Scotland  the  £lV.  Anno 
Douuui  l():2l)." 


Mr.  John  Corvcr,* 
William  Uradford,-^ 
Mr.  Edward  WinsJow,* 
Mr.  Wm.  Ib-ewster,* 
Mr.  Isaac  Allertou,* 
Cap'.  Miles  Htaudisli,* 
John  Aldeu, 
l\lr.  Sanuu'l  Fuller,f 
Mr.  Christopher  Martin,*; 
"'     William  Mullins,*; 


8 
o 

H 

G 
() 

1 

o 

4 
5 
f) 
I 


23. 
i21. 

iif). 
2(i. 


10.  Mi 

11.  Mr.  Win.  While,*; 
V2.  Mr.  Uiebard  Warren,t 

13.  John  Ilowland,  (m  Cai'^vcr's 

J'amihj.) 

14.  ]\Ir.  Stephru  Hopkins,* 

15.  Edward  Tilly,*; 
IG.  John  Tilly,*} 

17.  Francis  Cook,f 

18.  Thomas  Rogers.; 
1!).  Thomas  Tinlicr.*; 
:20.  John  Ridgdalo.*5 

21.  Edward  Fuller,*; 

22.  John  Turner,; 
The  above  names  having  this  mark 

with  them.    Those  with  tiiis  f  did  not. 
end  of  March     ™'      " 
each  family. 


S 
o 

4 

2 
o 

W 
o 

3 
3 


Francis  Eaton,*  3 

James  Cliilton,;  3 

John  Crackston,-;  2 

John  IJillington,*  4 

21.  iMoses  Fleicher,5  1 

28,  John  Goodman,;  1 

2lt.  Degorv  Priest,;  1 

:t(t.  Thomas  Williams.^  1 

:n.  Gilbert  Winslow,  I 

:i2.  Edmund  Margeson,}  1 

:W.  l'et(M-  Brown,  1 

34.  Kicliard  IJrilterigc,^^  I 
3,T«.  George  Soule,  {qfJIr.  Win- 

slow's  fami/i/.) 

'Ml  llichanl  Clark,;  1 

37.  Uichard  Gardiner,  1 

35.  John  Allertou,;  1 
3!).  Thomas  English,?  1 

40.  Edward  Dorey,    ) 

41.  Edward  Leister,  S 

{hvth  of  J\Ir.  Hoi>kins'  family.) 


101 

*  at  the  end  brought  their  wives 

-  I  —    Those  with  this  \  died  Ijcfore  the 

The  Ijgures  at  the  end  of  the  names  denote  the  number  in 


>l't\n)  limits 
(1  l)y  sonic 
ivould  liuvt- 
1  con(luct(;<i 
er(!i'or(),  un 
isly  roriiUMl 
'cl  Ndvitii- 
nuiiilMirol' 
oiisisted  of 
r  Olio  year. 

o  lirst  form 
f  tlujse  who 
rica.  lioth 
iiicc's  JNcu- 

vrittoii,  tlic 
le  fjjriicc  of 
!  r;iitli,iV;c.: 
iioiiL  of  the 
o  phint  the 
'.  iirescnts, 
Lhor,  covG- 
;k,  for  our 

aibrcsaid; 
:  uiiil  oqual 
:o  timo,  as 
ooil  of  tlio. 
licnce.  In 
Cape  Cod, 

James,  of 
IV.   Anno 

;{ 

:j 

i> 
4 

J 
I 
1 
I 
1 
5  I 

1 
1 

Ir.  Win- 

1 
1 
1 
1 


imily.) 

101 
leir  wives 
)efore  the 
lumber  in 


HMIilll 


i' 


si 


m 


tji 


/ 


EARLY   SETTLEMKNTS    IN    NOKTH    AMEIIK  A. 


'2n 


'1 

ft 


h 


II 


The  day  unswc-iing  to  tlio  clovcntli  of  Dcx-nnibor  is  ccU.'bmtoil  as  the 
by  oflhr  IfiiuiinL.-  ofllir  I'llnrims;*  hut  on  that  di.y  ii  place  was  di.s- 
•ovcird,  !ui(l   lixed  upon  lor  their  scttlcinciit.      Parties  beloii;   \m\ 
hiiided  and  luade  some  diswjvcries. 

"iUi^  same  day  tliat  I  he;  mcmorahio  instrument  was  signed,  ji.  partv 
icJl  tlie  ship,  and  iandcil  to  t;.\plore  the  cuimtry  and  get  wood,  but 
returned  without  making  any  particular  discovery.  Hut  a  lijw  days 
JiJh'r,  (x\ovemlKr  fdleenth)  sixteen  men,  under  Captain  Myles  Stand- 
isJi,  were  permitted  to  go  in  search  of  a  convenient  place  liir  settle- 
mejit.  They  saw  live  Indians,  whom  they  lollowed  all  day,  but  could 
not  overtake  them.  'J'h(!  next  day  they  discovered  several  Indian 
;iraves,  one  ol' which  they  opened,  and  lound  some  rude  imi)lcments 
'jl'war,  a  mortar,  and  an  earthen  pot ;  all  which  they  took  can;  to 
lyplace,  being  unwilling  to  disturb  the  sopnlchrcs  oi'the  dead.  Tiiev 
(i)Uiid  under  a  small  mound  of  earth  u  cellar  curiously  lined  witli 
itark,  in  which  was  stored  a  (jiiantity  of  Indian  corn.  Of  this  the\ 
took  as  much  as  they  could  carry,  and  returned  to  the  ship. 

Soon  ader,  twenty-lbur  others 'made  tiie  like  excursion,  and  obtained 
!t  considerable  (juantity  (^f  corn,  which,  with  that  obtained  beioi-e,  was 
about  ten  bushels.  S.jiuc;  beans  were  also  found.  This  discovery 
gave  thi'iM  great  encouragement,  and  perliaps  prevented  their  iurther 
rejnoval ;  it  also  sa\ed  them  from  liunine. 

Alk-r  considerable  discussion  concerning  a  place  Ibr  settlement,  m 
which  some  were  Ihr  going  to  Agawam,t  !i'«l  «<>ifi<J  not  so  far,  it  was 
"•oncliuk'd  to  send  out  a  shallop  to  make  further  discovery  m  the  bay. 
Accorduigly,  (iovernor  Carver,  with  oightcx'n  or  twenty  men,  set  <.ut 
oil  the  sixth  of  December  to  exploi-e  the\k>C!p  bay  .jf  Cape  Cod.  TIk; 
weather  was  very  cold,  and  the  spray  of  the  sea  lighting  on  them, 
tiiey  were  soon  covered  with  ice,  as  it  were  like  coats  of  mail.  Al 
night,  havmg  got  to  the  bottom  of  tlio  bay,  tiiey  discoven.d  tenor 
iwehc  Indians,  about  a  league  olf,  cutting  up  a 'grampus,  who,  on 
discovering  the  English,  ran  awuy  with  what  of  the  tish  they  had  cut 
"11.  \\  ith  some  dilliculty  from  shoals,  thev  landed  and  erected  a  iuit, 
mid  passed  tlu' fu-st  uiglit.  In  the  morninii  thev  divided  their  coin- 
i-tmy,-  some  went  by  land  and  others  in  the  vessel,  to  make  further 
discf.very  of  the  bay,  to  which  they  oave  the  name  of  Grampus,  be- 
<iiuse  that  fish  was  li.uiid  there.  They  met  again  at  night,  and  sonK> 
lodged  on  board  the  shallop,  and  the  rest  as  belbre. 

Th('  next  morning,  December  the  eighth,  as  they  were  about  to 
-iui)ark,  they  were  llirinusly  beset  by  Indians.  Serine  of  the  com- 
i>.'my  having  earned  flu  ir  guns  down  to  the  boat,  the  others  div. 
<'Jiarged  „pon  ihem  as  fast  as  they  could;  but  the  Indians  shouted  and 
rushed  on,  until  those  had  regained  their  arms,  and  then  thev  were 
put  to  flight.  One,  however,  more  courageous  than  the  rest,  'took  a 
position  belmid  a  tre(^  and  withstood  several  volleys  of  shot,  dis- 

•»d  J)V-oiZl  ^''°  °|'' **>''«  to  new   eleven  days  are  added;  therefore,  the  ' 
..~.l  Deco.nbcr  is  cclebi-atod  as  the  landing  of  the  forefathers. 

natne'hratnnerT!;;^.'"  '"^"  '^""  "^^"*'  ^^  '^  ^^^^  ^-"'^  ^-^  ^'^^ 

3* 


<Mii.  ,- lyjT.r  ui*^> 


P.VENTS  OP   INDI 


KVENTS  OP   INDIAN  flISTOKY. 

TVi*^    flre«f    «'«irotni}ei'    «itK    fhr.    Indians. 


uo 


EVKNTS    IX    INDIAN   HIHTOUV. 


charging  arrows  liiinsclf  at  tli(>  muiu;  lime  At  l<'np;tli  a  sliot,  glancing 
upon  thf!  aide  of  the  tree,  hurlt'il  tlio  kirk  so  ulM>ut  his  hcutl,  tluit  hr 
thought  it  time  to  eseapo.  Eighteen  arrows  were  picked  up  by  th«! 
Enghsh  after  the  iwttle,  which  thty  sent  to  their  Iriends  in  England 
UH  curiosities.  Somt;  were  headed  with  brass,  and  others  with  horn 
and  hone.  Tlu?  place  wluire  this  hapj)ened  was,  on  this  Jiccount, 
called  the  First  Encount(!r.*' 

The  company,  after  leaving  this  place,  narrowly  escaped  licingcast 
away;  hut  they  got  saiijou  an  uninliahifecl  island,!  where  ihey  passe<l 
the  night.  The  next  day,  December  the  ninth,  they  dried  their 
clothes,  and  repaired  their  vessel,  which  hud  lost  her  mast  and  moX 
with  other  damage.  Tiie  next  day  they  rested,  it  being  Sunday. 
Tlie  day  lijilowing  they  found  a  place  which  they  judged  lit  for  s(!ttlo- 
nicnt ;  juid  after  going  on  shore,:}:  atid  discovering  good  water,  and 
where  there  had  been  corn-fields,  returned  to  the  ship.  This  was  on 
the  eleventh  of  December,  ItiviO,  and  is  the  day  celebrated  as  the 
FoHKKATinuis'  Day. 

On  the  lifteenth,  the  ship  came  into  the  nt;w  harbor.  The  two 
following  days,  the  people  went  on  shore,  but  returned  at  night  to  the 
shij). 

On  the  twenty-third,  timter  was  Ix-gun  to  be  pre[)ared  for  building 
a  common  store-house.  The  next  day  the  cry  of  Indians  was  heard, 
but  none  appeared.  On  the  twenty-iifth,  the  fnvst  house  was  l)egun. 
A  fort  was  built  on  the  hill  soon  after,  (where  the  burying-ground  now 
is,)  which  commanded  the  town  and  harlK)r;  and  they  were  diligently 
employed  until  a  town  was  laid  out,  to  which  they  gave  the  name  of 
Plymouth,  on  account  of  the  kind  treatment  they  received  from  tlu; 
[K'ople  of  Plymouth  in  England,  and  that  being  the  place  in  their 
native  country  from  which  they  last  sailed. 

In  January,  1621,  their  store  '.ouse  took  fire,  and  was  nearly  con- 
sumed. Most  of  the  people  now  were  sick,  and  Governor  Carver  and 
Mr.  Bradford  were  confined  in  the  store-house  when  it  took  fire.  In 
March,  an  Indian  came  boldly  into  the  town,  and  saluted  them  with 
these  words,  "Welcome  Englishmen!  Welcome  Englishmen !"  This 
was  uttered  in  broken  English,  but  was  clearly  understood.  His  nanx.- 
was  Samoset,  and  he  came;  fi-om  the  eastward,  where  he  had  ]yxn 
acquainted  with  some  fishermen,  and  had  learned  some  of  their  lan- 


'''■  It  was  before  called  Namsliclcet.  "A  creek,  which  now  bears  tlic 
name  of  Skakit,  lies  between  Eastliain  and  Harwich;  distant  about  tlirLv 
ur  four  miles  westward  from  Nauset — llic  scat  of  a  tribe  of  Indians,  who 
(as  they  aftei'wards  learned)  made  this  attack." 

f  Tliis  tliey  called  "Clark's  Island,  because  JMr.  Clarlt,  the  master's 
mate,  first  stepped  ashore  tliereon." — Morton,  '^4. 

X  A  large  rock  near  liic  water,  said  to  be  the  place  where  they  first 
stepped  ashore,  is  shown  with  a  degree  of  veneration  by  tlie  inhabitants 
of  Plymouth.  It  is  a  granite  of  a  reddish  cast,  and  lias  long  since  been  , 
nearly  levelled  vi^itb  the  surface  of  the  ground.  A  large  fragment  has 
been  placed  near  the  head  of  the  main  street,  where  it  is  made  a  rendez- 
vous for  boys  in  pleasant  evenings.  This,  as  well  as  the  part  from  wliich 
it  was  taken,  sn  tiers  occasionally  under  tlie  force  of  a  dull  axe,  to  add  to  tlic 
entertainment  of  the  story  of  the  traveller. 


IXUI.V:.    IIIfXJHAPIIV. 


81 


guocn,.     1  hoy  treated  h.m  w.rl,  IdrulnosH,  an.l  ho  ir.lbrnud  thorn  thiit 

thon,  of  one  Sr,„anfo,  that  wns  wHI  ar.,,„ai..f..,|  with  fh.  K  ,«lish  nv. 
guago.  H.  Ie,t  rh..,„  and  s..o„  ador  n.t,.rru..d  in  n.n.panv  w  ,h  VC 
•saso.t  nn.l  Srjumvto.     Th.H  |„diun  rontinn.-.l  with  th.  L.-dish  a      2 

"  ndtS  ""  ^^"^r';;''"'r  ^•"■-...  to  ,h.n..  1.0  HhowedT;..:;;  t;s 

tool  lti>at-o.,n,,  and  ofh.T  Anicrir-an  proihidions. 

Abont  this  tm..,'  ([...ginning  c.f  April)  tlovcmor  Carver  died.     Soon 
aihT,  Mr.  VVdhan.  Hn.dC.nl  was    hosm.     Thn  nu.rfality  that  Ik  Z 

Such  was  tho  l>c-ginninjror  N(.wKnylan<l,whifhi.s  now,  alono  a 
..rnndahlo  nat,on.     At  th.  death  of  tho  first  governor,  it    ."Zin;.! 
ily-sevon  Lnropoan  inhah.tnnts,  and  at  tho  orKn^ftwo  hun.hvd  Z^ 
It  oontruned  upwards  of  on.  n.illion  six  hun.hvd  thousand.  ^ 

lorliaps  th(!  annals  of  th.;  world  do  n<;t  fliriiisn  a  parallol'to  thr- 
first  poophng  of  New  Engla.ul,  as  it  rospoct.s  pu  ity'  of  ,  ., In^ 
judgment  and  tort.tnde  in  its  execution,  and  in  sustaining  for  at  S 
of  years  a  govonunent  that  secured  the  happiness  of  alT,_an  obit^t 
ol  admiration,  justly  increasing  <ni  every  succeedin.r  .. 'noruti.^n  1 
propornon  to  the  remoteness  of  time;  f^  inded  on  the  .incrs's  " 

Httcd  to  US  their  true  history;  rendere.l  p-culiarly  intor<^stin<r  from 

ln-somuch  that  no  one  can  read,  without  the  deepest  interest  in  their 
s^uruions;  and  scorning,  as  it  were,  to  live  .,ver  those  davs  ^  t  ul   n 
and  to  gam  a  perfect  ac(,uaintanco  with  a  Carver,  a  Bradford,  a  Win 
slow,  and,  indeed,  the  whole  train  of  worthies. 


INDIAN  BIOGRAPHY. 


le  master's 


CITAPTEIl  I.* 

"iisililipss-si 

The  clearest,  if  not  tho  complctest  classification  of  the  New  Enc 
Ipjid  Indians,  at  the  date  of  the  settlement  of  Plymouth,  includes  fiw 
pnncipal  conlederaciea,  each  occupying  their  own  territory,  and  ao- 
verned  by  their  own  cluds      The  Pequots  inhabited  tho  eastern  S 

Hn.^Trf '1  ,    ^r'  f  '^'"^  ^^■"''"  ''''  ^^^'"•"^^an^etts,  within  svU^ 
limits  Rhode  Island,  and  various  smaller  islands  in  tho  vicinity,  were 

B.71:^eS^SSi?yi^^-^  ^"£'-'1  I'^'^'-  -  taken  from 


■Mill 


83 


EVENTS    IN    INDIAN    HISTORY. 


i 


coiTiprised.  Tlio  Pawtuckct  tribes  were  situated,  chiefly  in  the  southern 
softioii  of  New  ifaiiipshirc;  the  Massachusetts  tribes  around  the  bay 
of  their  own  name;  and  between  these  upon  the  north  and  tlie  Narni- 
gansetts  upon  the  soulli,  tlie  Pokanokets  claimed  a  tract  oi'  \vluit  is 
now  Bi-istol  county,  (Rhode  Island)  bounded  laterally  by  Taunton  and 
Pawtiicket  rivers  I'ov  some  distance,  together  with  large  parts  of  Ply- 
rnouth  and  Barnstable. 

This  conii'deracy  exercised  some  dominion  over  the  Indians  of  Nan- 
tucket and  Martha's  Vineyard,  and  over  several  of  the  nearest  Massa- 
chusetts and  Ni{)niuck  tribes; — the  latter  name  designating  an  interior 
territory,  now  mostly  within  the  boundaries  (A'  Worcester  county.  Of 
tlie  Pokanokets,  there  were  nine  separate  cantons  or  tribes,  each  go- 
verned by  its  own  petty  sagamore  or  s(]uaw,  but  all  subject  to  one 
graiid-sachem,  who  was  also  the  particular  chief  of  the  VVampanoag 
canton,  living  about  Montaup.* 

The  first  knowledge  we  have  of  the  VVampanoa'gs,  and  of  the  indi- 
viduals who  ruled  over  them  and  tlu;  other  Polianokets,  is  furnished  in 
the  coHections  of  Purchas,  on  the  authority  of  a  Captain  Dormer,  (the 
Master  Thomas  Dirmire  spoken  of  by  John  Smith  in  his  Neic  Eng- 
land IVialls,  as  "an  vnderstanding  and  industrious  gentleman,  who 
^v•as  also  with  him  amongst  the  Frenchmen.")  Dermer  was  sent  out 
from  Enoland  in  1019,  bv  Sir  Fr.  Gorges,  on  account  of  the  President 
and  Council  of  New  England,  in  a  ship  of  two  hundred  tons.  Me  had 
a  Pokanoket  Indian  with  him,  named  SauANTO,  one  of  about  twenty 
who  liad  been  kidnapped  on  the  coast  by  Captain  Hunt,  in  1G14,  and 
sold  as  slaves  at  Malaga,  iijr  twenty  pounds  a  man.f  Squanto  and  a 
ihw  others  of  the  captives  were  either  rescued  or  redf^cmed,  by  tln'  l>e- 
uCTolent  interposition  of  some  of  the  monks  upon  that  island.  "  When 
f  arrived,"  says  Dermer  in  his  letter  to  Purclias,  "at  my  savage's  na- 
tive country,  finding  all  dead,  I  travelled  along  a  day's  journc^y  to  ii. 
place  called  Nuinmastafjuyt,  where,  finding  inhabitants,  I  des])atcho(l 
a  tncsseiiger  a  day's  journey  further  west,  to  Pacanokit,  which  border- 
cth  on  the  sea;  whence  came  to  sec  me,  two  ^7/i|f."?,  attended  v.ith  a 
guard  of  fifty  ai'med  nu  n,  who,  being  well  .satisfied  with  that  my  savagx' 
and  I  discoursed  unto  them,  (licing  desirous  of  novelty)  gave  mc  con- 
tent in  whatsoever  I  deniaiuled.  Here  I  redeemed  a  Frenchman,  and 
afterwards  another  at  Masstachusitt,  who  three  years  since  escapeil 
siiipvvreck  at  the  northeast  of  Cape  Cod."     One  of  these  two  kings, — 

*  This  cclcbi'ated  eminence,  (iVotiucntly  called,  by  corruption  of  the 
Indian  name,  Mouut-Flopc)  is  a  mile  ov  two  east  ot'  the  villai^e  of  Bristol. 
It  is  very  steep  on  all  sides,  and  tenriinates  in  a  largo  rock,  having  iUv 
appearance,  to  a  distant  spectator,  of  an  imrneiiso  dome. 

f  It  is  gratir-injr  to  learn  from  Smith  tliat  Hunt  \i'as  prniisticd,  thoun-h 
not  according  to  the  Ijascness  of  Ids  infaniou'i  ci'iirn',  "tie  Ijotraied  foure 
and  twentie  of  thcio  poore  Saluages  aboord  his  ship,  and  most  dishonestly 
and  inhumanely  for  their  kinde  usage  of  me  and  all  our  men,  carried  thetii 
with  him  to  jUaligo,  and  there  for  a  little  priuatc  gaine  sold  those  silly 
Saluages  for  llials  of  eight:  but  (his  vilde  act  kept  him.  ever  nftcrfrom  anij 
Dwrn  cmploiemcnt  to  these  parts." — Generate  Historic  of  ISfcw  England, 
published  in  1G3:,*. 


fm 


■  I 


INDIAN    BIOGKAI'iii'. 


33 


isof  Nan- 
!.-3t  Massa- 
in  interior 
unty.  or 
,  each  go- 
!Ct  to  one 
impanoaii 

'  tlu!  iiuli- 
ruLshcd  in 
•iiicr,  (the 
Vew  Eng- 
man,  who 
s  sent  out 
President 
He  liud 
!Ut  twentv 
LG14,  and 
nto  and  ;i 
by  till'  bf- 

""  WluMl 

vage's  na- 
mely to  11. 
c;s[)atcliod 
■h  border- 
ed v.ith  ii 
ny  sava<iX' 
;  me  con- 
iman,  and 
:;  escaped 
I  Ivinirs, — 

on  of  tlif 
of  Bristol, 
laviiig  Ibf 

3tl,  tliougli 
aicd  fourc 
islioncstl\ 
'rieil  tlietu 
those  silly 
•from  am/ 
Eneland. 


as  the  sachenns  were  frequently  entitled  by  the  earlv  writers  —must 
have  been  Massasoit,  so  well  known  aflerwards  to  the  Plymouth  set- 
iloi-s;  and  probably  the  second  was  his  brother  Quadepinah.  The 
'  native  country  of  Squanto  was  the  vicinity  .  ,f  Plymouth,  where  the 
ndians  are  understood  to  liave  been  kidnapped.  Thousands  of  them 
Uiere,  as  well  as  elsewhere  along  the  whole  coast  of  New  England 
had  been  swept  ofl  by  a  terrible  pestilence.  ''^i^"'". 

The  first  appearance  of  ]\hissasoit,  after  the  settlement  of  Plvmouth 
was  upon  the  22d  of  March,  1621,  a  week  previous  to  which  solnl' 
uiformation  concernmg  lum  had  been  gathered  from  an  Indian  nametl 
feamoset,  who  entered  the  village  with  great  boldness,  and  greeted  the 
inhabitants  with  a  "  welcome."     On  the  second  occasion,  he  came  b 
with  lour  others,— having  engaged  to  introduce  some  of  the  Wampa- 
noags  to  traffic  in  lurs,— among  whom  was  Squanto,  at  the  time  tux,. 
bably   he  s.;e  remaining  native  of  Plymouth.     This  party  brouoht  a 
lew  iish  andskms  to  sell,  and  informed  the  English  that  the  °reat 
sachem,  with  his  brother  and  his  whole  force,  were  near  at  kmd. 
Massasoit  soon  appeared  upon  the  neighboring  hill,  with  sixty  men. 
As  they  seemed  unwilling  to  approach  nearer,  Squanto  was  despatched 
o  as-certain  their  designs ;  and  they  gave  him  to  understand  that  they 
wished  some  one  should  be  sent  to  hold  a  parley. 

Edvvard  Winslow  was  appointed  to  this  office,  and  he  immediately 
carried  presents  to  the  sachem,  which  were  willingly  accepted.     ll 

ilsvS'?     Z    .y""  ?  ''  '^''''^'  "^  '^^""^  ^^^"S'^''  ^^•hi<^h  the  Indians 
listened  to  with  the  decorous  gravity  characteristic  of  the  race,  ilU 
expluined  as  it  was  by  the  interpreter.   'I'he  purport  of  the  speech  was, 
tliat  King  James  saluted  the  sachem,  his  brother,  with  tlie  ^vords  o f 
!>eacc  and  love;  that  he  accepted  him  as  his  friend  and  ally;  and  that 
he  Governor  desii-ed  to  see  him,  and  to  trade  and  treat  with  him  upon 
iiendly  terms.     Massasoit  appears  to  have  made  no  special  repli  b 
this  harangue  for  the  sufficient  reason,  probably,  that  he  did  not  pm- 
Msely  comprehend  the  drift  of  it.     He  paid  more  attention  to  the  JZ 
and  armor  of  Winslow  while  he  spoke;  and  when  lie  had  ceased  speak, 
ig,  signified  his  disposition  to  commence  the  proposed  trade  forthwith 
by  buying  them.     They  were  not,  however,  for  sale;  and  so,  leaving 
Winslow  ni  the  custody  of  his  brether,  he  crossed  a  brook  between 
him  and  the  English  taking  with  him  twenty  of  the  Wampa  oa^J 
who  were  directed  to  leave  their  bows  and  arrews  behind  theln.    It' 
^  w!h    '"   '  ^'. T- "'"'  ''y  Captain  Standish  and  another  gentle. 
"Ml,  wi  h  an  escort  of  six  armed  men,  who  exehanaed  salutations  with 
hini,  and  attended  lum  to  one  of  the  best  houses  in  the  vilia-re.*     Il^re 
a  green  rug  was  spread  upon  the  floor,  and  three  or  fluir  cushion^ 
-led  on  1   for  his  accommodation.     The  (Governor  then  entere<l  the 

inmi ;[:;"'  'f  """"^  "'''^""'  "'^'  i"-^-^'^'l  "^y  -  flourish  o  a 
a  Id  u  hi  '"'"^  '":;''  r^'"'"  J"'"'^^^^'>^  reeommended  by  Standisli, 
and  which  answered  the  purpose  of  delighting  and  astoundin..  the' 

tirst  appeared  was,  by  the  settlers  of  his  time,  called  "sSbSryS^^^^^ 


34 


EVEM'S    IN    INDIAN    IIISTOKY. 


[I    ! 


1  w 


!  r 


iiti 


Waniiianoags,  even  l)cyoiKl  expectation.  It  was  a  deference  paid  to 
their  sovereign,  which  plea^se(l  as  well  as  surjjrisod  thcni.  The  sachem 
and  the  Governor  now  kissed  each  other,  and  after  the  interchange  of 
certain  other  civilities,  sat  down  to(>ether,  and  reiralcd  themselves  with 
what  Neal  calls  an  entertainment.  It  consisted,  it  seems,  chiefly  of 
"strong  waters,  a  thing  the  savag(>s  love  very  well;  and  the  sachem 
took  Slick  a  large  draught  of  it  at  once,  as  made  him  sweat  all  tte 
while  he  slaid."  A  treaty  was  concluded  upon  this  occasion,  thti 
terms  of  which  arc  as  follows: 

1.  That  neither  he,  nor  any  of  his  (Massasoit's)  should  injure  or  do 
hurt  to  any  of  their  people. 

2.  That  if  any  of  his  did  any  hurt  to  any  of  theirs,  he  should  send 
tJie  ofreiider,  that  they  might  punish  him. 

.'<.  Tliat  if  any  thing  were  taken  away  from  any  of  theirs,  he  should 
cause  it  to  Ixi  restored,  and  they  should  do  the  like  to  his. 

4.  That  if  any  did  unjustly  war  against  him,  they  would  aid  him; 
and  if  any  did  war  against  them,  he  should  aid' them. 

5.  That  he  should  send  to  his  neighbor  conlederates,  to  inform  them 
of  this,  that  they  miglit  not  wrong  them,  but  might  be  likewise  com- 
prised in  these  conditions  of  peace. 

6.  That  when  his  came  to  them  upon  any  occasion,  they  should 
leave  their  arms  behind  them. 

7.  That  so  doing,  their  sovereign  lord,  King  James,  would  esteem 
hun  as  his  friend  ,ind  ally. 

"  All  which,"  says  Morton, — and  some  other  annalists  agree  with 
hhn, — "  he  liked  very  well,  and  withal,  at  the  same  time  acknowledged 
himself  content  to  become  the  subject  of  our  sovereign  lord  the  King 
aforesaid,  his  heirs  and  successors;  and  gave  unto  him  all  the  lands 
adjacent,  to  him  and  to  his  heirs  fi)rever."  This  acknowle'dgment  of 
the  sovereignty  ol'the  King,  if  it  really  make  a  part  of  the  agreement, 
certainly  deserved  a  place  as  a  distiwct  article;  being  by  far  more  im- 
IK)rtant  than  all  the  others^.  The  grant  of  land, — and  this  grant  con- 
stituted the  entire  title  of  the  Plymouth  settlers,  as  against  the  natives, 
— ^s  confirmed  by  sul)sequent  transactions,  and  especially  by  the  acts 
of  Massasoit.  }]iit  his  submission  to  the  authority  of  King'James,  as 
a  subject  to  a  sovereign,  is  more  doul)tlul,  nor  does  it  by  any  means 
accord  with  the  seventh  express  article.  That  the  treaty  itself  also 
was  not  preserved  prccisc'ly  as  it  was  j)roI)ably  understood,  may  be; 
inferred  from  the  variations  of  it  given  by  Mourt  in  his  relation.  'Ac- 
cording to  his  sixth  article,  lor  example,  a  just  reciprocity  is  maintauied, 
by  providing  that  the  English  should  leave  their />tew.'?behuid  them  in 
tlicir  interviews  with  the  Indians.  This  distinction  between  alliance, 
find  subjection, — at  least  in  the  mind  oi'  one  of  the  parties, — seems  to 
have  been  too  much  overlooked. 

Such,  however,  was  the;  first  treaty  made  with  th(;  Indians  of  New 
England, — a  pasjage  in  its  history  of  grea*  interest.  It  was  madt; 
U{)on  peaceable  and  honorable  terms.  The  Indians  came  in  voluntarily 
to  make  it;  and  though  they  received  as  a  consideration  for  the  im- 
mense territory  granted  at  tlic  time,  only  a  pair  of  knives,  and  a  cop{)er 


cnco  paid  to 
The  sachem 
terchangc  of 
nsclves  with 
IS,  chiefly  of 
the  sachoni 
went  all  llic 
jccasion,  tlK-: 

injure  or  do 

should  send 

rs,  he  should 

.lid  aid  him  ; 

inform  them 
kewise  com- 

thcy  should 

v'ould  esteem 

3  agree  with 
3knowledge<l 
)vd  the  King 
dl  the  lands 
vledgnicnt  of 
;;  agreement, 
far  more  im- 
is  grant  con- 
;  the  natives, 
by  the  acts 
ig  James,  as 
i  any  means 
ty  itself  also 
ood,  may  te 
lation.  Ac- 
>  maintained, 
hind  them  in 
cen  alliance 
s, — seems  to 

ans  of  New 
t  was  nvtuk) 
11  voluntarily 
for  the  im- 
and  a  cop{)er 


INDIAN   BIOGRAPHY.  35 

chain  with  a  jewel  in  it  for  the  grand  sachem;  and  a  knife  a  ie^veI 

hall  a  cemury,  nor  was  M„ssa«,it,  or  any  of  ,ho  Wa ,™  oS,l™  °J 
his  lifo  imo,  convicted  by  the  harshest  rcvilcrs  of  hi,     „      "r  t       " 

«tr  r:a;T!:;ror:ci;^i' ts^^-'-t, '"^ 

U,  have  di«crc.  «l,.e  Iron,  „1;"1:;'  :r;tm^:^^Z:t 
wore  a  largo  chain  of  white  bone  beads  uboiL  his  neck  wbiH  S- 
hably  one  of  the  royal  i„,;^„i„,  „„d  tha  hi  hStls  cm  Id  SmT 

&:::;:*:!t;r  ;e,c^sxirSi;;f;sf?rf'.:nr '■""' 

.ty,  and  bo,b  head  and  Sice  so  oiled  tba,  be!  "  boW  "^^^^^^ 

weapon  was  a  long  knile,  swingins  at  his  boso „  bf„  sSl.     His ".^ 

namS""  '''°'"  ''"  •^"^"^'-  P^'^^^  of  Boston  harbor  is  said  to  Lave  been 


86 


EVENTS  IN  INDIAN  HISTORY. 


i1 


■ 


peace  with  us;  for  they  have  seen  our  people  sometimes  alone,  two  or 
three  in  the  woods  at  work  and  Ibwliug,  when  they  ofTered  them  no 
liarm,  as  they  might  easily  have  done."'  Thoy  remained  at  their  en- 
campment till  lute  in  the  forenoon;  the  Governor  requiting  the  sachem's 
liberality,  mean  while,  by  sending  an  e\press  messenger  for  his  large 
]«!ttle,  and  filling  it  with  dry  peas.  "  TJiis  pleased  them  well,  and  so 
they  went  their  way;"— the  ore  party  as  much  relieved,  no  doubt,  as 
the  other  Avas  gratified.* 

We  met  with  Massasoit  again  in  July,  1621 ;  an  embassy  being  then 
sent  to  him  at  hi  own  residence,  Montaup  or  Sowams.  This  embassv 
consisted  of  Edward  Winslow  and  Stephen  Hopkins;  and  the  objects  of 
it  were,  says  Mourt,  "  thntforasmvch  as  his  subjects  came,  often  and 
iinthoittfeur  upon  all  occasions  amongst  ?/,<?,"  so  the  English  went 
now  to  visit  him,  carrying  with  them  a  coat  from  the  (Tovernor  to  his 
i'riend  the  sachem,  as  a  token  of  good  will,  and  desire  to  live  peaceably. 
It  was  farther  intimated,  though  with  great  delicacy,  that  whereas  his 
jjoople  came  frequently  and  in  great  numbers  to'  Plymouth,  wives, 
children,  and  all,  and  were  always  welcome, — yet  being  but  strangers 
in  the  land,  and  not  confident  how  their  corn  might  prosper,  they  could 
no  longer  give  them  such  entertMinmcnt  as  they  had  done,  and  still 
wished  to  do.  If  Massasoit  hii:  olf,  however,  would  visit  them,  or 
any  special  friend  of  his,  he  should  be  welcome.  A  request  was  then 
made,  that  tli:;  Pokanokets,  who  bad  furs,  should  be  permitted  to  dis- 
pose of  them  to  the  Colonists.  The  Governor  wished  him  also  to  ex- 
change some  corn  for  seed  \\ilh  the  Plymoutli  people. 

The  remaining  arti(;le  in  tliis  message  is  more  illustrative  of  the  re- 
lations understood  to  exist  and  to  be  desirable  between  the  parties. 
On  the  first  arrival  of  the  Colonists  at  Cape  Cod,  it  seems  they  had 
found  corn  buried  there  in  the  ground.  Seeing  no  inhabitants  in  the 
neighborhood,  "  but  some  graves  of  the  dead  newly  buried,"  they 
took  the  corn,  with  he  intention  of  making  full  satisfaction  for  it, 
whenever  it  became  practicable.  The  owners  of  it  were  supposed  to 
have  fled  through  fear.  It  was  now  proposed  that  these  men  should 
be  informed  by  Massasoit,— if  they  could  b^  foimd,— that  the  English 
were  ready  to  pay  them  with  an  equal  quantity  of  corn,  English  meal, 
or  "any  other  commodities  they  had  to  pleasure  them  wiUial;"  and 
full  satisfaction  was  oflered  for  any  troul'le  which  the  sachem  mifht 
do  them  the  favor  to  take.  This  proposal  was  equally  politic  and 
just. 

They  reached  Namaschet  about  three  o'clock  in  the  aflernoon ;  and 

*  Such  was  the  earliest  visit,  of  ceremony  or  business  at  least,  which 
the  natives  of  New  England  paid  to  the  Colonists.  The  account  given  of 
it,  though  ex  parte,  as  all  such  descriptions  must  be,  is  iionorablc  to  the 
former  m  the  highest  degree.  They  show  that  many,  if  not  most  of  the 
savages,  who  wore  fairly  dealt  with,  were  at  first  as  sensible  and  as  prone 
to  kindness  as  could  have  been  wished.  Thev  went  unarmed  among  the 
settlers  without  fear,  disposed  to  be  honest  arid  friendly  at  ail  events,  and 
as  hospitable  as  their  means  permitted.  It  will  appear  in  the  sequel,  that 
they  continued  so  for  a  long  course  of  years,  as  they  also  continued  faiih- 
ful  to  their  express  obhgations. 


east,  iiliich 


INDIAN    WOGHAPllV.— XASSASOIT.  » 

Ihem,  »e  m  told,  tho  inliaUtants  entertained  them  with  iov  in  th. 
best  manner  they  were  able;  giving  the.n  swM  bre"d™  iJl'h  J?J 
a  lesii  acceptable  nccomnaniincnt  of  IjoiM  m,,.,  ,  ,r    ■ 

civilities  were  exehan.,,,  aller  tL  LS  /  ^'"'-  ^™"" 
Meient,  by  .1,,.  wav,  a,  CZrulSZ^i  """P  ''"V'^^''-^ 
very  pleasantly  i„  'footing  „  ero     M  a  '^^^il  ^u"  'T,  ™  '"T' 

we  were  ,r,e„d,,"  it  i,  added,  .  .hey"welcon,ed  nl  S'snch  S  * 
ADer  :,?'     "■"  ^'*""  "  «'""»  '»■•■'=*'  ofl^"*  on  them  '■ 

In       ""^,'^^'^'  /"•;  «icJiein  niountod  tins  sunerb  article  without  A^ 
lay,  and  hung  the  chain,  wliich  fhcv  also  rravo  him     hr?,.   ^.  f" 

evidently  ciijoyin.  rhc  un.spcnkai,lc  'admiradon  of  Tl'.o  Wn  "'"''' 

who  gazed  upon  him  at  a  distance.  Hrnmv  answe  ed  M  ^  '^'' 
clause  after  clause;  and  particularly  s'niS  irSre  to  c  T'"^' 
peace  and  friendship  win;  his  neighbors''  He  i'th.''u|"  '°"''"""  "! 
him,  in  fme,  and  harangued  them:  thev  occ^^^sfw  llv  fi""'"  ^"'T^ 
he  said  by  their  customary  c.-acuSns  W^s  n^ot  hf ^^^^  "^'^■ 
commander  of  the  country  about  them  °  Vrnot  T^  \  ^^«^''»««^'' 
his  dominion,s-nnd  were  not  tlK^  eonle  ofiM  l^^'  ""  *"'""  '''^^"' 
they  not  bring  tt.ir  sldnsrit,':?;!^^wShed  U^^'^^'^-^"^  «^-'^ 

J^r:d^^;;ffi:KS^ 

them,  with  himself  and  his  wit^lil^^,  J^^^J^^J^^-^^ed 


38 


EVENTS    IN   INnfAN   HISTOBY. 


i'l    . 


Other,  of  a  bed  consisting  of  a  plank  ])latr()rn),  raised  a  foot  or  two 
from  iho  fj;round  and  rovorrd  witli  a  ihin  mat.  Two  of  liis  cliicf  men, 
probably  by  way  of  compliment,  were  also  stationed  upon.tbe  same 
premises;  and  tliis  body-ffuard  ])orlbrmcd  their  pressing  duty  of  escort 
so  eilcctually,  that  no  other  circumstances  were;  necessary  to  make 
the  honored  guests  "worse  weary  oi' their  lodging  tlian  they  had  been 
of  their  journey." 

On  the  following  day,  many  of  tlio  ]»etty  chieis,  with  their  subjects, 
came  in  from  the  adjacent  country,  and  various  sjjorfs  and  games 
were  got  up  for  the  cntertaimiitnit  ot'tho  English.  At  noon,  they  par- 
took, with  the  sacliem  and  about  forty  others,  of  a  meal  ol"  boiled  iisli 
shot  by  himself,  (probably  wilh  arrows.)  They  continued  with  him 
nv'r  '■:■  ne\i  nioining,  when  they  departed,  leaving  Massasoit  "both 
gr-'."..  •'  ashamed"  that  he  could  notlx-tter  cnterlain  them.  Very 
UTipi. '  itc  he  A«is,  adds  the  journall.st,  to  have  them  stay  with  him 
longer;  but  as  they  liad  eaten  but  one  meal  tor  two  days  and  a  night,, 
with  the  exception  of  a  iiartridge,  which  one  of  them  killed;  mv]  what, 
with  their  location  at  night,  the  ".savages'  barbarous  singing  o.'  tlnmi- 
selvcs  to  sleep,"  mnsquitncs  without  doors,  .and  other  trifling  incon- 
veniences within,  could  not  sleej)  at  all;  they  begged  to  1)C  excused, — 
on  the  score  of  consck'ucc^,  .Sunday  being  near  at  hand, — not  to  men- 
tion that  they  were  growing  light-headed,  and  could  hardly  expect,  if 
they  stayed  much  longer,  to  be  aiilc  to  reach  home. 

Massasoit's  iViendsliii)  was  again  tested  in  .March,' 10:22,  when  an 
Indian,  known  to  be  under  ?>(|uanto's  iailuence,"^  came  riuming  in 
among  a  party  of  colonists,  witi\  his  face  gaslied,  and  the  blood  iresh 
upon  it,  calling  out  to  them  to  flee  for  their  lives,  and  then  looking  be- 
hind him  as  if  pursued.  On  coming  up,  ho  told  them  that  the  Indians, 
under  Massasoit,  were  congregating  at  a  certain  place  for  an  fUtack 
upon  the  Colony;  that  he  had  re((nvc(l  his  woimds  in  conse(|U(Mice  o!' 
<ij)posing  their  designs,  and  had  l)arely  escaped  i'rom  them  with  hi> 
life.  The?  report  occasioned  no  little  alarm;  although  the  correctness 
of  it  was  flatly  denied  by  llobamoek,  a  Pokanolfot  Indian  resident  a.l 
Plymouth,  who  recommended  that  a  messenger  should  be  sent  secretlv 
to  Sowams,  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  truth.  This  Avas  done, 
and  t'  luessenger,  finding  every  thing  in  its  usually  fjuict  state,  in- 
formed Massasoit  of  the  reports  circulated  against  him.      He  was 

*  Which,  it  may  be  here  observed,  was  quite  considerable.  Squanto 
was  ambitious  and  mcddiesoine,  thoiii.;h  not  malicious — well-disposed  and 
serviceable  to  the  Eiiirlisli,  but  a  little  too  anxious  to  have  credit  for  that 
factainony  liis  countrymen,  lie  amused  liimsclt' with  telling  them  that  tlie 
wliites  kept  the  plague  barrelled  up  in  their  cellars,  tliat  they  intended  war 
upon  various  tribes,  &c.,  lor  the  sake  oi  being  emi)loycd,  sometimes  hired, 
to  act  as  mediator;  and  ot'  course  he  always  succeeded  in  settling  the  dil- 
liculty.  Hquanto  died  in  INovcmber,  lGr]:2,  on  an  expedition  litted  out  by 
Governor  13r,ult'ord  for  obtaining  corn  am(mg  the  Indians,  His  last  re- 
quest was,  that  the  governor  would  pray  for  him  that  he  might  go  to  the 
Englishman's  God  m  heaven.  He  becineathed  his  little  property  to  his 
Englisli  friends.  So  perished  the  last  aboriginal  of  the  Plymouth  soil.  He 
sometimes  played"  Jack  upon  both  sides,"  as  Hubbard  says, but  his  death 
was  justly  considered  a  public  loss. 


IXDIAN    BIOCRAl'UY.— aiASSABOlT. 


8& 


litted  out  bv 


excess  vely  incensed  agmnst  S,iuanto,  but  sent  his  thanks  to  tlio  gover-- 

Tl  li .  r  IT/"'""  ""^  *"'  ^''^"^'^y'  ^^■^''^''  ^'«  understood  him  to  Tetain  • 
nnd  drect^d  the  .nessonger  to  assur.  hi.n,  that  ho  should  instantly  a  .' 
pnse  U.U  ol  any  conspu-u<^  wh.ch  n.i,du  at  any  future  time  take  plL'' 

Ihat  tho  decl:u-ation.  ot  Massa.oit,  upon  this  occasion,  were  H  r  i Vo  n 
being  mere  wor,  s  of  compulsion  or  of  courtesy,  is  abuidantly  rm^d 
by  ns  conduct  dunng  the  next  season,  Km.     Early  in  the  s„    h  of 

token  of  the  .iendship  of  thec:,'n^r'';^i:^;!^2^^^^^^^ 
c<Mnn.enced  h.s  journey,  being  provide.l  witii  a  lew  cordials   and  at 
tended  by  "one  Master  John  Mampden,  a  London  seiXmn   vvt 
J)on  wintered  with  lii.n,  an.l  desire/l  mudi  to  seeTho^coun  rv  ''- ^ 

;"^::s:!r"^^  --  ^-"^^^"'^  ''^-^-'^'  ^^--^^  i"  ^i:: 

al  cddy  dead;  and    i.eir  guide,  Hobamock,  indulged  liimself  all  tlve 

X\h^no"[r[1'  "^'  ?"  ""'^'^^"1^^  of  dependents  and^-S 
wno  tlnonged  Jus  lodge,  made  way  us  last  us  possible  for  their  -id 

cxt  einities      b.x  or  eight  women  were  employed  in  chafing  his  cold 
Umbs,  and  the  residue  of  the  numerous  company  were    xStm      hem 
selves  to  the  utmost,  meanwhile,  in  makin.  vvhat  \S    v%S^^ 

;;pn^;^i^-;i;e:5^^^^^^ 

.  "  mo  have  come?"  muttered  the  "sachem,  still  conscious  thoiio-h 
Ills  sight  was  wholly  gone.     They  t,)l(l  him  WuLnZh^T  P 

they  generally  substituted  n  foVthe  Cdlh  /\     -  T  ^t  'T'    'u 

lumtlien."  hL-eplied;  u  ,,,  me     .e^  ^  wL  to  W^ 
went  forward  to  the  matted  platfbL  where  he  lay,  an'.ra  p  d  tl' 

he  adaed  mournfully,  "  I  shall  never  see  thee  ^.ah;""  ' 

liooamock  was  now  called,  and  desired  to  assure  the  sachem  ofth*. 

He  immed,at.>ly  signified  his  wish  to  tasfe  of  these,  anddie^wcJe 

rl^r^^n'^n^^^i!;:^^^  S"';^' '"  ^''"'•"^- ,  «^  ''--  '-rba- 
uiuler  ti.eir  I  -ands  "  for  t !,/  .  ppv  r. ,'  I  ?  'l'','^'"''  ^''-^"Pl^  commonly  dye 

but  liowlc,  and  roar  and  hollo  v^v^l-i?*""  ""  '^'^^^  "  administer  nothing, 
of  the  people  abo  u  t£  w  o  II  iovn  Wl'l'L''"'^  l-egm.the  song  to  the  reft 
&r  thcin."L^e,  to  ZlncHan  tt^^^l!}''^^^,!^':'}^^  ^'^y^'  to  the  gods 


40 


BVRNTS    IT?    IWniAjW    HISTORY. 


,1 


I 


{rivon  liim  nccordingly,  to  fho  great  d«;li<rlit  of  the  people  around  him. 
VVinslow  then  proccoded  to  use  mrn.su res  for  liia  relief,  and  they 
wrought  a  great  ehnng*;  in  hiui  within  half  an  hour.  He  -reco'  -red 
hi.s  sight  gradually,  and  JK-gan  to  eonverse,  recpuisting  his  good  f  lend 
VVinslow,  among  other  things,  to  kill  him  u  liiwl,  and  make  him  some 
English  pottaj|(\  sueh  as  he  had  ^en  at  Plymouth.  This  was  done 
for  him,  and  such  other  ear(!  taken  as  restored  his  strength  and  app- 
tite  wonderfully  within  the  day  or  two  of  Winslow's  stay. 

His  expressions  of  gratitude,  as  well  as  those  of  his  delighted  at- 
tendants, wer(!  constant,  as  they  were  evidently  warm  from  the  heart. 
Finally,  as  his  guests  were  about  to  leave  him,  he;  called  Hohamock 
to  his  side,  and  revealed  to  him  a  plot  against  the  colonists,  recently 
fonned,  as  he;  understood,  among  certain  of  the  Massachusetts  tribes, 
and  in  which  he  had  himself  been  mvited  to  join.  Ho  also  recom- 
mended certain  summary  measures  i'or  the  suppression  of  the  plot, 
and  concluded  with  charging  Hohamock*  to  connuunicate  the  intelli- 
gence to  Winslow  on  the  way  to  Plymouth.  It  may  be  added  here, 
that  these  measures  were  subsecpiently  executed  by  Standish,  and 
were  successful.  Th(>  conspiracy  itsc^lf  was  occasioned  by  the  no- 
torious and  outrageous  profligacy  of  the  banditti,  of  "Master  Weston," 
at  Weymouth. 

The  leading  particulars  in  the  residue  of  Massasoit's  life  may  soon 
Ik'  detailed.  In  I6ii2,  Ik;  was  assaulted  at  Sowarns,  by  a  party  of 
Narragansctts,  i.m\  obliged  to  take  refug*;  in  an  Englisli  bouse.  His 
situation  was  soon  ascertained  at  i'lymouth;  and  an  armed  force  being 
promptly  despatched  to  his  succor,  under  his  old  friend  Standish,  the; 
Narragansctts  retired.  About  the  year  1639,  he  probably  associated 
his  eldest  sou,  iMoanam  or  Wamsutta,  with  him  in  the  government; 
for  they  came  together  into  open  court  at  Plymouth,  it  is  said,  on  the 
28th  of  September  of  that  year,  and  desired  that  the  ancient  treaty  of 
1621  miaht  remain  inviolable.  Thevalso  entered  into  some  new  en- 
casements,  chiefly  going  to  secure  to  the  Colony  a  pre-emptive  claim 
to  the  Pokanoket  lands.  "  And  the  whole  court,"  add  the  records, 
"  in  the  name  of  the  whole  government  for  each  town  respectively, 
did  then  likewise  ratify  and  confirm  the  aforesaid  ancient  league  and 
confederacy." 

From  this  time,  the  names  of  tlic  father  and  son  are  sometimes 
found  united,  and  sometimes  not  so,  in  instruments  by  which  land 
was  conveyed  to  the  English.  In  1649,  the  former  sold  the  territory 
of  Bridgewater  in  his  own  name. 

The  precise  date  of  Massasoit's  death  is  unknown.  In  1653,  his 
name  appears  in  a  deed  by  which  he  conveyed  part  of  the  territory  of 
Swansey  to  English  granto>es.  Hubbard  supposes  that  he  died  about 
three  years  subsequent  to  this;  but  as  late  as  1661,  he  is  noticed  in 

*  The  date  of  this  Indian's  death  is  not  known.  He  is  said  to  have  once 
been  a  war-captain  among  the  MassachuscUs  tribes.  Hubbard  describes 
him  as  a  "  proper  lusty  youug  man,  and  of  good  account  among  the  In- 
dians of  those  parts  for  his  valor."  He  v/as  useful,  hke  Squanto,  without 
being  troublesome. 


.  W    l 


round  him. 

,  and  they 

•rcco'  -red 

tfood  f  lend 

0  him  somo 
i  was  done 

1  and  i\\)\)e- 

^liifhtod  nt- 
1  the  heart. 
Mobaniock 
;s,  rc'c<'iitiy 
«!tts  tribcN, 
I  so  rc'com- 
:)f  thn  plot, 
the  intclii- 
i(l(l*'d  hero, 
ndish,  and 
l)y  the  no- 
r  "Weston," 

f  may  soon 
a  pai'ty  of 
[)iise.  His 
force  being 
[in(Hsh,  the 
associated 
)vernment ; 
aid,  on  the 
it  treaty  of 
ne  new  en- 
ptive  claim 
le  records, 
spcctively, 
league  and 

sometimes 
v'hich  land 
10  territory 

1653,  his 
:erritory  of 
died  about 
noticed  in 

0  have  once 
d  describes 
ing  the  In- 
to, without 


»t 


IKDIAlf    BroOHAPHY.— MASSAtOIT.  |f 

.nee,  w«.  „„do  „^.he  Foka„„te;'„&;S,t7pet«rh:j: 

fro™  ,he  ..,.,  or,av4LC;;  1 1  ^T'e'  ^n  "tyTT 
outward  emblem  than  „  b„rtar<„„  ornament  of  borT'  h  1,?L' 
observe,!,  too,  „,  to  them,  that  the  anlhority  wWeh  ,'hey  eSJS 
upon  h,m,  or  rather  upon  hi,  a„ee«„r,,  was  iheir"^  3,  a"d,^ 
liable  ,1  any  moment  to  te  retraeted,  wholly  „r  m  part  eilher  h„Th! 
general  voieo  or  by  the  deleetion  or  violenee  olTnd^iS,  Vh! 
mtrmsic  di^nily  and  onergv  of  his  ehnmeler  •,]„„„    .tr  '"' 

have  sustained  the  domini™  of  ,1  e  saeh™  lil^l^l      "J-Tj-  """■ 

tz "''  :T'  """'"■'  '""-""on'rorSSn ""an";  zp'^^:::; 

him  and  the  meanest  of  the  Wammnnaf,.      'ru   ^  '^If^^'  between 

thrar  mere  multit„de,_lhese  shrewd  heinfiZ^^  '^™''?  ^^ 

well  as  Massasoit  h  mself  did    Z,  ,b^   '?  "  .    hnve  pereaved,  a> 
fearful  as  they  were  Se  ^d  (iw     Im'e  o?',t  "T  "^'"^"'•'ly 

Corhium,,  for%xample-we;:f„olriot:rhltre    ;S^   1'"*^ 
corlam  supposed  reasons  lor  bcin.r  ,„      Vet  S„?'  '""'.  P«'*'='P'  hnd  , 
.ions  savagi  extricated  himself  from  h"  onTy  o  «  a  "o?",'!!,!'''  T^^ 

and  tVlttrLTnd'tr'  a^p^t  Z'^T'^'''"'  ^''-^ 

i»ad  bec>„  the  father  or  the  h.n?hnrTca"l       \    '     P'"*'''^'^  ^^''^"^ 

i„r    I  ca.Ji.     Aiiu  meagnj  an  is  the 
4* 


'i ' 


ll  i 


Mi 


49  KVHNTC    IN    INDIAN    HltTOlir. 

justice  which  history  docs  the  Kuchcni,  it  Htill  furnislies  sotiui  evidence, 
uot  to  1)0  n)iMtai«!ii,  that  ho  had  won  thi.i  rotrurd  from  th(tn)  by  his 
itilidiU'Hs.  Thtutj  \H  a  |)assiijj;«!  of  atlec.ting  .simplicity  in  Winhlow's 
Uulution,  K^inft  to  uhow  that  ho  did  not  lor^t;t  tlu-ir  niinuttist  intomsts, 
«!Von  in  his  own  ahnoMt  unconscious  hclplossncsH.  "That  inorninu;," 
it  i8  said,  "ho  caused  uk)  to  s|)cnd  in  ^oin^  from  one  to  another  among 
Ihoso  that  w«!rt!  nick  in  tho  town  (Sownnis,)  roqucstinji;  mo  to  treat 
them  as  I  hiul  done  him,  and  to  ;^iv<t  to  each  of  them  some  of  the 
sinne  1  ^ave  hin),  sayinf.;  tlicy  wens  ^':ood  Iblk." 

liut  these  nohle  trails  of  fhi'  character  of  Massnsoit  an;  Htill  more 
abundantly  illustrafed  by  the;  wliole  tcMior  of  liis  intercours(!  with  the 
whites.  ()f  iiis  mere  sense  ol'  his  positive  obligations  to  thtni,  inelud- 
inp  his  lidelity  to  »he  (iimous  treaty  of  Kiiil,  nothing  men;  need  hn 
said,  e.xce|)tinj;;  that  lh«i  annals  ol"  thtf  continent  liniiish  scarcely  one 
parallel  even  to  that  case.  Hut  lu;  went  much  further  than  tiiis.  He 
uot  only  visited  tlie  colony  in  tins  first  instance  of  his  own  free!  will 
and  accord,  but  he  (inttired  into  the  negotialioiis  cheerfully  and  deli- 
Iwrately,  and  in  tjie  line  of  their  innnilest  (ear  and  suspicion.  Hence- 
forth the  results  ol'  it  wen;  rejiarded,  not  with  the  iner((  honesty  of  an 
ally,  but  with  the  warm  interest  ol'  a  friend.  It  was  probably  at  his 
siH'.ret  and  delicate  su!4^eslion, — and  it  c(aild  scarcely  have  been  with- 
out his  permission,  at  all  events, — that  his  own  sid)jects  look  up  their 
residence  anionic  the  col.'>"ists,  with  iIk;  view  of  jiuidin*;,  j)ilotintr,  inter- 
pretiu'^  for  them,  and  teacliin<j;  lliem  their  own  useful  knowledge. 
Winslow  sptuiks  of  his  appoiiUin<^  another  to  till  iIk;  place  of  Sipianto 
at  iMymoutb,  while  tho  hitler  should  Ik;  sent  about  ankuiif  tlus  I'okn- 
nokets,  under /ij.v  ord(>rs,  "to  procure  truck  [in  furs)  lor  the  l')ii<flish." 

The  vast  grunt  of  territory  which  he  made  in  tin;  iirst  instance  has 
l)cen  spoken  of.  It  was  made  with  the  hini|)l(!  observation  that  his 
i;|aim  to  it  was  tho  sole  claim  in  existence.  It  was  also  without  con- 
sideration; the  generous  sachem,  as  Ko^er  Williams  says  of  the  Nar- 
raj^ansetts  in  a  similar  case,  '^'^hnuif  stiy  and  Jealous  of  siUinfr  \h{., 
lands  to  any,  an<l  ehoosinjj  rather  to  make  a  s;il\  of  them  to  such  as 
they  ufUuMed."  Such  is  the  laily  i(>alousy  which  Massasoit  can  b<^ 
said  ever  to  liave  entertain(>d  ol"  th(!  I'lnylish.  Ni>r  do  we  iind  any 
ijvidenee  that  he  re|H'nled  of  his  liberality,  or  cousid'iTd  it  the  incau- 
tious extravauance  of  a  moment  of  llattered  i-omplaisancc.  VVo  do 
lind,  however,  that  he  invariably  watched  over  the  inten^st  of  tho 
jfrantoos  with  more  strictness  than  he  would  probably  have;  watched 
over  his  own.  He  laid  claim,  in  one  instaiur,  to  a  tract  for  which 
Mr.  Williams  had  negotiated  with  the  Narrai:ans»>lts, — ihat  ji,entleman 
IxMUo-  ignorant,  jHU-haps,  t)f  an  existing  controversy  between  the  two 
tribt».  "It  is  mine,"  said  the  sachem,  "it  is  mine,  and  thei'cfiorc 
<A«rs," — plainly  implying  that  the  ground  in  question  was  comprised 
within  the  original  transler.  Whetlur  this  claun  was  just,  or  whether 
it  was  insisted  upon,  does  not  appear;  but  there  is  indication  enougll 
lH)th  of  the  opinion  and  feeling  of  Massasoit. 

An  anecdote  of  him,  ivcorded  by  CTOvernor  Winthrop,  under  the 
title  of  a  "pleasant  passagt^,"  is  still  more  striking.     His  old  iViend, 


I        Wins 


Htill  more 
(!  wiilj  the 
M),  includ- 
!!  need  be 
iict'ly  one 
this.  He 
1  lV(.'o  will 
'  and  doli- 
I.  I  lence- 
I'sty  oi'  an 
l)ly  ut  his 
l)c<'n  with- 
k  up  their 
iiitr,  inter- 
iKJwlfdpe. 
1"  8(|iiaiilo 
tiu!  Toka- 
JOti<rlish." 
■itmu'o  hui» 
1  thut  his 

tllOlJt  C(1M- 

Ctlit!  Nar- 

lllillfr  tJK, 

to  such  ns 
it  can  he 

iind  uny 
the  incau- 
.  Wo  do 
f*st  ol*  the 
:!  watched 
for  which 
gentleman 
n  the  two 

thcf'efarc 
;"oniprised 
r  whether 
»ii  enougll 

under  the 
Id  iViend, 


INOIAIf   BIOGB/PRY. M\89A»OIT.  43 

]I^mmt'^;r  ifi-?r''r'r''r  "  '.""'"•«.  '^y^««  '•»  Connecticut  during  the 
«an.jK^^tt  vM  lor  ho„.o  n.uson  or  oUut,  and  co.n.nen.id  his  journey 
tor  l'ly,„...urh  across  the  woods.     Finding  hi.„sc.!fut  a  lc«s,  proS/ 
as  to  h.s  route,  h-  nmdc  his  way  to  Howan.s,  an.)  cuTKk  n  hi* 
ane,e.nt  ac.,uuu,tancc,  the  sa<hc,r..     Tho  latt..;  ouve        ,  h     usua! 
k.„d  wclcou>e.  and,  upon  his  lcuvin«  hin.,  otliu^d  to  c  Ibct  hi 
home  -u  pcdcstrnn  .,ourn,.y  of  two  days.     Ih,  l.a.i  ju,t  d,"i;,3 
one  of  lus  Wampanoags  to  Plymouth,  with  u.structioni  to  inS  tSo 
fnends  of  VVuislow  that  A.  was  .lead,  an.l  to  persuade  tl        "  this 
melancholy  lact,  l.y  s,K,c,(yi,,^  such  particulars  as  their  owi.     .  e.uitv 
.nigh   suo«est      All  ll.is  was  .lone  accrdinoly;  and  thcMidi    r,  Zl^ 
sionod,  as  un^ht  l,o  c.xpcded,  a  very  unpleasant  c^xc^  ^n    KS" 
out  the  colony      In  the  midst  of  it,  however,  on  .he  nc-x    day    rhL 
suehen.  entered  the  village,  attended  by  VVir,.i'ovv,  and  w  h  mo  e'thm 
u.  usual  complacency  m  his  honest  and  c-heerful  countenance         e 
was  usk<.l  why  such  a  report  had  I,.m.  ..in-ulated  the  day '  u-eVious 
.hat  Wu.snow  n.,.,ht  Ik,  the  nu.re  w,.|con.e,"  answcJl  e,  .„nd 
hat  you  mi.ht  be  llu.-  more  happy ,_it  i.  mv  custo.,,."    |J<>  had  come 
thus  far  to  enjoy  the  surprise  personally;  and  lu-  relurned  houtw  rd 
more  .ratihed    ,y  u,  wilhout  .lo.d.t,  than  he  would  have  IVX  ie 
most  lorfunate  loray  amojii/  the  Narm-ansefts.  ' 

•    It  IS  mtanated   by  some  writers,  rather  morc!  iVenuenflv  th-in  i. 
either  just  or  o.en.,ous,  that  (he  sac-henn's  fear  of  the  tJiSt  tmed 
ay  at  the  foun.laf.on  of  his  friendship,     [t  miulu  have  lea  « 
he  apparent  truth,  consider.,,  all  that   is  knmvn  of  Mas  as  U    to 
say,  that  Ins  mte.est  happened  to  coincide  with  his  inclinat'^       M 
II  events,  ,   was  m  the  power  of  any  other  of  the  sachems  or  kint 
throughout  tlH^coimtry  to  place  and  si-slain  th-niselves  i mo  .  iho     ^ 
lootm,  with  the  c-olo„is,s,  Ld  they  been  flnlm  ^'^h       w  h  .^ 
.^ood  feehn,^  or  good  sense.    On  the  contr  u-y,  the  M as  a d  Ltl  u^rn 
pl.>ttmg  and  threaleuiug  oa  one  hand,  as  we  have  see    -  ot ' W^^^^^^^^ 
provocalion    .t  mu.,t   be  allowed, -while  the  Nan   <  ^.sctf  sSem 
.il'on  the  other,  had  sent  in        compliments,  as  v^v\y'^^:^^ 
shape  01  a  bundle  of  arrow,  ued  up  wi,h  a  rattlesnalavrsk  n.  '       '^^ 
Nor  should  we  forget  the  wretched  teeblencss  of  the  colony  at  the 
[>enod  of  the.r  hrst  acc,uaintauce  wilh  Massasoit.     Indeed     teins^int 
measun.  winch  he  took  for  their  n.lief  and  ,,rotection  I  'i  mor^like 
the  promptaigs  of  compassion  than  of  either  hope  or  fear     Tmonfh 
previous  to  h.s  appearance  among  thun,  they  were  mCd  tr    2k 
a  p.tiable  condition  by  sic  kuc-ss,  that  only  si  f or  s  U  o^  ,h,^ 
uumher  were  able  to  do  business  in  tl...  oik.,?,  -on  [     ^  '' 

Spuiii 

he  was  willing  to  have  peace  with  them."  c«n^eivc  but  thai 

But  the  motives  of  the  saehem  are  still  iWther  manifested  by  the- 


44 


■VBNTI    ITf    INDIAN    RfrrORT. 


Ill 


1ii 


ill  I; 

ii 


wnse  of  his  own  dignity,  which,  ppacenhlo  as  he  generally  wma,  h* 
uhowofi  promptly  iip<in  all  stiitnblo  fx-casionH.  lioth  the  intbrmai 
grant,  and  the  formal  deeds  wo  have  mtuitioned,  indicato  that  ho 
undcrst(K)d  himself  to  be  the  master  of  hJH  ancestral  territory  as  much 
in  rijjht  as  in  lact.  Then;  is  nothing  in  his  whole  history  which  do<ni 
more  hofior  to  his  inN^lliLienec  or  his  wnsihility,  than  his  conduct 
occasion<Hl  by  the  falsehoods  (nrcidatini  among  the  colonists  against 
him  by  iSqnanto.  His  fust  impulse,  as  we  have  seen,  was  to  be 
offended  with  the  guilty  intriguant;  the  second,  to  thank  the  governor 
for  np|)enling  to  himself  in  this  case,  and  to  assure  him  that  he  would 
at  anv  tinu;  "send  word  and  give;  warning  when  any  such  business 
was  ti  >>  ards."  On  liuther  in(]uiry,  he  ascertained  that  tSquanto  was 
taking  even  more  liberties  with  his  repulatioii  lluin  lu^  had  Invn  aware 
of.  He  went  forthwith  to  IMy mouth,  and  made  his  ap|K>al  personally 
to  the  governor.  The  latter  pacilicd  him  as  well  as  hv,  could,  and  he 
returned  homr;.  Hut  a  very  short  time;  elapsed  k'lbre  a  messaga  came 
from  him,  entreatiiifr  \hv.  governor  to  consent  to  the  death  ol"  the  rene. 
gade  who  still  abused  hiiu.  'J'he  governor  confi'ssed,  in  reply,  that 
Squanto  "tleservcd  death,  but  desind  that  he  might  bo  spared  on 
account  of  his  indispensable  services.  Massasoit  was  not  yet  satis- 
fied. The  former  messenger  was  again  sent,  "with  divers  others," 
says  Winslow  in  bis  Uelution,  '■'■  demanding  him  (»Squiinto)  as  being 
one  of  Massasoit's  subjects,  whom,  by  our  first  articles  of  peace,  we 
could  not  retain;  yet  because  lie;  would  not  willingly  do  it  (insist  upon 
his  rights)  without  the  governor's  approbation,  he  ollered  him  many 
beaver-skins  lor  his  consent  thereto."  ♦The  deputation  had  brought 
these  skins  accordingly,  as  also  the'  sachem's  own  knili;  for  the  exe- 
cution of  the  criminal.  S(|U(mto  now  surrendered  himself  to  tho 
governor,  as  an  Indian  always  resigns  himself  to  his  fate  upon  similar 
occasions ;  but  the  governor  still-  contrived  a  pretext  for  sparing  him. 
Tlic  deputies  were  "nmd  with  rage  and  impatient  of  delay,"  as  may 
be  supposed,  and  departed  in  great  heat. 

The  conduct  of  the  sachem  in  this  case  was  manifestly  more  corrcct 
tlian  that  of  his  ally.  He  understood  as  well  as  the  governor  did  the 
spirit  of  the  articles  in  the  treaty,  which  provided  that  an  offender  upon 
either  side  should  be  given  up  to  pu!iishment  upon  demand ;  and  hf 
was  careful  to  make  that  demand  personally,  explicitly  and  i-espect- 
fully.  The  governor,  on  the  other  hand,  as  well  as  the  cul|)rit  him- 
self, acknf)wledged  the  justice  of  it,  but  manoeuvred  to  avoid  compli- 
ance.  The  true  reason  is  no  doubt  given  by  Winslow.  It  is  also 
given  in  the  language  of  John  Smith.  "With  much  adoe,"  says  the 
honest  ca{)tain,  "we  appeased  the  angry  king  and  the  rest  of  the 
saluagcs,  and  freely  forgaue  Tusquantum,  because  he  speaking  our 
language,  we  could  not  be  well  without  him."  The  king  was  angry, 
then,  as  he  well  might  be;  and  the  governor  took  the  trouble  he  was 
both  bound  and  interested  to  take  to  appease  him.  It  is  not  to  be 
wondered  at,  perhaps,  that  the  particulars  of  this  transaction  are  so 
little  dwelt  upon  by  the  writers  of  that  period.  Winslow  barely 
states, — speaking,  in  another  connection,  of  the  Indians  being  evidently 


Ily  MftM,  hr 

10  intbrmtti 
itR  that  ho 
ry  as  much 
whifh  does 
[lis  conduct 
ists  against 

was  to  be 
K"  <^(tvornor 
it  he  would 

h  business 
quanto  was 
Ik-ou  await; 

|)(>rsonally 
uld,  and  he 
sHat;«  canKi 
nl'the  rrnf. 

reply,  tliat 

spared  on 
>t  yet  sati»- 
Ts  others," 
))  as  being 
f  peace,  we 
^insist  upon 

him  many 
ad  brought 
for  the  exe- 
iself  to  tho 
pon  similar 
laring  him. 
s"  us  may 

lore  corivct 
nor  did  the 
lender  upon 
id ;  and  h*- 

11  d  respeot- 
■ulprit  him- 
oid  compli- 

it  is  also 
,"  says  the 
rest  of  the 
caking  our 
was  angry, 
I  bio  he  was 

not  to  be 
;tion  are  so 
low  barely 
ig  evidently 


INDIAN    BIOr.HArilY. MA88.\IOIT. 

aware  of  tlu;  weakness  of  the  colony,— I  hut,  what  w 


45 


,      ,,  ,   -'  —  ^ .? >     «ii>.i,  TTjiui  nixTi  worse,  "now 

also  Massasoit  H.-«;n.cd  to  Irr.wn  u,„,n  us,  and  neither  came  nor  seat 
u  us  as  l.,nncrlv.'       I  h.s  passage  is  no  less  s,gni(i<-ant  than  brief; 

ut  not  more  so  than  a  subs,..,u.-nt  dry  obscrvati.m  n.s,H,ctiMg  Squanto 

Such  were  the  lilb  and  ehara.ler  of  Massasoit.  It  is  t.,  1h;  re.rretted 
that  so  tew  particulars  are  preserved  of  tho  former,  and  that  so  little 
JUS  u-e,  conscq.u.ntly,  ran  In.  done  to  fl...  |„t.,.r.     Ih.t  so  far  as  his 

Mils  race.      1  hero  ,.s  no  nobler  instana,  in  all  history  of  national 

h^^t   ir.   ''"V"''"'"''  '"  "  .W-'X''""'^  "•■'»'"•-  mthe  first  instauco 
the  ?,  .'nt   !^  "  T'''  •>'  conduct  generally  alike  creditable  to 

J  M.I  ngs  an.l  shivwdiiess  ol  the  colonists,  tinally  settled  itself  in  th« 
n  nd  ol  Massaso.t  as  innately  as  his  aHlvtion  Ibr  his  owii  suCl 
"1  know  now,"  said  he  to  VVinslow,  on  his  first  r..,:overv  from  tt 
«-vere  sickness  we  have  nu.n.ion.d,  "I  /,««„•  that  the  Emdish  lov« 
luts— I  love  theiM,— I  shall  never  Ibr-r,'!  tlieiu."  " 

But  putting  even  the  most  iinnatunil  construction  upon  tlu;  profes. 

Xw^le'nr"  "''^''^"""' -•''!  "-  »'-^''-l^  -.:^t  be  allowvd  ^ 
«  1  m  at  least  a  consummate  sagacity.  U.  ...rtainly  suceee.k.l,  durin-r 
^11  Ins  tune,  not  only  in  slii,.|di,ig  his  trilx-s  fronrtlieir  just  or  unjusl 
h^w^^b.  '  r'  "'^'"'"f '-'/-l'<-t  to  such  a  singular  .i:.g:.X 
U^e  w  It,  igs  of  no  single  author  within  our  recollection  lim.isl  one 
word  o  his  d.sparagem,.nt.  Even  Ib.bhard  speaks  of  him  with  some- 
S^inrl' n""'"^"'''""  the  obnoxiiis  trait  in  his  d^X 
Sr         w  ""^'  '""''''-"■=  "^'  ''  ^^''-y  '•'•■'"■•u-kable,"  lie  says, 

w      n.  V     "^TT'n  '"'^'  '""^'>  ^"'^^■'-  '""  ''"'^'^f-d  th^  J.:ndish 
w.i,    never  m  the  least  degree  well  aflbcted  to  their  irli.rj.n."   "it  is 
uaied,  furthermore,  that  in  his  last  treaty  with  the  whiu.  at  Swan 
zey,_.rofernng  to  a  sale  of  land   which  wo  have  mentioned -hL 
exerted  himself  to  bind  them  solemnly  "never  to  draw  "  ay    ny  of  1^ 
people  from  their  okl  pagan  superstition  and  devilish  idoLr^to  the 

gavlpthepS^^^^^^  on  account  of  his  pertinacitj:,  and  he  then 
Massasoit  did  not  distinguish  himself  as  a  warrior;  nor  is  he 
known  to  have  been  once  engaged  in  aiiv  open  liostilitie  ,  ^en  wit^ 
tho  imuueal  and  powerful  tribes  who  envii-onid  bis  tc-rritor;  Th  s  s 
another  unique  trait   in  his  character;   and  considering  L  general 


46 


EVENTS    IN   INDIAN   HISTORY. 


att.-ichmcnt  of  all  Indians  to  a  bolligcrant  life,  their  almost  exclusive 
dol(!i-oncc  for  warlike  qtiaiiti(!s,  tlu;  iiiiinber  and  scattered  location  of 
tiie  Pokanoket  trihes,  and  especially  the  character  of  their  ancient 
neigliix>rs,  this  very  fact  is  alone  sufficient  to  distinguish  the  genius 
of  Massasoit.  All  the  nntivc  nations  of  New  England  but  his  were 
involved  in  dissensions  and  wars  with  each  other  and  with  the  whites  j 
and  they  all  sliared  sooner  or  later  the  fate  which  he  avoided.  The  rest- 
less rini.deaders  who  plotted  mischief  tmong  the  Massachusetts  were 
bumuuirily  kjiocked  upon  the  head  by  Miles  Standish,  while  hundreds 
of  the  residue  tletl,  and  mi-crably  perished  in  their  own  swamps. 
The  Pf!quots, — a  nation  who  could  muster  three  thousand  bowmen 
imt  a  short  time  previous, — were  nearly  exterminated  in  1637;  and 
the  savages  of  Maine,  meanwhile,  the  Mohawks  of  New  York,  the 
Narragansetts  and  Mohegans,  were  iightingand  reducing  each  other's 
sireiiglb,  as  if  their  only  obj(>ct  had  Ixvii,  by  ultimately  extirpating 
themselves,  to  prepare  a  way  in  tli(j  wilderness  for  the  new  comers. 


ih 


1^ 


wm 


CHAPTER  II. 

PilEPAllATIOXS  roil  WAR  B1:TU'1:;H\  I'llILlP  ANJ)  TIIK  COLDNIES-IMMEDI- 
ATK  Oi.rASION  <jF  l!()STIi.JTlF.S-m,S  COL-UA(;E,  DKiXITY,  LXDKl'KNUEiNX'E, 
tC— I'ATE  or  (lis  I'A.^IILV— IJEFENCi;  OF  lllS  CONULTC'T. 

Every  preparation  ailer  the  death  of  Alexander,  brother  of  Philip, 
was  made  ibr  the  impending  crisis  on  either  side.  The  following 
uncion;  document,  taken  from  the  records  of  Plymouth,  shows  that 
the  tigitation  of  all  llie  parties  concerned  had  already  arrived  at  a 
liigh  pilch.  It  is  the  deposition  of  one  Hugh  Cole,  taken  in  court 
previous  to  Sassamon's  death,  and  attested  by  Nathaniel  Morton  as 
secretary. 

•'  Plugh  Colo,  aged  forty-three,  or  thereabouts,  being  deposed, 
jjaith : — Tiiat  in  February  last  past  before  the  date  hereot',  he  went 
to  yiiewamett,  and  two  pjUglishmcn  more  with  him;  and  that  their 
business  was  to  persuade  the  Indians  to  go  to  Plymouth,  to  answer  a 
complaint  made  by  Hezekiah  Luther.  The  Indians  (saith  he)  seeing 
us,  came  out  of  the  house  towards  us,  being  many  of  them,  at.  the 
least  twenty  or  thirty,  with  staves  in  their  hands ;  and  when  the  In- 
dians saw  there  were  but  three  of  us,  they  laid  dcjwn  their  staves  again. 
Then  we  asked  the  Indians  what  they  did  with  those  staves  in  their 
hands?  They  answered  that  they  looked  lor  Englishmen  to  comt; 
from  Plymouth,  to  seek  Indians  to  carry  them  to  Plymouth.  But 
they  said  they  were  not  \\illing  to  go.  And  some  time  after,  in  the 
same  morning,  Philip,  the  chief  sachem,  sent  for  me  to  come  to  hiin, 
and  I  went  to  Mount  Hope  to  him;  and  wiieu  I  came  to  Mount  Hojx;, 
I  saw  most  of  the  Indians  that  I  knew  of  Shewamett  Indians,  there 
at  Mount  Hope,  and  they  were  generidly  employed  in  making  of 
()ows  and  arrows,  and  hall"  pikes,  and  lixiug  up  of  guns.  And  I  saw 
niany  Indians  of  several  places  repair  towards  Mount  Hope.     And 


*1^ 


;  exclusive 
ocation  of 
ir  ancient 
:he  genius 
t  his  were 
lie  wliites; 
The  rcst- 
isetts  wci-e 
!  hundreds 
1  swamps. 
\  bowmen 
L637;  and 
York,  the 
ich  otiier's 
:xtirpating 
comers. 


S— IMMEDI- 
I'KNDENX'K, 


of  Philip, 
following 
hows  that 
rived  at  a 
1  in  court 
iMorton  as 


;  deposed, 
f,  he  went 
thai  their 
I  answer  a 
he)  seeing 
m,  at-  the 
,en  the  In- 
,ves  aiiain. 
OS  in  their 
1  to  come 
luth.  But 
:er,  in  the 
lie  to  hiin, 
unt  IIojk;, 
ms,  there 
iiakiug  of 
\.nd  1  saw 
ipe.     And 


'Tia 


s^" 


/^ 


.;:^ 


J^.> 


*»^4'j^-i^^*i*M'Sr'« 


:^::.. 


'■v;i 


Vi%^ 


fi£l 

s 

iSii"'''-'    ■ . " -'^4  wivAft 

ij 

L'i      V   "        ■  '   ■'•'■■  :-:'v 

It  \.  /-^a'^^ 

•iw^  "^^ 


p,,^i. 


\H 


i'JHJLIPaliasME 


TACOMETofPokH.i 


mm:"''^^^^?i^"^'^mi 


^ACOMETofPokHnokei 


I 


INDIAN    BIOGEAPIIY. PHILIP. 


47 


some  days  after  I  came  from  Mount  Hope,  I,  with  several  others,  saw 
oiie  of  Captain  Willot's  rangers,  coming  on  i^ost  on  horseback,  who 
told  us,  that  Kmg  Phdip  was  marched  up  the  neck  with  about  tiira- 
score  men:  and  Zacary  E(kly,  ori  his  report,  went  to  see  if  he  could 
hnd  them,-  and  he  lound  tlicni  towards  the  uppiu-  part  of  tJie  neck,  in 
several  companies.  One  Cal-:!.  Eddy  further  saith,  lliat  lie  saw  many 
there  in  arms;  and  I  was  iufbrmed  by  John  Padduck,  tliat  he  saw- 
two  several  guns  loaded  with  bullets  or  slugs.  And  I  iUrther  testify, 
that  those  Indians  that  I  saw  come  towards  Mount  Hope,  as  albre- 
said,  came  belter  armed  than  I  usually  have  seen  them.  Furthe- 
siuth  not."  . 

,^31%^°'^^"°'^^*'^  mustered  at  Mount  Hope,  early  in  the  sprino' of 
16 /o,  from  all  quarters,  and  the  wIhjIc  country  was  ni  u<dtatioii    f  lio 
ungovernable  fury  of  some  of  these  fierce  warriors  was  the  imniediate- 
wcasion  of  the  war  which  ensued.     They  had  not  the  power  which 
1  hihp  himself  had,  of  eiuluriug  provocation  with  the  reservation  of 
revenge;  and  they  Mere  by  no  means  so  avcU  uware,  on  the  ..tiicv 
liand,  of  the  advantages  to  be  gained  by  such  a  course.     At  ienuth 
a  party  of  them  expressed  their  ibeling.s  so  intolerably,— soon  alter 
the  execution  of  their  three  ^-ountry men, —that  an  Englisliinan  at- 
bwanzev  discharged  his  musket  at  one  of  them,  and  woundqd  him 
Ihis  allair  took  place  June  24,  1675,  a  day  memorable  in  American 
Instory  as  the  commencement  of  riiiiip's  war.     "  Now,"  says  a  reve- 
rend  historian  of  those  times,  "war  was  begun  by  a  tierce  nation  of 
Jndums  upon  an  honest,  harmless,  Christicm  i-etieration  of  Eix/lish 
who  might  very  truly  have  said  unto  the  augressors,  iis  it  was" said 
ol  old  unto  the  Ammonilcs,  '1  have  not  sinned  asainst  thee,  but  thou 
(ioest  me  wrong  to  war  against  me.'"     Such  no'  o'oubi  Avas  the  ror- 
suasion  of  a  large  majority  of  the  cotemporary  countrymen  o    ti«c 
learned  divine. 

Hostilities  were  now  promptiy  undertak-en.     A  letter  was  sent  to 
t;hihp  in  the  month  of  June,  which,  of  course,  did  no  yood;  api)lica- 
tions  were  also  made  to  the  Massachusetts  ggvernment  for  immediate 
assistance;  forces  were  rai.-ed  and  stafinned  throuchout  the  colony 
and  matters  very  soon  after  proceeded  to  a  length  uhicli  made  com' 
in-omise  or  conciliation  impossible.     We  do  not  intend  to  give  for  the 
present  the  well-known  particulars  oftliis  celebrated  war.^  It  is  sutii- 
cient  to  observe,  that  it  was  carried  on  for  more  than  a  year  with  a 
violence  and  amid  an  excitement  unparalleled,  perhai)s,  in  the  history 
ot  the  country;  and  that  it  terminated  with  the  death  of  Philip,  lati- 
m  the  season  of  1676.  ^ 

_  The  result  of  it  was  decisive,  as  tlie  sachem  was  well  aware  that 
It  would  be,  ot  the  fate  of  the  .\cw  England  Indians.  The  Pokano- 
kets  were  nearly  exterminated.  The  Nanvagansetts  lost  about  om. 
Uiousand  of  their  number  in  the  celebrated  swamp-fight  at  Sunlcp- 
fequaw.  All  the  Indians  on  the  Connecticut  river,  and  most  of  tlie 
Wipmucks  who  survived,  fled  to  Canada,  (where  they  were  subse- 
quently of  great  service  to  the  French,)  and  a  few  hundreds  took 
refuge  in  New  York.    The  English  detachment  of  Captain  Churck 


48 


EVENTS   IN   INDIAN   HISTORY. 


^■^^B  BV 

Hi 

Sc" 

^^^^^■f  iffl 

Hm|; 

^^^^^H ''  'in  ' 

1 1 

1 

^Bi 

alone  is  estimated  to  have  killed  about  seven  hundred  between  June 
and  Oc(olx3r  of  It' 76.  Large  numbers  ol"  those  who  were  captured 
Were  sent  out  of  the  country  and  sold  as  slaves. 

But  the  triumph  of  the  conquerors  was  dearly  bought.  The  whole 
fighting  force  of  the  four  colonies  seems  to  have  been  almost  con- 
stantly  in  requisition.  Between  one  and  two  thousand  men  were 
engaged  at  the  swamp-fight  alone, — an  immense  Ibrce  for  a  popula- 
tion of  scarcely  forty  thousand  English  throughout  New  England. 
Thirteen  towns  were  entirely  destroyed  by  thi'  (Miemy,  six  hundred 
dwelling-houses  burned,  and  about  the  same  number  of  Englishmen 
killed,  so  that  almost  every  family  lostra  relative.  The  mere  expense 
of  the  war  must  have  teen  very  great ;  for  the  commissioners  of  the 
United  Colonies  afterwards  estimated  the  disbursements  of  the  old 
colony  alone  at  more  than  one  hundred  thousand  pounds. 

Such  was  the  war  of  King  Philip, — sustained  and  managed,  upon 
his  side,  by  his  own  single-handed  energy  and  talent  alone.  Not  that 
the  sixty  Wampanoags  of  the  sachem's  own  household,  as  it  were, 
or  even  the  various  tribes  of  the  Pokanoket  country,  were  his  sole 
supporters;  but  that  all  the  other  tribes  which  supported  him  did  it 
in  consequence  of  his  influence,  and  woi'o  induced  to  unite  and  operate 
together,  as  they  never  had  done  before,  under  his  control.  Some 
writers  have  asserted  that  he  engaged  the  various  Atlantic  tribes  as 
far  south  as  Virginia  to  assist  him ;  but  of  this  then;  is  no  proof,  and 
it  is  rendered  improbable  by  the  great  want  of  inter-communication 
among  these  tribes. 

Nor  is  it  true,  as  other  writers  have  stated,  ihat  all  the  natives  of 
New  England  itself  were  involved  with  Philip.  On  the  other  hand, 
it  was  the  most  trying  circumstance  of  the  great  struggle  of  the 
sachem,  that  he  had  not  only  to  rely  upon  bringing  and  keeping 
together  scores  of  petty  cantons,  as  jealous  of  each  other  from  time 
immemorial  as  so  many  Highland  clans ;  but  he  had  to  watch  and 
resist,  openly  and  secretly,  all  who  would  not  join  him,  besides  the 
multitudes  who  deserted,  betrayed,  and  opposed  him.  The  New 
Hampshire  trites  mostly  withdrew  from  the  contest.  The  praying 
Indians,  of  whom  there  were  then  thousands,  either  remained  neutral, 
or  like  Sassamon,  turned  against  their  own  race.  One  of  Philip's  own 
tribes  forsook  him  in  his  misfortunes;  and  the  Pequots  and  Mohegans 
of  Connecticut  kept  the  field  against  him  I'rom  the  very  first  day  of  the 
war  to  the  last.  It  may  be  supposed  that  some  of  these  tribes  were 
surprised,  as  Philip  himself  was,  by  the  sudden  breaking  out  of  the 
war,  a  year  before  the  time  which  had  been  fixed  for  it.  This  was 
occasioned  by  the  proceedings  in  which  Sassamon  was  concerned, 
and  by  the  ungovernable  fury  'if  a  few  of  the  young  warriors. 

Philip  is  said  to  have  wept  ^  these  tidings  of  the  first  outrage  of 
the  war.  He  relented,  perhaps,  savage  as  he  was,  at  the  idea  of  di»» 
turbing  the  long  amity  which  his  father  had  preserved ;  but  he  may 
^ell  have  regretted,  certainly,  that  being  once  forced  upon  the  mea>' 
sure,  he  shoi,!^  enter  the  battle-field  unprepared  for  what  he  well 
knew  must  be  the  last,  as  it  was  the  first,  great  contegt  between  ihe 


INDIAN   BIOOHAPHY PHIUP.  ^g 

was  bem  upon  the  business  beloHir  Dav  „„r  '„f'L"^°'"°,''' 
was  there  rest  for  his  iintbs  or  sleep  foJhiseve?  H  *  '  "™™'5' 
have  been  feeble  enou.,h,  had  hisnVan.  „„7  ,  '  "^"":<^^  mm 
10  his  utmost  wish;  but  he  »ird^'  Z'J  f  ™''»'"'«*'l.  suceeeded 
heart  for  the  mort'al  sLggll  The  Xn^f  '  r"'  "'"l  "  P™"* 
was  about  six  hundi^i  warriors    readv    ,„H  f."""  '1°™"'™ 

»ince,  for  the  war-cry.  The  whoS;  Sk  ",'?  """'.'^'«ly.  long 
ragansetts,  was  already  in^^.TJZ  ul  "J^^'^'^'  "■,'=  ««'■ 
with  the  Nipmucks  and  thf  Trib<i  „„^L  p  ^^  "egoltatcd,  also, 
west,  and  ole  aller  a„„,'£;  ',£  Tt^'^L'^Td^u 'e7 ,""' • ''^' 

I  he  Hadley  Indians,  who  had  joined  the  English  ~vSVE°  'ft"*-- 
instigation,--werc  suspected,  and  fled  to  hfrn  J^' 7  ^'^^'^  at  his 
neighbors  soon  after  joLd  thiriumdrcd  of  P^ii"  J'^"""  .^P"«gfield 
upon  that  town;  and'thus  the  S^d^N^^^^^^^^ 

In  the  course  of  the  ensuing  winter  tkl       u     °.°""'.'y  wag  involved, 
the  Mohawks  i.^  1*'^^°  Nors^/c  '  T        "  "'"' '°  I"™  ''^'"oJ 

b.vfairarg„n.„..t™tp^rlTnrtti'MfsSo??°'"°^^ 
gltng  young  men  in  the  woodsVin  such  a  manner  h,^T    f ,  ™  """K" 

obviously  be  charged  upon    he  SllhTu,  t     ?'"'""' ~"'"' 
a.,d  from  that  'i^^:!^'^  S::^^^  "'  <.«  ifosts, 

look  upon  him  with  pity  and  admiraL      h"    '  ""  ^^"  ^"^-^ 

Hme  past  had  been  tremendous  but  ho  tin"  J  ''"''"'  ^""^  ^^"^^ 
whole  power  of  the  colonies  waj  in  he  fid  aS"h'  ''';  ''^^ 
scoutmg.parties  of  his  own  race  Th?  <J  '  ?!  ^-^  ^"'''^«  ^nd 
near  relalion  of  his  own,  enlisted  un^er  ThTT''  n\"  '""^-'^^^^  «^  ^ 
plained  and  threatened. '  TtttSorv     "  w  I,  ^  '\''  'f '^  ^«"^- 

overrun,  their  settlements  destiweTaS  "♦'      ''  ^^^  ^"'^ 

grounds  all  occupied  by  the  EnXh  ^'1^,  *^^^  P^f  ting  and  fishing. 

yet  liunted  down,  were  day  a.S  ni^ht  Sf  ""^  1^"^  ^^"^  ''''''  "^^ 
tbrests,  and  reduced  to  Uve-f  thS  .1  1  "f  '"*"  ^^^^""P«  ^"^ 
iW,--upon  the  least  and^  Jf^te^  eoLiV»  SU 


60 


UVENTS   IKT   INDIAN   HISTOHY. 


i''> 


died  of  diseases  incurred  in  this  manner.  "I  have  eaten  horec,^^ 
said  one  of  tliese  r.us(u-ablo  wretches,  "but  now  horse  is  eating  me. 
Another  informed  Church,  on  one  fK-casion,  that  about  three  hundred 
Indians  had  gone  a  long  way  to  Swan/ey  in  the  heat  ol  the  war,  for 
the  purpose  of  eating  clams,  and  that  Philip  was  soon  to  follow  them. 
At  another  time,  the  valiant  captain  himselt  captured  a  arge  party. 
Findin-  it  convenient  to  attack  a  second  directly  al^er,  he  bade  he 
livst  wait  for  him,  and  join  him  at  a  certain  rende/.vous.  }i^^ ^'^V 
after  the  skirmish  "they  came  to  him  as  they  were  orden^d,  and  ho 
drove  thein  all  together,  that  very  night,  into  Brulgewaler  2>ot/m/,  and 
set  his  Saconet  .soldiers  to  guard  them.  "Being  well  t«'ated  with 
victuals  and  drink,"  he  adds,  with  great  simplicity,  "thyy  had  a 
merry  night,  and  the  prisoners  laughed  as  loud  as  the  soldiers;  not 
beinfso'treated  for  a  long  time  before." 

The  mere  physical  sutllnings  of  Philip,  meanwhile,  arc  almost 
incredible.   It  is  by  his  hair-breudth  escapes,  indeed,  that  he  is  chicHy 
visible  during  the  war.     Occasionally  the  English  come  close  upon 
him;  he  starts  up,  like  the  roused  lion,  plunges  int.)  the  river  or  leaps 
the  precipice;  and  nothing  more  is  seen  of  him  for  months.     Only  a 
few  weeks  after  the  war  commenced,  he  was  surnnrnded  m  the  great 
Pocasset  swamp,  and  obliged  to  escape  from  his  vigilant  enemies  by 
raftin<r  himself,  with  his  best  men,  over  the  great  Taunton  river,  while 
their  women  and  children  were  left  to  be  captured.     On  his  return  to 
the  same  neighborhood  tlic  next  season,  a  captive  guided  the  English 
to  his  encampment.     Philip  fled  in  such  haste  as  to  leave  his  kettle 
upon  the  fire;  twenty  of  his  comrades  were  overtaken  and  killed;  and 
he  himself  escaped  to  the   swamp,   precisely  as  he  had  lormerly 
escaped  from  it.   Hero  his  uncle  was  shot  soon  afterwards  at  his  side. 
Upon  the  next  day.  Church,  discovering  an  Indian  seated  on  a  taller) 
tree    made  to  answer  the  purpose  of  a  bridge  over  the  river,  raised 
his  musket  and  deliberately  aimed  at  him.     "It  is  one  of  our  own 
party,"  whis,)ercd  a  savage  who  crept  behind  him.     Church  owered 
his  iun,  and  the  stranger  turned  his  head.     It  was  Phihp  himself, 
musPng,  perhaps,  upon  the  fate  which  awaited  him.    Church  hred 
but  his  royal  enemy  had  already  fled  down  the  bank.     He  escajKid 
from  a  close  and  bloody  skirmish  a  few  hours  afterwards. 

He  was  now  a  desolate  and  desperate  man,  the  last  prince  o  an 
ancient  race,  without  subjects,  without  territory,  accused  by  his  allies, 
betrayed  by  his  comrades,  hunted  like  a  spent  deer  by  blood-hounds, 
in  daily  hazard  of  famishing,  and  with  no  shelter  day  or  night  for 
his  head  All  his  chief  counsellors  and  best  friends  had  been  killed. 
His  brother  was  slain  in  the  Pocasset  swamp;  his  uncle  was  shot 
down  at  his  own  side,  and  his  wife  and  only  son  were  captured  when 
he  himself  so  narrowly  escaped  from  the  fire  of  Church.  And  could 
he  have  fled  for  the  last  time  from  the  soil  of  his  own  country,  ne 
would  still  have  found  no  rest  or  refuge.  He  had  betaken  himself 
once  to  a  place  between  York  and  Albany;  but  even  here,  as  Church 
says  the  Moohags  made  a  descent  upon  him  and  killed  many  ot  his 


INDIAN    UIOCRAPIU'. PHILIP. 


fil 


horec," 
ng  me." 
Imndred 
war,  for 
\v  them. 
■y.  party. 
)a(l(j  the 
rhc  day 
'  and  h(; 
imd,  and 
tod  with 
y  had  a 
lors;  not 

B  almost 
IS  chiefly 
)se  upon 

or  leaps 
Only  a 
the  great 
iiniicH  by 
rcr,  while 
return  to 
3  English 
bis  kettle 
illed;  and 

formerly 
t  his  side. 
n  a  fallen 
er,  raised 
*  our  own 
h  lowered 
p  himself, 
irch  tired, 
e  escaped 

ince  of  an 
r  his  allies, 
3d-hounds, 
night  for 
cen  killed. 
)  was  shot 
ured  when 
And  could 
auntry,  he 
:en  himself 
as  Church 
lany  of  his 


nZ  t"  "tf  i«"f  ll'"S-plaoe*  was  at  the  full  of  Connecticut 
mrr  above  Deorfield,  where,  some  time  after,  "Captain  Turner 
bund  h.n,,  came  upon  him  by  night,  killed  a  ?reat  manv  men,  and 

JT  "!""-'' t",'"'."''  "'^"  ^^"^  "''"'■'  ^hat  wiM-c  hunted  down  the  fulls 
..Md  drowned."  He  lost  three  hundred  men  at  this  time.  Thev  were 
m  he.r  encan.pmei.ts  asleep  and  unguanled.  The  English  rushed 
i'!x>n  them,  and  they  fled  m  every  direction,  half-awakened,  and  rrv- 
"igout,  "Moliawk.s!  iVIohawks'"  »  u,  unu  cry 

th^^Z^'V^'V '^^T:^'^  ^''""f'^  clmractor  than  by  observing, 
of  h^N  U'  ''''^'  "V^^l'  '"^''^  ^''  ^"^  ^""^^^^'"-^  'he  remnanf; 
tie  rist  S^'^^^^  N.pn.ucks  among  the  Wachuset  hills,  on 

bury.  '  m  a  wih  T""'  !'"'  'h'  '^''"  '™''^^  "  *^'^^^^^"^  »P«"  «"''• 
S;is<ln-n  V  t'"  ,'^'"''"^'':'^  "P  ^'"^  ^'^'■'^"^  ^'"I'^^i"  Vvidsworth 
We  so  Z  ^hlt'";  hT"^  °'''""  ^°''''"'  ^'''->»«tions  in  those  parts." 
nndnr  h?         '  .  ^-^'l'  ''•''"  '^''"ing  parties  to  waylay  Church, 

commg,     said  one  ol  them  who  was  taken  captive,  "what  thev  had 
done  o  the  English  at  Brookiield  [burning  the  town.l     ^n  ho  pre 
sented  and  gave  to  three  .sagamores-nanu>ly,  John,  alias  Ancou^^^^^^^^ 

wampum.  ^  Even  so  late  as  the  month  before  the  sachem's  death 
a  negro    who  h.d  fought  under  him,  inibrmed  the  EnXl   o?  hi^' 

if  nolo  '"/I  Tl;  /"  ^T'^'  ^"''  ^°'-«^  ^■"^^'«'  he  would  not  think 
of  peace;  and  he  kdled  with  Ins  own  hand,  upon  the  spot,  the  only 
Indian  who  ever  dared  to  propose  it.  It  was  Ihe  brother  of  tins  man 
i)y  whom  he  was  himself  soon  after  slain 

These  an,  clear  proofs,  then,  that  Philip  possessed  a  couraae  as 
noble  as  his  intellect.  Nor  is  there  any  doubt  that  history  would 
have  furnished  a  bng  list  of  his  personal  exploits,  but  that  hi  situa- 
f.on  compelled  h.m  to  disguise  as  well  as  conceal  himself.     If"  any 


«„nZ'"'  'f"S»agc  of  Churcli.    The  same  might  be  as  properly  aDoIie,! 


we 

or- 


lhl.f  V.J  lS""''"r5"  "  "'"»'■>■  "f  Ma..aohusetls.    Mather  santhit 


■VBIVTa    IN    INDIAN   HI8T0RT. 


thing  but  his  face  had  betm  known,  there  was  nothinp;  to  prerenf 
Church  from  shooting  him,  as  wo  linvo  seen.  And  universally  influ- 
ential as  ho  was, — the  master-spirit  every  where  guiding,,  encourag- 
ing, soothing,  and  i  ;w'irding,— it  is  a  fact  worthy  of  mention,  that 
IVom  tlM3  time  of  his  hrst  flight  Irom  Pocassct  until  a  fow  weeks  before 
his  death,  no  Englishman  could  say  that  he  had  either  seen  his  coun- 
tenance or  hoard  his  voice.  Hence  Church  descn-ilxw  him  as  being 
always  foremost  in  the  flight.  The  price  put  upon  hin  head,  the 
fearful  power  which  pursued  him,  the  circumstance!  th»t  some  of  his 
own  acquaintance  wore  against  him,  and  <'s|K!cially  fhe  vital  import- 
ance of  life  to  his  cause,  all  made  it  iudis|K'nsabie  for  him  to  adopt 
'^very  stratagem  of  f  lie  wary  and  cunning  wurfan;  of  his  race. 

We  hav(;  said  something  of  Philip's  idoxis  of  his  own  sovereign  dip 
nity.  Hence  the  fate  of  Sassainon,  nnd  of  the  savage  who  proposetl 
peace.  There  is  a  well  settled  tradition,  that  in  ltJ65  he  wont  over 
to  the  island  of  Nantucket,  with  the  view  of  killing  an  Indian  called 
.John  Gibbs.  He  landed  on  the  west  I'ud,  intending  to  travel  along 
the  shore,  undiscoveral,  under  the  bank,  to  that  part  of  the  island 
where  Gibbs  resided.  By  some  lucky  accident,  the  hitter  received  a 
hint  of  his  approach,  made  l»is  (.'scape  to  the  English  settlement,  and 
induced  one  Mr.  Macy  to  conceal  him.  His  crime  consisted  in  speak- 
ing  the  name  of  some  deceased  relative  of  Philip  (his  brother,  perhai)s), 
contrary  to  Indian  etiquette  in  such  cases  provided.  The  English  had 
a  parley  with  the  sachem,  and  all  the  money  they  wereabUt  to  colleci 
was  barely  sufiicient  to  satisfy  hin\  lor  the  life  ol'  the  culprit.  It  was 
not  a  mere  personal  insult,  but  a  violation  of  the  reverence  due  from 
a  subject  to  a  king. 

It  appears  that  when  he  visited  Boston,  belbre  the  war,  he  suc- 
ceeded in  persuading  the  government, — as,  no  doubt,  was  tlie  truth  of 
the  case, — that  notwithstanding  the  old  league  of  his  father,  renewed 
by  himself,  or  rather  by  force  of  it,  he  was  still  independent  of  Ply- 
mouth. "  These  successive  engagements  worc^  agreements  of  amity, 
and  not  of  subjection  any  further,  as  he  apprehended."  He  then  de- 
sired to  see  a  copy  of  the  treaty,  and  requested  that  one  might  be  pro- 
cured for  him.  He  knew,  he  added,  that  the  praying  Indians  had 
submitted  to  the  English;  but  the  Pokanokets  had  done  no  such  thing, 
and  they  were  not  subject.  The,  letter  of  the  Massachusetts  to  the 
Plymouth  Goverinnent,  written  just  after  this  interview  with  the  sa- 
chem, is  well  worthy  of  notice.  "  We  do  not  understand,"  say  the 
former,  "  how  far  he  hath  subjected  himself  to  you;  but  the  treatment 
you  have  given  him  does  not  render  him  such  a  subject,  as  that,  if 
there  be  not  present  answering  to  summons,  there  should  presently  be 
a  proceeding  to  hostilities." 

Philip  had  himself  the  same  notion  of  a  Plymouth  summons;  and 
yet  either  policy  <>r  good  feeling  induced  him  to  visit  the  Plymouth 
Governor,  in  March  1675,  for  the  purpose  of  quieting  the  suspicions 
of  the  Colony :  nothing  was  discotered  against  him,  and  he  returned 
home.  He  maintained  privately  the  suuk;  frank  but  proud  inde- 
pendence.    He  was  opposed  to  Christianity  as  much  as  his  father  was. 


INOIAN   OlOOJIAPIiy.-^PHIUP.  53 

•nd  would  make  no  concewiona  upon  that  point  Pos^ihlv  »h»  ^ 
membranco  of  Sas^amon  mioht  have  ranklf  Hm  '  k;  .  ^  .  "** 
upon  the  venerable  EUoi  on.:.^aS''lo:^J^:,'Z'V^ 
one  ot  his  buttons  betweou  his  fln-'eiN  nn,iu.\.\\\  .'        ''***'* 

for  thego,,el  than  for  thu^  b  tt^T-Krlt.  '"„'". .r'  "'  "T 
however,  may  be  inlbrrod  irom  Gookin's  statement  "V"''\''''i 
him  apeak  very  .rood  words  ur.Miincth     1  "  ''^''^  '^«'»'"<^ 

are  extant,  bjt  nuno  of  ihom  are  b>  ievori  t^h.l      P'>«tra  ts  ol  him 

thick  with  bead.,  «in  pleasant  w  Id  wo^lln  5  u'  ''"'i'  ^'''^"''  ««' 
same;"  his  accoutr^.^^r/ts  ^^^1:? ,  ^^^^^^  a  broad  belt  o^' the 
zey,  (Mas..,)  is  understood  to  bo  still  in  nji"  !"''^  '"  '  ^''^"• 

royalties  which  were  oiven  up  bv  aLvv.h  nTT^''*  '^'"^  "'^  ^'^^ 
ture  by  Church.*  There  we  e  two  hnT  'r  >^''  /"""  "'  '^'^  ««P- 
cloth  blanket,  and  thrcSlHnd  he  .T?..'''  ^^""'"i  P^'^^^'^  ^  red- 
One  was  nine  inches  wide  and    0!^^?^  ''''■''"-'''  ^"'^'"P'^'"  ^e'^^- 

meetin.  her  a,.un  ho  em,e."od  ho  toT.^  ''''  """"^  ^"^^'^«-  ^^ 
child,  and  for^^this  he  pail  her  a  s!  ilt  H  "T  ^'T""'  ^^'  ^'^ 
trouble  ofvisitiu.  hor  L  the  Duroo'e  of  ^'  "^^^^''^^^rd^  took  the 

nighi  sh.  .slK)uld^e  he  own  mi^lv's"'  X'?  ^"-^  '^'''  " '"  ^  ^«'•'■ 
i.  allowed,  shows  his  ^hrewdr  r.^JJ^^^-^;^-— ^HS 

"'as  nut  a  very  bolli<rerunt  c!k  '  etc  •  nor  do  wo  n^  '^"^  "'«  '^'"^r 

nish,  when  the  coims-illor  made  his  clr-^nn  rr  .V'^  V'^  swamp-skir- 
l»oastedofhavin<'ki!lel  t-i  wh  tP=  ;  ^^\^P°-  If<it>bard  states  thit  ho 
of  him  ,vo  dorivS  from  U.e  p  c  Ss  e  accojAt'o;  ?'''''  f  ''T  '«  ^"^^^ 
who  headed  an  expedition  ,  or  the  ^x  )r.^s3  mr^^^^  l"s  'apturc  by  Church, 
fortune,  and  o.vnn  onfow..;„„,.  ,  ■ .  express  purpose.     Anawon  met  his  mis- 


fortune,  and  even  enter  med  ifs  collm^LV:'"'*''"'-  ^T'"''  "^^^  '"«  '" i  ' 
..on,  and  (Jhurcl.  rcciprocSc  his  "So  ies '"h,;';''",  "''^  °''-  '^^'  °««=^- 
warrior,  with  many  others  of  hl« Tih^  '    °"'  ^"  '"  vain— the  old 

-  uth/Tothefrave  e^r-^^^T;,  Ao,\oP,.r';  =^^^"  b^^f'^^^^ed  at  Ply. 
t  corner  of  Rehoboth,  .iL^' ^?.l^  ^rj/i'l"^'^' * '''""S!'  the  south. 


warr 

mont 

east  corner  of  RehoboVh;V^';;:x;,:;;';7.:T  uTl'i^S'''  *i"'°"°I'  *'"^  ««"th. 

enormous  pile,  from  twen  y-fivcTti.ir  v  fept  f.?^*^'*  °"'  ^°  't'i"  '^'^y-^n 

•wamp  oraoma  thousand  acres  ^  ^'''  °°  ^  *°'''  of  island  ia  a 


M 


■VBNTa   IW   INOIAN    IIISTOUT. 


1:1 
iiil 


.1; 


fair  doaliug.  It  was  Iiuliun  stratu^om  in  war-tiini,  ho\yuvor;  nml  iha 
halfnilml  Huchum  was  ut  tliis  very  liiiic  living  upon  giMund-nuld,  ucurns 
and  lily-roota,  "  Philip,  siiuillini;  tlu;  iKisiutMs,  [licr  mnsom.J  cullwi 
mo  to  him,  und  askod  ni ;.•  what  I  would  ^;ivo  him  to  l(!ll  n«!  some  j^ood 
noW8,  und  to  spoak  ii  uooil  word  lite  nu\  th;it  1  lui^ht  .<?()  homo  to- 
jH'UTow.  I  I  lid  him  I  (V)iild  not  tell, — but  unyiiiin^  I  liad, — uud 
jwkod  him  what  ho  would  liavc.  lie  said  two  co;U.s,und  twenty  shil- 
lings in  m;)noy,  hall'  u  iiiisli'l  of  scod-corn,  and  sonK!  toliacco.  / 
thanked  him  for  his  lone,  hut  J  knew  that  mnnl  news  as  well  an  that 
(^'tiftij  fox."  It  is  prohahlc  \\.\  was  amusiuij;  liiiusiill'  with  tiiis  ^;ood 
wom:m,muoh  m  hn  did  with  tiKiWortliy  Mr.  (JiK)kiii:  huljitall  uvcnls, 
th'jro  arc  no  traces  oi'm  ilcvoltjul  ll'elini!,  in  thoso  simple  anecdotes. 

What  id  mt)ro  striking,  we  lind  thai  when  ono  Jauuis  lirown,  of 
Swanziy,  hroir^lit  him  a  letter  iVom  l*lym  )utii,  just  hcWnx)  hostilitii» 
cx)mmL>nccd,  und  the  youni;  warriors  were  up, mi  the  point  of  killinj^' 
him,  I'hilip  intcnbred  and  jinivented  it,  sayiii,:t,  thai  "  his  father  had 
charged  iiim  to  kIdw  kindness  to  iMr.  Hrown.'  Aeeordinulv,  it  itt 
rocordod  in  llidjhurd,  that  a  liltliHtefore  his  death,  llii;  old  sachem 
had  visited  Mr.  Brv)wn,  wli;)  lived  not  I'ar  Wnm  Montaup,  and  earnestly 
desired  that  the  Ijve  and  aujity  hv  had  reativcd  niiivht  Ik;  contiuui'd 
tJ)  tho  children.  It  was  prohahly  this  eircuinstanee,  which  induced 
Urown  Ijimielf  to  cn;^ai>;e  in  such  a  hawirdous  juterprise,  allor  an 
iatervul,  probably,  of  sonn;  twenty  years. 

Nor  should  we  pass  over  \\v)  kindness  of  Philip  to  tiic;  Leonard 
tamily,  who  residod  near  Fowliu;.'  i'ond,  in  what  is  now  Uaynham. 
Philip,  who  wintered  at  iMontuup, — tor  the  convenience  of  (ishing,  per- 
haps,— was  accustomed  to  spend  the  sumiii'r  at  a  huntinii-house,  by 
this  pond.*  There  ho  l)ccam'j  aiupiaiiited  with  the  Leonards,  traded 
witli  them,  and  had  his  arms  ixjpaired  by  them  frequentlv.  (Ju  the 
breaking  out  of  t!ie  war,  ho  gav(^  strict  orders  that  those  men  should 
never  be  hurt,  as  they  never  were ;  and,  indticd,  the  whole  town  of 
Taunton,  as  it  then  was,  remained  almost  entirely  unn»olestcd 
throughout  the  war,  and  amid  all  the  ravlig(!s  and  massacres  which 
daily  took  place  upon  its  very  borders.  How  much  of  |)rovocation 
and  humiliation  he  was  himself  endiM-inu;  meanwhile!,  we  have  already 
soen.  All  his  relations  were  killed  or  ca[)tured,  and  a  price  set  upon 
Ilia  own  life. 

It  ia  a  matter  of  mc'ancholy  interest  to  know  that  the  sacliem, 
wrelchsd  and  hopeless  as  ho  had  becorir;  in  his  last  days,  was  still 
surrounded  by  a  band  of  his  faithiid  and  atli.'clionate  toflowers.  At 
the  very  moment  of  his  fatal  sin-prisc  by  i\^^  Kn<.lish,  he  is  said  to 
have  been  telling  them  of  his  gloarny  dreams,!  ^"^  advising  them  to 

*  A  for^e  is  still  in  operation  upon  the  Kilo  of  the  one  iierc  mentioned. 

tThc  violent  prejuilicc  existing  against  Pliilip,  unmitigatuil  even  by  his 
brings  and  death,  appears  singularly  in  a  parenthetical  surmise  of  Hub- 
bard, "whether  the  devil  appeared  to  him  lliat  night  m  a  dream,  forebod- 
ing his  tragical  end,  ii  matters  not."  So  Mather  says  lie  was  hung  up  like 
Ahag,  after  being  shot  through  his  "venomous  and  murderous  heart." 
Church,  generally  an  honorable  and  humane  man,  speaks  of  his  fallen  fw 
in  torms  which  we  regard  bis  reputation  too  much  to  repeat. 


IWDIAW    RlOOBAVnV.—fulUr.  MM 

tho  Indian  who  was  stationod t,  w«  c     u  flu        '  ^T  '"^^  "'^• 

;tl.  wholo  anny  ^^:^i^:^::^^^\^  ^''>"-"  says  that 
tho  honest  captain  suHin-od  hia  „ro    dtaw'fo  ,  •''"  '■'^"■^'"'-'''  """ 

domed  th.  rites  of  bur.al  to  .  L  k  ^u  t  C  Tl7,  ."."^  '"  •'''^'  ''^ 
on  the  contrary,  u„d  his  head  carrie  I  f?  p7'  \  '""  '"'"  '/""'•'^n^ci, 
iscarelul  to  toll'us,  it  urriv  1  on  ,  ^  v  h  "'"1  '  '''''''  "'  ^"'^«'- 
wore  keeping  a  solenn.  tL  ll^i  .r'-^^tyi  ""  '^'V^'""-^''  the«, 
soured  by  the  illiberalitv  of  ih,.  ?u...'  conqn.Tor'H  temper  was 

march  he  received  t^^^^^i:^^"!  ''''"'^  ''""-"•  I'or  this 
shillings  a  head  (or  the  k  le        ?K  T'  '''«'-'"'^''"  ^^'^^  thirty 

at  the  .a.ne  price,  an.l  ^^^^^^^^7:^:^1'''^^^  h'-^  we:^ 
c^)urage.neut."     The  saehe.n'-  i  .  ^^  '^^^^"'''  '""'  P'>'>r  en. 

hlH  hands.  To  finish  "ew-tS  V"'  '''''^'''^''^  ^''^h  ""«  of 
royalties  were  soon  alh  "i;  ttm    It' r""'''i'  f  '"^  '^•''"-P"' 

the  lock  of  the  gunwhicirwasZaM  i  ''.s  chief  captains;  and 
m  his  wiiTwain,  are  still   tol  '"'"' ^'^h  a  *amHi-sh  (bund 

Ilistoricar^Socie  y  of  Mlslchu  c  ttT"  m"'!^'  '^'"  ""^^^"'''^''^  "^^  'he 
subject  of  a  dispute  lKree,r  ^1..,  ^  ';;'f''  ^'.^'^^  '^'^•""'«  ^he 
S  -  --^  awarded  lo  t  ^^ b^^ljl^  ^f  ,&:J  -;;; 

wf  rpl,  -  ^^^;;:  J|y --^^  years  of  a,. 

^^Xf:h-^^:;;irr^^^^^^^ 

scruples.     The  Plymouth  con-tw-^^'  """    '"''""  ^'''''""^  ^o^'c 

occasion,  as  to  coniluduporlvln.  to  thT''  ^""f^'^"'^'^  "''""  ^'''^ 
for  advice.     Mr.  Cotton  wn^  J^^^!"?  '"  l*^^  clergymen  of  the  colony 

rious.  traitor,  -be^lt;^;:  Sresl  S^l^t^^'^T  ""^  T'' 
principal  loaders  and  actors  in  such  horW:i  vM  ^  '  .""^  ''^^^  hoen 
m  the  guilt  of  their  [KUTntss  anTmi  ,/''''"'''',T-'S'''  ^"  '"^"'^^d 

<o  deuthr  Dr.  Increase-  M  i.he  T  "  '  ?  '•^;"'*^''-«,  be  adjud-.ed 
rather  was  killed  by  }m  '^"^  ^'^''^  ''^  Hadad,  whose 

had  not  escaped,  Da^id  wo  LetTe"'  *'"^^  '''  ^^'^''  '»--" 
molesting  the^ext  -ene  S  '^'  ['^■f '^^»,"'^««"'-es  to  prevent  his 

«>urse  he  recommended  was'ostponS  'e"  Sfh^'  '"""  ^'^^  ^'^•'' 
mortifymg  one  we  have  mentioned  'gnominious  and 

^hcSnS:  by  t^bin;s;^s^rf^"^''^  ^-^  -p- 

or  tmeivilised  enemy  more  oenenllv  if*        '^  "'"^  •^''^^  "'  ^'^^"^^'^ 

.»k  oir  .ho  ,a„  fro.  ,be  e,po.od  .k';irj£i'sar.-raff .•™ 


M 


KVBNTS   IN    INDIAN    UI8T0BY. 


favored  instead  of  opposing  him,  it  is  fortunately  impossible  for  us  to 
estimate.  It  is  conlessed,  however,  thai  had  even  the  Narragansetts 
joined  him  during  the  first  summer  of  the  war, — as  nothmg  but  the 
abrupt  commencement  of  it  prevented  them  from  doing, — the  whole 
country,  frotn  the  Piscataqua  to  the  Sound,  must  have  been  over- 
swept  and  desolated.  But  as  it  was,  Philip  did  and  endured  enough 
to  immortalise  him  as  a  warrior,  a  statesman,  and  we  may  add,  as  a 
high-minded  and  noble  patriot.  Whatever  might  be  the  prejudice 
against  him  in  the  days  of  terror  produced  by  his  prowess,  there  are 
both  the  magnanimity  and  the  calmness  in  these  times  to  do  him  the 
justice  he  deserves.  He  fought  and  fell,  miserably  indeed,  but  glo- 
riously,— the  avenger  of  his  own  household,  the  worshipper  of  his 
own  gods,  the  guardian  of  his  own  honor,  a  martyr  for  the  soil  which 
was  his  birth-place,  and  for  the  proud  liberty  which  was  his  birth- 
right. 


CHAPTER  III. 

THE  NARRAGANSETT  TRIBE-TERRITORY  AND  POWER  -CHIEF  SACHEMS  AT 
THE  UATK  OF  THE  ENGLISH  SETTLEMENTS  L\  NEW  ENGLAND. 

Next  to  the  Pokanoket  confederacy,  none  has  a  stronger  claim  on 
the  early  notice  of  the  historian  than  the  Narragansett;  a  nation  com- 
posed of  various  small  triL.'s,  inhabiting  a  large  part  of  the  territory 
which  afterwards  formed  the  colony  of  Uhodo-Island.  Their  dominion 
extended  also  over  the  islands  in  the  bay  of  their  own  name;  and  the 
sagamores  of  a  part  of  Long-Island,  Block-Island,  Cawcsit,  and  Nian- 
tick  were  either  their  tributaries  or  subject  to  them  in  some  other  way. 
They  had  once  been  able  to  raise  more  than  four  thousand  warriors: 
ond  so  late  as  Philip's  time,  wo  have  scon  they  could  muster  two 
thousand,  one  hulf  of  whom  weic  provided  with  English  arms,  and 
were  skilful  in  the  use  of  them.  From  timj  immcmjrial  they  had 
waged  war  with  both  the  Pokanokets  on  the  north  and  the  Pequots 
on  the  west. 

It  might  be  expected  that  the  rulers  of  such  a  confederacy,  thus 
flituated,  should  bo  mon  of  talent  and  energy;  and  this  expectation 
will  not  be  disappointed.  Throughout  the  liistory  of  the  New  Eng- 
land Indians,  as  we  find  no  people  m  )re  resolute  in  declaring  what 
they  believed  to  be  their  right-i,  or  more  formidable  in  dolending 
Ihcm,  so  we  find  no  sachems  more  ready  and  able  than  theirs  on  atl 
occasions  to  sustain  the  high  spirit  of  their  subjects. 

There  is  an  unnecessary  confusion  in  the  in:bimution  conveyed  by 
some  of  our  best  annalists,  respecting  the  i)articular  porsonaiic  who 
governed  the  Narragansetts  at  the  date  of  the  first  interc-ourse  between 
ihem  and  the  English.  Governor  Hutchinson,  for  example,  speaks 
iu  one  case  of  Canonicus  as  being  their  chief  sachem.  In  another 
alluding  to  the  death  of  Miantonomo,  while  the  former  was  yet  living, 


INDIAN   BIOGHAPHY. CAKONICUS.  57 

he  Observes    that  although  they  had  lost  thfeir  chief  sachem,  yet  thev 
had  divers  other  stout  ones,  as  Canonicus,  Pessacus,  and  oThers        ^ 
The  ambiguity  has  arisen  from  the  circumstance    that    nhL.    . 
Canonicus  exercised  the  chief  authority  of  the  coun  ly  when  th    S' 
lish  hrst  arrived,  he  soon  after  became  associated  intZ.  "' 

with  Miantonomo,  his  nephew      What  we^th!       .        "«^^'^""i«nf 
of  the  royal  co-p-vrtnershin^;  ^vh^llll  ^  P^^'  '^"'^^-  conditions 

now  be  dLrmin'^d.  SNvrite  f.u7pose  thT?,"^  '^'  ^^"""^ 
belonged  to  the  vounanr  of  tho  fw.  '^^  w.  ^\^  ^''''  '^^^  authority 
capadty  of  regent?  but  con  derr'th^f  't'  '^'  '^!^''  '^^^^^  '"  ^^e 
during  the  whole  tel-m  of  Z  oin  L,':  ^  twTr"  "^"^"""' 
probable  that  Canonicus,  find  n-.  1  iZlf  fa  a^H;.  /•^'^"'"^  ^°"^ 
well  as  encumbered  with  the  clmr.enf.ni/f'^  !"  ^'"'"^^  ^'^ 
period  of  the  first  En4h  sc^tl3nt/  ^r"^  w  "^  *''" 

above  cited,  he  reC ^^r^^l^^T''"''' l'^  '"^  I^^-^^^'-^Se 
scripts,  which  furnished  ,e  o  S  oVft  i$r  ^'om  authentic  manu- 
upon  the  subject.     I'bo  ol  L71  •?,  ,  Narrugansetts  themselves 

1.^.  first  anS  tha  H.^^'  ^i^  . t  S^  "  ^^t™/'-  ^^"^■ 

tassack,  incomparably  slc^voa^J^^  ^'"^^^  ^^'^'^h" 

dominion  and  s  •.)<.     Tl.;  .Li     n  ^- 1   ^^  '"  "'^  '^^holc  country  in 

sons;  and  of  these  r-mnn;..,,.,    ..    i  ^^M'oc^'v.      I  hey  had  four 

came,"  was  the  dde';  ^'      "''"  ""'''  •^^'^^^'^^"^  -'^^"^  ^1-  J^ngH-sh 

letters  of  I!o..er-Wilii,u„  *         "      '„     >»'"•"" '""^'J-'ariy  by  tl„, 

other  .ae„rX„*i:Zi-rt,l;™--s::.]i;isi 

mon^^n  X'^''  °^  ''"^  ^^>.t°  the  Indian  Lancrua^cs  savs  ■  "  Tl    • 

mont  in  the  government    s  remarkable       'rCiV^V    ^''e'ragroe- 

offended  at  what  the  young  sac S  doth  •  n».,l  fh   '*^  '''''''^'"  ^'■'"  ""^   bo 

do  what  he  conceives  will  disJEe  his  uncle!'-        ^''''''S  ^■'Xch.cm  will  not 


mmmfJ'^mtimmm.mm'».'^m^--w-i 


98 


KVENTS    IN    INOIAN    HISTORY. 


■4 

'4 


Upon  this  Mr.  Willinnis,  utterly  forlorn,  crossed  the  rivor,  and  threw 
hiniselfon  tlio  mercy  of  Canonicns. 

The  savage  chieftain — to  his  eternal  praise  be  it  recorded — received 
him  with  a  hosi)itality  worthy  of  an  em|)eror.  At  first,  indeed,  he  was 
suspicions  of  his  visiter's  motives,  and  he  was  none  the  more  pre- 
possessed in  his  favor,  from  his  suhjcets  havinu;  recently  .suffered  ex- 
oessiv(>ly  from  a  ionni(liif)le  epidemic,  which  he  supposed  to  have 
heen  introduced  by  the  Ennlish.  "At  my  first  coming  amonif  them," 
Mr.  \Villiams  writes,  "Canounicus*  (morosus  ae(]U(^  ae  barharus 
senex)  was  very  sour,  and  accused  tlu;  i'ln<,dish  and  myself  of  s(>nd- 
inii;  the  plague  amonj^  them,  and  threatenin<>;  to  kill  hun  especially." 
Soon  afh-rwards,  however,  he  not  r)nly  ])ermitted  tlu!  vefusree,  and 
the  poor  wanderers  who  had  iJilloweit  him  Irom  Salem,  to  have  a 
restin<i;.])lace  in  his  domain,  but  Ik;  jiave  them  all  "the  neck  of  laiui 
lyin<r  b<^fwe(>u  the  nioulhs  of  hiwlucket  ami  Moshasuck  rivers,  tjiat 
they  mii!;lit  sit  down  in  p<'aee  upon  it,  and  enjoy  it  forever."  Mr. 
Williams  divided  this  land  equally  amon<f  his  followers,  and  founded 
the  town  of  l'i-ovideuc(\  'rii(>  scMlIeiuent  of  Rhode  Island  commenced 
at  I'aluxet  a  short  time;  athn-wards,  C'anoiiicus  conv(!ying  to  VVilliaiTis 
nearly  th(!  whole  of  what  is  now  Providence  at  one  time. 

The  iiiiidness  of  the  Narraijausett  rul(>rs  Is  the  more  creditable  to 
tiieir  leeliuifjj,  inasmuch  as  tlu!  lornuT  Halations  between  them  and  the 
Knirlish  colonies  had  been  far  enou<);h  irom  friendly.  Early  in  Hi22, 
their  threats  of  luistility  were  so  open,  that  the  I'^niilish  were  n^ceivinji, 
constant  iutelli<!;enc(!  of  their  <lesi<j;ns  from  the  Indians  In  theli-  own 
alliance;  and  not  lou<;-  allerwards  (-'anonleus  .sent  a  herald  to  Ply- 
mouth, Avho  left  a.  biuidk;  of  arrows  enclosed  in  a  rattlesnake's  skin — 
ll\e  cu.stomary  ehalieu.'ie  to  war.  The  governor  despatched  a  mes- 
.senger  In  return,  bearing  the  same  skin  stulled  with  gunpowder  and 
bullets;  assuring  the  chk'ftain,  also,  that  if  he  had  shipping,  instead 
of  troubling  him  to  come  so  iiir  as  ''lymouth  to  gratify  his  wish  for 
fighting,  he  would  have  sought  him  in  bis  own  country; — and  further- 
more, that  whenever  li(>  di(i  come,  be  should  find  tfie  English  ready 
lor  him.  This  resolute  message  lia<l  the  (k'sired  effect,  and  the 
sachem's  superstition  conlirmed  it.  Fearful  of  some  mysterious  injury, 
hv  refused  to  touch  the  skin,  and  would  not  sutler  it  even  to  remain 
in  his  house.  It  passed  through  .several  hands,  and  at  length  was 
returned  to  the  colony  unopened. 

In  1632,  the  sachem  matk'  an  attack  on  Massa.soit,  who  fled  for 
refuge  to  an  English  house  ;it  Sowams,  and  sent  despatches  for  the 
assistance  of  his  English  allies.  As  Captain  Standish  took  a  special 
interest  in  this  case,  there  must  soon  have  been  a  warm  contest 
between  th(>  parties,  had  not  the  Narragansetts  hastily  retreated,  on 
account  of"  a  nnnor  that  the  Pequots  were  invading  their  own  terri- 
tory. Four  year.s  afterwards,  when  the  last  named  nation  formed  the 
design  of  completely  extirpating  the  English  from  New  England,  they 

*  There  are  a  number  of  other  modifications  of  this  name  in  use. 


INDIAN    BIOGRAPHY CANONICUS.  59 

applied  to  their  old  enemies,  Canonici.s  and  Miantonomo,  to  conclude 
a  peace,  and  to  engage  them,  with  as  many  other  tribe;  as  no"s  ble 
in  a  common  cause  against  the  colonists  po.^siDle, 

The  sachems  are  said  to  have  wavered  on  that  occasion  between 
ihegradication  of  present  revenge  upon  the  l>oq„ots,  and   he  m^^ct 
of  an  ultnnate  trmmph  over  the  English  power  by  unitit  vi  1    £ 
I  hen-  friendsh.,.  for  Roger  Williams,  and'  the  influence  he  wa s  cons^' 
quently  enabled  to  exercise,  probablv  )in-ned  the  sr-Ho  ''^r;'^''''^  ^°"■''^■ 
infl.r..d  him  of  the  l.^uot'^.h^atiJIn/r  ll^lhat  n^7Z 
nevv.    unrnedKitely  to  Governor  VVinthrop  at  Boston,  and  Snic" 
by  the  same  messenger,  sent  word  of  'ocent  depredations  vlch  he 
had  just  understood  to  have  l,e,>n  committal  by  the  iC  otf-^   S^ 
b«,ok.     The   gwc.-nor,    probably   ,b||owing  the     u.gest  on  of  S' 
W  1  hams,  sent  for  M.antor.omo  to  do  hin>  thC  honor  ol^  v  "t 

two  of- r  son    7?^^™^  1«^^«'  -«-"l'-d  by 

iwo  01  tne  sons  ot  Lanonicus,  another  s-u-tiom    ir.^i  „i      ♦  .        / 

sanops,  ^r  mde  adults).    As  1.;  J^^.::^ :^^:^,^Z 
day  previous,  the  governor  sc..t  a  corps  of  musketeers  tlTettrr  at 
M^   Wi^.V"    '^T'^T'^  him  into  town  about  noon.    Z  thi   Lc 
Mr.  VVinihrop  had  called  together  n.ost  of  the  magistrates  and  m  nTs 
ters  of  Boston,  but  ,t  being  now  dinner  time  cerc'mnnv  1?! 
were  both  postponed.     Thc^sachems  .linedT;  hSvLTn  u  7"^^^ 
room  wnh  the  governor,  while  (he  sanops  were  amply  prol"^^^^^^^ 
un  nm.      n  theadernoon  JUiantonomo  made  his    nlZloflZ^ 

governor,  accorduig  to  their 


send  a  present  to  confirm  tl .  m.     The  j-uvurnor,  a< 
own  custom,  asked  time  to  consider  this  nronosal      \t  fhn  i 

conference,  which  took  place  the  next  r^orn  ^71 ;  fi^  '?'""'^ 

were  agreed  upon,  and  subscribed  by  th  "CSn     orf  he'^  T'T 
and  the  marks  of  the  sachems  on  the^X.^  ''"'  ^""'^' 

1.    A  firm  peace  iK^iween  the  Massachusetts  colony  and  the  other 

StSr^'^'  ^''"'  ^'^'''  ^"^^^'"^'^  ^"'  ^^"'*  -^^^^ '- '-  (with 

tion  wi:^  theX:^  ^^  "^'^  ^^^^^  ''^'^  ^'^  ^^^-^«  -thout  consulta- 

3.  Not  to  harbor  the  Pcquots. 

4.  To  put  to  death  or  deliver  over  murderers,  and  to  return  fnm 
tive  servants.  loiurn  lugi- 

r,.   The  English  to  notify  them  when  they  marched  imin^f  th^ 
Pcquots-,  and  they  to  send  gruides.  rnarcned  against  the 

6.    Free  trade  between  the  two  nations 

witlM^T''^^^''"'^"'''''^  ^^^  ^"^^"«h  settlements  durin- the  war 
wit^h,  the  Pcquots,  without  some  Englishman  or  known  India^  tcoZ 

The  treaty  was  to  continue  to  the  posterity  of  both  nations     On 

ts  conclusion,    he  parties  dine.l  together  as  before.     They  tf^n  took 

formal  leave  of  each  other,  and  the  sachems  were  escorted  out  of 

town    and  dismissed  with  a  volley  of  musketry.     The  n^sent  pro 

mised  by  Miantonomo  appears  to  have  bc"cn  Lt  in  carlyTn  163?" 


60 


BVBNT8    IN    INDIAN   UI8T0BY. 


:lt| 


when  u  doputatiou  of  twoiUy-aix  Narrugansetts  came  to  Boston  with 
forty  flithoiii  of'wuinpuui  and  a  Pcquot's  hand.  The  governor  gave 
each  ol"  the  lour  sucliciiis  in  tlio  company  "a  coat  oflburteen  shillings 
|)rico,  and  dcilluTcd  to  ri'tiirn  Jiis  prestuit  till  ailcr,  ac^cording  to  their 
inunncr."  It  is  well  known  how  fully  tht;  Narragansetts  discharged 
their  cnoagcnients  in  tlu;  expedition  which  took  place;  about  this  time 
against  the  ['ciniots.  They  also  liu-nished,  through  Mr.  Williams, 
not  a  little  uselul  information  resp(!cting  the  common  enemy,  by 
which  tilt!  expedition  was  guided  at  the  outset,  and  offered  the  use  ol' 
the  harbors  of  tlu;  Narragansett  coast  for  llu!  English  vessels. 

The  joint  invasion  of  the  allies  took  place  in  May.  The  English 
forces,  taking  the  Narragansett  country  in  their  way,  acquainted  Ca- 
nonicus  and  Miantononio  with  their  arrival  and  plan  of  campaign. 
The  latter  met  tluun  the  nuxt  day  with  about  two  hundred  of  his  chief 
counsellors  and  warriors.  Mason  made  a  Ibrmal  nMuicst  for  per- 
missiofi  to  pass  through  his  territories,  on  his  way  to  the  Pequot  forts. 
Miantonomo,  atler  a  solemn  consultation,  replied,  that  he  highly 
approvt'd  of  tht;  expedition,  and  would  send  men,  especially  as  tlie 
English  ibrce  appeared  to  him  tpiite  loo  insignificant  to  meet  the 
I'e(piots,  who  wiu-e  gr(;at  warriors.  About  live  hundnid  v/arriors 
accordingly  marched  against  the;  enemy  uiuk'r  the  command  of  Mason, 
and  some  of  them  did  activt;  service.  The  chief  sachems  took  no 
part,  piM'sonally,  in  the  campaign. 

In  Si>|)tember,  Ki.'W,  the  IVcjuois  being  completely  conquered,  IJncas, 
the  chief  sachem  of  the  Mohegans,  (who  had  assisted  in  the  war,)  and 
Miantonomo,  were  invitinl  to  meet  the  Connecticut  magistratt!s  at  1  lart- 
Ibrd,  to  agree  upon  a  division  of  ca|)tives.  Th(;s(!  were  two  hundred 
in  numbt'r,  besides  women  and  children.  Eighty  of  them  were  allotted 
to  the  Narragansett  sachein;  twenty  to  a  neighboring  chief,  Ninigret; 
and  the  other  onv  hundred  to  Uncas.  The  Piiquots  were  to  i)ay  an 
annual  tribute  of  wam[)um  at  Hartford.  It  was  also  covenanted  that 
there  should  be  a  ]>erpetual  peace  betwiHui  Miantonomo  and  Uncas ; 
tliat  all  past  injuries  should  be  buried;  that  if  any  should  bo  committed 
in  future,  complaints  should  be  submitted  amicably  to  the  arbitration 
of  the  English,  both  parties  being  bound  to  abi(k>  by  their  decision  on 
pain  ot  incurring  their  hostility.  No  open  enemies  of  the  English 
weix)  to  be  harbored,  and  all  individual  criminals  were  to  be  givcui 
»)ver  to  justice. 

The  terms  of  this  treaty  did  not  long  remain  inviolate.  Whatever 
were  the  motiv(>s  of  Miantonomo,  and  whatever  his  justification,  h<? 
soon  became  bitterly  hostile  to  the  Mohegans  at  least.  It  might  have 
been  reason  enough  with  him  for  opposing  both  them  and  the  English, 
that  either  was  his  enemy,  k^cause  he  knew  thcim  to  be  bound  together 
by  alliance  of  offence  and  defence.  But  it  seems  probable  that  he  in- 
tended only  to  fight  the  Mohegans.  His  old  grudge  against  the  Petjuots 
revived  against  f/iem  as  a  branch  of  the  Ptujuot  stock.  Uncas,  too, 
was  his  greatest  personal  rival  ;  and  Miantonomo  was  ambitious  to 
stand  at  the  head  of  all  the  New  England  Indians.  If,  however,  as 
lias  been  assert(3d  by  some,  his  main  design  was  to  resist  the  growing 


INDIAN  ^^OGn.KvnY.~-mxsToyono. 


81 

•>^vvards  a  hostile  „„ic,n  of  nllT  21  ^'"  T'''*'^^'  «"'J  e«poeially 
and  the  M,,,p^ssion  of  hi  .  h  oiho'""''  '"^  t^e  doath  ofuncas 
considered  hereafhT.  ^"''''  ^'^"^'^  of  hostility  will  1^ 

<'W;g«d  to  k(x.,,  o,,,,,,  ,,„|  „,,.^  ;,,  ^^:^  ^^f  thought,  thomsolvet 
""'I  f-  P'-nteet  their  inh.-.hita,.f,s  1> om  toin  tS^  ''  'T''  ^"  '^""'•i««. 
I'l^^o  to  another  in  the  s.-une  nei '  bo     ;,'^  "  ''^'"'  "'"'  ^■^'^  '''•on'  one 

Meanwhile  Miuntononm  i.  said  t     hi  •     ,       « 
('iicus,  to  kill  Jiini.  ,The    ,.T        ''■7' '"red  a  Per,..,„t,  .snbjeet  M 

i«43.     He  shot  Uneas  th  -oIh  r-lnf'  "7?""I'^  '"  ^^^^  «P-g  ^ 
^ansetts,  re[,orfin<Mhro....|,  fc   1     •        '  '""^  *'«""  «od  to  the  Narra 

i^<;'I''ot  circulated  a  ra.nc  r  th  t  Lnca  had  ''^""l'  ""'''  "'^^  ''^'''^''  ^ho 
With  a  Hint,  a.nd  then  char-  1  it  I >  ""''-rY  ^""^  '^'s  own  arm 
Miantonomo  «oon  after  goin^  ,  tt  >  "c  ''^^'  '''""^'■"^-  '""'•  «"t 
the  o-evcrnor  and  ninoisTrattN    n  «»"iP"ny  with  thc>  r-./lKrec 

^^;^t  the  latter  was  gmkv  of ^^0^  r^"^ 'T'^?  clear  evid,^^ 
/hey  proposed  .sondir^rr  hhn  to  [Inca.       I  '^'*'  ^'^  ^^"■''  '■J''^r<red. 

Jfeaded  that  J>e  nngirt  l/  f  SV  •  !' ''""'''f  ^'  '"'^ -'^J'''<"'onomo 
""^•n  to  undenstaiKl, It  is  ^ulT  ^f,, '  '"''T  '"^'^  '""'^'■^'^'f'  --'"'i  ffavo 
'ook  occasion  to  ox^ulj^te  1,^;  ^^^';;;^'  --'  ';-'  to  Uncas.  ^j^ 
>"'cod  then,  so  conmletelv  th- 1  h  «  '  '"  '^"^  •^'^'"■'•'  "i"'!  coii- 

^.i^on^c.  he  killed'the  k.;;;;;  t^h^^  ^llf^-i-    T.o  da^ 


'*''i""t  with  his  oM'n  hand. 


About  the  swune  timo  nn  r«vo.^i  f  i  i  V  '•'"*'*• 
-roun,stances  which  slr^d^  indSt^'r  '"  ""^'^7  "^'''-^-n,  under 
-n  a  sachen>  on  the  Con^'ti^  t^^;^^" i;;^'?'^  -nthnr^Ulp.  Sequas. 
ho  Mohegan  trite,  and  waylaid  Unrsbi;  If  /  i'"""'"^'  ^'"^'■'•^"  «'■ 
^•bo  nver,  and  shot  several  arrows  at  1  im  1  n  ^^  ''^'^  "'""^  <^«^v-n 
i,™-nor  and  court  of  the  colonv  th  ^*   /^"^"'^'^  ««'"Pl<-^i'K'd  to  the 

f^r,  '-t  without  succe^rl'RJt;;;^  ^'7^  T"  ^"-"'^^j'' 

ol  Spquassen's  Indians,  to  be    i  Jn  m^  ^    ^       "'^"'^  to  accept  of  one 

.Wed  n,a„..  hut  Sc^quasU  w'-ridTo t ' co;"t''?rt"'  '''  ^'^  "^"- 
cession  of  any  kind      Ho  in.;  f  1         ^,?",^^P'  ^^  subnnss  on  or  con 

challenge,  Jd  u^iJtC'l^-tT^T     U"— ^Ptoc^^^ 
with  the  loss  ofmanyof-hi.s  w^wWl  bui^Tir^^^^  "^^'^  '^^^^'^ted, 

As  tho  conquered  sacJiem  w^r  non         1  e  T"^  '"'  '^^"  '^'H«d. 
"Pon  intimate  terms  with  him    il  If    ^  '''  '^"^  '^  Miantonomo,  and 
rrom  his  instigation,  and  S^i  ^^^f  ^,^ ''^^^^^^^^  ^'^'^^  ^-  -"^ 
necessity.     He  even  c^x.,ressed  oLnivhf      r    '  '"^^^'^tance  i„  ease  of 
iqnomo.  '  "'''^  ''P^"'^  his  reliance  on  ihj  aid  of  Mian 

-  the  next  ohj.^to  "XlhttlLTMl^.t""-^^    ^^'^  '^ 


ftp 


1^^* 


02 


EVKIfTS    IN    INDIAN    IIISTOHy. 


oflbct,  and  that  implied  tho  least  possible  notice.  He  raised  an  army 
of  between  five  hundred  and  one  thousand  men,  and  marched  toward» 
the  Mohegan  territory.  The  spies  of  Lincas  diseovered  their  approach, 
and  gave'liim  intelligence,  'i'hc  enemy  was  alif  ady  near,  and  Uncas 
was  unprepared;  but  he  hastily  rallied  lour  or  five  hundred  of  his 
men,  and  telling  them  that  the  entnny  must  by  no  means  be  suffered 
to  surprise  them  in  their  villages,  marched  out  to  meet  him  forthwith. 
At  the  distance  of  three  or  lour  miles  the  two  armies  encountered^ 
«ich  other  upon  a  large  plain.  Meanwhile  Uncas,  wlio  found  himself 
obliged  to  rely  more  upon  stratagem  than  strength,  had  acquainted 
his  warriors  on  the  marchiwith  a 'plan  which  he  now  proceeded  to  put 
in  execution. 

He  desired  a  parley,  and  the  two  armies  liulted  in  the  lace  of  each 
other.  Then  ailvancing  in  the  front  of  his  men,  he  addressed  Mian- 
tonomo:  "You  have  a  numi)er  of  stout  men  with  you,  and  so  have  I 
witli  inc.  It  is  a  great  \)ity  that  such  brave  wurriois  siiould  be  killed 
in  a  private  quarrel  between  us  only.  Come  on,  then,  like  a  man,  ap; 
you  profess  to  be,  and  let  us  tight  it  out.  if  you  kill  me,  my  men 
shall  'be  yours  ;  if  1  kill  you,  your  men  shall  be  mine."  Miantonorno 
saw  his  advantage  too  clearly  "to  accept  such  a  proposal.  "  My  war- 
riors," said  he,  "have  come  a  long  way  to  light,  and  they  shall  fight."^ 
The  reply  was  anticijialed,  and  it  was  scarcely  uttered  wluri  Uncas 
fell  to  tho  uround.  His  men  discharged  over  him  a  shower  ofurrowst 
upon  the  Narraganselts,  and  tlu'u  lollowing  up  the  sur[)rise  without  a 
moment's  interval,  nishc^l  upcn  ihem  furiously  with  u  hide-ous  j'ell, 
and  soon  put  them  to  flight. 

The  pursuit  was  sustaiiuul  with  a  ferocious  eagerness.    The  enemy 

were  cliased  down  rocks  and  precipices,  like  fh(!  doe  flying  from  the 

huntsman.     About  thirty  were  slain,   and  a  much  greaU.T  numlKT 

wounded.    Miantoiiomo  was  exceedingly  pressed.    Some  of  the  bravest 

men  of  Uncas  at  length  came  up  with  him,  but  not  daring  actually  to 

skirmish  with  him,  or  prcl'erriug  to  leave  that  honor  lo  their  leader, 

they  contrived  to  impede  his  liight  by  twitching  him  back,  and  then 

passed  him.     Uncas  now  came  up,  nnd  rushing  forvv^ard  like  a  lion 

;Trcedy  of  his  prey,  he  seized  him  by  the  shoulder.     The  Narragan- 

!^tt  saw  his  fate  w'as  decided.    I 'ncas  was  a  man  of  immense  strength. 

and  his  warriors  were  thick  around   him.     fie  stopped,  sat  down 

sullenly,  and  spake  not  a  word.     Uncas  gave  the  Indian  wht)op,  and 

called  up  a  party  of  his  men,  who  gathered  about  the  royal  captive 

and  ga/.ed  at  him.     He  still  continued  moody  and  speechless.     Somo. 

of  his  sachems  were  slain  before  his  eyes,  but  he  moved  not  a  muscle. 

"Why  do  you  not  speak!"  inquiied  Uncas,  at  length;    "had  you 

taken"nie,  1  should  have  besought  you  for  my  life."     Hut  the  Narra- 

canse't  was  too  proud  to  ask  such  a  boon  of  his  ersomy,  and  es[)ecially 

of  his  rival.     Uncas,  however,  spared  his  lile  for  the  present,  and 

returned  in  great  triumph  to  Mohegan,  leading  along  with  him  tlw 

d|)lendid  living  evider\io  of  his  victory. 

Tho  notorious  Sanuul  Gorton  having  purchased  lands  of  Mianlo- 
Tiomo  under  tho  juvLsdiction  of  Plymouth  and  Massachusetts,  and 


INOIAX    BIOCRAPIIY.—MiANTONOMO.  Qg 

«xi>ecting  to  be  vin.]i>atod  bv  liim  in  hi .    i  • 

and  aga  n.t  other  Indian  trilJ  ?•""',  "^-""'^^  ''""^^  ^l""'^"" 

to  give  uo  his  p^son  i-^ U  h^^'  ^  ""I'^'^'^^.^^'y  «™t  word  to  Uncus 
colonies  if  h^  'S^^Sr^^^"^''^  ^^c  vengeance  ofthc 
l)i".se!r  or  a  sa/er  c.Hirsc  f  o  rWol  h"  •"'  ''"'^^^'^  bethoughr. 
a.ked  advice  of  the  ,0" n^ortd  ^^1^;;;^"^ ''  ^"  "-^'""''  -^^ 
war  between  tt.e  Narragansett^an  1  FnXh'  tld  '''  ^''"r  "'^ '^P^" 
unwilling  to  interli-re  in  the  cut     ,  ll    ?"  "'  '^"'''"'•""■■^  ^oiv 

oi-tho  whole  atiair  to  tlu>l^n    ;i;;^J^;:^j:«"-^';d  'J  -^-- 
next  meet  n<r  in  Seuteinh,.,-      rw»>       1  -i   \l  ™  Colonies  at  the  r 

»''-•  with  llncas,^         t  now      n,  't'   "TT"'  7''^'  the  iinglish 
'}'"i>- c-ustody.    (JnvnsclenL;  •■  J-''^"''^''  '"'  bo  connnitted  to 

<-  Laving  L  k!;;;^"  ^/"i^i:!::;'""^  '"-^  ^^^  ^^--^^-d.  ^^^'^  i^-tod 
rh.:nr'in  tiS'^:^i:i;Hr:r  n:;;''"''"'  'r  r'^i'  ''^^^"'-  ^-«  '-<'  i>^^^- 

tierototbre  alluded  to  -uid  l.v  n.;  '  ,  '  '"™"^  ""^^  measures 
oiurdered  the  1  Vo  uVn  utinTifh  r  "''•^'•\^'^- ^-^ '•  tl.at  he  had 
inm  up  to  justice      iftn  V       .  T  '"'"  ^'""'^'  '»'^f^'=^d  of  givin- 

ikras  toenoa.4;  t"  ad  on  o  Ai;;       i  ^"'l^"  '''"^  •"^^•^"^«''  ^^«"^'  «^ 
)ourne^'  of  the  En;',  Jn.  ^^''^'^''^'\''^'>  ^^^re  now  within  a  day's 

-^^^:^-^^^^^^^^^  ^'-  ^^— no. 

-isi  ;":  Inui;^^::;:^.'^'!?;^^'-^'  and  con.id<.red,"  „av  the  con,- 

-fewlnle  MyalltliZrhv^ nTZ'ei;,f:f /'^^^  Vncas'cannot  l^ 
open  force  l,is  liie  will    'mL^  ''^"'^-^^y  ^^^f-^'f-t  treachery  or 

•riay  justly  putf  su^h  a  P. I  e  .^i  7^'  '^^'^'"^"'•^  ^^^-'  ^ '»i"'^^'  J'^' 
l'i.s  owne  n  isdi<Sn  no  in  thV';;^' '/''''"  ""'"^"^  ^^'  ^'-•'^''''  »>"'  "' 
in  the  rua  nier  of  h  \h  t  \  Int^^'   ''^'^  '""^  ^^^'^''^'"-  ^^at 

trarv  to  the  Pmc  ice  c  nt  In  i  '^  "»°deracon  be  shewed;  con- 
and'Vncas  hm  n'  Ither'  ''  "T^^!  ^^'^'^  ^O'-^nrcs  and  cruelty; 

"ud  in  this  cX<  t     e  ^^^d^tr;     r^'-Jj''^-^  ^-  the  English 
others  shall  unju.tly^.   s^ult  V^'l^  ^'""-"«  or 

'Tiquost,  t],e  El  ..lish  prom  e  to  ;  ;  r  ^  ^•^«^"^«»'  vpon  notice  and 
•nay,  auaiust  such  n^Hl;:'''  '"'^  ^"""'"^"'^  '"'"'  "«  ''"•••  "-^^  they 

of  the  sentence  pSp/h'^V"''^  «"^^  •"'«»-"i«"^ 

into  the  n.-arc>s^n^'  o  •  1.  ^'V'^^?-'''"'     ^^«  ^^««  then  to  take  him 

pany  them,  "a  d^e  t  ?n  of  f'"^  ^^''""'^  ^"^»«  ^^'^''^  to  accom- 

that'  the  EnoH  h  medd le  not'lvTh  ^u  T  T""  ^""  --^tisfaccon,  and 
n..r.n-   J  ^"n"'^"  mcauie  not  with  the  head  or  bodv  of  -.11  »     tk 

^'he  very  spot  wh^ni^lti^^h"  '--h^d  off  with  hTto 

.    i  i.  u„  capture  huu  Happened.     At  the  instant  they 


f  .cj 


9i 


BVBnXS   m    IRDIAir  IIIITOKT. 


arrived  on  the  ground,  a  Mohegan  who  marcljcd  behind  Miantonomo 
split  his  head  with  a  hatchet,  kilhng  him  at  a  single  stroke,  so  that  he 
was  probably  unacquainted  with  the  mode  of  his  execution.  Tradition 
saya  that  Uncas  cut  otit  a  piec(3  of  his  shoulder,  and  ate  it  in  savage 
triumph.  "  He  said  it  was.  the  sweetest  meat  lie  over  eat — it  made 
his  heart  strong."  The  royal  victim  was  buried,  by  the  conqueror's 
order,  at  the  place  of  his  d(;atlv,  and  a  great  iteap  or  i)illar  was  erected 
over  his  grave.  The  field  of  battle,  situated  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
town  of  iVorvvich,  is  called  the  Sachem's  Plain  to  this  day. 


t 


CHAPTER   iV. 

THE  VKULOT  TKIBJi^THKLR  FIRST  CHIEF  S.VCIt£>J  KNOWN  TO  THE 
ENGLISH,  PEKOATII. 

TuE  Pcquots,  or  Pequods,  iiiliabitcd  that  part  of  the  southern  coast 
of  New  England  which  is  now  comprehend(;d  witbin  the;  limits  of  Con- 
necticut.  They  are  said  to  liave  bc^on  originally  an  inland  tribe,  and 
to  have  gained  possession,  by  men;  force  of  arms,  of  the  fine  territory 
which  they  occupied  at  tiio  date  of  their  first  acquahitanco  with  the 
English.  They  w^.re  in  the  meridian  of  their  glory  and  power  about 
tiirty  years  previous  to  that  period,  and  were  then  the  most  conside- 
rable tribe  in  New  England,  mustering  as  many  as  four  thousand 
IjownuMi.  Their  principal  settlements  were  now  about  New  London 
and  Groton;  the  former  of  which  was  their  chief  harbor,  and  called  by 
their  own  name.  Tlu;  Nii)muck  Indians,  on  their  north,  were  stiU 
tributary  to  them.  So  also  were  a  part  of  the  Long  Islandei-s,  and 
most  of  the  Indians  on  the  Conm^cticut  rivei'.  The  Narragansetts 
alone  of  the  neighboring  l^ihes  had  been  able  to  oppose  them  with  suc- 
cess, and  against  that  nation  tliey  wagetl  an  implacable  and  almost 
perpetual  war. 

The  iii-st  great  sachem  of  th(!  Pec[uots  known  to  the  English  wa« 
Pokoath,  from  whom  they  pr  oably  derived  the  national  name.  Ho 
appears  to  have  been  a  gix>at  warrior.  He  was  going  on  conquering 
and  to  conf|uer,  when  the  earliest  settlements  of  the  English  were  made 
\i\K>n  the  Massachusetts  coast.  Tribe  after  tribe  retreated  before  him 
as  he  advanced,  till  his  terrible  myrmidons  were  at  length  in  a  situa- 
tion to  Uicatfi  themselves  at  their  ease  on  the  best  soil,  and  beneath  the 
most  gonial  skies  of  New  England. 

As  e.'irly  as  1631,  Waghinacut,  a  sachem  of  one  of  the  expelled  or 
subjected  tribes  just  mentioned,  travelled  across  the  wilderness  to  Bos- 
ton ;  and  attended  by  a  Massachusetts  Sagamore,  and  ono  Jack  Straw 
(an  Indian  who  had  formerly  lived  with  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  in  Eng- 
land,) made  application  for  the  alliance  or  assistance  of  the  Massachu- 
setts govenmient  against  Pekoath.  He  gave  a  glowing  description  of 
his  native  land;  and  promised,  if  some  of  the  English  would  go  there 
and  settle,  that  he  would  supply  them  with  corn,  and  pay  them  eighty 


<NDlA>r    BlOORArilY.— SASaACUS.  e.j 

a    cast  two  men  might  Ik;  iH^nnittod  to  accompcany  liim,  with  the  view 
oe.xamm.ng  the  country.     Ho  showed  .rreit  aWietv  o  cfS  th.^ 

Ihe  successor  of  Pckoatli,  and  the  last  as  well  -i^  th,.  iW  , 
sachom  of  hi.s  tnb..  known  personally  to  the  wSs  was  S  I"    ^'"^ 

but       ,;  -I.^V'"" "'/'"'■  ^"^"■"'^^''  ^.specially,  as  not  only  strun'e 
u    ne.e  mtruc  eiy,  without  right  or  pretence  ol"  rioht  to  the  coumr 
.^   o  had  nevertheless  token  the  liber' y  t<.  n.ake  settleu.cnts  and  bui  d 

V  n  to  ix.oie  the  Indian  kmos  whom  tluy  had  .subjected  to  their 
-i'ner  lands  and  authority,     l/nder  thc.e  circumstances    it  is    ^ 
ua  ter  o,  wonder,  that  the  whites  had  scarcely  loc^^S    hi  h^" 
^ytlH"  the  b.>unds  ol-Coniiecticut,  M-h.n  "that  grLt,  sr  ntd  a  d  v  ur 

;tndSSi;;;jSt5-^ ''  -^''-  -^'^•-^^-  ^:'^-- 

And  yet— setting  aside  the  gencu'a!  ofience  committed,  or  at  lea.-f 

■T^xr  ;"f  "''^'•'^  'r  ^"  """'^"^^^'  ^"  ^h«  -<^^  "f  makL '  seS; 

.oni.  u.thout  leaNc-it  do<.-s  not  dearly  appear  whether  the  hrst  ,  ar 
■•  'uiar  provocation  u/is  given  on  the  one  side  or  the  othe,       t7;     '  T 

'nlm^;!;;^'^-^"""''^^-"''  T''  ^^^^^^^^on  a      ^^ 
.rem  Mune  to     irginia,  put  into  the  mouth  ol'the  Connecticut  riv(>r  and 
was  there  murdered  by  the  nati^■es,  with  all  his  crew.     Tl'rec  of  them 
v.iio  went  ashore  to  kill  Ibwl,  were  first  surprised  and  deltchod     ^' 
•sachen.,  with  some  of  his  men,  then  camr-  aboard,  and  s'aM  with  Pnn 
tain  .Stone  m  his  cabin  until  the  latter  lell  asleen      Ttu         i!        .  P' 


60 


KVKMT9   IX    INDIAN    JIISTORy. 


I>  I 


room,  the  Tn«lian»  took  such  guns  n«  they  inund  chnrfrpd,  and  (ell  «pn« 
them.  At  this  moment,  all  the  powder  on  hoard  tho  vessc  ,  in  thc- 
hurry  of  xiidden  idurm,  was  accidentally  expifnled.  Tho  deck  was 
i)lown  up;  hut  most  of  the  Indians  (wcnpinj^,  rtturned,  comjjleted  the 
massacre,  and  hurnod  the  wn!ck. 

Such  was  the  English  account  of  the  proceeding.  The  I'equots  had 
a  differerrt  storj'  ro  tell.  In  ()ctoIj<M-,  16M4,  Sassacus  sent  a  njessen- 
!'»•  to  tho  Governoroi' Massachusetts,  to  desire  iViendship  and  alliance, 
i'his  man  hrought  two  kindles  of  stick-.s  with  hiin,  by  which  lu-  signi- 
tied  how  many  Ikvivi^k  and  otter  skins  his  master  would  give,  b<>side» 
a  large  fpiantity  of  wampum.  He  brought  also  a  small  present.  Tho 
governor  receivtMl  it,  and  returned  a  inoos<!  coat  of  the  same  value; 
but  sent  woni  to  iSassaeus  withal,  that  a  treaty  cotild  not  be  negotiated, 
unless  lu;  would  send  men  projur  to  negotiate,  and  enough  of  them. 

AccnruMrgiy,  but  a  fortnight  aiicrwards,  (though  the  distance  to  tin? 
l'e(|Uot  country  was  a  tive-days'  journey,)  two  more  mess(!ngers 
arrived  at  Boston,  bringing  another  present  oi'wampinn.  They  were 
told  h)  answ(M-  to  their  Tvim'wcu- application,  that  the  English  would 
willingly  conx!  to  amicable  terms  with  Sassacus,  but  timt  his  men 
having  iirurdered  Captain  Stone,  he  must  first  surrender  up  the;  offend- 
ers to  justice.  The  messengers  r(«u(lily  replitfl,  that  the  sachem  con- 
cermnl  in  that  transaction  had  since  heen  killc(H)y  the  Dutch,  and  that 
all  the  otlK-r  ofTcndei-s  had  died  of  the  smalbj)()X,  excepting  two.  These 
tliey  pirsumed  Siissacus  would  surrender,  if  the  guilt  were  proved 
upon  them.  They  asserted,  that  Cajitain  Stone,  afler  entering  their 
river,  had  taki'ii  two  of  their  men,  and  (leraiii(?<l  theu)  by  i'nvca,  iind 
made  them  pilot  the  vessel  up  tin;  river.  Th(!  captain  and  two  of  his 
crew  then  landed,  taking  the  guides  on  shore,  with  their  hands  still 
bound  behind  them.  The  natives  there  fell  u|Kin  and  killed  them. 
The  vessel,  with  the  remainder  of  the  ciew  on  board,  was  blown  up 
— they  knew  not  how  or  wherefore. 

This — ill  the  words  of  the  journalist  who  giv<\s  the  particulars — wa,** 
related  with  so  much  confidence  and  gravity,  that  the  l''.nghsh  weiv 
inclined  to  believe  it,  esixicially  as  they  had  "no  means  of  proving  it» 
falsity.     A  treaty  was  concluded  on  the  iV^llowinir  terms: 

1.  The  English  to  have  as  much  land  in  ('oimcctifut  as  tlii^y  needed, 
provided  they  would  make  a  settlement  there:  uul  the  P(;quot8  to  ren- 
der them  all  the  assistance  they  could. 

2.  The  Pequots  to  give  the  English  four  hundred  fathoms  of  wam- 
pum, and  forty  Ixjaver  and  thirty  otter  skins;  and  to  surrender  IIk;  two 
murderers  whenever  they  should  be  sent  for. 

3.  The  English  were  to  send  a  vessel  immediately,  "  to  trade  with 
tlieni  as  friends,  tho'  not  to  defend  them,"  and  the  Pequots  would  give 
them  all  their  "custom." 

The  agreement  was  put  in  writing,  and  subscribed  by  tho  two  mes- 
sengers with  their  marks.  The  chief  object  proposed  "by  Sassacus  in 
effecting  it,  appears  to  have  been,  not  the  assistance  of"  the  English 
in  hii»  wars,  but  their  commerce  in  peaee.  Ho  thought  himself  com- 
petent to  light  his  own  battles,  and  p(;rhaps  would  have  made  no 


(the  boundary  ^^i^^on^l^Z^:^::^^^^.^^  '^  ^^•'-"«'^'' 
ing  wait  am    killin-.  tJ.e  l\.ni.r.t«  /n  Ti  '''  ,  ^''^' I'"'l'os«  ol'luv- 

Uie  Narrauunsetts,  M„d  tuo  sacL  '  ^h '?'  '"  '"""i''''''  «  visit  r.o.n 
obeyed  the^uninu/n..     T  oy  .^^^^^^^^^^^^  T^'^'X  -'"their  n,on, 

the  country,  and  cnmeioylZ^^l^^^":^  ''".""""  '"^'"^  "^^^ 
custo,.,.  However  this  mi- l>t  be  uTl  ^?T'''"'  "^^'•^"••Ii"g  to  old 
to.grutily  the  Kughsh  in  O' • '^^^i,  !'";;-^  ^^-f 've.  ,.it^r^^^^^ 

uatted  to  return  hon.e  unmolested  ^  "-"''""'^  ''■^■'^'  P^"'"- 

of  the  Nvampun,  just  sent  »  Sh.  P  ^Ti I"  «""'^'>'  P"'P'>rlioa 
ulfer  them  any  fi.in.  as  fthemselv  vT  ^'^"^^  di«l.onou.i.ble  to 
it  tk^n,  and  Leed  c,id  o^l^r'^t^^^^^Z  r!^^'  '''  ''^'''  ^- 

ciered  by  a  party  oC  Hlork-tJi  '  ,  '  i  '^  '"  ^'T''''''''^'^  ^^as  mur- 
t'.  have  takin  r^,u,e  am..,,  ^  IW  \.Xl  "'  ^^''""  '^'■"  ^'^ 
by  thetn.  Oil  the  strenc^h  o)'  this  ?,  t  '  T  '  ''"^^  ^''-'"  P^-o^cted 
vernor  ol"  Massachusetts-Mr  O  dh^' ,  ,""'^  'h's  supposition,  the  Go- 
despatche.1  a  ibrce  of  ninJ     n^n   „  r'^  ^  J^o'-el>CHter  resident- 

sioned  (as  Mr.  VVi„thrcrtd  s  ZV^tf'f  ?'T  .^'"''^■"^"'  ^^°"""i«- 
hhuuiXt  to  spare  the  vom  ■„  ,  1  I  T  '"'^  \''''  '"^'"  "''  ^^^ck- 
and  take  possession  of  the  s  uu  ^-  >f' '•^•"';;"^'  hrii.g  then,  awav, 
f'-iuots,  "to  denumd  the  mt  i^'..  ^  "  '  T  -'''7  '™  ^"  «'^'  '«  thc- 
lish,  and  one  thuusaiul  fiuh  n  of  vmi  1  ''I  '!'  ^^''"'^  ^"^'  °'her  En.- 
of  their  .  hildnu  as  hosta^s  whk  1  i'  H  1  ""fr'^'  ^^^■•'  '''"'^  «0"'<^- 
to  obtain  U  by  lorce."        °  '^  ^''^'>'  '^''""'^  ^'c''  -,  tliey  were 

The  proceedings  which  <  nsued  iinon  fW>  ..h 
orders  ought  not  to  be  overlooked  ivn«!'f/''  ''•''^^■"f"  the«. 
sailed  to  Pequot  harbor.  He.v ax7lncH-m  ^^'"'■'"^■'^''■""''  'he  English 
and  demandki  who  they  wcir  and  w  h  ""'.  ^  '^'^'"  '"  «  ««"'-• 
try  of  the  Pequots.  E.Kt'renHed  h  .'■'  ^^■""''' have  in  the  cour.- 
of  Massachusetts,  to  speak  wiht      it  '  ?"''  ^'•^"' ""-'  ^^^^ernor 

-wering  that  Saskcu  nt  .  ,e  to  ?T  ?^^'\"^  '^^^''  ^"^i^'"  ^^^■ 
co„nnunic..,e  E.idecott's  messa  o  t  ano  ^^  "Z^'  ^"  '''''  '^'''''''^^  ^^ 
a.e  shore,  and  the  En-d^rmfanvbo  "'.''?"'  ^^"  '"''""'^'^^  ^> 
-enger  came  back,  and  Tl^  nZ  k  '  T'^"  'I  ^^"'^'^'='-  '^he  n.e,- 
Several  hours  passed  in^^:^^^^^^ou.  the  English, 
-patient,  announced  his  commi.ion  t^S^^rJ  Slli^S 


I 


ei 


KVEWT9    I?i    IXDIAN    IIUTonV. 


^^1 


hini,  and  at  the  same  time  sent  word  to  the  sachem,  that  unless  he 
would  come  to  him  or  satisfy  his  demands,  he  should  try  forcible 
nuMXHuros.  Tlii;  muasenj^er,  who  hud  been  several  times  nmning  to 
imd  fro  bt^tvveen  the  parties,  said  that  the  sachem  would  come  forward 
if  the  Eiiiflish  would  lay  down  their  arms,  the  Indians  also  leaving 
their  bows  and  arrows  at  ;i  distance. 

Endecott  was  incensed  by  the  proposal,  considcrinir  it  a  pretext  for 
jzaining  time.  He  ihereforc  hade  the  P(>quots  be<i;one,  and  take  care 
of  themselves;  they  had  dared  the  English  to  come  and  fight  with 
them,  he  said,  and  now  he  was  ready  l()r  the  battle.  The  l-'ef|uot« 
withdrew  peaceably  to  a  di.'tance.  When  they  were  beyond  musket- 
shot,  "he  marchin!  aller  them,  supposing  tliey  would  hav<!  stood  it 
awhile,  as  they  did  to  the  Dutch," — but  tlniy  all  (led,  letting  tly  a  tiw 
arrows  among  the  l^wiglish,  which  did  no  damage.  Two  of  their  osvii 
number  were  killed  and  sevenil  more  wounded;  and  the  English  then 
marched  up  to  tlieir  village,  and  burned  all  their  wigwams  and  mats. 
At  night,  concludes  flic  historian,  tbey  r(>turued  in  their  V(;ssels;  and 
the  next  day  they  went  ashore  on  the  w(;.st  side  of  the  riviT,  and  burnt 
all  their  wigwams  -md  spoiled  their  cancKis  in  that  quarter;  and  so  set 
sail  and  enme  to  the  iNarrag:ins(!tt  country.  There  they  landed  their 
men,  and  "on  t!ie  l-llli  ol"7ber  they  came  all  safi;  to  Boston,  which  was 
a  marvcllf)us  Provideinv  of  (iod,  that  not  a  hair  loll  from  the  liead  ot" 
any  of  them,  nor  any  sick  nor  teebhi  person  among'  them." 

The  secjuel  of  the  crugcdy  must  be  gathered  from  other  authorities. 
A  detachment  of  Endecott's  party  was  api)ointed  to  reinlc)rce  the  I'>ng- 
lish  garrison  at  Saybrook.  Lying  wind-bound  (jff  I'cquot  harlKtr, 
after  his  departure,  a  part  of  tliesc  men  went  on  shore  to  plunder  thu 
Pecjuots,  and  bring  olf  their  corn.  Their  ravages  were  interrupted  by 
an  attack  from  thesf;  Indians.  The  skirmish  lusted  till  near  evening, 
and  then  both  parties  retired,  the  English  with  one  man  wounded,  and 
the  Pequots  with  a  loss  unknown.  \V'e  liave  given  the  particulars  ol' 
this  transaction,  (according  to  the  English  version  of  course,)  b<;caus(i 
it  tlu-ows  li'.dit  upon  t!ie  suJwepient  relationii  between  Sassacus  and  thf 
hln^lish. 

Whatever  was  the  disposition  of  the  Pequots  previous  to  this  date, 
there  is  no  <|U(!slion  about  them  ever  aff(M-wards.  They  determined 
to  <'Xtirpate  the  whiles  I'rom  tlielimi'.s  ot'Ct/nuecticut;  and  to  that  great 
object  .Sassacus  now  devoted  the  wliolc  (brce  of  his  dominions  and  tlu; 
entire  eneri';ies  of  his  soul.  The  forts  and  nottlemfnils  W(;re  assaiilteti 
in  every  direction.  In  October,  tiv(;  of  the  .Suybrook  garrition  were 
surprised,  as  they  were  carrying  home  their  hay.  A  week  afterwards, 
iho  master  of  a  small  English  vessc^l  was  taken  and  tortured;  andsevw- 
nil  others  within  the  same  month.  The  garrison  just  mentioned  vvc>re 
ao  pressed  before  winter,  (lOJ^G — 7,)  that  they  were  obliged  to  keep 
almost  wholly  within  reach  of  their  guns.  Their  out-houses  were 
mzed,  and  their  stacks  t)f  hay  burned;  and  so  many  of  the  cattle  as 
were  not  killed,  oflcn  eaine  in  at  night  with  the  arrows  of  the  enemy 
sticking  in  them.  In  March,  tbey  kilkKl  lour  oi  the  garrison,  and  ai 
liie  saine  time  surround  ng  the  fort  ou  all  sides,  challenged  the  Eng- 


INDIAN    BIOOBAPIIV.— S.iWACCa.  fp 

liah  to  come  out  and  fight,  mocked  them  with  the  gm«n.  nnd  nravcm 

safety.      Ihe  roud.s  and  fields  w.^re  every  when;  Ijosot      Tl, .  iLT 
could  neither  hunt,  iish,  nor  cultivate  the  land     or  'ra;,.|  ^  "L         " 
abroad     ut  at  the  peril  oHTe      A  eonstant  wLirw"    k.  ."Li ,'  ra^I 
day      1  eople  went  arme.l  to  their  daily  labors,  and  to  pub  ic  worshin 
aJid  the  church  was  guarded  durin.r  divin(>  servir- ,.      fC    ii  ^ ' 

o.p,xl,>,o„  of  Ma.o„,„rc  ,<k,  well  k-SIw     ,„  feT^^rd  „,  [Zl',' 

tiroLort  ni.vio  '■  '^V^'''''?"  """'hers  availed  themselves  of 


70 


BVENTS    IN   INDIAN   IIISTOHY. 


These  gallant  allies  were  so  eager  to  go  against  the  Pequots,  that  no- 
thing  but  the  van  of  the  army  could  .satisfy  them  for  their  own  station. 

This  was  in  the  evening.  As  the  English  approached  the  fortress 
about  day-light,  they  iialted  at  the  loot  of  a  large  hill,  and  Mason  sent 
v/ord  for  his  allies  "  to  eol)i(,^  up."  Alter  a  ""long  time,  Uncas  and 
■VV('(|nash*  alone  made  their  appearance.  "Where  is  the  fort.'"  in- 
euin.'d  ?<Iason.  "On  the  top  of  that  hill,"  answered  they.  "And 
when;  are  the  rest  of  the  Indians/"— LIncas  said,  "they  were  behind, 
exeeedingly  afraid;"  and  tlKMUo.st  that  Mason  eould  iiiduee  them  to 
do,  '.vas  to  Ibrm  a  seini-eircle  at  a  particularly  respectful  distancxi,  lin- 
the  piirpo.se  of  ^vitnessing  the  attack  of  tlie  English  upon  the  enemy's 
f-^rt,^  and  waylaying  such  of  the  J'equots  as  might  escape  their  hands. 

The  resistance  was  mrnly  and  desperate,  but  th(;  whole  work  of 
de.struction  was  completed  in  little  more  than  an  hour.  The  extent 
nii.i  violence  of  the  conllagraiion  kiiulled  by  the  a.-ssailauts,  tlie  refla- 
tion of  this  pyramid  of  flam(>s  upon  the  iorck  around,  the  /lashing  and 
roar  of  arms,  the  shrieks  and  yellings  of  men,  women  and  children 
within,  and  the  .shouts  of  the  allies  without,  exhibited  one  of  the  most 
nwtid  scenes  which  the  pens  of  the  i-arly  historian:;  have  described. 
Seventy  wigwams  w(>re  burnt,  and  live  or  six  hundiod  Pequots  killed. 
l'ar(  lit  and  uhild  alik(>,  the  .sanup  and  squaw,  the;  gray-haired  man 
and  the  babe,  were  buried  in  one  promiscuous  ruin. 

It  had  been  Mason's  iiitenticjn  to  fall  upon  both  the  principal  forts 
of  the  enemy  at  once,  and  finding  it  impossible,  he  says,  "we  were 
much  grieved,  chiefly  becaus(>  the  greatest  and  bloodiest  sachem  there 
resided,  whose  name!  was  Sassacu's."  Tlie  execution  of  this  design 
would  hav(!  .saved  liim  much  subsequent  loss  and  labor.  That  great 
warrior  was  so  little  discoura<;(>d  by  the  horrible  liavoc  already  made 
among  his  subjects,  that  immediately  on  receiving  the  intelligence  he 
despatched,  perhaps  led  on  in  person,  a  reinforcement  of  three  hun- 
dred warriors,  who  pursued  the  English  very  closely  for  a  distance; 
of  six  miles  on  their  march  towards  Pequot  harlxjr. 

But  the  reception  which  this  body  met  with  from  the  English  drove 
them  to  des()eration.  Tht;  whole  nnnaining  lorce  o\'  th(^  naf ic.n  n^paired 
to  th(!  strong-hold  of  Sassacus,  and  vented  all  their  complaints  and 
grievances  upon  his  head.  In  their  fury  they  even  threatened  to 
destroy  him  and  his  fiunily;  and  perhaps  nothing  but  the  enti-eatie.i 
of  his  chief  eoun.sellors,  who  slill  adhered  to  him  in  iiis  mislbrtniuvs, 
prevented  his  being  massacred  by  his  own  subjei;ts  in  his  own  fort. 
A  large  number  deserted  him  as  it  was,  and  took  refuge  among  tlve 

*  The  autiior  of  New  Etijrhrail'.s  First  Fruits  calls  this  man  a  fatuoas 
captain,  a  proper  inaii  of  p<M'so;i,  atid  of  very  yrave  and  sober  spirit.  He 
l<ccame  rcli^'ious  at'ter  the  Pctjiiot  war,  lived  suiiietiincs  among  the  whiles, 
and  then  proa(;liod  to  liis  coiuitrynKni  unli!  his  death,  whicli  Wiis  occasioaed 
bv  a  dose  of  jioison  wherewith  some  of  thorn  repaid  him  for  his  labors.  A 
Masnachiisptts  eleriryman  says  of  him,  in  ]G43:  "  He  loved  Christ,  he 
))reaclied  Christ  up  and  down,  and  then  suflcicd  martyrdom  for  Clirist; 
und  when  he  dyed,  gave  his  sonle  to  CMirist,  and  his  only  cliild  to  the  Eng- 
1ih!i.,  rejoycmg  in  this  hope,  that  the  child  should  know  more  of  Christ  than 
its  poore  latlicr  ever  did." 


INDIAN   niOGRAPHV. — SASSACUS. 


n 


S?1^!I,!::?-  .?^  ibrt  was  then  destroyed,  and  S.s 


himself,  with  sovi 


H^j^,,,^^     '™*>'  "•'  ^'Shty  of  his  best  men7rcti;iiWl"towa"-drthe 

To  kill  or  capture  him  was  now  the  main  object  of  the  war-  and 
he  Pecjuots  were  pm-sucd  westward,  two  captured  sacheu,.s  havin'o- 

^•;^e"sxl;" '  Tr'""  ^'  ^"''"^  '^r  '-"^"^^^  -  ^'-  -^'^- 

r«,.H  ?    T  ^ '"'  ''"""'-^  ''''■''''  '"'^  '"■'^'  overtaken,  and  a  'nvat 

battle  c.ok  place  m  a  swamp  in  Fairtield,  where  nearly  wo  h mulm 
I'equots  were  taUe.i  prisoners,  k.sides  killed  and  wounded.  S^ven 
hundred,  ,t  was  cou.puted,  had  now  been  destroyed  in  th;f;ourse'" 

huhans,  and  happy  were  they  that  could  brin.- in  their  heads  to  th 
hn.y^ish-of  which  there  came  almost  daily  to  Windsor  o    Ha  ,fi"rl'' 
NWnuhrop  writes  late  m  the  summer  of  lOJi?,-"  The  Indk  s  U  L 

al'htttthiron''''',""'  "^'"'^"'^  '"  ^""  ''>■  ""'  h^"ds  of  the  English, 
uJiough  th  teon  ,n  us  w.ir-captams  had  already  been  slain,  and  he 
Has  hanselldnvenirom  swan.p  to  swamp,  by  riicdn  and  cky    IhI 

attnckmo-  a  n;irrorwhnm  i-von    t,; .    \t  uia^i.  iii.i.cssaiv  loi 

,^  I    ^waIIUl  wnom  even   tns  iMarragaiisett  enemk's   h-ul   rlr. 

»cnij.xi .« ^.„ii  „,»,  „,„,,..  „  ,„„  ,„,„  i„  „,„  ji„,,,^  _,„_,  ™-  h..;i  ;i- 

The  sn,-honi  uus  at  last  oljli,;,,!  to  abandon  Ills  countrv      -I'.,!-!,,, 
u  S»  »■,,.  panaker.  w„h  l,i„,  .„■  „,,  ,,„„,„  „,.,,,.„j,,^  (Lo      'Vl^      1 1 

;;™^;;;i;';j-;i:;:'i,  ■,;':.;^;™  »;s':;:,^^-^  T™...bt,„,  „„„ . .,. 

dK|.ns,.<l  to  treat  the  liaslisli,  :md  liowovcr  tlirv tr™     h,  i  I  , 

Uy  ,u  tea».,  ,„  a  tnaaner  a.  IViottthy  and  h.,„orahlo  ,„  it  „a,  nj'X 
<lc.K  Prnvtous  to  the  tfoaty,  i,„l,,,|,  .■,„„|,la,„ts  ha,l  »ro,v„  o  ,"  o7  t 
nmraor-o,  Stono;  bnt  th.  Ungh^h  had  no'evidenco  „.";        ttaca« 


n 


BVENT6    IN    INDIAN    HISTORY. 


whilo  the  cvidrnco  of  the  Pequots  was,  according  to  tlioir  own  ncknow. 
ledgment,  cogent,  if  not  conclusive,  in  support  of  their  innocence. 

Wo  may  add,  that  it  was  confh-nuMl  by  what  is  known  incidentally 
of  the  character  of  Stone.  Governor  VVinthrop,  speaking  of  his  arrival 
at  Boston  in  June,  103:3,  on  board  of  a  small  ws^v.i  loaded  with  "com 
and  salt,"  adds,  that  "the  Clovernor  ol'  IMymoutli  sent  Captain  Stand- 
ish  to  prosecute  against  him  Ibr  j)iracy'."  Tho  particulars  of  the 
accusation  need  not  Im3  stated,  li.r  only  a  lew  nioiiths  alter  this  we  find 
the  same  person  mentioned  as  charged  with  an  inlamous  crime,  "and 
though  it  apjK!ar(!d  lie  was  in  drink,  and  no  act  to  i)e  proytHl,  yet  it 
was  thought  (it  he  should  abide  his  trial,"  vS^e.  lie  was  lined  a  hun- 
drod  pounds,  and  expelled  the  Massachusetis  jurisdiction. 

As  to  the  next  proctvding  recorded — th'  expedition  of  the  English 
m  1635— we  have  only  to  remark:  1,  That  the  demand  of  one  thou- 
sand  lathoms  of  wampuin,  willi  no  justifiable  nor  even  alleircid  reason 
for  it,  was  an  imposition  and  an  insult.  2,  Tlu;  English  should  at 
least  have  taken  time  to  see  tSassacus  himself,  his  su!)iects  havintr  no 
morc  authority  than  dispot-ition  to  treat  without  him.'  3,  The  Etxt. 
lish,  with  no  apparent  provocation,  not  only  insulted  but  assaulted  tS? 
Pequots,  merely  to  see  if  th(>y  would  "show  light,"  and  then  burnt 
their  towns  and  boats,  not  a  hair  of  Iheir  own  heads  being  meanwhile 
injured,  and  Sassacus  himself  being  still  absent. 

With  such  inducement  the  chieftain  began  a  war  of  extermination, 
and  then  indeed  it  Ix'came  necessary  that  one  of  the  two  nations  at 
issue  should  he  comi)lett!ly  disabled.  "  No  civilised  retider  entertains  a 
doubt  as  to  the  R\sult  which,  uikIih-  such  an  alternative,  Avas  most  to 
1)0  desired.  But  he  may  nevertheless  have  his  opinioji  respecting  the 
moral  propriety,  as  well  as  the  state  jmlit.-v,  of  Ihe  measures  wdiich 
brought  on  that  horrible  necessity.  Let  'the  whok;  truth,  then,  be 
exppsed.  If  it  shall  b(^  lountl  (as  we  believe  it  must  be;)  that  under 
the  influ(!nce  of  strong  and  sincere  though  liital  excitement,  a  rash- 
ness of  the  civilised  jjarty  was  the  ultimate  cause  of  the  ruin  of  the 
savage,  let  that  hijusfice  be  acknowledged,  though  it  should  be  with 
shame  and  tears.  Let  it  be  atoned  lor,  as  liir  as  it  may  be,  in  tlje 
only  way  now  possible,  by  the  candid  judgment  of  posterity  and  his- 
tory upon  the  merits  and  the  mislijrtunes  of  both. 


CHAPTER  V. 

THE    INDIAN   TRIBES   OF   VIRKFNU    AT  THK    DATK    OP  THE   J\MPVrr,vcK 
SETTLEMENT-TIIK  rovVHATAN   (;0\J.'EI)    RACV-RECEPTION  <W^^^^ 
BMITH  HY  POWHATAN-INTRRl'OSITIOV  ()F  roCAUONTAS  IN  lIlS  FaISr 

At  the  date  of  the  first  permanent  settlement  cflected  within  the 
limits  of  Virginia,  and  for  an  unknown  period  previous  to  that  date, 
the  country  from  the  sea-coast  to  the  Allegany,  and  from  the  most 
southern  waters  of  James  river  to  Patuxent  river,  (no:^  in  the  State  of 
Warylond,)  was  occupied  by  three  principal  native  nations.    Each  of 


INDIAN   DIOUHAPIIY POWHATAN. 


78 

trite  w'r,"Tl"';  1  '""'''--''"•"•y  "'■  l'"-g«i-  or  ™lkr  (rite,,  and  each 
lio  lho<.  j,,.„,.,al  names  by  which  these  coiiimuitilii.,  ha«    hre„ 

whlJtat^'z  Zl;:!.z::  K;:;*;;:';^!^  ^^-^j.^!!  .,«„;: 
^t:t?^hrE^r::,:=\r;r;?i?- ?- 

II;-  o.,e„*.d  southwa;,,  ,).,„  .L  wrll^.^ritxif  ;:;:tc; 

Urn  Powhatan  nation  inl,abif,.,|  t),.  lowland  tra.tt,  ..xtondin- hter 
Mount  \'cvnnn)  wore  s.^tllod  hotnoon  (he.  i'oton.a  ■  an         t  i  i 

ih<yomtoryrHTMpi.,Ihythowhnlo.,fthusirroHtconfcdo^^^^^^        south 
'•'  'Ji<>    otomac,  coniprohondo,!  ah<,ut  .S,(J()()  ,s,maro  miles     sS.V 
ns  .n  h,s  history  that,  within  sixty  nnlos  of  fa.no        n    ^^      0  '.  ) 
'lHllv<^s,  ot'whoni  1,500  w(,.ro  warro.N       Mr    LiV  ?'  '*'''^ 

;;;  ';■;  i»"i«.rti™;.  i«w,.,,,  .„„„,.  e,,iaa,„;    'i !"  ;r,™  ',?? 

"•uiil.l  ,jfvf  :m  .ulirn  iicimlaliun  „r-.(ll)()  ,„.,„.,.  ,  ,,,.,..7.  "'• 

i3^..ia,.eai:Lj;tl;;i;;;;t;;t,l^,;'»,t?'.t'sr;!;r 

-.1  .o.„.  h„„.,„d  <igh,i„g  „„.,„ ,,,,  N;;,ir,,i:„a  cho.!';';£ 

*  JefTcrson's  Notns  on  Virtriin.i      ti.-.  r...,\       l 

7 


74 


EVENTS  IN  INDIAN  HISTORY. 


9'  § 


I 


lit 


showed  on  one  occasion  a  force  of  four  hundred.  And  when  Smith 
c'lsccnded  the  Potomac  in  June,  1608,  though  ho  saw  no  inhabitants 
for  the  first  thirty  miles,  he  had  scarcely  entered  "a  little  bayed 
creeke  towards  Onawmanient  (now  Nominy),  when  he  found  all  the 
woods  round  about  layd  with  anii)uscad()(;s  to  thc^  number  of  three  or 
four  thousaiid  savages,  so  strangely  paynted,  grinimed  and  disguised, 
shouting,  yelling  and  crying,  fis  so  many  s])irits  from  hell  could  not 
have  showed  more  terrible." 

It  is  well  known  tint  the  valiant  captain  was  wont  to  express  his 
opinions  in  strong  terns,  but  he  has  rarely  been  detected  in  any  great 
inaccuracy.  And  tl  (s  circumstances  of  this  case  are  in  his  favor;  for 
it  has  been  truly  rniarked,  that  fb  -  Powhatan  conledcnacy  inhabited 
a  country  upon  which  nature  had  bestowed  singular  advantages. 
Unlike  the  natives  of  more  northern  regidus,  fliey  suffered  little  from 
cold,  and  less  from  fiimine.  Their  settlements  were  mostly  on  the 
banks  of  James,  Elizabeth,  Nansamond,  York,  atid  Chickahominy 
rivers,  all  wliich  abound(>d  with  the  most  delicious  fish  and  fowl.  In 
his  Potomac  expedition,  >'mitli  met  with  "that  aboundanee  o!'  fish, 
lying  so  tliicke  with  their  heads  above  the  water,  as  for  want  of  nets 
(out  barge  driving  amongst  them)  we  attempted  to  catch  them  with  a 
irying-pan."  And  though  the  captain  naturally  onough  concluded, 
after  soirui  trials,  that  this  was  a  poor  instrinnent  for  bis  purpose,  h(; 
persists  in  adding,  that  "neither  better  fish,  more  plentie,  nor  more 
varictie  for  smnll  iisb,  bad  any  of  vs  euer  scene  in  any  place  so  swim- 
ming in  the  water — l)ut  they  were  not  to  be  cruight  with  frying-pans." 
He  found  the  stingrays  in  such  abundance  among  th(!  reeds  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Rap]iahannoc,  that  he  amused  himself  bv  nailing  them 
to  the  ground  with  his  sword:  "and  thus,"  ho  observes,  "wf?  tooke 
more  in  owne  houre  than  we  could  eate  in  a  day." 

Vast  (juantities  of  corn,  ton,  yearly  rewarded  even  the  simple  agri- 
culture of  th(;  Indians,  bcstowcnl  as  it  was  upon  the  oest  portions  of 
a  generous  soil,  "(jreat  licapcs"  of  it  were  seen  at  Kekouo-htan, 
"and  then  they  brought  him  viniisfni,  turkies,  wild  ihwl(\  broad,,  and 
what  els(^  they  had."  In  uduc  of  bis  ci)])Iivitif's,  or  bis  visits  rctnono' 
the  natives,  did  the  captain  ever  sufKn-  from  want  of  food,  ;uid  be  often 
brought  (iff  his  l>oat  and  his  men  ladf^n  with  plenty.  The  Ninisamonds 
gave  him  400  baskots-l'ull  at  oiu'  time.  The  Chicknhominies,  though 
they  complained  extremely  of  their  (jwn  wauls,  yet  "fraujjhted"  him 
with  a  hundred  bushels.  Tbc  woods  iiu'nisb('d  another  inexhaustible 
supply  both  of  fruits  and  game;  so  that,  on  (he  whole,  i*^  is  very  easy 
to  believe  that  a  considerably  greater  population  than  Mr.  Jefferson's 
estimate  supposes  might  have  su})sisted,  without  much  difficulty,  on 
the  soil  they  are  known  to  have  occupied.  "And  now  the  wifiter  (of 
1607-H)  approaching,"  we  are  infe-rrned  in  another  passage,  "the 
rivers  became  so  covi.-red  with  swans,  geese,  duckes  and  cranes,  that 
w(!  daily  feasted  with  good  bread,  Virginia  pease,  putchamins,  ■'  and 

*  A  species  of  indigenous  plum,  which  is  elsewhere  described  ns  grow- 
ing to  a  considerable  height,  wit!)  fruit  like  u  medlar,  first  green,  then 


arc  so  rtwim- 


INDIAX    KIOGRAPHY I'OWHATAN.  75 

pumpions,  (i.sl,,  ll.wle,  and  diverse  sorts  of  wild  beasts    so  Ct  « 

di-stuncc  orahout  tw,  £vs"i  n-n  t^"  f  [''  ff  »f«  nver,  and  at  the 
"  outh.     'ri„.  nrin  •  r      .L  ?        -  ''''  ^'"^I'sh  settlement  at  Us 

^"n-"  ->ni,e  flu  y  X  ^It  ^^ ^^^^P'^'or  a.  the  old  historians  style 
rcsidino.  Hit!  Jo  S^,.:^'''";^'*^"';^'^^  °"'f  "^y  ^hc  firs,  eolonists 
"lunbeP  by  bii'tb  '  ''  '"''^''^"^  ^"^  ^^^'^^'^  l>««n  one  of  th^^ir 

^"^^t  of  iw  ;,  by  ;En;erv"^  ^^^^^''-;f--o'-  ii^^  i^ 

tl»e  town  so  c.dk'd  whi  },  w  '  I'^J  •"''"'■''""-"  ^'^^«'S"ated,  fron, 

iu^reditarydonn  ct  T  Jtowr^.1r  T^  '"'^  r"^''^^'"''^  ^''' ^i^ 
0.1  a  hill/  It  consisted  of  twel'e  u  f  r"^  '"'  ^-^''"''''''^  '^'^^^ 
islets  in  the  river,  not  l'     n^^^  hi  Iront  of  whieh  were  three 

Muyo's  plantation,  u  d  a  1  U  b£t  tie'  ^  T'  i)^"  '"^"  ^^"^^' 
stands.  Jt  was  consi.i;  v  L  h  r '^'fV' '"^'^  i^'chmond  now 
pleusantest  place  in  it  wl  .1^  '''"  ^"S''sh  both  the  strongest  and 
Nonsuch,  itU  .s  about  t"""^^^        ^f  was  consequently  nan.ed 

when  it  v..  purchLeJ^of  ;;::^  ^:^^;  tS'T^;  "/^^'^^^^^ 
pleasant,"  says  the  emt-iin  in  u;    i  •  1  ^  '^"'it'»-    "  Ine  place  is  very 

ibout  it  ia-e  .iuniy  c^lSlekls  "        '''  "'^'  "'"^'  ^^""^"^  ^^  "^^"^-'  ^'"i 

powhat^r  af  i^.t^  XJirr  ^^'''^"  ^^  ^"'--  ^-^  -th 

•Smith  had  prompte  '  J  n     c  ."'°"'  ""^'  ^^'"^'^'''"-^  ^P'^'i^  «'' 

the  Virginii  coa  t,  an^    Uo  U^t^^Vr'''^'  ^^"^  ^"^^^^^  ^^"ng 
'nonths"a/ter  the  JetUen  n    on  °*  '''"  """"'^'y-    ^^'^'^i"  ^^  ^w 

covered  the  Chicka      n    i      and    r      "1'  ?"""^'  "'^'^^"  '"^""^^  '"^  ^is- 
ftom  tlienl  at  a  tin       1       ti '    It  " 

yellow,  and  red  when  ripe.    « If  it  be  nnt  r.v^,  -^      i   j 

awry  with  much  torir.ont.    If  ripe  U  is  dlK„«  ''"''  ^'■'^.  ^  "'^"'^  m^uth 

»ipe,  It  IS  delicious  as  an  apricot.' 


76 


EVENTS   IN    INDIAN   HI8TORV. 


I 


(ir 


little,  instead  of  applauding  him  for  having  done  so  much;  and  som€< 
even  of  the  council  undertook  to  say,  that  he  ought  to  have  followed 
up  the  Chickahominy  river  to  its  source. 

Smith  was  not  a  man  to  submit  tamely  to  reproach.  He  set  off* 
agnin,  therefore,  in  the  winter  of  1607-8,  taking  with  him  a  crew 
sufficient  to  manage  a  barge  and  a  smaller  boat  jjroper  lor  the  navi- 
gation of  the  upper  streams,  lie  ascended  the  Chickahominy  with 
tiie  barge,  as  far  as  it  could  b(i  forced  up,  by  dint  of  great  labor  in 
cutting  away  trees  and  clearing  u  [)assage.  Then  leaving  it  in  a 
broad  bay  or  cove,  out  of  reacli  of  the  sava<!;es  on  the  banks,  the 
captain,  with  two  other  whites  and  two  friendly  Indians,  proceeded 
higher  up  in  the  smaller  boat.  Those  who  were  leil,  meanwhile,  in 
possession  of  tlu;  barge,  were  ord(!red  on  no  account  to  go  on  shore 
until  his  rettn-n.  Th(!  order  was  disobeyed,  for  he  was  scarcely  out  of 
sight  and  luviring,  when  the  whole  of  the  crew  went  ashore.  They  were 
very  near  forfeiting  their  liv(;s  ihv  their  rashness.  Tiie  Indians,  to  the 
numbfjr  of  two  or  tliree  hundred,  lay  wait  l()r  them  among  the  woods 
on  (he  bank  of  the  river,  under  the  direction  of  Opechancanough, 
Sachem  of  the  Pamunkies,  and  reputed  brother  of  Powhatan.  One 
George  Cassen  was  taken  prisoner,  and  the  savages  soon  compelled 
him  to  tell  them  which  way  Smith  had  gone.  They  then  put  him  to 
death  in  a  cruel  manner,  and  continued  the  pursuit. 

The  captain,  meanwhile,  little  dreaming  of  any  accidi^nt,  had  gone 
twenty  miles  uj)  the  river,  and  was  now  among  the  marshes  at  its 
source.  Here  his  pursuers  came  suddenly  uj)on  the  two  Englishmen, 
who  had  hauled  up  their  boat  and  lain  down  to  sleep  by  a  tire  on  the 
dry  land,  (whik>  Smith  himsoU"  went  out  some  distance  to  kill  game 
with  his  musket  iitr  a  supper.)  The  unfortimatr;  wretches  were  shot 
full  of  arrows  and  despatched.  The  savages  then  pressed  on  after 
Smith,  and  at  last  overtook  him.  Finding  himself  beset  by  the 
multitude,  he  coolly  bound  to  his  arm,  with  his  garters,  the  young 
Indian  who  had  attended  him  as  a  guide,  lor  a  buckler,  (what  had 
becomi^,  of  the  other  does  not  appear,)  and  received  th(;  enemy's  ons(>t 
so  briskly  with  his  lire-nnny,  that  he  soon  laid  three  of  tlunn  dead  on 
the  spot,  and  wounded  and  galled  many  others  so  efiectually,  that 
none  appeared  anxious  to  approach  him.  H'^  was  himself  wounded 
slightly  in  the  thigh,  and  had  many  arrows  sticking  in  his  clothes, 
but  he  still  kei)t  the  enemy  at  bay.  His  next  movement  was  to 
endeavor  to  sheer  olF  to  his  boat;  but  taking  more  notice  of  his  foe 
than  his  path  as  \iO.  went,  he  suddenly  sliitjied  up  to  his  middle  in  an 
oozy  creek.  Hampered  as  he  was  in  this  awkward  position,  not  an 
Indian  dared  venture  near  him,  until,  finding  himself  almost  dead  with 
cold,  he  threw  away  his  arms  and  surrendered.  Then  drawing  him 
out,  they  carriefl  him  to  the  fire  where  his  men  had  been  slain,  care- 
fully chafed  his  benumbed  limbs,  and  finally  restored  him  to  the  use 
of  them. 

The  incidents  of  the  ensuing  scene  are  a  striking  illustration  both 
of  the  sagacity  of  the  priooner  and  the  simplicity  of  his  captors.  He 
called  for  their  chief— through  the  intervention  of  his  Indian  guide, 


INDIAN    BIOGRAPHY.— OPECHANCANOUGH.  77 

we  suppose— and  Opcchancanou-'h  came  fnrwnrrl      *j«,;»k 
muiidness  of  tin  earth    thr.  «l.;no    fK.>       u  •   .  ^"**  ^^'  '"^ 

.1.0  vvhi,o^„„,i„„„,,  ..s^izrwiti.  atr^r""""'-^  '""■"'"*=  -" 

"""V  swamp,  .nd  nu.ch  froquemod  by  t  at  sa  ^^  hf.^^ '1'^"' 

account  oftho  abmulanco  of  oanir-  it  alfSv  'L  ,  .•  "'^  "" 
sionwas  a  proper  I„di,n  ,.,7.  '"'' '' ''y""^^'^'-  Ihc  order  of  proces- 
^•cntro    l.ul  tlVo   0     1  •     *-^l'f''t''iai'canoupli,  march i no-  in  the 

'••''ntjniiod  this  o.vcrciso  and  thon  ,nl  \  '  '^"  '  '^  ^^""''  '"™'  '^'^J' 
notos  andsc^.;'.C:!"  •;,:";  "''^'^"^"'^  3^^'""Sout  such  hellish 
ol  arrows,  anda  h:  /  Sc^"  H  S'S"'"'  ""^?  ""  '"^  ^"-- 
<i<Ts  pavulod  0.1  wf-  ol  ?'""''""^''-  t''«"" 'F«^I«  and  shoui- 
naad,  and  tho  sW  o  "/S^^^  hi.  bow  in  his 

Hk-  conmanvthcn  bro  r   "''^'" ''',  "[^"^^^ '^1^'  ■'^t-uidmg  m  tho  centre. 
I.any  men  brolvo  up,  and  tlie  prisoner  >vas  conducted  to  a 

-pcurc,  and  pauUing  gariaenS!"  liScrly  "3,^'^^^;^-  ^'^'^-  -«•! 


I:  (i! 


«.    •«) 


78 


EVENTS    IN   INDIAN   HISTORY. 


long  matted  wigwam,  where  thirty  or  forty  tall,  stout  savages  remained 
about  him  as  n  guard.  Ere  long,  more  bread  and  venison  was  brought 
him  than  would  have  served  twenty  men.  "  I  thinke,"  says  the  cap- 
tain himself,  "my  stomach  at  that  time  was  not  v<Ty  good."  He  ate 
something,  however,  and  the  remainder  was  put  into  baskets,  and 
swung  from  the  roof  of  the  wigwam  over  his  head. 

About  midnight  these  liberal  provisioners  s<3t  their  fare  before  him 
again,  n('ver  tasting  n  morsel  thems(!lves  all  the  while.  But  in  the 
morning,  when  they  brought  in  a  fresh  reinforccuK'nt,  they  ate  the 
iVagments  of  former  meals,  and  swung  up  the  residue  of  the  last  one 
as  before.  So  little  reason  had  the  captain  to  complain  of  famine, 
that  ho  began  seriously  to  believe  th(!y  were  Ditting  him  for  the 
slaughter.  He  sutlered  occasionally  from  the  cold,  and  would  liavc 
sutfcred  more,  but  for  an  unexpected  relief.  An  Indian  named  Mo 
casseter  brought  him  his  goune,  as  Smith  calls  it — perhaps  a  fur 
mantle  or  a  blanket — and  gave  it  to  him,  ])rolesscdly  in  requital  of 
certain  beads  and  toys  which  Smith  had  given  him  at  Jamestown, 
immediately  aftor  his  arrival  in  Virginia.* 

Two  days  afterwards  he  was  violently  assaulted,  and  but  for  his 
guard  would  have  been  killed,  by  an  okl  Indian  whose  son  had  been 
wounded  in  the  skirmish  which  took  place  at  his  capture.  They  con- 
ducted him  to  the  death-bed  of  the  poor  wretch,  where  he  was  found 
breathing  his  last.  Smith  told  them  he  had  a  kind  of  water  at  James- 
town which  miii,ht  ailcct  a  cure,  but  they  would  not  permit  him  to  go 
for  it,  and  the  subject  was  soon  forgotten.  Within  a  lew  days  they 
l)egan  to  make  great  preparaticjus  lor  assaulting  the  English  colony 
by  surprise.  They  craved  Smith's  advice  and  assistance;  in  that  pro- 
ceeding, offering  him  not  only  li'e  and  liberty  lor  his  services,  but  as 
much  laud  i! )i'  a  settlement,  and  as  many  women  for  wives,  as  he 
wanted, — such  an  oi)inion  had  they  formed  of  his  knowledge  and 
prowess.  He  did  everything  in  his  power  to  discourage  their  design, 
by  telling  them  of  the  mines,  thecmnon,  and  various  oilier  stratagems 
and  engines  of  war  used  by  the  English.  He  could  only  succeed  in 
prevailing  upon  several  of  them  to  carry  a  note  for  him  to  Janiesfown. 
(under  pretence  of  getting  some  toys,)  in  wliicdi  he  inliinned  his  coun- 
trymen of  his  own  situation  and  the  intention  of  the  savages,  and 
rcfjuested  fhem  to  send  him  without  Jail  by  th(^  bearers  certain  articles 
which  ho  named.  These  were  to  be  deposited  at  ;>.  |iarficular  sjiot  in 
the  woods  near  Jamestown.  The  messengers  started  oti",  we  are  told, 
in  as  severe  wcftthor  as  coidd  Ik^  of  frost  and  snow,  and  arrived  at 
Jamestown.  There,  seeing  men  sally  out  from  the  town  to  meet  them, 
as  Smith  had  told  them  M'ould  be  the  case,  they  were  frightened  and 
ran  ot^".  But  the  note  was  k^ft  behind,  and  so  coming  again  in  the 
overling,  they  found  the  articles  at  the  appointed  place,  and  then 


(i'i 


*  A  fine  ilhislratiori  of  that  principle  of  grntitndc  niiicli  is  ns  pm- 
verbially  charucteri.-tic  of  the  liitlians  'as  tlicir  reveiii^c,  and  for  smii- 
iar  reasons.  No  favor  is  wasted  niK)n  tiietn,  and  no  injury  or  insiih. 
is  forgiven.  Tlic  anecdote  followii)g  this  in  the  text  !•>  an  instance  iu 
point. 


INDIAN   BIOOBAPHY.—ofKCIIANCANOUGir.  79 

TrtylZZVr  "^'  '"^^  "^  '°  ^^'^^'^  ^-P^^-  -  ^hree  days 
All  thouglits  of  an  attack  upon  tho  colony  being  now  cxtinc.uishP.1 
m  the  astoni.shnicnt  and  terror  excited  by  the  Ibats  ofSmiH,  Ir^ 
ceeded  to  lead  hi.n  about  the  country  m  show  m^  uTu  !  u'^^l 
they  carried  hi.n  to  the  tribe  livin-r  on  the  Wh^nl  .  '  ''  ^l^l 
U.e  Pamunkey  river;  then  to  iIk,  M^mall^  ^^SkM 
Nantaughtacunds  on  tho  Kappahaanoc,  an,  the  N  ni  '  .Tp  T'  ''"" 
nver.  iiavuig  co.npleted  this  route,  they  conduc  f  1  i  T''"? 
.several  other  ..ation.s,  to  Opechancanough's^.n^   ml  t  ,fio     It  =^' 

key,  where,  with  frightful  howlin-s  ami  nr  nv  .^  ,  """"" 

th.y  "conjured"  hinfthnv  davsm  o  e,-  ^  ^  V  =''  ^^''^'^onies, 
1-n,  whether  he  inten ciidl£;  ' ,  o'S  vHE'"'  "' ^'7  ^"''' 
of  these  proceedings,  which  took  pL  ^  L./op^  ^^ n^^ '"  ^™'^^ 
.pecfou,  ,rom  the  exercises  tor  onJ  day  by  the  c^  ive   dZ  f  '  '"• 

glell  withoyleran  nnny  snah's  n'T''"1  "T  ''''^'  ^'-■-^^'^  rnin- 
nK>ose,and  all\heh-taXftyedt^^^^^^  wese Is  sk nines  stufled  with 
oi-  his  head  in  a  tas^[  .^^^  t  It'u .rta"";;"'^  ""  '"  """^^« 
1-thers  the  skinnes  h^.ging  round  ^  t  s  t  '  S^ ^Jf  f 
•ars,  and  n,  a  mnnner  covered  his  flice-wifh  ? Ir  III    .  T'" 

rattle  i]i  his  hand."     This  mMNon..,.,  ,  ^i  1'  llish  voyce  and  a 

H  great  variety  ofoesmt  '^^ '^ \    •""™"'^^^V"'  '""'^^'^^'"^^  ^^^^'^ 
concluded  whh  dr^^willg'^^iS^;^- Sr;--  ih::  i'^^'^^^^  ^1 

-1  patches,  apparently  in  il^iSti:!;' oi'  E  iJ^ 'Xkl^^'l-r''^' 

••^ngthall  sl^ated.h   n^^";'^;  f  ;  ;::''^«  "t^"»  ^!'-'^  ^^ees/    At 
lunid  or  the  first  n:uuc'   n'n"^'^^^;  '     v       '"■'"'"^''•'/''^•''^  «»  the  right 

priest,  and  ringleader)  an         r;/t£Ht"'''Tl"''  ''  ''"  '^''  •^'"^^' 
menced,  accompanied  with  a  vio  ",    us      V  ,1  e      .;'-  '"''"  ^'"'  ^"•"• 

'!- chief  p.„.t^aid  down  iiv'tCL;:^.  1  /  z^^;:;;  !;i;'-;^^-J» 

Htrauiing  l„s  nrn.s  and  hands  ^:o  that  h.^KMsi  ir  1  A.??J  '''\ <  ''ifon, 
swelled.  M  Ihe  conclusion,  all  'm.  a  '  Z  ^^  ^'f"'^  •"'  T^^ 
tl-ne  grains  n.ore,  and  renewed  the  ioi^f '^T  I  t  S^^;;^;,;;;;^,  '^7" 
was  twice  encircled.     Other  ceremonies  of  thtL         \  '  '''"^  ^^'''^ 

and  last  of  all  was  hrou^du    n  :  "' "'^^^ 

tl^lx.t_  provisions  , hoy '^i;;'';,:^' mSe'^^^^^^ 

to  smnifv  tlK^ir  couutrv  the  r-in-ln  .    .•  '.  '™""  ^^■■"^•'^  «■'"' 

>4i:;™t":;f«:r;;;.^;;:i-;;,;;r;;;i:?"^ "■■-«'■'>.. >.o. 


fin 


KNTN    IN    I  INDIAN    IIIHTOUr, 


wuiilil  lt«<  ii('(|iiMiiil<'<l  Hilh  IIm<  tinliirit  lit'  llinl  ncimIc,"  (>|>itrlii|ifiii,  aa. 
oltx'i' lii'iitlior  <>r  I'ltwhiiliiii — 1)1' uhiMii  wi<  liiivi' lirro  lite  (irnt  rri<  itioti — 
iiivili'tl  him  l<  IiIm  Ihuimi',  tiiiil  liniili'il  liim  Miiin|ihi>iUHlv  but  no  liiiliiiri, 
nil  ilim  or  liny  iilluM'  iM-i'iiHioii,  wnnM  I'lc  willi  i m.  Tlx-  iVii^nH'tilN 
wnrtt  |Mit  ii|i  ill  IiiinKoIm;  iiiitl  ii|i'iii  \m  i  turn  in  <  >|M'c-|iiiiir  imighv 
v\ij);\viun,  tin-  miu'Iii'Iii'm  \\i\<'s  ami  lin'ir  cliiMrcn  (Inckitl  .iIhui!  Iiiin  lor 
llii'ir  iioi'luiiiN,  **  tilt  II  iliiit  liy  nmlniii,  In  Ih'   iiii'iiy   \\  • 


•li  Ti 


«K- 


llll'lltM. 


\l  IiimI  IIh'V  r.'irni'il  limi  In  W  rntwncniiUM'n,  wlicii"  wii  I'nwhlltilli 
lllliiMi'ir.  'TfiiM  iiHiiii'liri' nl"  lii'i  Illy  nil  tlin  linrlli  nidu  of  ^  ni'k  rivur, 
III  ( ilnNliM"  cniilily,  iii'iirly  n|)|)nsi(i«  t|in  innlilli  nl'  ( ir('(>n'n  ••it'i'k,  lUui 
itlinill  twriltv-livi-  imliM  lidnw  lln'  iiimilli  nl"  llic  iiv>  i  .  ||  wom  jit  tlUN 
llllii'  iiiw  liivni'ili'  viliit"!',  lliniiy,l»  fillt  rwMiils  iinl  .  i.vctiii;';  lln'  lli'iir 
niMii.lilinrlinnil  nf  tlii<  JMi^lisli,  hi*  I'lMiiiil  In  ( h'M|iiiki'H.  rovvluiliui, 
wliii'li  f'MVi'  liiiii  III!  iiMiiH',  vMis  Mnlil  In  llii<  l'',nj',liMh  in  1000. 

( »ii  Ins  iirnvfil  iii  llm  vill.i,":<'.  Hiiiilli  was  ilrtiiiiicd  iiiilil  ilii>  i>ni|ii*rnr 
(u,s  \M<  nIiiiII  <-all  liiiii,  lio'  iniiMiiiriiri',)  ami  IiIh  Iniin  cuil)!  |in'|)iir<- 
iht'iiiNrlvt'M  |m  I'cHTivi'  iIh'IT  iliii^tiiniiH  ciiiilivi'  III  |)rn|)»i  Hfafc;  an<l 
iiHviiuvhilt'  iiixii*  lliaii  Iwn  liiiiiilii  d  nl"  lliivsr  '^I'ini  rntirliiTs  ^.^ilhrnMJ 
altiiiii  limi  In  MalmlV  lln'ir  niiinNily  with  .'.'ir/.ifvs  lli-  was  llicii  mlro- 
iliifftl  In  till-  i-nyil  pn'scnfi',  lh<"  iiiiilliliuli'  liailiii,v!;  liiin  with  a  tit'int'M- 
(Iniis  shniil.  a-^  ln"  walKcd  in.  I'nwlialaii  a  niajcslii"  ami  lini'ly  limnrd 
•<a\;u>x>,  with  a  maiKcd  cniiiitt'iiam'c,  and  an  air  nl' liMiii>liliiifss  snlK-rcd 


dnwn  iiitn  \\vn\ 
upon  a  sral  si>n 


ily  fiy  a  lili>  nl'  sisly  vraiM      was  waled  U'liirc  ii   Cm", 
lolliin".  likr  a  linlstrad,  and  clttllii'd  in  an  aiiinic  i'oIm- 


ni"  l{aix>\\<MM»'  .s'viiis,  wilh  ail  llir  lails  liani'in;;'  nvcr  him.  On  nirh 
Nidn  sal  a  \<'im",  wiiich  nl'  Mvlicn  ov  nidilci'ii  years  nlii;  and  ainiijj; 
eaeh  wall  nl'  llii'  hnnse,  iwn  rn>\s  nl'  wniiicii  mi  llie  rear  and  Iwn  rn\v^i 
nl'  men    m    Imiil.      All    had    iheii-    head*   and   sliniilders   painted    red. 


Man\  liad  the 


iir  di'i'I»ed  with    flic  while   dnWn    nl'  hirds.     Snm 


wnn'  a    o.re.il  eham  t»r  wiule   |>e,h   ,  nl'out    lluir  nee 
VNa-^  Milhnul  ernainent  nl'snnK-  Kind. 


hill    no  (>n 


S.HMi  alter  Siniih  s  entrain- 


a  llmale  nl'  rank,  said  In  he  ||ie  (|iieen 
nl'  \|>|»aniallii<'k,  wa  ;  (hr>-eled  In  liriii":  iiiin  Mater  In  \\a^h  Ins  hands; 
and  aiinlhev  iMnni'Jt'  !'  iMUieh  nl'  leathers,  to  answer  liie  |'nr|inse  nl'  a 
towel.      I  lav  in;.',  then   tiasted    hau  (^as   Ik-  a»'knn\vled",es)   in   iIk-   he.sl 


Iviilvirnns  manner  th<'\  ennld.  a   lnii> 


am 


'tueinii  e\>nsnilatinii    was 


held  In  detennaie  his  tiile 


■11 


le  tieeisinn  was  aranisl  luin 


'I'l 


lectUl- 


elave  n-siuned  llu'ir  sdeiil  rr.ivity;  two ''.reat  slniies  wen>  lu'eiinjit  m 
Iv'Mn^  rnwliatan.  and  Smith  was  drajn.i'il  heli'i-e  them,  and  liis  head 
laid  in>v>n  them,  as  a  |Mn-|'aratien  I'nr  heatim';  »nit  his  hraiiis  with  I'hihs. 
Tl'e  ('at.il  woapeiii  weit' aii'<  ady  raised,  and  lliesaxay.i'  mnllilndo  stinul 
sil<>ntl\  aw;»iiin;v  Jhe  )nisoner"s  last  moment.  Ihit  Smith  was  not 
destined  thns  to  |»<Mish.  Poeaiuuilas.  tlie  I  eieved  djinuhter  nl'  I'nwha- 
van.  nisiiied  Inrwanl.  and  earnestiv  entitviti^l  witli  tears  that  the  victim 


nnuht  \et  In-  span 


d.     Th 


rnvai  savaiv'  niivlinl  lier  nVjUest.  and  the 


»Avvnlinn(>rs  steed  re;;dv  lor  llie  si;rnal  nl  di\ith. 


lie 


vlll 


It 


down. 


A  v;innt;vi;i  ol"  lu'eeoa,  porhups. 


INDIA  ,    UUHiHAVttV. J'OWIM  CW. 


^1 


|>Ut 


(ir-Mis  rihoiit  S/iiitli,  mill  Im.l  ||,.r  licml 


would  IMTLsh   Willi   lillil  or 
WHNIlt    Ifll^lji    iri.illr.l.      '11,,     ,1 


•MT  liJM,  (icchiriiiii'  Hhn 


"III.     'VUc  liciirt  .il'  the  Mtr-t 


l''«!r(!«)  wuM  ntvcrscd;  mid  tj,,,. 


(iriNuiicr 
)!'  iiKikiii'' 


wan  Npnnd  |..r  ll...  ,„ir,,u,s,— ...  i|„.  ,.H,|...r„r  ..x|,|,„i,„d  it_^ 
'"',";"•'•'  I'"  l">iH,  li;  ,„id  |„.|l,s  and  |«.mh  li.r  l.i.s  d.uiuhln-.* 

I   IIS  was  .i|.|M,r..Mlly  n  i,k,iv  |),-(,fM   (or  (■ni,r,.u|i„;,  ,|„.  ,., notions 

:";:''  '""  ""'"^ -•"'V  ..!•  I.  ,  „Mi„.  us  n  warrio;".  and  I   .        " 

vrntui:   miy  jn.luM.y  on  i|„    |K,rl  ol'  Ins  ...nnH-llMrs.     An.l  sid.s,.,,  „.,.. 

;•"•""*  7"'' '"";' "; "',.,  ,.o„..i.Hi..n.  II..  d..ai. :."::,' 

.        .   .  Nil...    Iim..,  a  l.ornlil..  ..ois,,  was  l..ard  InLi  Ixlmid  a'wa , 

l.maslir  .Manure  Will,  soinr  luu  |,,Midr..d  li.lluurrs  as  iMUrl,  |,,.,,n,n  lid 
-..s,,.,s,.das|,n.isH,;..ai..,.  a.andl..ldNanlli,|.an.owli;;"^ 

"Is:  'Muid  ,..vs..„ily  ll..  sli.Mil.l  ,,.  ,„  .la,M,.s„.w,i  to  s-.id  lim.    J 

..    K-iiHai,   .,,.,,,,,,,,,  ,i,,  ,,,,,.,,  ,,,^ 

••'  <  '"  ;al,..WN,..k,  and   /.aw.-r  ..sLvu.  |,i,„  as   his  .,wn  s.m."     ||,.  was 
"•■'•-nli.'.lv  ..■nl   ..li;  w„l,  ,w..|v..  .nid-.s,  ,..  .lan...s,..wM.     Tl.     ,a  Iv 

;.        .;;•     ,""'  ^7"-""   ^^"'r  l"""l-"""lyn:..r(a,M...lwliil..  tlu.v 
■•^.i.l.      luo  d..|i,i...Mlv..n„s  and   i„il|.sl,,n..   vv,.,,.  sl,„wn   ll„.ni    wil[, 

'"'"; '':-,"•'"  ^"""•^^'""   '"■•'  l'"nvv,..;.M,..nl...l  .lH-,ns,.|    .s      t     a 

"n..,y   ..I   l.^|,„.r  (..-....nls.      Tl„.y  u,.,v  ,.x..,.ss,v,.|v  iVi-di^.d  Z 

'l-liaiw  o,   ,1...  ..,.|v....,ns.      S I,  u  ,„.  |„al  ,.,.|,„.: ,,  •  s  J  "^.^ 

Nonal  Mi..l,v,.s  „,  .„.vv,  |,,,.|  |,.„d..,|  ,|,„,„  will.  .st.'n,.s,  an.l  .11'..  |  i  |   .J 

I>iiriiii!;  Ilif  saiiii.  umicr,  SiimiIi  visiii.d  l',,u  li.,!,,.,    ;.. 

yT^'"" -'"'^ -'-•••-;;:,;,•,'::;";  V  ,.;;:7:t:; 

'  livady  s,.„l  many  ,Mvs,.nls  to  (|„.  ,.,„,„.,...,.      A((..,„l.-.l  I  v   .'  .1    '  |     • 

'^•.yoMi...,vm..,^,|...ysail..,las,a,■;L^V^.,.,..:;  ?^;\ 

ll<Mv  N,-w|),,ri's  cMirao.'  (ail,.,!  I,;,,,       ll,.  ,,..  •   ,        .  •^" 

-.ssm.  .11.- s  nvMns;  |.aMl,,.s..  uvn-s,.  I..s..ly  nKuhM.,^.  :^^ 

h,  .,      In  •   1    V'    ■".'•'"•''"'.^ly   W.M.I  ..n,  and  was  s.,„n  .....f  by 

'N^-  o.    tl..y..  Ii,n„|,.,.d   Indians,  who  ,.on.|,.,.t,..|  ,|.,.,„  i„f„   ,1,,  ( '     f 
"'••'^'••'^vhalan  .;,x..,-,.-d  l.i,.,s..|r  „,  ,1...  ntn.ost  lo  ..iv  '     „    l,    3 
"'""''■""""""'"•      '  lu-  |,..o|,|,.  sl,o.,l...|  i;,r  jov  I.,  s,-,    S,„  V  - 

-n;  ad.l.vss....  ,0  |.i.,,    ,Ll  a  pl.-ntilid   .J.^^  .in.nd...^  ^Jn,!  ^1-" 
alter  tli.' wcarin.'ss  .>!     is:  v.iv.i.r..      'ri.  <    i».n.sn  jiini 

;■' ^i'.-"  I-,' :--i;:f  ;i,i„lJ":,'  K3  rt,^'K: 

'nil.  will,  Its  bnlhai.t  .'.nliroid.M-v  ol' sju-lls  -....l  I.,  ,1        7'.- ^  ' 
•  A  ao>cri,..io„  „f  ,|,i.  ,cc„e  i.  sivon  in  ,he  fr„a,i,piacc  of  .l,i,  book. 


"fc. 


"^^  ..: 


^>. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


/f/ 


{■^ 


f/. 


fA 


1.0 


11.25 


1^12^    12.5 
|5o  ■"^"    iniiHii 

Ki  1^    12.2 


^  m 


I.I      f  "^  i^ 


jL4    11.6 


PfinfnorQnViir 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


;« 


fV 


iV 


"^^ 


c^ 


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% 


"0-    ,.^      % 


"Q"  .,x^  ^  r^ 


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fA 


82 


EVENTS    IN   INDIAN   HISTORY. 


m 


tell."  At  his  head  and  feet  were  two  comely  young  women  as  before  • 
and  along  the  sides  of  the  house  sat  twenty  other  females,  each  with 
her  head  and  shoulders  painted  red,  and  a  groat  chain  of  white  beads 
ubout  her  neck.  "  Before  these  sat  his  chielest  men  in  like  order  in  his 
arbor-like  house,  and  more  than  fortie  platters  of  fine  bread  stood  as 
a  guard  in  two  pyles  on  each  side  the  door.  Foure  or  fiue  hundred 
people  made  a  guard  behimlo  them  for  our  passage;  and  Proclamation 
was  made,  none  vpon  paine  of  death  to  presume  to  doe  vs  any  wrona 
or  discourtosie.  With  many  pretty  discourses  to  renew  their  old  ac"- 
quamtance,  this  great  king  and  our  captaine  spent  the  time,  till  the 
ebbe  left  our  bargt;  aground.  Thtni  renewing  their  feest  with  feates, 
dauncing  and  singing,  and  such  like  mirth,  we  quartered  that  ni^ht 
with  Powhatan."  ° 

The  next  day,  Newport,  who  had  thought  better  of  his  lears,  came 
ashore,  and  wan  welcomed  in  the  stunc  hospitable  style.  An  J'wijdish 
boy,  named  Savage,  -.-ns  given  to  Powhatan  at  his  request;  and  he 
returned  the  favor  by  presenting  Newport  with  an  Indian  named  No- 
montaok,  a  trusty  and  shrewd  servant  of  his  own.  One  motive  for 
this  arrangement  was  probably  the  desire  of  gainuig  information  re- 
spectmg  the  English  colony.  During  the  three  or  four  days  more 
whicli  were  passed  in  feasting,  dancing  and  trading,  the  old  sachem 
manitested  so  much  dignity  and  so  much  discretion,  as  to  create  a 
high  admiration  of  his  talents  in  the  minds  of  his  guests.  In  one  in- 
stance, he  came  near  oflending  them  by  the  exercise  of  his  shrewdness, 
although  that  may  be  fairly  considered  tiieir  fault  rather  than  his. 

Newport,  it  seems,  had  brought  with  him  a  variety  of  articles  for  a 
barter  commerce— such  as  he  supposed  would  command  a  high  i)rice 
m  corn.  And  accordingly  the  Powhatans,  generally  of  the  lower  class, 
traded  eagerly  with  him  and  his  men.  These,  liowever,  were  not  pro- 
fitable customers;  they  dealt  upon  a  small  scale;  they  had  not  much 
corn  to  spare.  It  was  fin  ol)ject  therefore  to  drivt;  a  trade  with  the 
emperor  himself  But  this  he  affected  to  decline  and  despise.  «  Cap- 
tain Newport,"  said  he,  "  it  is  not  agreeable  to  my  greatness  to  truck 
m  this  peddling  manner  for  trifles,  I  am  a  great  VVerowance,*  and  I 
esteem  you  the  same.  Therefore  lay  me  down  all  your  commodities 
together;  what  I  like  I  will  take,  anil  in  return  you  shall  have  what  i 
conceive  to  be  a  fair  value."  This  proposal  was  interpreted  to  New- 
port  by  Smith,  who  informed  him  at  the  same  time  of  the  hazard  he 
must  incur  in  accepting  it.  But  Newport  was  a  vain  man,  and  confi- 
dently  expected  cither  to  dazzle  the  emperor  with  his  ostentation,  or 
overcome  him  with  his  bounty,  so  as  to  gain  any  request  he  might 
make.  The  event  unluckily  proved  otherwise.'  Powhatan,  after 
coolly  selecting  such  of  Newport's  goods  as  he  liked  best,  valued  his 
own  corn  at  such  a  rate,  that  Smith  says  it  might  as  well  have  been 
I)urchased  in  old  Spain;  they  reoeived^carcely  four  bushels  where 
they  had  counted  upon  twenty  hogsheads. 


*  A  Powhatan  term  of  general  signification,  answering  to  the  INorthern 
bachem,  tlie  Basheba  of  Maine,  and  the  Eaglish  Chief. 


pl^' 


mmm 


3  the  INorthem 


INDIAN   BfOGRAPHY.—roWHATAN."  '         93 

It  was  now  Smith's  turn  to  try  his  skill-  nnr)  h^        i    i.- 
ment,  jnore  wisely  than  his  coj^^^^^^^^^^^ 
p  ror,  but  upon  his  simnli'-itv      Ho  tZ.].     7     •      ^'^^'^^'^y  O'  the  em- 
as  it  were  aLidentall^m  ^confrivS?  bv  Xn"""'  "^P  '^".^  ^^^^aws, 
in  the  hVht,  to  show{LJr^ertiv\^nf.^^^       ^ ^^f 
/ore  Powhatan  fixed  his  ob.sorvina  eve  unon  1  .trin„?r.   m  •     "°  ^^• 
beads.     Presently  he  became  imrfort^LteTobt  Kel  't uTs  ''^^ 
was  very  unwillmg  to  part  wifh'these  precious  Terns Mhev,."''^ 
he  observed,  composed  of  a  most  rare  substance  oTtL  2.  ^''f  ?' 
skies,  and  fit  to  be  worn  only  bv  the  or^aw  i  ,     ^°'^^  "^  the 

savage  grew  more  and  ZVZr^"t!ZTL^uf  ^"  ^^^  T'^'    '^^^^ 
a  bargain  was  struck  to  tho  nn  i?w    \   I     ■       •'^''''^'''  ^^  ^^at  finally 

pound  or  two  of  bln*^  bnifl^       a     •     1    "'""'*-y  ousnels  ot  corn  lor  a 

after  effected  ^n!1:i^J^:.no:.T:^:S'"'''"  T  ""'"^^'^^^'^^ 
with  a  quantity  of  his  invaSe  tw.l  ^  ^^  "''  ''^'  ^"^^^^ed 
price;  and  th.s  tho  b  .^d  g^  w  L^  sue  7o'/-  "T  ""'^'-^  '^'-  ''"^' 
dians  far  and  near,  tha    none  bu    tho       "' ™^^'«"  «'™"g  the  In- 

-osa„,  hildren,dar:dtoTe  Itj^S^T'""'  ^'^^'^ 
penal  symbols  of  enormous  value  °  "^  '"'y  '^'^'"^  ""• 

lie  should  domineer  o  -er  tl  o  le^  fort  nnt!  f        '    ''«/o'«ni«ts,  while 
liked,  on  the  other.     Vl'h  'n  Newnor    t  ft  T^  ^"d.an  tribes,  as  ho 
he  sent  him  twenty  fine  t  rJe  s  S    J''^  '^^  ™""^''y  ^^'  ^^-^"S'^nd^ 
as  many  swords,  Ihich  t Ir  t  apnHn  1  ^  '   ''^  '"  '"'"^"^  ^^^  ^^^or  of 
furnish  him.     H^  sSn.t  |v  n^   TV'''  '"'^™«iderate  enough  to 
and  when  the  l^er'^^ ^'^^ '^^  ^^^"^V^^^^nt  to  Smith,- 
offended,  and  is  said  To  hn  r  1-         n        '"  P^V^ent,  he  was  highly 
Ihey  CO  dd  iet  Sem    hv      "'''  ^"'  ''"^^^''^  ^^^  f-'''^'^  them  wherever 
checked  tllfro let  in  l^s  .;:  :f "  "'  '^  ^°'-^«-     «"^  Smitir^oon 
finding  t],at  gLi  f  cles      atrc^o     cT  i7,^'T^'  ''^"'  ^«^^'^''^^-' 
to  excuse  himself  for  the  ini  ry  Z:  »      "  ^  «^almntas  with  presents 
riors,"  and  to  desire    lane  who  V^^'^'V^^'''  ^''^'^'''^^'''y  ^^«- 
for  this  time  on  their  o.oodlJnTnm<^H  ''''''^■'r  "^'^ht  be  liberated 
and  granted  the  rc^J^irl^^^^^^t^Z^^^^f^^r^^ 
Ihe  council  were  offended  at  ^v\L  iu^  ■,       ,    ^*  Pocahontas." 

mission  for  himself  Rv  thi;  i  ^^^  I  ^°'""y'  ^"f'  ^^  new  com- 
<"xpedition,  for  lold,  al  /  tit?  S^T  rofllf  "'^'^  ^^"  ^-^-P'-"" 
and  a  barge  was  brouo-ht  out  fr()m  Shnd  t  fii  ''•"""'"'"  ^"""^^T  ^ 
over  the  ihUs,  and  thence  eon  cv  t^S  ""  ^''''^'''' *" '^^  ^'^"'^^ 


84 


EVENTS    IN    INDIAN   HISTORY. 


even  accused  of  jealousy  fowards  Newport ;  and  the  latter  defeated  all 
his  opposition,  as  he  thought,  by  undertaking  to  procwre  a  bark-load 
of  corn  from  Powhatan,  on  his  proposed  route  to  the  South  Sea,  at 
Werowoconnoco.  He  required,  however,  that  one  hundred  and  twenty 
men  should  go  with  him ;  he  put  no  confidence  in  the  friendship  of  the 
emperor  or  his  subjects. 

Smith  now  came  forward,  and  volunteered  to  carry  the  necessary 
messages  to  Powhatan  himself,  and  to  invite  him  to  visit  Jamestown, 
for  the  purpose  of  receiving  the  presents  brought  over  for  him  by 
Newport.  Among  these,  it  appears,  were  a  splendid  basin  and  ewer, 
a  bed,  bedstead,  clothes,  and  various  other  costly  novelties;  the  only 
effect  of  which  would  be,  us  Smith  alleged,  to  cause  the  emperor  to 
over-rate  the  importance  of  his  own  favor,  and  to  sell  for  gold  and  sil- 
ver alone  what  he  had  heretofore  sold  readily  for  copper  and  blue 
beads.  Another  of  the  presents  was  a  royal  crown,  sent  out  by  his 
Britannic  Majesty,  King  James  I.,  probably  under  the  expectation  of 
wheedling  Powhatan  into  submission  to  his  own  authority,  and  at  all 
events  with  orders  to  consecrate  the  "divine  right"  of  his  royal  ally 
in  Virginia  by  the  ceremonies  of  a  solemn  coronation. 

Smith  took  with  him  four  companions  only,  and  went  across  the 
woods,  by  land,  about  twelve  miles,  to  Werowocomoco.  Powhatan 
was  then  absent,  at  the  distance  of  twenty  or  thirty  miles.  Pocahon- 
tas immediately  sent  ibr  him,  and  meanwhile  she  and  her  women  en- 
tertained their  visiter  m  a  style  too  remarkable  to  be  passed  by  with- 
out notice,  A  fire  was  made  in  a  [)]ain  of)en  field,  and  Smith  was 
seated  before  it  on  a  mat,  with  his  men  about  him.  Suddenly  such  a 
hideous  noise  was  heard  in  the  woods  near  by,  that  the  strangers  be- 
took themselves  hastily  to  their  arms,  and  even  seized  upon  two  or 
three  old  Indians  who  were  standing  near,  under  the  apprehension 
that  Powhatan  with  all  his  forces  was  come  upon  them  by  surprise. 
But  Pocahontas  soon  made  her  appearance ;  and  a  little  explanation 
convinced  the  captain  that,  however  she  might  succeed  or  fail,  her 
only  intention  was  to  gratify  and  honor  him.  He  mingled  fearlessly 
therefore  with  the  Indian  men,  women  and  children,  already  assembled 
as  spectators,  and  the  ceremonies  went  on. 

"Then  presently  they  were  presented  with  this  anticke,  Thirtie 
young  women  came  naked  out  of  the  woods,  only  covered  behind  and 
before  with  a  few  greenc  leaves ;  their  bodies  all  paynted,  some  of  one 
colour,  and  some  of  another,  but  all  dift'cring.  Their  leader  had  a 
fayre  payre  of  Buck's  homes  on  her  head,  and  an  otter's  skinne  at 
her  girdle,  another  at  her  arme,  a  quiuer  of  arrows  at  her  backe,  a 
bow  and  arrowes  in  her  hand.  The  nrxt  had  in  her  hand  a  sword, 
another  a  club,  another  a  pot-sticke,  all  horned  alike;  the  rest  euery 
one  with  their  severall  devices.  Thest  fiends,  with  most  hellish  shouts, 
and  cryes,  rushing  from  among  the  trees,  caste  themselves  in  a  ring 
about  the  fire,  singing  and  dauncing  with  the  most  excellent  ill  varietie, 
oft  falling  into  their  infernall  passions,  and  solemnly  again  to  sing  and 
daunce.  Having  spent  neer  an  hour  in  this  mascarado,  as  they 
entred,  in  like  manner  they  departed." 


INDIAN  BI06HAPHV POWHATaN.  95 

*♦  Having  reaccommodated  themselves,  they  solemnly  invited  him 
to  their  lodg.ngs,  where  he  was  no  sooner  ^vmTZloZtut2 
these  nyniphs  more  tormented  him  than  euer,  with  crowlrpressi^ 
and  hangm^r  about  him,  most  tediously  crying,  W^u  not  mo? 
Loue  you  not  me?  This  salutation  ended,' the Teastwas^et  TonsTt 
mg  of  all  the  salvage  dainties  they  could  deuise;  some  aTen^  otherl 

Powhatan  arrived  on  the  followincr  dav  nnd  Rnuih  ,i„r        j  .  • 
message,  desirii.g  him  to  visit  -  his  lUther^''  Newnn  f  ..  t"".^  ^'' 
for  the  purpose  oT  receiving  the  nt  ly  an  'ved  pr  sS  andTn   ''"' 
corting  a  campaign  m  con"mon  against    he  Monrcans      Tht    T.'?" 

3de;sr  "ii?^i~r  ''\  ^^=^^  ^^^ 

w.-tl.  „..«  /  "  7'^"^  ^"ig  hiis  sent  mo  presents."  said  hr. 

uTon  .eneral  and'  TV^'  ^™""^''     ^^^^^'^  «°^^«  ^-'"'her  discour^ 
Etef    H  complimentary  sub  ects.  Smith  returned  with  hj 

aiiswer.     His  servant,  Namontack,  who  had  been  to  England  w^h 
Newport,  was  given  back  to  him  upon  this  occasion.  ^  ^' 

Ihe  presents  were  sent  round  to  Werowocomoco,  by  water-  inJ 
he  two  captains  went  by  land,  with  a  guard  of  My  ri     'fhe'  par 
t  OS  here  agreed  upon  the  next  clay  fo?  the  coronation;  and  at  Et" 

Irhll         f    ^,'"'^  °'^'^'  ^I'P^^'^^  P"^  «"  tJ^«  «"^P"-or,  though  S 
much  ado,  and  only  m  consequence  of  Namontack's  earnest  assurance 
«  at   hey  would  not  injure  him.     As  for  kneeling  to  receive  the  crowr 
^hu.h  was  requested  of  him,  he  entirely  exhausfed  the  pitience TflS 
visiters  by  his  resistance.     They  gained  their  point  in  the  end  by  stra 
tagem.     One  leaned  hard  upon  his  shoulders,  so  as  to  causrWrn  to" 
s  OOP  a  ittle  and  three  more  stood  ready  to  fix  the  royal  "ewiaw  ori 
his  head;  whereupon,  at  the  discharge  ol' a  pistol,  the  guo^-d  S  nre 
pared  with  such  a  volley  of  musketry  as  a  salute,  th^t  the  empeiw 

itTtill'r"''-^''  ''  ^'t^  'T'"^  "P'  ^^  S-^^h'says,  in  a  horSe 
teai,  till  he  .aw  all  was  well.  Soon  recovering  J^ls  composure  ho 
generously  gave  his  old  shoes  and  mantle  to  Newport  Tacknow 
l^igment  of  his  courtesy.  But  perceiving  that  the  main  ob^  of  Zt' 
gentleman  was  to  discover  the  Monacans:  he  labored  to  diver  h  s  re 
solution  and  absolutely  refused  to  lend  any  of  his  own  mere^eptil" 
Namontack.     Every  thing  was  suid  and  done  civilly,  hTever ;  S 


99 


BVBITTB    IN    INniAN   HISTORY. 


before  leaving,  Newport  was  presented  with  a  heap  of  corn-ears  vo  . 
the  amount  of  seven  or  eight  bushels,  in  farther  return  for  his  polite- 
ness and  his  presents. 

For  some  time  after  thip,  little  was  heard  of  Powhatan  except  occa- 
sionally through  the  medium  of  some  of  his  tribes,  who  are  said  to 
have  refused  trading  with  the  English  in  consequence  of  his  orders  to 
that  effect.  He  had  become  jealous  of  them,  it  would  seem;  and 
Smith,  on  the  other  hand,  reciprocated  so  much  of  his  ill  humor,  that 
he  at  one  time  thought  of  falling  upon  him  by  surprise,  and  taking 
away  all  his  stores.  But  appearances  were  still  kept  up  on  both  sides; 
and  in  December,  (1608)  the  emperor  invited  the  captain  to  visit  him 
— he  wanted  his  assistance  in  building  a  house,  and  if  he  would  bring 
with  him  a  grindstone,  fifty  swords,  a  few  muskets,  a  cock  and  a  hen, 
with  a  quantity  of  beads  and  copper,  he  might  depend  upon  getting 
a  ship  load  of  corn.  Smith,  always  ready  for  an  adventure,  accepted 
the  invitation,  and  set  off  with  a  pinnace  and  two  barges,  manned  by 
forty-six  volunteers.  The  expedition  was  considered  so  hazardous 
that  many  excused  themselves  from  going,  after  having  engaged  to 
do  so;  though  all  knew  that  if  any  thing  was  to  be  had,  Smith  was 
not  the  man  to  return  disappointed. 

Commencing  this  voyage  on  the  29th  of  the  month,  with  victualling 
for  three  or  four  days,  he  lodged  the  first  night  at  Warrasqueake. 
The  chief  sachem  at  this  place,  being  friendly,  did  all  in  his  power  to 
dissuade  the  captain  from  pursuing  his  journey.  "  Powhatan  will  use 
you  kindly,"  said  he,  "  but  he  has  ?cnt  for  you  only  to  cut  your  throat. 
Trust  him  not,  and  give  him  no  opportunity  to  seize  upon  your  arms." 
The  next  night  and  several  more  were  passed  at  Kekoughtan,  where 
the  English  were  detained  by  a  severe  storm,  but  found  merry  cheer 
and  good  fires.  The  colonists  who  were  in  the  habit  of  travelling 
with  Smith  hrd  learned  hardihood.  "  They  were  not  curious  in  any 
weather,  (he  informs  us,)  to  lye  three  or  foure  nights  together  vnder 
the  trees."  They  liked  hunthig  too  as  thoy  marched,  and  here  was 
a  fine  opportunity;  "an  hundred  fortie-eight  foules,  the  President, 
Anthony  Bagnall,  and  Serieant  Pising  did  kill  in  th.ee  shoots."  It 
was  the  12th  of  January  when  they  reached  Werowocomoco. 

They  went  ashore,  quartered  without  much  ceremony  at  the  first 
house  they  found,  and  sent  to  Powhatan  for  a  supr  of  provisions. 
They  were  promptly  furnished  with  plenty  of  bread,  .  enison  and  tur- 
keys. Their  liberal  host  feasted  them  again  the  next  day;  but  not 
without  inquiring,  at  the  close  of  the  entertainment,  when  they  pro- 
posed to  go  home,  insinuating  that  the  pleasure  of  their  company  was 
"rvhoUy  unexpected,  and  that  he  and  his  people  had  very  little  corn — 
though  for  forty  swords  he  thought  forty  baskets  might  be  collected. 
In  reply.  Smith  asked  if  he  had  forgotten  his  own  invitation  thus  sud- 
denly ;  and  then  produced  the  messengers  who  had  carried  it,  and  who 
happened  to  be  near  at  hand.  The  emperor  affected  to  regard  the 
affair  as  a  mere  joke,  and  laughed  heartily.  Smith  then  proposed 
trade;  but  Powhatan  would  take  nothing  but  guns  and  swords,  and 
valued  a  basket  of  corn  higher  than  a  basket  of  copper.    The  captain 


«-|      ^iMi 


^^m 


INDIAN  BIOGRAPHY.— POWHATAN.  Q? 

^ceable  expedients  for  relieving  his  own  wants  and  the  need  of  the 
Powhatan  listeiied  to  this  declaration  with  cool  gravity  and  renlied 

doubts  as  to  your  ohirvt  In  ih7  ■  •/  t  ^'^P^^'"  ^"I'th,  I  have  some 
conquer  moreTano  ad  ITat"  a,  T  'f^^^'^'^/hat  you  wish  to 
•nusl  be  afraid  to  come  i^  Vm.  w'  h  Lircon^"  """  "^  ^^''J^'^ 
anned  and  with  such  a  rotin  1  ^     '  '"''  '''"°  ^"^  >'°"  8° 

Here  they  are  needle         We  l""'  .,,^/  "r^"  ^^^  ^^''^P^"^'  ^hcn. 

the  sameTr  my  s  ^ee;so^^s      Now  ir  '^"''''^  ^'1^  T^''  ^"^  ^  ^^^^^ 
all  hands  make^me  uSsv      ^Zl  "'''"'"'"  ^^'''^'  '""^'^  "^^  °" 

Sml^wrc"rcSaSiotr„r"""''-.."''  T-  -sain  flocked  abcm 
lie  himself  sen    S  ,  V  71"  '."""S  *''''^''  ''»<'  happened;  and 


EVENTS    IN   INDIAN   HISTORY. 

aboard  tho  boat ;  and  the  Indians  even  offered  their  services  to  guard 
the  arms  of  the  Enfrlislj,  while  they  were  talking  care  of  the  provisions. 
This  favor  was  declined ;  but  as  the  English  were  still  under  the  ne- 
cessity of  wailing  for  the  tide  of  tho  next  morning,  no  pains  were 
spared  to  entertain  them  with  feasts  and  sports  meanwhile.  Smith 
supposes  that  the  sachem  was^U  this  time  preparing  his  forces  for 
surprising  them  at  supper.  IW  probably  conjectured  right ;  and  but 
for  Pocahontas  there  is  reason  to  believe  that  this  game  would  actually 
Jiave  succeeded.  The  kind-hearted  princess  came  to  Smith's  quarters 
in  the  woods,  alone  and  in  tho  evening,  and  earnestly  advised  him  by 
all  means  to  leave  her  father's  territories  as  soon  as  possible.  The 
latter  was  collecting  all  his  power,  she  said,  to  make  an  assault  upon 
him,  unless  those  who  were  sent  with  his  supper  should  themselves 
succeed  in  despatching  him. 

In  less  than  an  hour  afterwards  came  eight  or  ten  lusty  fellows, 
with  great  platters  of  venison  and  other  victuals,  who  were  importu- 
nate that  the  English  should  extinguish  their  matches,  the  smoke  of 
wliich  they  affijcted  to  think  very  disagreeable.  Tlie  captain,  without 
noticing  this  circumstance,  made  them  taste  every  dish,  and  then  sent 
sonic  of  them  back  to  tell  Powhatan  that  tlu;  English  were  ready  t(; 
see  him ;  as  for  themselves,  he  understood  their  villany,  but  they  should 
go  free.  Other  messengers  came  in  soon  after,  at  intervals,  to  learn 
how  matters  went  on.  The  night  was  spent  without  sleep  on  either 
side.  Each  party  watched  the  movements  of  the  other  with  vigilant 
yes,  while  both  were  subtile  and  civil  enough  still  to  affect  friendship. 
At  high  water  Smith  went  olFwith  his  company,  leaving  with  the  em- 
jjcror,  at  his  own  request,  an  Englishman  to  kill  game  for  him,  and 
two  or  three  of  the  Germans  to  assist  him  in  building  a  house. 

But  the  game  was  not  yet  over.  He  had  no  sooner  set  sail  for 
Pamunkey,  than  the  emperor  despatched  a  deputation  across  the 
woods  to  Jamestown,  to  take  advantage  of  his  absence  for  buying  up 
a  quantity  of  ammunition  and  arms.  On  arriving,  these  messengers 
told  Captain  Winne,  the  temporary  commander  of  the  colony,  "that 
their  comming  was  for  some  extraordinary  tooles  and  shift  of  appa- 
rell ;  by  which  colorable  excuse  they  obtained  sixe  or  seven  more  (of 
the  colonists)  to  their  confedcracie,  such  expert  theeues,  that  presently 
iiirnished  them  with  a  great  many  swords,  pike-heads,  peeces,  shot, 
powder  and  such  like."  Indians  enough  were  at  hand  to  carry  away 
the  articles  as  soon  as  obtained ;  and  the  next  day  the  deputation 
returned  home  unsuspected,  after  making  an  agreement  for  the  ser- 
vices of  such  traitorous  vagabonds  as  were  willing  to  desert  from  the 
colony.  One  or  two  of  those  who  had  deserted  already  had  provided 
Powhatan  with  as  many  as  three  hundred  hatchets,  fifty  swords,  eight 
"pieces,"  and  eight  pikes. 

Meanwhile  Smith  had  arrived  at  Pamunkey,  and  here  Opechan- 
canough  was  entertaining  him  with  all  manner  of  feasting  and 
mirth.  On  the  day  agreed  upon  between  the  parties  for  commencing 
trade,  the  captain,  with  fifteen  of  his  men,  went  up  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
from  the  river  to  the  sachem's  house,  the  appointed  rendezvous.     He 


INDIAN   BIOCHAPHY.—POWHATAN.  gg 

h^^fj"?  person  there,  excepting  a  lamo  man  and  a  boy.     The  other 
houses  m  the  village  were  entirely  abandoned.     Presently,  however 
came  tne  sachem,  followed  by  many  of  his  subjects,  weH  .  rmed  S 

^Tuf^  i    ••     "'S  ""'"^  V^ovoked,  and  remonstrated  as  ho  Jmd  dor»o 
vith  Powhatan      Upon  this,  the  «ichcm  sold  what  prov  2>n  was  S 
hand  and  promised  to  give  better  satisfaction  the  nex^daT 

ihen,  accordingly,  Smith  made  his  ai)pearancc  nrmin      h.  r       , 
four  or  five  men  at  the  house  with  great  LLl'trbuSier  witj^nv 
thing  m  thorn  docs  not  appear.     Opechancanough  h  nsc.l'ri    1^ 
soon  allcr,  and  commenced  a  cheerlul  convcr^-ifiV.,,   !>«i       • 
cularly  upon  the  pains  he  had  taken       kec^Tstomise    Tf  ^'T 

.0.  tl.n  se.n  ^uf  d  t^^^^^  with 

chancanough  enjoyed  their  up-;"  But  Sn.iH  '"^  P^^'-'^-'vc  that  Ope- 
niont.  "  My  worthy  counlrvmnn  »  *  •  1  .  /  ''  '^^^  """'^  "*  *''«  ^^'«- 
''  Had  I  no  more  t^S  ! ;^  'n^  ^^il^!"  ^^  his  tn.mbling  cumrude., 
.should  bo  willina  to  mcft  tw  l  J.  '  ^^'^"/^«'«  these  enemies,  1 

But  what  cour.s°slirb:  uS^  I  TeXin'^r  tf^''  ^^'^^  "'^•• 
the  kmg,  we  shall  have  more  tlum  1  h-fnd  n7  ^*^''"' ^^.^  ««'^« 
defend  ourselves.     If  we  kill  thom      I  ^°  '''"'^P  ^""  ^nd 

their  provisions.  As  foi-  tl  eir  tv-  tiS  .."'T'  '''^^■""  ^'^''  ^""'  «i" 
hension.  You  know  I  aveTo.v  ^,'  ''  '''"  ^""'^  ^'^"^■l^'^'  «'"  ^PPre- 
of  them  alone.  Whte  a  "  s  v^  "^  T'^"^  '^  '''  '''«''^'  ^'»"^'r«d 
If  you  dare  stand  but'to'fi:";^^^^;:'^^  ^"'"i  ^'"t^^'' 
enough  for  them.  But  at  all  cvems  I  ?.  f-  ^.T  ^"^  ""'''"'  ^''"  '^' 
like  sheep.     Firot,  however   IrMn  ■        ^''^  ''''^  '"^"'  ^"'^  ""^  ^lie 

and  so  .vl  shall  have^::^^^!!^  t  KT^  ^^ -"'^^ons  to  them, 
ting  of  no  argument,  the  ro.nnnn,.  1  i  ,*  .  ""  o^t;asion  admit- 
-condhiinin  whate:;;tS;;;i:;:2irl::^f  ^^--'-s  promptly  to 

)ne,  but  I  fear  you  no       A    '    t  iS  ^^"  "'"  P'""^"^'  ^«  '«"'*d''^'- 

much  harm.  Now,  thercf^ro  '  I  "  ^""'  "'^"  "°'' '"'"«  '^'^^^^  ^^one 
mine-my  body  shal  be  a^n  ll  'i  ^""'"  "'''''r'''  ^°"  «^'^  ^'^''^  ^«-- 
a  fit  plac Jfor  a^  combat  nnd  tl t  .  ''  ^""^'^--fJ^^  ^^'-"^  in  the  river  is 
oi-  all.     If  you  Ime  noVnon    n  '''TT'  "^  '''  '''''  ^'>^'"  '^  "^^"^^ter 

con.  and  against  thit  I  ^HUtSllfv  E^:;  ^^  ^^^^  ^^'^  ^^• 

'lohim  the  hLr  to  a™^^^  ^^^Sgod  that  the  captain  would 

ofTering,)  which  wa  read?  for  Ih'H.rj"" '',('!{  "f^  ''  l^^^^^ 
object  of  this  su-n-cstion  wn.  .  ,ml  ?  .  "°'  ""^  ^'^^  ''0"^«'  The 
or  fifty  Indians-c^^    at    :  thf  ^^.tToT ''  '"  'f ''^"I  -^'^^  '^''^ 

^-,"  us  Smith  calls  it,  at  ti^  ^oo:f:i^^^^,;:::^i::z 


no 


EVBNTa   IX   INDIAN    HISTORr. 


by  about  two  hundred  innn,  nnd  thirty  more  were  stationed  behind  a 
largo  tree  which  lay  lenfjthwiso  athwart  the  passagr-way,  with  their 
arrows  ready  notclied.  It  was  now  Smith'.H  turn  to  make  a  niov(!nw!nt. 
He  seized  the  saclieuj  in  tho  inuist  of  his  Mlinue,  l)y  his  long  locks, 
j)rc9cnting  a  pistol  i-eady-cockcd  at  his  bosom ;  and  in  thiji  position  letl 
him  out  trcnil)linu;  with  tcMTor,  anif>iig  the  multitude  who  surroimded 
th<!  house.  H(!  iuiMiediately  gave  up  his  vamhrarc,  how  and  arrows, 
and  his  frii^htened  subjects  hastened  to  follow  his  exatnpl(^ 

"  I  porceive,  ye  I'amunkies" — shouted  the  captain  at  this  moment, 
Htill  holding  on  by  the  sachem's  hair — "  I  perceive  how  t'ag(>r  ye  an; 
to  kill  me.  My  own  long-sutl(M'ing  is  the  caiise  of  your  insolence. 
Now  shoot  hut  one  arrow  to  slictl  oik^  drop  of  blood  ii)r  one  of  thest; 
men,  or  steal  hut  the  least  of  tli(\se  beads,  and  ye  shall  not  hear  the 
last  of  mo  so  long  as  a  Pamunkey  remains  alive  who  will  not  deny 
tlu!  Uiune.  I  am  not  now  in  tli(!  mire  of  a  swamp,  ye  perceive.  Shoot 
then,  if  ye  dare.  Hut  at  all  hazards  ye  shall  load  my  boat  with  your 
corn,  or  1  will  load  her  with  your  carcasses.  Still,  unless  you  give 
mo  the  (irst  occasion,  w(>  may  hr.  friends,  and  your  king  may  go  free. 
I  have  no  wish  to  harm  him  or  you." 

This  speech  had  its  (>lKH:t.  The  savages  laid  aside  their  arms,  and 
!)rought  in  theiricommoditi(?s  for  trade  in  such  abundance,  that  the 
I'jnglish  at  length  became  absolutely  vv(\ary  of  receiving  them.  Once 
indeed,  in  the  coursci  ol'the  day,  some  l()riy  or  lilly  stout  (Iillowa  made 
a  violent  rush  into  the  house  when  Smith  waa  asletsp,  and  some  two 
hundred  more  tblloweil  close  after  th(>m;  but  by  Smith's  usual  activity 
they  wen;  soon  driven  back,  and  then  the  sacbem  sent  some  of  his 
ancients,  or  counsellors,  to  excuse  the  intrusion.  Tho  rest  of  tho  day 
])assed  in  harmony,  and  towards  night  the  captain  began  his  nUurn 
voyage  down  the  riven*,  leaving  the  sachem  at  libcsrty.  Various  at- 
tempts were  made  to  suri)rise  him  on  the  route,  and  he  was  at  one 
time  near  being  poisoned  to  death  in  liis  food.  On  the  other  hand, 
Smith  was  determined  not  to  go  home  without  his  revenge  upon  I'ow- 
liatan.  i  le  returned  by  way  of  VVerowocomoco  for  him ;  but  he  tbund, 
when  he  reached  tlint  village,  that  the  traitorous  Germans  had  caused 
the  einperor  to  abandon  his  new  house,  and  carry  otl"  all  his  family 
and  provision.  Those  of  tho  Powhatans  who  remained,  treated  the 
English  so  indifrorently,  that  tho  latter  had  much  ado  to  escape  with 
their  lives.  They  finally  reached  Jamestown  after  an  absence  of  six 
weeks,  with  a  cargo  of  lour  hundred  and  seventy-nine  bushels  of  corn 
and  two  hundred  pounds  of  deer-suet,  that  entire  amount' having  Ikcu 
purchased  for  twenty-live  pounds  of  copper  and  fifty  pounds  of  iron 
and  beads. 


m 


•mrnimmm 


mmmmfim 


INDIAN    OIOORAPHY. — POWHATAN. 


01 


a  niov(!nw!nt. 


CHAPTER  VI.  ' 

each  cithor  u,.ou  i^\    l^J,:":^'"''^^^^^^^^  "'!''  '-''^J  with 
to  i.ni.ris  the  ,sav,i.^,  si  ,     ir   V  :7       '"'•^'""'''-'."'cuJciits  which  went 

orthe.r.  was  disci uu "e     to  ,  .  I  ?    .'•'  r"'  ^M-preheud.-d.     Ono 

-us  in.prisone;r  V  h7^    .S    ^:;r  '  ^   '''  f^'^^  "'"'  ""^  «^'-'- 
1.0  successful  in  his  s<v  -H   vv    .in  "  ""'f''  ''»« '^'''n'T  shouhl 

Actuals,  and  charcoal  il.h  re     r.H^'^''''  ^"''^\'  '^"'"'^''^'l  I'i'n  with 
.iischarf^ed  retunu'l  wi^       '  •,!      >c  evening,  the  n.an  who  had  been 


«H)al.       Those  who  ,-nrn,"'         I        "^    "  uuiiKTeU  With    thO    Smok 

;>tiu.n.o!:r?^:l:;^[r;:.:;e;ni^^  -t,. 

'"ttc^r  aoonies  that  the  Presicl^rU /«  >;  m"  !  :^"^'  r^''^^^"'?''  "'*«  «"<^h 


''ittc^r  aoonies  that   1     p;3  u   S  „iU       !'  "'•'    r'^"  ^Tl''  "'**^  ^•-'' 
i.e  would  steale  no  luore  he  w    d  S^^^        '1  "^'t  nm  told  hin,  that  if 

'-t  he  little  thouglU  he  ^oldTh^^:^  ^t^^^^^^^ 
with  aqua  vita  and  vin-.-oar  it  nleasrvl  i'n  l  .  .       '.''•"'°  °"''  ^'^^^ 

life,  hut  so  driuike  and  .un^  d  te    ,1,^  ho  ^^^^^^ ''»"  "guine  to 

as  nn.ch  toruK.nted  and  '!   eu^d   1  c  ot  n^^^^^^  '^''  ^^'^'"^^ 

Of  this  nniladie,  vpon  nrC  niso  of  t  ho  '  T,  f """  ^°  '^"^  ^""^  ^««d. 
promised  to  recover  hi,      Zun  f?'-'*  l>«l>aviour,  tlie  President 

-sloe,.,  who  in  ^\^J^t:^::Z^ ^^^^  '^y^'  ^V  tiiro  to 
lo'.;t  senses,  and  then  bein.?drel  ed  of  hi'?  ^  recovered  his  per- 
"f  copper  tfiven  then,  thov  wnnt  '".'■"'"^''  '''"'^  ^•'^c'»  a  piece 

aprXnong  allThe'sXTrr^^^^^^^^  'S'^^-\'^'™ 

make  a  man  alive  that  was  dead  »  '  ^    ""  ^""'^'^  ^^"^"^ 

things,  obtaLd  posse  ion  of  iV;^2Z.  ^"«^^'^^«^•"^l  -'-«  other 
as  Smith  calls  it  of  an  armour  Th^°  ^""-Powcler  and  the  backe, 
to  Werowocomo^o,  determined  to  dlnr°T"'  ^''''^"'  °"  ^'^  ^^turn 
wondering  countrymen?  amf  at  tt  '?  '^''''''  P''"'°"«  P"^««  '^  hi« 
traordina^y  skill  in  the  maLlemen  tof't  o"'  '^T^^'  ^^'  ^''^  -'^' 
dryingthepowderuponthe  aCur  as^T'l  ^^'  '^u"'"^"^«  ^^S'-^" 


i    1 


»3 


EVENTS    IN    INDIAN    III8T0BY. 


place,  which  blew  up  the  proprietor,  together  with  one  or  two  of  tlje 
8[)cctutors  who  were  peeping  over  his  ahouldors.  Several  others  were 
badly  scorched,  and  all  horribly  frightened;  and  for  sotne  time  after 
powder  fell  into  a  general  disuse  with  the  savages,  much  to  the  bcnefrt 
of  the  English. 

These  and  oth(!r  similar  accidents,  we  are  told,  so  affriirhted  Pow- 
hatan arid  his  people,  that  they  (rame  in  from  every  (piarter  with  prof- 
fers of  p(!aco.  (Several  stolen  articles  were  returned,  the;  loss  of  whieh 
had  never  Ixiforc  bf:on  discovered;  and  whenever  an  Indian  was  con- 
victed of  theft,  wherever  hn  might  be  found,  ho  was  prom|)tly  sent  in 
to  Jamestown  for  his  punishment.  Not  long  afh'rwards  we  find  that 
"  so  affraid(;  was  al  those  kings  and  th(5  Ixitter  sort  of  \hv.  ])eople  to 
displease  vs  (tlio  colonists),  that  some  of  the  baser  sort  that  we  haue 
extreainely  liiii't  and  punished  for  their  vilianies,  would  bin!  vs  wo 
should  not  tell  it  to  their  kings  or  countrymen,  who  would  also  punish 
them,  and  yet  refiirne  them  to  lames-Toune  to  content  the  I'resident, 
for  a  testimony  of  their  loues." 

Still,  the  prowess  and  fhe  name  of  Smith  himself  were  the  best 
preservatives  of  peace;  and  he  had  scarcely  left  the  country  lor  Eng- 
lanil  when  matters  relapsed  into  their  worst  slate.  About  thirty  oi' 
the  English  were  cut  off  by  Powhatan's  men  at  one  time;  and  of  n 
population  of  six  hundred  left  in  the  colony  at  Smith's  departure,  there 
remained  at  the  end  of  six  months  only  sixty  men,  women  and  chil- 
dren. These  were  subsisted  chiefly  upon  roots,  herbs,  acorns',  wal- 
nuts, berries,  and  nov,-  and  then  a  little  iish.  The  skins  of  horses, 
and  even  consideral?le  quantities  of  starch,  were  used  for  (J)O(l.  Others 
went  so  liir  as  to  disinter  and  devour  the  body  of  an  Indian  who  had 
been  slain  and  buried.  One  man  killed  his  wife,  "  powdered  her," 
and  had  eaten  a  part  uf  her  belore  it  was  known.  The  poor  wretch 
was  hanged  for  his  horrible  deed  of  despair. 

Peace  was  finally  cftlicted  with  Powhatan  through  tlie  intervention, 
or  rather  by  the;  mere  medium  of  Pocahontas,  in  the  following  man- 
ner. Early  in  1618,*  two  ships  arrived  at  .famestown  with  supplies 
for  t\v)  colony.  These  being  insulHcient,  Captain  Argnll,  wlio  com- 
manded one  of  them,  was  sent  up  the  I'otoniac  river  to  trade  with  the 
natives  for  corn.  Here  Argall  formed  a  particular  accjuaintance  with 
Japazaws,  the  chief  sachem  of  the  Potomacs  or  Patawomekcs,  and 
always  a  staunch  friend  of  the  English.  He  infonned  the  captain, 
among  other  things,  that  Pocahontas  was  at  this  time  in  his  territories, 
and  not  llir  distant,  keeping  herself  in  seclusion,  and  known  only  to  a 
fcw  trusty  friends.  What  were  the  reasons  wluch  induced  her  thus 
to  forsake  Jicrfether's  dominions  for  a  foreigner's,  docs  not  appear. 
Stith  supposes  it  was  to  withdraw  herself  from  being  a  witness  of  the 
frequent  butcheries  of  the  English,  whose  folly  and  rashness,  after 
Smith's  departure,  put  it  out  of  her  power  to  save  them.     And  very 


*  This  date  is  mentioned  by  all  the  Virginiari  historians;  but  Prince,  in 
his  Annals,  says  that  tlie  voyage  took  place  a  year  afterwards.  Belknap 
(Am.  Biog.)  is  of  the  same  opinion. 


■H 


HTDIAN   BfOOHAPHT.— POWirVTAN.  0g 

ho„on.l,l.  nllmpte'      '  "^    *"'"  "-■l"'"'"''  ""'I '" »«»>eh  highly 

Plished  by  the  measure,  l^ut^^^S  ^T:^'Ull^,rr^ 
pledge  that  Pocahontas  should  not  l,o  lu  rm.dw  I  '''*"'?  ' 
were  sufficient  to  ovorcomo  his  scrunl, «      T    '""'''''"'■"'""'>' 

end  Japazaw.s,  who  had  hin.soir  seen  manv  of    hn  P      •  ,  ^"  '''?' 

with  Japazaws,  but  really  ^aj^?.  Z '    ,         ?'  "=°""^^"'nf! Il«n- 

relent,  was  unwilling  to  be  known  hv  ,!,„      ■  '  ^P"  l'"''''"P>'  '" 

-mod  in  the  plot  alaL.  h'^E,  /.  '""wtrr,,,  ,  ^1,1" ™  T" 
presence,  that  she  must  trn  with  i.;^  ♦  Vu  f  °  '^  "^'^'  '"  ^''^ 
Face  between  her  Ser^and  hi  P  v^u  '°u""-^'  ""''  ^«"^Poi.nd  u 
bitterness  of  her  sou      as  forin^nl     ''^  '"^'^^'^  '"  t^'^ 

howled  with  inconibira'^S  iSn Sat  a  S^S^n'  ^'^^^.^ '"^'^'^ 
cess  recovered  her  composure  on  findin..  hersef  treated  w^th  J  ,  ''""• 
and  while  she  turned  her  face  towards  thoTn^r  k      ,       ^  '^'"^ness  ; 

had  not  seen  since  Smith ^denarTureVwTth^l"'''^  {''^''^  «he 
fulness  at  the  prospect  of  ^{^^^'^.'''"'^'^'"Scven  like  ^hecr- 

pliant  spouse,  wZth  ir  coZ?  fi  fiL  ">rf  ^  ^"'"''^"  ^"'^  ^is 
iKick  to  their  own  wi 'wa  J^  ^"'^  ^'^^  *«>^«'  ^'""dgcd  merrily 

aespLteTlfpoltin'lttT^^^^^^^    t.^^"^  ^^^  --'^-telv 

s^tstd~£? 

...  as  mi,^  have  ^nima^I;^-;^  ^  S^^^Z^ 


u 


94 


EVENTS   IN    INDIAN   HISTORY. 


Smith  was  no  longer  in  Ihe  colony,)  and  this  perhapB  was  the  reason 
why,  much  as  the  unwolcome  news  of  his  daughter's  captivity  is  said 
to  have  troubled  him,  he  sent  no  answ^n-  to  tho  message  for  the  space 
of  three  months.  Then,  av  tlie  further  persuasion  of  the  council  of 
Jamestown,  he  liberated  and  sent  in  '^oven  of  his  EngUsh  prisoners, 
,vith  three  rusty  unserviceable  muskets,  an  axe,  a  saw,  and  one  canoe 
laden  with  corn.  They  were  instructed  to  say,  that  if  Pocahontas 
should  be  given  up,  he  would  make  satisfaction  for  all  the  injuriefe  he 
had  done, ''conclude  a  perpetual  peace,  and  send  in  a  bonus  of  five 
hundred  bushels  of  corn.  To  this  the  council  replied  that  his  daugh- 
ter, thoutih  they  would  use  her  well,  could  not  be  restored  to  him 
until  all  The  English  arms  and  captives  in  his  possession  should  be 
delivered  back  to^'the  owncrc.  They  did  not  telieve,  what  he  or  some 
of  his  men  had  asserted,  that  these  arms  had  been  lost,  or  that  the 
whites  who  ren.aincd  with  him  were  free  volunteers  in  his  service. 

This  ungracious  message  was  no  more  conciliating  than  the  former; 
nor  was  any  thing  more  seen  or  heard  of  the  emperor  until  the  spring 
of  1614,  when  a  party  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  colonists,  well  armed, 
went  up  his  own  river  Werowocomoco,  taking  Pocahontas  with  them. 
The  Powhatans  received  them  with  scornful  bravadoes,  proudly  de- 
manding the  purpose  of  this  new  invasion.  The  English  answered 
that  they  had  brought  the  emperor's  daughter,  and  that  they  expected 
the  proper  ransom  for  her,  either  peaceably  or  by  force.  The  Pow- 
iiatans  rejoined,  that  if  they  came  to  fight  they  were  welcome,  and 
should  be  treated  as  Caprain  RatclifFe*  had  been.  Upon  thit;  the 
English  said  they  would  have  a  more  civil  ansv/er  at  least,  and  forth- 
with commenced  makingrai'^ly  for  the  shore  in  their  small  boats, 
the  Indians  having  about  the  same  time  begun  to  let  fiy  their  arrows 
among  them.  They  effected  a  landing,  and  burned  and  destroyed 
ev-cry^thing  thev  could  find.  The  next  day  they  sailed  farther  up  the 
rivei-,  and  nieeting  with  a  fresh  party  of  Powliatans,  after  some  alter- 
cation and  explanation,  a  truce  was  concluded,  and  messengers  were 
])romised  to  be  sent  ufi*  for  the  emperor.  This  was  probably  a  mere 
feint.  It  was  also  stated,  that  the  English  captives  or  deserters  had 
run  off",  for  fear  of  being  hanged  by  their  countrymen.  As  for  the 
swords  and  pieces,  they  were  to  be  brought  in  the  next  day ;  but 
nothing  was  seen  of  :hem,  and  the  Engiish  proceeded  till  they  came 
to  a  residence  of  l^whatan  Ccalled  Mtvtchot),  where  were  collected 
about  four  aundred  of  his  warriors,  well  armed.  These  men  cha'  ■ 
Icnsed  the  English  to  land,  o.nd  when  tboy  did  so,  walked  boldly  up 
and  down  among  them,  demanded  a  conference  with  their  -aptain, 
and  said  that  unless  time  should  be  allowed  them  to  send  anrl  receive 
directions  from  Powhatan,  they  would  fight  tor  their  own  as  well  as 
they  were  able.  Other  bravadoes  passed  between  the  parties,  but  a 
truce  was  finally  agreed  upon  until  noon  of  the  next  day.  Mean- 
while, two  of  the  brothers  of  Pocahontas,  of  whom  this  is  the  first 

*  Massacred  with  the  thirty  colonists   mentioned  previously  in  this 
chapter.    He  wzs  otherwise  caLed  Sicklemore. 


!se  men  cha'  ■ 


viously  in  this 


INDIAN   BIOGRAPHY.— POWHATAN.  g^ 

been  a„  a,5em  altactotHrior  ™  7h°"'l  '"Tl''*-"' '"" 
"or,  pleased  Powhatan  so  much  Th«  witKfn  T  °^  "H^  "°"«- 
-S'l  he  sent  in  one  of  his  Ta,  ^WiU  T-,''"^'  ''''^''  K"'*', 

wit.  two  of  his  sons,  to  sc^L  'rL  i"r'^ 

manner  of  tlie  marriaoo    nnrf  in    i„-       u    authority  just  cited)  the 

-iuested  fo.thecon™^tir'hlof  r^^  ep'^S'^ 

took  place  about  the  lirst  of  Anri I    nn.i  f      '^f  P""cs.     The  ceremony 

"f  the  emperor,  which  1  Lpei^d  '  .Tms  Th  ^""^  '"f""^''  '^'  ^eath 
were  uniformly  preserve/Sfhims  Kd  wl^         ^'l^  ^•^''^^-- 
There  are  too  mnnv  rr,n^-,r...  1 1  "'^^  subjects. 

celebrated  chietir^^W  t"o  Tanv  ro^^'^T  '"  ''''  ^'^^^^'^  ^^  ^^^i* 
to  be  passed  over  with  a  mor  ^L ^^oS^^^^  ^Slf  "  ^^«  ^h^-^-' 
other  comment,  it  m.-.v  be  nronnv  tn  L  "'  P^^^'o^s  to  any 

him.  which  belono-  mther  tST  ..  ''T  '=^''^""  ^^«*«  respecting 

class.  In  the  cas"^  .^ftl  g^a  ".enTwel?:  %''^'  ^^aracListi? 
who  are  not  great,  there  is  a  Zodch.^np}  '  ""^  ""^"^  "^^^^  '««« 
gathered,  whfch  nay  be  LLSLf w  1,T  K™^''""-^^"^''^"^  ^o  b- 
Powhatan  was  both  a  -rea    and  n  L  -  "^^  '^"'''''^  iniportam. 

the  rude  circumstances^^SL  whfch  ho  n,^"".  k""^  '/  '^^"^e,  and 
made  himcolf  the  other,  sSd  onlv  Inr^''  himself  the  one,  and 
object  of  popular  admi;atit":iro'?p2:;^^  «^=-^'^^  - 

talfr^S^^p^i^^^^^^tiJlf  ~^^  -  a 

gray,  his 'beard  thin  a^tlmi  of  the  In^  """^T'  ^''  ^''^^  ^'^ghtly 
very  able  and  hardy  U^t  ^fdr    ^uy^^^^^^^^^^^  -^  ^^ofa 

be  about  sixty  years  of  aoo  when  tho  fL  .  i.  V  .  ^  ^"^  appeared  to 
he  was  probably  about  seventy  at  it  f^'f '^'^Jj^^t  saw  him,  in  1607, 
little  wiih  public  affi-i;  cUir^^  h L  . '  von  ^"  '^''"^'''^  ^^'^^^^^ ^ut 
t  emchiefiy  toOpechancanoVra  tisSo^r^^         "">'  '' 

three  orlur^'S  f  iSiS^  "  VV^ ^  ^^^^  ^^  ^^^  -  ™y  as 
for  Oropakes,  iith  thr.  view  ofTeoni.rT"'"'^'^"'^^  ''^'  abandoned 
the  colonists.  The  lutl^r  I.ec.me  '^  L  ?  ^^'''''^'^^"  ^''^^^"^'^  fro"> 
distance  of  a  mile  froi  he  vTl la^c  £ T  f  T^"'  ^^^ere,  at  the 
deposited  his  royalties  ^^^^'^i^^^s^^^  ^iSj^ 


96 


EVENTS   IN   INDIAN   HISTORY*, 


paint,  bows  and  arrows,  targets  and  clubs.  Some  of  these  thmgB 
were  reserved  for  the  time  of  his  burial,  others  were  the  resources  of 
war.  The  house  ilsell'  was  more  than  one  hundred  feet  in  length- 
one  historian  says  fifty  or  sixty  yards— an!  as  it  seems  to  have  been 
frequented  only  bv  the  Indian  i)riests,  probably  a  sacred  character 
attached  to  it  in  the  minds  (jf  the  multitude,  which  was  one  ot  the 
nuians  of  its  security.  Four  rudely-graven  images  of  wood  were 
stationed  at  the  four  corners,  one  representing  a  dragon,  the  second  a 
l)ear,  the  third  a  panther,  and  the  iburtli  a  gigantic  man,— all  made 
evil-favoredly,  as  we  are  told,  but  according  to  the  best  workmanship 

of  the  natives. 

The  state  which  Powhatan  adopted  as  emperor  appears  m  some 
decree  from  the  preceding  details  of  his  history.  He  is  said  to  have 
kept  about  his  person  from  forty  to  filly  of  the  tallest  men  in  his_  do- 
minions; which  might  be  the  case  in  war,  and  upon  occasions  of  pa- 
rade and  ceremony,  more  regularly  than  in  peaceable  and  ordinary 
times.  Every  night,  four  sentinels  were  stationed  at  the  four  corners 
of  his  dwell-ng;  and  at  each  half  hour  one  of  the  body-guard  made 
a  signal  to  the  four  sentinels.  Want  of  vigilance  on  their  part  was 
punished  with  the  most  exemplary  strictness. 

\ccording  to  the  universal  custom  of  the  North  American  natives, 
he  kept  as  many  wives  as  he  thought  proper;  and  is  represented  to 
have  taken  no  little  pleasure  in  their  society.  When  the  English  saw 
him  at  home,  reclining  on  his  couch  or  platform,  there  was  always 
one  sittin<^  at  his  head,  and  another  at  his  leet;  and  when  he  sat,  two 
of  tliem  sweated  themselves  on  either  side  of  him.  At  his  meals,  one 
of  them  brought  him  water  in  a  wooden  platter  to  wash  his  hands, 
before  and  after  eating;  and  another  attended  with  a  bunch  of  feathers 
lor  a  towel.  Some  were  the  daughters,  and  had  been  the  wives  o( 
distinguished  rivals  and  enemies,  conquered  in  battle.  When  he  be- 
(;ame*^weary  of  them,  he  transferred  them  as  presents  to  his  favorite 

warriors.  i       ..u 

A  «^eneral  proof  of  the  talents  of  Powhatan  may  be  found  la  the 
station  which  he  held,  as  well  as  the  reputation  he  enjoyed  far  and 
wide  among  his  countrvmon.     The  Indian  tribes  are  democracies. 
lie  who  rules  over  thein  must  acfiuirc  and  sustain  his  influence  by  his 
absolute  intellect  and  energy.     Friends  and  family  may  assist,  occa- 
sionally, in  procuring  rank;  but  they  will  not  secure  the  permanent 
ijossessnon  of  it.     Generally,  therefore,  the  head  sachem  may  be  looked 
upon  as  comparatively  a  model  of  those  qualities  which  Ins  country- 
men  esteem  suitable  to  that  dignity.     He  must  not  only  be  a  warrior, 
bruve,  hardy,  patient,  and  indcOitigable;  but  he  must  show  talents  for 
controlling  the  fortunes  and  commanding  the  respect  of  the  commu- 
nity which  he  governs.  •  „    •     u      u- 
But  in  this  case  there  is  better  evidence;  and  especially  in  the  ulti- 
mate extent  of  Powhatan's  government  as  compared  with  his  heredi. 
tary  dominions.     These  included  but  six  tribes  of  the  thirty  which 
were  finally  subject  to, him,  and  all  which  must  have  become  attached 
to  Ilia  rule,  in  consequence  of  the  character  maintained  and  the 


INDIAN   EIOGHAPHF.— POWHATAN. 


97 

hundred  warrio.s,  ^1^^^^::^:^^^^^':'  -''?'  ^^^^^ 

-so  desirous  of  this  cLngei^i„ot£  wo  df  of  ""''''' •     '^^^"^^  '^^''^ 

IV.  They  were  not  to  en  cr  fl.o'r  ,    f  °'  T'^  '''^''''  ^"«»iv. 
they  were  new  En^li  ]  L'n   A     'if  ^        ^^'ttlemcnts,  but  sond  word 
confounding  then,  with  L"iii  tdi^'T'"  ^™"""''  '-'"'^  ^^  l>'--ent 
^wJ  b^l!^::;;;^^-^j^^^ho  ^-f^i-ing  of  harvest,  was  to  pay 
of  hatchets.  '"*'"'"'  '"^"^'^'"S-  "'  «^f"n,  the  sanu.>  nunlber 

VI.  The  eight  cliicf  nion  were  to  ^on  .,n  .1  • 
of  being  punished  tiiomselve        itir  sal  '  ^'f^]^-^-<  on  Ibrieij, 

copper  chain,  the  picture  of  l^in.  J  a  ne'''  i,  T  "  ^"  "  '•''^''  ^'"^^^  ^^ 
counted  his  iiobleu,r-n.  "  '  ''''^  ^^"^  h'^"'^''  »*  ^t'ing  uc- 

This  treaty  was  conckided  with  a  "ennnl  .        .  •■      ^ 

ncclamatiou;andtheuoi'eoftbo     ,]^  ''  '^'*-"''  '"""'feted  bv 

himself  first  to  those  of  i  s  ow  -  e  Z  l^^'T  '  ''""'^•'''  '•^^^'^-■^-'^• 
the  wonK,>n  and  children,  a  nXut'o f  when,  w"  ^'""-'  ''^"'^  '«-^^'>'  ''^ 
them  to  understand  how  stric'tlv    1     o  .on  V  ''  ^'"''''"^-     ^^''  ^^'^^ve 

how  s.fc  they  should  then  b^  ^,n  b  SS  W '111  '^^^  '^^-f^J:^-! 
Powhatan  or  any  enemi.Mvhatso.Mjer  S  h'  t  ',  ''"?  ^^'''  ^^""'^  of 
arms  to  resist  then>.     The  n  urn"  o f  L  n  '  ' •""-  ^"'•"'■^''•'''  ^^''1, 

is  not  inserted  in  the  articl""' j^Lv-  S"^;  "  "''  "^  Z^'^^^'--'' 
hazard,  ,nv3bably.of  its  conun^Mo  hi;  :JV!-::;':„'^l'l'{f.^^^^  ^'^  he  a 


hazard,probably  of  itscc;  n:;,^  ^;^^f^  ?r;''T^^^  ' ^ 

just  concluded  an*an,icable  t,x.a1y       :£'], )  ;    t  ^f  '^'^'^  himself 
"was  ralher  for  leare  PowhaUm  and  no  ''    ''^'^,^«  «"'•  historiai,, 

would  bring  them  again  to  hS^tlcl   1^  1:^^^    "'^'  ''^'''^'^ 

00  J^SrSi:^:;^^^^  -ween  the  se. 

-n.    The  .W  4ss  -p^^^Tt^^ZEfSl-dttt 
^  *  Authorities  referred  to  in  Smith's  History,  Vol.  II. 


."■P*'!^^-"'''*;."^'"'' 


06 


KVKNT8   IN    IHDIAK   HHTORT. 


the  mountaineers.  In  the  language  of  Stith,  the  Monacans  and  the 
Mannahoacka  formed  a  confederacy  against  the  power  and  tyranny  of 
Powhatan.  Another  writer  says,  that  he  also  fought  agamst  the  fa- 
mous Massawomekes;  a  powerful  and  populous  nation,  thought  to  be 
situated  upon  a  great  salt-water,  «  which  by  all  probability  is  either 
some  part  of  Canada,  some  great  lake,  or  some  inlet  of  some  sea  that 
falleth  into  the  South  Sea."  This  is  not  a  very  definite  description, 
even  for  Smith  to  give;  but  the  Massawomekes  are  generally  under- 
stood to  have  been  no  other,  we  believe,  than  the  celebrated  Five  Na- 
tions  of  New  York.  At  all  events,  they  were  exceedingly  troublesome 
to  the  northernmost  tribes  of  P9whatan— which  might  be  a  principal 
reason  why  they  submitted  the  more  willingly  to  him.  And  thus, 
while  the  greater  part  of  his  own  empire  was  a  conquered  one,  he  was 
environed  V  foreign  enemies  in  every  direction,  including  the  civilised 
colony  on  the  sea  coast. 

As  to  his  particular  system  of  war  and  conquest,  we  are  not  mi- 
nutely informed.  Like  Indian  warfare  in  other  sections  and  times,  it 
is  said  to  have  consisted,  in  a  great  degree,  of  stratagem  andsurprisal 
rather  than  force.  In  1608,  a  rebellion,  which  arose  among  the  Pay- 
untatanks,  was  suppressed  in  the  following  manner.  They  being 
near  neighbors,  a  number  of  his  own  tribe  was  sent  into  their  villages, 
who  under  some  disguise  or  false  pretence  obtained  lodgings  over  night. 
The  several  houses  were  meanwhile  beset  with  ambuscades ;  and  at 
an  appointed  signal,  the  two  parties,  within  and  without,  commenced 
an  attack  at  the  same  moment.  Twenty-four  Payuntatanks  were 
slain,  and  their  scalps  carried  to  Powhatan,  who  kept  them  some  time 
suspended  on  a  line  between  two  trees,  as  a  trophy.  The  women  and 
children,  as  also  the  werowance  or  sachem,  were  made  prisoners,  and 
afterwards  slaves  or  servants. 

Powhatan's  warriors  were  regularly  and  thoroughly  disciplined. 
At  one  of  his  first  interviews  with  the  English,  a  martial  parade 
formed  part  of  the  entertainment.  Two  or  three  hundred  Indians 
havin<T  painted  and  disguised  themselves  in  the  fiercest  manner  possi- 
ble, were  divided  into  two  companies,  one  of  which  was  temporarily 
styled  Powhatans,  and  the  other  Monacans.  Each  company  had  its 
captain.  They  stationed  themselves  at  about  musket-shot  from  each 
other.  *  Fifteen  men  abreast  formed  the  front  line  of  both,  and  the 
remainder  ranked  themselves  in  the  rear,  with  a  distance  of  four  or 
five  yards  from  rank  to  rank;  and  not  in  file,  but  m  the  opening  be- 
tween  the  files,  so  that  the  rear  could  shoot  as  conveniently  as  the 
front.  A  parley  now  look  i)lace,  and  a  formal  agreement  was  made 
that,  whoever  should  conquer,  such  warriors  as  survived  their  defeat 
should  have  two  days  allowed  them  for  their  own  submission,  while 
their  wives  and  children  should  at  once  become  prize  to  the  victor. 

The  parties  advanced  against  each  other,  a  sort  of  sergeant  com- 
mandin«^  each  flank,  and  a  lieutenant  the  rear;  and  the  entire  com- 
pany  came  on  leaping  and  singing  to  warlike  music,  but  every  man 
m  his  place.  On  the  first  flight  of  arrows,  they  raised  upon  both  side« 
a  terrific  clamor  of  shouts  and  screeches.     "  When  they  had  spent 


a 


INDIAN    BIOGRAPHY. POWHATAN.  M 

their  arrows,  (writes  the  describer  of  this  scene,)  they  joined  together 
prettily,  charging  and  retiring,  every  rank  seconding  the  other!    As 
tiiey  got  advantage,  they  caught  their  enemies  by  the  hair  of  the  head, 
and  down  he  came  that  was  taken.     Hi«  enemy  with  his  wooden 
aword  seemed  to  beat  out  his  brains,  and  still  they  crept  to  the  rear 
o  nmwtain  tlie  sk.rnnsh."    The  Monacan  parly  at  lenglh  decreasing., 
the  Powhatans  charged  them  in  the  form  of  a  half  moon.    The  former  • 
retreat,  to  avoul  being  enclosed,  and  draw  their  pursuers  upon  an 
ambusca^  of  fresh  men.     The  Powhatans  «3trre  in  their  tuW^,  and 
he  Monacans  take  th,s  opportunity  of  resuming  their  first  ground 
All  their  actions,  voiocs  and  gr^tures,  both  in  charpin-r  and  retiring 
were  so  stramed  to  the  height  ol"  their  qualitie  and^nature,   hat  ?£ 
strangeness  thereof  made  it  seem  very  delightful."      The  warlike 
music  spoken  of  above  was  a  large  deep  platter  of  wood,  covered  with 

1^  IrS.  ""^  T^^  ^T^'  ^^"  P«'^Pi«"-«hells;  and  all  these- 

nr  S,  f  be  supposed-nnngled  with  their  voices,  sometimes  twenty 

Sih  IS   T;  "  "''^'  r-^'  ""  ''"'^^'  "'^^««'  ^  ^-^"Id  rather  af. 
irigut  tJbaa  delight  aiiv  man," 

taa  nTiCw^*''^  V,"'  ''"L""  ^"'''"^  "^  '^'''  '^^^^ription  that  Powha- 
ten  made  soldiers  of  his  subjt^^cLs;  and  it  naturally  enough  mortified 

d2\i^r  ^  ""/,'"  'T^'  ^^°"''^  ''''^'  ««  "^"^h  success,^o  se^  them 
defeated  s-o  i^adily  as  they  were  by  the  Englisli.     The  chief  cause,  too, 

lif^l  T^''"""/.^  ^^«,  .\">^'i"er  of  wonder.     No  Indian  had  ever 
before  seen  any  thmg  which  resembled,  in  form  or  effect,  the  fire-arms 

IJ^Z      r^'  '"'"'''•     ^"^'  ^"'""  ^""'^'  therefore,  their  fear  was 
tTpZ^'f  "^  superstition,  against  which  no  couracre  couid  prevail 

•l«.dy.    They  proved  traitor,  to  the  colony,  and  wSn  ^  wJl^ 


EVENTS    IN    lADIAN   IIISTORT. 

tliom  diligently  engaged  in  arming  and  instructing  the  savages.  One 
of  thorn  subsequently  stated,  that  the  emperor  kept  them  at  work  for 
him  in  duresse.  He  himaelf  sent  answer  to  Smith's  demand  for  them, 
that  they  were  at  liberty  to  go  if  they  chose — but  as  for  carrying  them 
lifly  miles  on  his  back,  he  was  not  able.  The  adroitness  with  which 
he  obtained  arms  at  Jamestown,  during  Smith's  absence,  has  already 
Ix'en  the  subject  of  comment. 

The  implicit  obedience  which  he  exacted  of  his  oWn  subjects,  not- 
withstanding the  apparently  precaricnis  tenure  by  which  he  held  his 
command,  is  a  striking  indication  of  the  extent  of  his  mere  pergonal 
influence.  "  When  he  listeth,"  says  an  old  writer,  "  his  will  is  a  law, 
and  must  be  olx^'yed:  not  onely  as  a  King,  but  as  lialfe  a  God,  they 
esteemc  Iiiin.  AV'hat  he  comniandeth  they  dare  not  disobey  in  the 
least  thing.  At  his  fecle  they  present  whatsoever  he  commsuidcth, 
and  at  the  least  froune  of  his  browe,  their  greatest  spirits  will  tremble 
A\ith  feai'e."  This  subordination  was  sustained  by  measures  which, 
fi>r  severity  and  courage,  would  do  no  discredit  to  the  most  absolute 
despot  of  the  Eastern  world.  On  one  occasion,  certain  offenders  were 
burned  to  death  in  the  midst  of  an  immense  heap  of  glowing  coals, 
collected  from  many  (ires  made  for  the  purpose.  A  more  merciful 
punisIuTKMit  was  by  braining  the  criminal  with  a  club,  as  Smith  was 
to  hav(^  iKX'n  sacrificed.  The  most  horrible  was  fastening  the  poor 
V  retch  to  a  tree,  breaking  his  joints  one  by  one,  and  then  whittling 
down  his  body  with  reeds  and  shells.  Thrashing  with  cudgels  was 
no  trifle.  Smith  says  he  saw  a  man  subjected  to  this  discipline  under 
the  hands  of  two  of  his  practised  countrymen,  till  he  fell  prostrate  and 
senseless;  out  lie  uttered  no  cry  or  con;plaint. 

The  extraordinary  native  shrewdness  of  Powhatan  was  abundantly 
manifested  in  the  amusing  advantages  he  obtained  over  Newport;  his 
long  and  artful  conversations  Avitli  Smith,  some  of  them  sustained 
i.nder  the  most  embarrassing  circumstances,  merely  m  procure  time; 
tlie  promptness  with  which  he  rejected  and  defeated  the  proposal  to 
make  common  cause  against  the  Monacans — a  bait,  as  he  expressed 
it,  too  foolish  to  be  taken;  and,  in  fine,  upon  every  occasion  when  the 
English  undertook  to  negotiate  or  to  argue  with  him.  He  availe<l 
himself  most  essentially  of  the  aid  of  the  German  deserters  heretofoi-e 
mentioned,  but  he  had  too  much  sagacity  to  trust  them  after  they  de- 
serted himself;  and  so,  when  two  of  them  fled  to  him  a  second  lime, 
with  proposals  for  delivering  his  great  rival.  Captain  Smith,  into  his 
hands,  he  only  observed,  that  men  who  betrayed  the  captain  would 
l)etray  the  emperor,  and  forthwith  ordered  the  scoundrels  to  be  brained 
on  the  spot. 

Powhatan,  like  many  others  of  his  race,  has  been  regarded  with 
prejudice  for  the  very  reasons  which  entitle  him  to  respect.  He  was 
a  troublesome  enemy  to  the  colonists.  His  hostile  influence  extended 
for  hundreds  of  miles  around  them;  cutting  off  commerce  with  the  na- 
tives in  the  first  place,  and  making  inveterate  enemies  of  them  in  the 
next.  Powhatan,  we  are  told,  "  still  as  he  found  means,  cut  off  their 
boats,  and  denied  them  trade;"  and  again,  "  as  for  come,  contribution 


1.: 


INDIAN   BIOORAPHlf. — POWHATAN. 


101 


and  provwion  from  the  salvages,  we  had  nothing  but  mortall  wounds 

himself  of  the  disasters  and  despair  of  the  colony,  to  procure  swords 
nmskets  and  ammunition-so  .^x-kless  had  the  colonistsicome  thTo^h 

»«?*'"d-''''*!f  ."^^^PP^'*'-  that  Powhatan  adopted  any  policy  but  such 
as  he  behoved  indispensable  to  the  welfare,  not  to  sa/ the  ^existence 
of  his  sovereign  dominions.  His  warfare  was  an  IndL  warfare  in' 
deed.  But  setting  aside  those  circumstances  of  education  and  of  ^i  u 
ation  which  rendered  this  a  matter  both  of  pride  and  necessity,  i  mlv 
bo  safely  said  that  he  but  followed  the  example  of  those  who  shTld 
have  knovvn  better.  Not  only  did  he  act  generally  in  srif-defe^^f 
against  what  he  deemed  the  usurpation  of  a  foreigVand  uSown 
Fopio,  who  had  settled  without  permission  upon  ll  shores"  butio 

ZcS  TW"'  '"Tr'f  'J  P,^-^^''^^  provocations  in  nume'rou"  in! 
stances  The  mere  liberty  of  taking  possession  of  a  part  of  his  territurv 
might  have  been  overlooked.     Probably  it  was  so.     In  t^e  earS 

^fthan  ^'  7"''"^'  "'™  "«thing 'could  bo  easier  for  Powha 
fan  than  to  extingmsh  it  at  a  single  assault,  it  is  acknowledged  that 
his  people  often  visited  the  English  and  treated  them  with  kfndness 
Not  long  afterwards,  mdcxxl.  they  committed  some  trespas  es  but' 
meanwhile  a  party  of  the  English  had  invaded  the  interior  of  the 
country.  Considermg  the  dissolute  and  unprincipled  characLr  of  a 
large  part  of  them  it  ,s  not  improbable  that'still  greater  freedom  w^ 

rerrS  th/!  \f  '"'f "'  "'?'  °'  ^"'"^  ^^-^  the^istorians  would  S 
-^f  hi.n  r  ?  r'  T  '"^  '^""^"'  -^"^  y-'  S^^ith  has  told  enou..h 
-of  hnnsclf-to  make  this  point  clear.  In  his  very  first  expedition 
after  corn  seeing  he  says,  "  that  by  trade  and  courtlsie  noS.  ts 

le  Lftv  ^17  ;'*'  '1 ''''  "'^^  ^?"^''"-""«  -^  necessitie  infor°  ed'' 
He  let  fly  a  vo  ley  of  musketry,  ran  his  boats  ashore,  skirmished  with 

le  natives,  and  forcibly  obtained  a  supply  of  provisions.  And'hus- 
nd(.(s  the  scrupulous  captain— 

"i?i^'".^  ^"^  vnbonndlesse  by  his  power 
Made  them  so  kiude  would  vs  devour," 

It  was  nothing  to  the  emperor,  or  to  his  subjects,  that  Smith  went 
beyond  his  author.ty  m  these  matters.  "  The  patiJnt  coundir'-he 
wnes  m  another  c-onneetion     u  that  nothing  ivould  moue  to  warre 

u>i  ni-  c  ueilic.  He  adc.s,  that  Ins  proceodinos—Jiis  conclusions  ic 
his  own  language-had  inspi.v,!  th.  nntives  wkh  such  "ear  Z"  L  ^ 
very  name  was  a  tcrro.-.  No  wonder  that  he  sometimes  1 1  tat 
and  war  twice  m  a  day.     No  won.k'r  !hat  scarceiv  n  ^vZl\l^^ 

u.ed  to  tiade,  the  president,  "perceiving  (supposing)  it  was  Powhn 

ans  pohey  to  starve  hini,"  landed  his  con  .any  fbrtinvit C^d^ 

uch  a  .how  of  anger  and  ammunition  that  the  poor  savages  pres^tlv 

brought  m  all  their  provisions.  "^     presently 

So  we  are  summarily  informed  in  Mr.  Ilamer's  relation,  that  about 

9* 


102 


BVE5T8    IN    INDIAN   HISTORY. 


Chriatmas  (1611),  "  in  regard  of  the  injurie  done  vs  by  them  of  Apa- 
inatuk,  Sir  Thomas  Dale,  without  the  losse  of  any  except  some  few 
salvages,"  took  possession  of  the  territory  and  provision  of  the  tribe, 
made  a  settlement  upon  the  former  without  ceremony,  and  called  it 
New  Bermudas!  One  more  illustration  must  suffice.  It  is  a  passage 
of  Smith's  history  relating  to  a  detachment  of  vagabonds,  under  the 
command  of  one  West,  who  left  Jamestown,  and  located  themselves 
not  far  from  Powhatan's  residence  at  the  falls  of  the  river.  "  But  the 
worst  was,  that  the  poore  salvages  that  daily  brought  in  their  contri- 
butions to  the  president,  that  disorderly  company  so  tormented  these 
poore  soulcs,  by  steeling  their  corne,  robbing  their  gardens,  lieating 
them,  breaking  their  houses,  and  keeping  some  prisoners,  that  they 
daily  complained  to  Captaine  Smith  he  had  brought  them  for  protec- 
tors worse  enemies  than  the  Monacans  themselves,  which  though  till 
then  for  his  love  they  had  endured;  they  desired  pardon  if  hereafter- 
they  defended  themselves — since  he  would  not  correct  them  us  they 
had  long  expected  he  would."  A  most  reasonable  determination, 
civilly  and  candidly  expressed. 

But,  whatever  may  be  said  of  the  motives  or  method  of  the  warfare 
of  Powhatan,  it  must  bo  acknowledged  that  his  character  appears  lo 
no  disadvantage  in  peace.  We  cannot  but  admire  the  Roman  dignity 
with  which  he  rejcctcxl  all  offers  of  compromise,  so  long  as  the  Eng- 
lish seemed  disposed  to  take  advantage  of  their  own  wrong  in  the 
violent  seizure  of  Pocahontas.  They  knew  that  this  was  his  favorite 
child,  and  they  presumed  on  the  strength  of  his  attachment.  But, 
much  as  her'  situation  troubled  him,  he  would  not  sacrifice  his  honor 
so  far  as  to  negotiate  for  her  restoration  on  derogatory  terms.  Ht 
was  afflicted,  but  he  was  still  more  incensed.  WJaen,  however,  Ik; 
ascertained,  by  sending  his  sons  to  visit  her,  that  she  was  well  treated, 
and  in  good  health,  (though,  we  are  somewhere  told,  "  they  had  heard 
to  the  contrarie,")  he  began  to  think  better  of  the  otfcrs  of  peace. 
Then  came  Rolfe  "  to  acquaint  him  with  the  business,"  and  kindly  he 
was  entertained,  though  not  admitted  to  the  presence  of  Powhatan. 
The  young  gertleman  explained  himself,  however,  to  the  emperor's 
brother;  and  the  latt'  r  promised  to  intercede  fiir  him,  as  did  also  tli* 
two  sons.  Their  explanations  proved  successful.  The  emperor  was 
not  only  convinced  that  his  daughter  was  entertained  civilly  by  the 
English,  but  he  was  pleased  with  the  honorable  intentions,  and  touched 
by  the  passionate  and  tender  afKiction  of  Rolfe.  No  sooner,  therefore, 
did  the  time  appointed  for  the  marriage  come  to  his  knowledge — and 
no  doubt  Rolfe  had  already  had  the  politic  courtesy  to  apply  for  his 
consent — than  he  despatched  three  members  of  his  own  family  to  con- 
firm the  ceremony.  "  And  ever  since,"  adds  the  historian,  "  we  have 
had  friendly  trade  and  commerce,  as  well  with  Powhatan  himselfe,  as 
all  his  subjects;" — so  jealous  were  he  and  they  of  injustice,  and  so 
susceptible  were  they,  at  the  same  time,  of  mild  and  magnanimous 
impressions. 

We  find  characteristic  anecdotes,  to  the  same  effl'ct,  in  the  curious 
account  Mr.  Hamer  has  left  ou  record,  of  a  visit  which  he  paid  the 


INDIAK   BWOnAMir.^POWHATAK.  j^^g 

tan's  own  residence  wheTe  waf  „ '        ?''f  ^"^  '"^''^  ^^  Po^^ha- 

the  health  of  Sir  ThomL'  Dalf  it  Zr  ""r^'^'^'y  inquired  arte? 
own  daughter  and  hex  hLbatd-  wilhlLlTn  r^'^'"*'  '""^  ^'^^^  °f  ^« 
two  liked  each  other.  HaSCv  r||^'thrSirff  "^''"^^^^ 
iectly  well;  and  as  for  Pocahontas    IZ  T  ^°"'''''  "'^»  P^r- 

never  would  return  to  her  iS  court  I  «%^T^«"'«d,  that  she 
hatan  laughed  heartily  at  tWs  renlv  2  ^'""  n  '^^^^^"Id.  Pow- 
cular  cause  of  Mr.  hLcp's  prS'vi"?  n"  f''  '''^'^  "^«  P'^r'i" 
vate   he  ordered  his  attendan  s  to  leave  th-  ^  °  '"''^  ''  ^"'  P"" 

two  females-said  to  have  been  Snn        ^"'"'"' \^^«P^'«g  only  the 
him,  and  then  bade  Mr.  Hamernroctp^^";^?'-^^^  '^'^^y^  «^t  by 
The  latter  becrn,,  ulu.  Proceed  with  his  message.  ^ 

presents  ibm'srVlirffi  th'  l!^  ^^^^  ^.^f.  »--er  of  sundry 
'nuch  to  the  omperor'Sslaction  H  T'"  1'''^"''"^  accordingly, 
hearing  of  the  fime  ol^  le  ^  u.  .'Z's  In  ^'^^^^^f  ^''J' ^hat  Sir  Thor^as 
of  obtaining  her  hand  in  man^  a  'e  11?"='  '".=''J"''  ^"^  ^''^'^^^ 
a  finer  bond  of  union  betvvcc.  hftwo  n  TT'^  '^"'"  '^^^''^'  "«'  ^ 
and  besides  her  sister  iChonHs  w.?.?^  'r'^?  '"'^  ^  connection; 
at  Jamestown.  Ho  hom^d  tlu  t  Powhat^  /f '^  f  "-"'""^  ^«  «^«  he; 
^0  much,  as  to  suffer  h T  to  v^  i   T  .  1 .      f  ^l^'"?  °^"g«  himself 

Powhatan  more  than  once  iu  n   v  ^  ''^'"  ^^  ^^^"'^  ^^^urn. 

of  this  message.  But  he  conS'.l  r^'V^'^^^^^P^'^S  '^^  delivery 
gravity,  to  the  effect  hat  jrivt^^rflif"^  ''^!''''^  '^'^'^  S^ea^ 
of  love  and  peace,  which  he  certainlv    h^   M  ^t ''''f '^'"^'^  ««'"t^tion 

M;  that 'he  reWivx^d  w't h  i  any  ^^ks  th^  ^°  '°"°  '-^^  ^^ 

pledges  thereof;  but  that  -is  f;V.  r     .  "^^  presents  sent  him  as 

ibw  dav-s  before,  to  a  e't ,",'  ''  '''"^•^•'■'  ^'  '^^'^  ^^^^  her,  ol" 
days'  journey,  fbr  tln-ee  bu  hH  ?T'  ^'"'"^  ^^  *'^^"  d'«^«n««  of  thre^ 
t-k  tie  libeJ  -  to  "  ,  t^p^le^or?"''  ^^"^"^'^^•)  ^al" 
rocall  his  daughter, -'if  he  wulH  pel^.'^^f  ^  -ightnodoubt 
years  of  age-and  that  in  such  a  c2  bo  ?^  n  '''''  '^^'  °"'y  ^^^^'ve 
the  president  three  times  the  worth  of  ^Ln  '^  f^'<=o've  for  her  from 
and  hatchets.  "'  "*  "^'^  Roanoke,  in  beads,  copper 

hiJ^Sc^ltcfCSlUl^Ii'Urd-i/'^^  i^^'r^  his  daughter  as 
or  all.  He  could  not  ivo  wi  1  '  Sn"'  t"  ^'"=!^^^^  '"  ^^^r  most 
•mpossible  if  shewentanui.rt  "eolS?  t\'f!^'''  ^""'^  be 
•jo  account  to  put  himself  in  The  r  no  vTn:  ^'  '^u''  '"^"'^^^  "P<>n 
lore  desired  Mr.  Hamer  toVil  ^  '  '  ^"^  '''"'^  ^^em.  He  theVe^ 
the  president  in  hi  "2.  o  7'ZZV^'V^''  ^"^'J^^*'  ^"t  to  tell 
the  president's  fneiuls  in  Ibnn  I,  .    ''f^^  no  other  assurance  of 

Hellad  himself,  on   h      tl    H     V':!  ;^^^^^^^  already  pledged 

;^erxiirsr:.£n^^^^ 

--nie  he  Should  c-d^;^.^^^^^^^^^ 


104 


BVKNT8    IN    INDIAN    HI8T0KT. 


Wo  children  at  once.  2,  Though  he  gaye  no  pledge,  the  president 
ought  not  to  distrust  him  or  his  people.  There  had  been  already  lives 
enouwh  lust  on  both  sides,  and  by  his  fault  there  should  never  bo  any 
more.  Ii<!  had  grown  old,  and  desired  to  die  peaceably.  Ho  should 
hardly  fight  even  for  just  cause;  the  country  was  wide  enough,  and 
he  would  rather  retreat.  "Thus  much,"  he  concluded,  "I  hope  will 
satisfy  my  brother.  And  so  here,  as  you  arc  weary  and  sleepy,  we 
will  end."  He  then  ordered  a  supper  and  good  lodgings  for  his 
guest,  and  the  latter  took  his  leave  for  the  night. 

Early  the  next  morning  Powhatan  himself  visited  Mr.  Hamef  at 
his  lodging-pluce,  and  invited  him  to  return  to  his  own  wigwam. 
There  he  entertained  him  in  his  handsomest  manner.  The  time 
passed  pleasantly,  and  Mr.  Hamer  began  to  feel  at  home.  By  and 
by  came  in  an  Englishman,  one  who  had  been  surprised  in  a  skirmish 
three  years  ksfore  at  Fort  ILniry,  and  detained  ever  since.  He  was 
so  completely  savage  in  his  complexion  and  dress,  that  Hamcr  only 
recognised  him  by  his  voice,  ife  now  asked  that  gentleman  to  obtain 
leave  for  him  to  return  with  him  to  the  colony,  and  the  request  was 
accordingly  made,  and  even  pressed.  The  emperor  was  ve\(!d  at 
length.  "  Mr.  Hamer,"  said  he,  "  you  have  one  of  my  daughters, 
and  I  am  content.  But  you  cannot  see  one  of  your  men  with  me,  but 
you  must  have  him  away  or  break  friendshij).  But  take  him  if  you 
will.  In  that  case,  however,  you  must  go  home  without  guides  ^which 
were  generally  ofFered  the  English  on  these  occasions),  and  if  any 
evil  befalls  you,  thank  yourselves." 

Ham(;r  replied  that  he  would  do  so,  but  he  would  not  answer  for 
the  consequences  if  any  accident  should  hapj^en.  The  emperor  was 
incensed  at  this,  and  led  him,  but  he  api)earcd  again  at  supper  time, 
feasted  his  guest  with  his  best  fare,  and  conversed  cheerfully.  About 
midnight  he  roused  Hamer  from  a  nap  to  tell  him  he  had  concluded 
to  let  Parker  (tlio  captive)  go  with  him  in  tlu;  morning.  But  he  must 
remind  Sir  Thomas  to  send  him,  in  consideration  thereof,  ten  large 
pieces  of  co{)per,  a  shaving-knife,  a  grindstone,  a  net,  and  sundry 
fish-hooks  and  other  small  matters.  For  fear  Hiuiicr  should  forget 
these  particulars,  he  made  liiui  write  a  list  of  them  in  what  the  histo- 
rians call  a  table-book,  which  he  |)roduced.  "  However  he  got  it,"* 
says  the  narrator,  "  it  was  a  faire  one,  iuul  I  dc^sired  he  would  give 
it  me."  Powhatan  evaded  this  modest  recpiest  by  saying  that  he  kept 
it  to  show  to  strangers;  but  wlicn  his  guest  left  him  in  the  morning 
he  furnished  him  and  his  attendants  with  ample  provision  for  his 
journey,  gave  each  of  them  a  buck's  skin,  "as  well  dressed  as  could 
be,"  and  scut  two  more  to  his  sou-iii-law  and  daugliler. 

There  is  much  matter  for  rellection  in  this  simple  narrative.  The 
sagacity  of  Powhat;ui  in  discerning  tlif!  true  object  of  the  visit  is 
worthy  of  tlie  feuricos  diguity  with  which  he  exposed  it.  He  gave 
little  heed,  it  would  seem,  to  the  pretext  of  marriage,  and  considering 

*  Probably  of  some  English  captive.  Smitli  wrote  liis  famous  letter  to 
Jamestown,  during  his  first  captivity,  on  wliat  he  calls  the  leaf  of  a  table- 
book. 


'  p;' 


INDIAN    BIOO::aPHY. — POWHATAN. 


105 


only  the  nge  of  his  dau-rhter,  especially  as  comimred  with  the 


prew- 
(m,soii  enough  why  he  should.  His  conjectures 
were  undoubtedly  correct,  and  h.^  had  some  rijrht  to  be  od^nded  ut 
the  jeaicusy  which  was  still  Imrbon-d  by  the  colonists.  Stith  ex- 
|)ressly  states  that  the  policy  of  Sir  'I'hornas  was  merely  to  obtain  au 
additional  pledge  ior  th<-  prfiservation  of  peace. 

The  atll'ctiou  whici,  Povvhatiin  here  luanilests  for  his  children  hif 
hosp.tahty  <^ven  to  one  who  took  lilKTties  upon  the  strength  of  it!  his 
lil)erality,  the  resolution  will,  which  h(;  maintained  peace  while  he 
st.ll  evidently  distrusts  the  JM.glish  honor,  his  ready  evasions  and 
intelligent  reasoning,  his  sensibility  t<.  insult,  which  he  nevertheless 
thought  It  iK^nealh  him  to  n>sent,  are  all  easily  to  Im;  pcrc.uved  in  this 
instance,  and  are  well  worthy  to  he  regarded  among  other  evidences 
ol  his  temper  and  genius. 

His  self-command  and  Ids  chivalrous  courtesy  on  every  former 
<H;casion  would  have  done  no  dishonor,  in  anotlie,'  country  and  time, 
to  the  lion-hearted  monarch  of  Jingland  himsell'.     In  this' respect  hJ 
was  well  matched  with  Smith,  and  it  is  not  the  least  inUuvstin-r  point 
in  the  common  history  oi'  tlu"  two,  to  observe  the  singular  union  of 
suavity  and  energy  w,tli  which  b(.th  ellected  their  purposes.     Imme- 
diately  afler  4<-liyermg  the  celebrated  reply  which  he  sent  to  New- 
port s  proposa    by  Smith,  the  .historian  adds  that  "many  other  dis- 
courses they  had,  (yet  both  content  t..  give  each  othe/ content  in 
oomphmentall  courtesies),  and  so  Captain  Smith  returned  wit},  his 
answer.      In  the  same  st^le,  when  Newport  came  himself,  perceivin<r 
as  purpose  was  to  discover  and  inva.U,  the  Monacans,  wi  are  told 
hat  he  "relused  to  lend  him  either  men  <.r  guides  more  than  Namon- 
ia(;k,  and  so,  alter  some  complimental  kindnesse  on  lx>th  sides,"  ho 
presented  the  disappointed  captain  with  seven  or  eight  bushels  of  corn, 
and  wished  him  a  pleasant  journey  to  Jamestown.     He  would  not 
•sul  er  so  brave  a  man  as  Smith  to  be  evei.  beheaded,  without  iiavin- 
tirs^t  ordered  tw.,  of  Ins  queens  to  s(n-ve  him  with  water  and  a  bunch 
of  fc«athers,  and  then  toasted  him  in  what  the  victim  himself  cc  sidered 
Jns  best  barbarous  manner.     It  is  very  evident  tliere  was  neither  fear 
nor  hypocrisy  in  any  of  these;  cases. 

xNoneof  tin;  noble  traits  we  have,"  mentioned  lose  any  of  their  charm 
rom  being  connected,  as  tliev  are,  with  the  utmost  simplicity  of  bar. 
barism  Ihe  reader  of  these  times,  therefore,  may  be  allowed  to 
^inile  .It  the  pertinacity  with  which  this  mighty  warrior  and  renowned 
.nonarch  insisted  upon  Parker's  being  ransomed  in  fish-hooks,  an 
Uie  solemn  gmvity  with  which  he  divested  himself  of  his  mantl^  and 
old  s^oes  for  the  gratification  and  reward  of  Newport.  The  presents 
sent  to  , him  by  Sir  Thomas  Dale  were  two  pieces  of' copper,  five  St 
o  white  and  blue  beads,  five  wooden  combs,  ten  fiih-h^oks,  aK 

ClC.,  u^l  r*'*°  "r''"""  ^^'"^  I*'''"^''^^  "^'^  grindstone,  whenever 
he  should  send  lor  ,t-clearly  a  much  better  bar|ain  for  his  daughter, 
had  he  wished  to  dispose  of  her,  than  the  two  bushels  of  Roanoke 
ihe  wcrowances  and  queens  of  conquered  nations  waited  upon  him 
at  hjs  weals,  as  humbly  as  certain  kings  of  the  middle  ages  are  said 


wmm 


■a 


ino 


■VINT!    IN    INDIAN    HISTOBT. 


to  have  waited  upon  the  Pope;  but,  unlike  his  holiness,  Powhalan 
could  make  his  own  robes,  shoes,  bows,  arrows,  and  pots,  besides 
planting  his  corn  for  cxorcis<j,  and  hunting  deer  for  amusement.  The 
Indiana  generally  subsisted  on  tish  in  the  spring,  and  lived  light  for 
some  months  after;  but  "Powhatan,  their  great  king,  and  some  others 
that  are  provident,  roast  their  fish  and  flesh  vpon  hurdlej,  and  keepe  it 
till  scarce  times."* 

In  fine,  it  would  seem  that  no  candid  person  can  read  the  history 
of  this  famous  Indian,  with  an  uttfjntivo  consideration  of  the  circum- 
stances under  which  ho  was  placed,  'vithout  forming  a  high  estimate 
of  his  character  as  a  warrior,  a  statesman,  and  a  patriot.  His  defi- 
ciencies were  those  of  education  and  not  of  genius.  His  faults  were 
those  of  the  people  whom  ho  governed,  and  of  the  period  in  which  he 
lived.  His  great  talents,  on  the  other  hand,  were  his  own,  and  thest; 
are  acknowledged  even  by  those  historians  who  still  regard  him  with 
prejudice.  Stith  calls  him  a  prince  of  excellent  sense  and  parts,  and 
a  great  master  of  all  the  savage  arts  of  government  and  policy.  He 
adds  that  he  was  penetrating,  crafty,  insidious  and  cruel.  "  But  as 
to  the  great  and  moral  arts  of  policy,"  he  concludes,  "such  as  truth, 
faith,  uprightness,  and  magnanimity,  they  seemed  to  have  been  but 
little  he<?ded  or  regarded  by  him."  Burk's  opinion  appears  to  us 
nfiore  correct.  In  the  cant  of  civilisation,  (says  that  excellent  histo- 
rian,) he  will  doubtless  be  branded  with  the  epithets  of  tyrant  and 
l»arbarian;  but  his  title  to  greatness,  though  his  opportunities  were 
fewer,  is  to  the  full  as  fair  as  that  of  Tamerlane  or  Kowli  Khan,  and 
several  others  whom  history  has  immortalised,  while  the  proofs  of  his 
tyranny  are  by  no  means  so  clear.  Still  it  might  have  been  as 
reasonable  to  say  that  there  are  no  such  proofs  in  being.  The  kind 
of  martial  law  which  the  emperor  sometimes  exercised  over  his  own 
subjects  was  not  only  a  matter  of  custom,  founded  on  the  necessity 
which  must  always  exist  among  ignorant  men,  but  it  was  a  matter 
of  license,  which  had  grown  into  constitutional  law  by  common  con- 
sent. It  has  been  justly  observed,  that  there  is  no  possibility  of  a 
true  despotism  under  an  Indian  government.  It  is  reason  that  governs, 
nominally  at  least,  and  the  authority  is  only  the  more  effectual  as  the 
obedience  is  more  voluntary. 


CHAPTER  VII. 


THE  FAMILY  OP  roWHATAN-SEftUEL  OP  THE  HISTOB  V  OF  "»;"  0NTA8- 
HER  CIVILISATION  AND  INSTRUCTION  IN  CHRISTI  ''  v  r,-i(  ,  jgiT  .^.q 
ENGLAND  IN  1616-HER  DEATH  AND  CHARACTER-Hi<K  i>i:-jC!ENDANT8. 

The  family  of  Powhatan  was  numerous  and  influential.  Two  sons 
and  two  daughters  have  already  been  mentioned.  There  were  also 
ihree  brothers  younger  than  himself,  and  upon  them  successively, 

*  8m»i^'«  account  of  the  Natural  Inhabitants  of  Virginia. 


INDIAN    BIOOBAPHT. POWHATAN. 


107 


IS,  Powhalan 


according  to  their  several  age.,  custom  seems  to  have  required  that 
the  government  should  devolve  after  his  own  death,  the  eldert 
Opitcu.pan,*  accordingly  8ucceede<l  him,  in  form  at  least.  But  this 
prince  *^  «"  "»ict,vo  and  unambitious  man,  owing  in  some  dejrreo 
perhaps  to  his  being  decrepid,  and  ho  wuh  «,on  thrown  into  the  shaS 
by  the  superior  energy  and  talent  of  Opechanconough,  wiio  before 
many  years  engrossed  m  fact  th.  whole  power  of  the  povorimienT 

He  probably  died  before  any  opportunity  occun-ed  of  signalisin  "iTm-' 
«clf  in  a  public  station.   The  sequel  of  the  history  of  Opochanca^orh 
;ho"'orr''V^r'^  bemg  dweU  upon  at  some  length;   but  prevlousfy 
ho  order  of  time  requires  us  to  devote  a  share  of  attention  to  the 
lortunes  of  his  celebrated  niece,  Pocahontas 

This  •xmutiful  and  amiable  woman,  whom  John  Smith,  in  the 
excess  of  h.n  admiration,  styles  ..the  Numpareil  of  Virginia,"  hw 
U^n  distinguished  in  modern  times,  chiefly  by  that  singlf  ^?  aorch! 

inrht':?  f  T"*"^'  ""'•  ^"'"'^"•^y  ^«  ^hich  the  gallant  historian  was 
ndcbted  for  the  preservation  of  his  life.  But  thiL  was  by  no  means 
the  only  evidence  of  these  noble  qualities  which  history  has  preserved 
Her  name  indeed  ,s  scarcely  once  mentioned  by  the  most  ancieni 
chronicles  of  the  colony,  except  in  terms  of  high  euloc^y,  a^d  aenerX 
in  connection  also  with  some  substantial  facts,''going  sU^^n "ly'trjusSv 
the^universal  partiality  with  which  her  memoiy  is%egardertJ  the^ 

afte?  sS"''^''"''  T*  ??;"«"^y  days  of  the  settlement,  immediately 
Sfnl.  ?  P  r"  '^'■""^  *"'  ""P^'^'^y'  'he  liberal  and  thou^htfu^ 
kindness  of  Pocahontas  went  very  fur  to  cheer  the  despondin-r  hearts 
of  the  colonists,  as  wel  as  to  relievo  their  actual  necessities  She 
came  into  Jamestown  with  her  attendants  once  in  every  fbur  or  five 
days  for  a  long  time,  and  brought  with  her  supplies  of  provisions  hv 
which  many  lives  are  stated  to  have  been  saved.     This  wi    ar mea^ 

s"cXa|'fengtr"""""^'°^""^'"^^^^'^h^^'  ^^all  hereafteS- 
When  Smkh  was  absent  upon  one  of  his  Indian  expeditions  emer 
genc.es  occurred  at  Jamestown  which  rendered  bis  prerenTextromelv 
desirable.  But  not  a  man  could  be  found  who  dared  venture  to  cTrrv 
a  message  to  h.m  from  the  council.  He  was  known  to  be  environed 
by  enemies,  and  the  hostility  and  power  of  Powhatan  were  at  that 
period  subjects  of  the  most  exaggerated  apprehension.  One  Richard 
Wyffin  at  last  undertook  the  hazardous  enterprise.  EncounS 
many  dangers  and  difficulties,  he  reached  the  residence  of  Powha  "n 
a  day  or  two  after  Smith  had  left  it  for  Pamunkey.     He  found  that 

name  iipon  great  occasions.    Opitchioan  himspif  ^f^l.T-  "^ '^'^^"^'"g  the 
oalled  ^asaw'pen;  and  OpechancSgWangopeeo^^^^^^^^    '"'^^'""'  ^^ 


l:/A^j^'^^^ 


t08 


KVENTS   IN    INDIAN   IIISTOKY. 


I 


would  have  puid  the  forfeit  of  his  rashness,  had  not  Pocahontas,  who 
knew  his  perilous  situation  even  better  than  himself,  concealed  him, 
and  tliwartcd  and  (mnbarrasscd  the  search  of  the  savages  who  pursued 
him,  so  that  "by  her  means  and  extraordinary  bribes,  and  much 
trouble  in  three  days'  tmvell,"  as  history  says,  "at  length  he  found 
vs  in  the  iniddest  of  those  turmoylcs,"  (at  Jamestown.) 

Her  conduct  was  the  .same  alter  Smith's  dnparturo  for  England. 
Of  the  lliirty  men  who  accompanied  liatclifli;  tvhen  he  was  massacred 
by  tlie  I'ldinns,  only  one  oscai)ed  to  the  colony,  and  one  was  rescu«l 
by  J'ocahontas.  This  was  a  boy  named  Henry  S|)ilman,  who  sub- 
sequently was  restored  to  his  friends,*  and  from  the  knowledgo  of 
Indian  languages  which  he  obtained  during  his  residen  "  with  the 
Patowoniekes,  proved  highly  serviceable  as  an  interpreter.  Smith 
him.self  was  vnore  than  once  under  obligations  to  the  princess  lor  his 
personal  salety.  We  have  alluded  to  that  occasion  wIkmi  he  quartered 
over  night  near  the  residence  of  her  fiifher,  "  Pocahontas,  his  dear- 
est Jewell  anil  daughter,  in  that  darkc  night  came  through  the  irksome 
woods,  and  told  our  captain  great  clieare  shoidd  be  sent  vs  by  and 
by,  but  P(jwhatan  and  all  the  jiovver  he  could  make  would  after  come 
kill  vs  all,  if  thf^y  that  brought  it  could  not  kill  us  with  our  own 
weapons  when  we  were  at  supper.  'fh(M'efore  if  we  would  Hue,  she 
wished  vs  presently  to  be  gone.  Such  things  as  she  d(;lighted  in  he 
would  haue  giuen  her,  but  with  the  tears  running  down  her  cheekes, 
she  said  she  durst  not  be  s(-(  u  to  have  any,  li)C  if  Powhatan  should 
know  it  sh(^  were  but  dead,  and  so  she  ran  away  by  h(!rsclf  as  she 
came."  What  an  afiectini':  instance  of  the  most  delicate  tenderness 
mingled  with  ihe  lolliest  courage. 

It  would  have  been  strang(>  indeed  if  Smith,  with  all  his  passionate 
chivalry,  had  been  insensiide  of  these  repeated  kindnesses.  Even 
Powhatan  ha'l  too  good  an  opiiiiou  of  him  to  suppose  so,  for  he  had 
the  sagacitv  to  rely  upon  his  gratitude  for  political  purposes.  When 
some  of  the  emperor's  subjects  were  taken  prisoners  by  Smith, 
(althougn  ])eace  was  nominal l\  existing,)  and  forced  to  confess  that 
Powhatan  had  f  m|)loyed  them  to  work  mischief  against  the  colony. 
the  latter  "sent  messengers,  and  his  dearest  daughter  Pocahontas," 
with  presents,  to  make  ajiologies  ibr  the  past  and  promises  for  the 
future.  Smith,  on  the  otlior  liaud,  (who  understood  as  well  as  any 
one  the  part  of  a  gentleman,)  alter  giving  iIk;  prisoners  such  correc- 
tion as  he  deemed  necx^ssary,  treated  them  well  I'ov  a  day  or  two,  and 
then  deli\ered  them  to  Pocahontas,  "for  whoso  sak(!  only  \\v,  fayned 
to  haue  sau<'d  tlK>ir  Hues,  and  gaue  tlii'm  liberhe."  The  emptn'or  was 
paid  for  this  ingtmuity  in  his  own  coin,  when  the  colonists,  in  1G13, 
took  the  princess  h(M-self  captive,  relying  on  the  well-known  strength 
of  his  attachment  to  her  as  the  surest  means  of  procuring  j)eace. 

Her  subsequent  history  may  be  soon  told.  Rolie  had  become 
ardently  enamoured  of  her  beauty,  and  he  used  the  fortunate  occasion 


*  He  was  destined,  however,  to  die  at  last  by  the  hands  of  the  savages 
in:  IG'23. 


^1 


^hontas,  who 
mcealed  him, 
)  who  pursued 
IS,  and  much 
igth  ho  Ibund 

for  England, 
as  massacred 
!  wuH  rescuwl 
an,  who  sub- 
knowlcdg'j  of 
[•n  •'■  with  the 
rotor.  Smitli 
incess  lor  his 
I  he  quartered 
tas,  his  dcar- 
h  tlie  irksome 
•nt  vs  by  and 
lid  alter  come 
with  our  own 
luld  line,  she 
;lighted  in  he 

her  ch(;el\es, 
iiataii  should 
(!rscir  as  she 
to  tenderness 

i)is  passionate 
esses.  Even 
o,  for  ho  had 
oses.  When 
s  by  Smith, 
»  confess  that 
t  the  colony. 
Pocahontas," 
mises  for  the 
n  well  as  any 
sucli  correc- 
r  or  two,  and 
ily  h(!  fayned 
emptn'or  was 
sts,  in  1G13, 
own  strength 
g  ])eace. 
had  become 
natc  occasion 


)f  the  savages 


:if  h 


ir»r 


INDIAN    BlOGKAWiy.—pocAHONTAS. 

Stay  in  the  colony,  perhaps 


I0» 


informotion  of  Jier  sentiniont«    ..,>.!  Vi  '^"n  'u^mt.     Rolfo  gamed 

f'i-s  suit  with  a  spirit  "of  'he    T  """  *i".^'f'5'^"»"l  ^o  Prosecute 

parties  married.'    in  J,uL  of  ''''"''' '^  '"^'^  "^^^^     The 

;-mc,  quite  an  ^^^^ CZ^y^ZZ::V^J'^"  ^^'^? 

lf«-"")iuhthav,,>thou  fe'    ed  .1         '  ""',-^  "■'"  ^"  '•"collected! 

't-  cfli^prin,  ..f  ,1,0  ir       !"  ";,    'rr 'n"''' '"  ■  W  l"'"'''l^'^^'  '^^^ 

--■in^,  and   IValumtautel!^ ':;:;::  /f  'f'  ^""T  ''"'^  >"- 
'^"'"J-  •■•"•I  <P"'<'n  with  the  uios   /I  It  ,  ,.  ?  '■^"'''  '^y  '^«th  the 

lu  War  .Hi  his  lac!        k      '  ,v    t^     ^'  "''"■'''  "'  "^^'"*'«"-     ^"«1  de 
.•<.yal  e..,nple.     Th^  ^hi  ^     I        '  TPV  f  ''''^'^  <'^""^^«d  the 

-uush-  of  opinion,  as  Sl^n  e' .^^  1       other  hand,  were  unani- 
"'^u.y  Ei,gli4  ladi;s  wor™    vorS^    n    r"^^"^  '^''!  ^^""^  '^^d  seen 

Thr>  captain  wr.s  at    hi     ^^n  I V  f    1""^'"?  l«^havioured. 
--  of  lealing  that  co  „     v  o        Z    '"S  ""v  '''^^^-''  ^^f'°"  ^'"^ 
Lis  depar(ur,r  for  the  puruosc  oCu^n  ^''"fi'""^''  ^'''  ^^'«ved 

i-^-'-onn,rodu<.in.tl^i^:cJ  'X-ur  '"'f''"  '^"^""^  '" '^'^ 
i.e  draughted  with  his  own  I  "nd  ^  ^  T'il  '"""  •'''^'''  ^^^"^'^ 
|o  have  had  ru,  little  in/luence  e  r  I  "is  w  lTu^"7:  ''^  ^"^^'^^'^^^ 
Iwth  as  a  curiosity  of  stvle    •nwl  t  ,   i  ^^''''.^vorth  transcribing, 

It  rea.ls  (lius:       '  '     '        '  ''"  ''  ''"^"'"^»t  of  authentic-  history. 

^^_;;;io  the  n.ost  high  and  verU.ous  princess,  Queen  Anne  of  G.at 
"  iMost  admired  Queene 

o^^iZJr:!  m  U.'li''V  e-I  ''"^  ;""'  ^"""^™'  '-^^'  -  ofl 
<loth  consiraine  n.  "  p^^  m,e  }  f 'S;';;:  f'"^'"^'  ^^"^  "°^^  honestie 
your  Maiestic  this  short'^^^ 'e  I  ' ^  ^'TTr^''^^^  '^  P--^^^"! 
">  all  honest  vertues,  n  u  T  ;„i^l  "Jlf  l'^'^-'"  ^!'f  ^"X  Poyson 
^ny  meanes  to  be  tl,;nknd      So  h  if  ''"'  ''""^  '^^  ^''«^''d  omit 

"That  some  ten  yccres  afrne  bnlnrr ;..  A^^.  •  •  ,     , 

i.y  the  power  of  vLhaU^nf^l^'^Si^  l^"'^  -^  taken  prisoner 
iinM  saluagc  exceedino-  o,'cat  eou  t^So  1  °  '  ^^'^^^'^'^'^  ^^'om  this 
Nantaguans"  the  n.ost  man  lies    .o  m    ies;  S!Tf^-  ^T  '^'^  ««""« 


no 


pVBNTS   IN   INDIAN   HISTORY. 


much  cause  to  respect  her;  I  being  the  first  Christian  this  proud  king 
and  his  <^rim  attendants  euor  saw,  and  thus  inthralled  in  their  bar- 
barous power,  I  cannot  say  I  felt  the  least  occasion  of  want  that  was 
in  the  power  of  those  my  mortal  foes  to  preuent,  notwithstandmg  al 

their  threats. 

»  After  some  sixe  weeks  fatting  among  these  salvag-e  courtiers,  al 
the  minute  of  my  execution,  she  liazarded  the;  boating  out  of  her  own 
braines  to  save  mine,  but  nf)t  only  that,  but  no  prcjvailed  with  her 
father  that  1  was  safely  conducted  to  lames-town,  whore  I  found  about 
eiglil  and  tliirtie  miserable  pooiv  and  sick  crcaruirs,  to  keep  possfssi.m^ 
oFa\  those  larire  territories  of  Virginia;  such  was  the  weakuosse  oi 
this  poore  commonwealth,  as  had  the  salvages  not  fed  us,  we  dircctly 

had  starued. 

"  And  this  relicfi^  niost  gracious  (]ue(!uc,  was  commonly  brougtif 
vs  by  this  Lady  Pocahontas.  x\(jtwithstan(ling  al  these  passages, 
when  inconstant  fortune  turned  our  p(;ace  to  warro,  this  tend(;r  vu-gm 
would  still  not  spare  to  dare  to  visit  us,  and  by  hex  our  jarres  have 
iK'cn  oil  appeased,  and  oui-  wants  still  supplyed.  Were  it  the  policu? 
of  her  father  thus  to  iuiploy  lu^r,  or  the  ordmanco  ol  (lod  thus  to 
make  her  his  instrument,  or  Jicr  cxtraordinaru!  alli-clion  to  oiu-  nation, 
1  know  not.  But  of  this  I  am  s!nv>,  wlum  her  father,  with  the  utmost 
of  his  policie  and  power,  sou^lit  to  sm-\u-Ur  me,  hailing  but  eighteen^ 
with  me,  the  dark  niuht  could  not  aflVi-iit  h  n-  from  coiuiuing  tnrough 
the  irksome  woods,  and  with  waten-.l  ei<-s  gave  me  mliliigence,  vvith 
her  best  aduice  to  escape  his  fuvie,  whicli  had  he<'  kiiowri(>,  he  had 

surely  slaine  her.  ,.-,,.  ,       , 

"  lames-toune,  with  her  wild  traiue,  slie  as  (recly  fiTr|uonted  as  h(>r 
liifher's  habitation,  and  during  th;.'  tliuo  of  two  or  three  y™s,  bh(- 
next,  under  (Jlod,  was  still  the  iristrimKUit  to  prescMTe  this  col  )nie  Irom 
death,  famine,  and  utter  conft-Vion,  wlueli  if  in  those;  tiuK-s  bad  one- 
l)een  dissolued,  Virginia  might  liaue  line  as  it  was  at  our  In^t  arnvall 

to  this  dav.  .  i        t         •    i   i 

"  Kiur(^' then,  this  i)usiness(!  liauing  he'ue  tiiriUHJ  and  varied  l)y 
,„any  accidents  from  that  I  !e!t  it  al,  it  is  most  cerlaiiu-,  aiter  a  long 
and  iroubkisome  warn;  aller  my  departure,  betuixl  her  lather  an<I  our 
eolonie,  at  which  time  shet;  was  not  heard  oli;  about  two  yeeres  alter 
siie  herself  was  taken  prisoner.  Ueing  so  detained  neere  two  yeeres 
h.nr.er,  the  colonic  by  that  means  was  relieiied,  pcniee  concldded  mu( 
at  last  reitu'ting  her  barbaivjus  condition,  slice  was  marned  to  an  i<,ng- 
lish  "•entleuiaii,"'  wi:h  whom  at  this  j^ivsenl  she  is  in  i-ai^land,  the  first 
(!hristiaii  .'uer  of  tlial  nation,  the  lirst  Virginian  euer  spake  Eu'>;lish, 
nr  had  a  childe  in  marriaiie  bv  an  F-ii-iisbmim.  A  malter  surely, 
it-  my  meaning  Imh;  ti'uly  consiiiercd  and  well  viHicfstuad,  wortliy  a. 
itrince's  understanding.  .      . 

"Thus,  most  m-aeious  ladv,  1  have;  ivljited  to  your  maiestie  what  at 
your  best'  k>asurc  our  anpr.Mied  histoi-ics  will  account  you  at  large, 
and  done  in  the  tiuu;  of  your  maiestie's  life;  and  howcuer  this  might 
b<!e  pr(>sent(;d  you  from  a  mon;  worthy  pen,  it  cannot  from  a  more 
h-)nest  ht;art.     As  yet  I  ncuer  begged  any  thing  of  the  state,  or  any. 


'  INDIAN    BIOGRAPHY POCAHONTAS. 


nnd  it  is  itiv  wanf  of 


I'ililin  niu\  her  oxccotlinrr  dc 


111 

noancs  u,hI  antl.onn-,  l.cr  birth,  vertwo,  want  and  si.n  ,S    do  h 

nake  moc  thus   hold   hn.uhly  to  lK^so,.ch  v,.ur  nmic  ,i  'C  ako  th  « 

'^»o>vlcd.^.  ,./•  ho.,  thnuoh  it  hoc  from  ono  so  nn';o^hv^^to  t  tt 

report,,  a.  an-  so|,i,  ,,,  ,,,,,,,d,,  ,,,,,,  ^,,,  hoin^S^io   L  c  ^r 

t  to  attorjd  v-o,.r  ina„..stie.     Th<.  most  and  least  1  can  doe  is  to  foil 

you  this,  Ikmmusc  noil,,  so  ol)  huth  tried  it  as  rnvnlf   1    i  .u  , 

i-in^oi-so  great  a  spirit,  however  her ^.u,!:!.'"^""'  '^"^  ^^e  rather 

"If   shot!  should   not    b(!  well  rocf-iiied    seein.r  tl,;«  ]-;»    i 

liie  hnal  interview  bc'twcen  th«.  irall.-mt  and  ocnorous  writer  nC  tw 
memorial,  and  the  princess  who  ^vas  the  subjcrt  of       is  .n 

I«    .»  a,u  .seemecl  lo  l«  l,.„  n,,,,.),  .li^.mposal  !(„■  c„  iJorsiZn 

.™  ;:  ;,i- ih ''i;::r t;i;'> ""-'"i '-" ■" '""Wi-do oSSng 

""•■K'lis,  not  the  kvist  ol  which  was  a  jiist  indimiation  on  account  nf 

a|.t,^and  her  oun  swcotnoss  of  disposition,  soon  renewed  he.' Jllual 

In  the  course  of  her  remarks  she  called  Smith  her  flafhor      That 
■  PP      tion,  as  bestou^d  by  a  king's  dau,ht..r,  was  too  m  ch  for  U^ 

h^s,  and  J,e  the  l.ko  ,o  you.     You  called  him  father,  teirlg  in t'Ll 


I! 


112 


EVENTS    IN   INDIAN   HISTORY. 


a  stranger,  and  by  the  same  reason  so  must  I  doc  you."  Smith  still 
(expressed  himself  unworthy  of  that  distinction,  and  she  went  on: — 
"  Were  yo>i  not  afraid  to  come  into  my  father's  countrie,  and  caused 
fear  in  him  and  all  his  people  but  mee,  and  fear  you  I  should  hero 
call  you  father?  I  tell  you  then  I  will;  and  you  must  call  me  childc, 
and  then  I  will  bee  fcjreuer  and  cuer  your  countrywoman."  Sh(; 
assured  Smith  that  sIk;  had  l)oen  made  to  believe  he  was  dead,  and 
that  Powhatan  himself  had  shared  in  that  delusion.  To  ascertain  the 
liict,  however,  to  a  certainty,  that  crafty  barbarian  had  directed  an 
Indian  who  attended  her  to  England  to  mak(!  special  intiiiiries.  This 
was  Tc^mocomo,  one  of  ihe  emperor's  chief  counsellors,  and  I  he  bus- 
band  of  his  daughter  Matachanna,  perhaps  the  same  who  had  been 
dcmnml(\l  in  marriage  by  Sir  Thomas  J)alo  in  1014. 

It  is  the  last  and  saddest  oflico  of  history  to  record  the  death  of  this 
mcomparable  woman,  in  about  the  two-and-twentieth  year  of  her  age. 
This  event  took  place  ;U  Gravesond,  where  she  was  preparing  to  em- 
bark (I»r  Virginia  with  her  husband  and  the  child  m.'ntioned  in'Smith's 
memorial.  They  were  to  have  gone  out  with  Captain  Argall,  who 
sailed  early  in  1G17,  and  the  treasurer  and  council  of  the  colony  hatt 
made  suitable  accommodations  for  them  on  board  the  admiral-ship. 
But,  in  the  language  of  Smith,  it  pleased  God  to  take  this  young  lady 
to  liis  mercy.  Ilu  adds,  that  she  made  not  more  sorrow  for  her 
unexpected  death,  tlian  joy  to  the  beholders  to  hear  and  see  her  make 
,so  religious  and  godly  an  end.  Stith  also  records  thV  she  died  as 
she  had  long  livofl,  a  most  sincere  and  pious  Christian.  The  exprcs- 
sion  of  a  later  historian  is,  that  her  death  was  a  happy  mixture  of 
Indian  fortitude  and  Christ ian  submission,  atfecting  all  those  who  saw 
iier  by  the  lively  and  edifying  picture  of  piety  and  virtue  which  marked 
her  latter  moments.* 

The  same  philosophic  writer,  in  his  general  observations  upon  the 
character  of  Pocahontas,  has  justly  remarked  that,  considering  all 
concurrent  circnmstanc(^s,  it  is  not  surpassed  by  any  in  the  whole 
range  of  history;  and  that  for  those  (pialities  more  especially  which 
do  honor  to  our  nature — a  humane  and  feeling  heart,  an  ardor  and 
unshaken  constancy  in  her  attachments — she  stands  almost  without  a 
riv'il.  She  gave  evidence,  indeed,  of  possessing  in  a  high  degree  every 
attribute  of  mind  and  heart  which  should  be  and  has  been  the  orna- 
mcnt  and  prid(!  of  civilised  woman  in  all  countries  raid  times.  Her 
unwearied  kimhus^  to  the  Knglish  was  entirely  disinterested;  she 
knew  that  it  must  be  so  when  she  encountered  danger  and  weariness 
and  every  kind  of  opposition  and  didiculty,  to  bestow  it  seasonably  on 
the  objeels  of  her  noble  benevolence.  It  was  delicate,  too,  in  the  mode 
of  bestowmont.  No  fa'or  was  expected  in  return  for  it,  and  yet  no 
sense  oC  obligfition  was  permittcMl  to  mar  the  pleasure  which  it  gave. 
She  asked  nothing  of  Smith  in  recompense  for  whatever  she  had  done, 
but  the  boon  of  being  looked  upon  as  his  child.  Of  her  character 
as  a  princess,  evidence  enough  has  already  been  furnished.    Her 

*  Bark's  Virginia,  Vol.  I. 


INDIAN   BIOGKAPHY POCAHONTAS.  113 

S'U'l'S^J  I."  indopcndonc,,  and  .ho  dau„>lo«,  courage 

will  .f.  .„»,«„,"  ."'•;:i*.r,:.;;r  :  'r;,^'^™  ^t  n'""^ 

improbubC,"  s.'iv.s  Biirk     «tl..if  ^..,  ;  i    Z'-'"'''"^'^-     "  It  is  not  even 
L        .,•       ,  ,.      y^  jJuiK     "Uiac  cons  donnir  ovorv  thmif  >,.i.  *• 
herself  ;,n<   Sni  tli  ns  a  mnm  Hr-ti^.,   fi  "  ' .         "  rclatuig  to 

Viruniia.      As  that   -^t iiflfum,  ,vn        ""^'."""1  to  leniove  him  to 

Sir  Walter  RaleHrt,rui  I  'of  k/u'  '"  '';M"-'^^«^^'ing«  '^^inst 
-nele,  Henry  rS,  oll^'Z^' ut^t  art^/vea""'^  °^"  ''^ 
ciiiiiiciira;  a.id  roi-timo  in  Virninn    .„'„'".","""='  y™'"  "  man  of 

or  i«..d  which  hod  k*/n;,odS  ";;,"'"'■;  r°  t",*!"'"'"  •"■« 

onlv  .l„„,,h,.,,,  who  was  .San-ied  l  T         1-    '„    [■:,f,:;"'''„'-°,  '^"  f 

R«nd,.r„h,  coi'.'Si;  S,-„^"'i ";'(?;-;  ™-^^,:",!,:"'-  «w»f 

ncjoe,  and  Mr.  James  Mnrr-iv  Ti,;  """^"V^^'^y'.  ^'i-  -Thomas  Eld- 
and  he  shows  ^^lZ^S\.i^^^!S::^tS^,S  ^^'-"  ^"-^  ?ith, 
jn,;erial  liunily  of  Virginia,  vvhic^M  Z^iW  ^  "^T  l"'  '^  '^'' 
had  bianc.l.ed  out  into  a  very  nuinc-roMs  nrooenv  .  ^  ''  ^T''"' 
1747.  The  r[on.  John  Randolph  ^nZmk^^-^T''  "^Vf^^  ""' 
a  hneal  descendant  of  the  prineL  in  JS  deg;':  ""''  ""^' 

will  (xtr.rf  a  pnrt  oflhn  („urlh  canio^",.  so  "ntiv,  of  '  P"'^'^'     ^"^ 

hoi.tas  snvini.  (;.p„i„  Snath  Iron,  a  vide  '  |  't  l.v  Vl'''^'''"^  °'^^^^^ 
beside  hun  arul  pntti.i;r  h,:r  aan  aroun  I  [^  hnn  i  '  ''^  *":»«' '"g  hcrseh' 
by  l.r  IO.US  to  spare  ^.ai;  ,t ,.  a'SSltdXiSl^ifti^:^!*'^'' 

T  lionf.r|.  many  lionorcd  brave  Sir  John 

_l'or  his  spirit  bold  aiui  lijof,, 

The  solemn  eoiineil  iion-  deride 

Jl;at  brave  Sir  Joli,,  „|„^t  ,|jp_ 

f  or  tins  alone,  they  deemed,  would  serve 

Jo  ai)pease  f^-eat  Ok-  >•,  wrath  ; 

Andsaiely  to  the. rio:.,.rc!rs  realm 
JjequuTd  the  strange  ehief's  death. 
N)  great  ;i  foe  and  terrible 
rtieH-  triiics  bad  never  known- 
J  [ence  'twas  .leerecd,  that  in  his  fall 
threat  Powhatan  nlotie 
Was  worthy  to  indict  the  blow 
ihis  mighty  ehief  to  slay; 
10* 


4 


!  tf 


114 


EVENTS    IN    INDIAN    HISTORY. 


And  all  demanded  that  the  deed 
lie  done  without  delay. 

The  monarch  sitteth  on  his  throne, 

In  hia  dignity  arrayed  ; 

Mysterious  power  is  in  his  eye, 

That  malieth  man  afraid  ; 

The  women  of  his  court  stand  up 

With,  awe  behind  tlie  tlirone, 

But  his  daughters  in  their  beauty  sit 

On  cither  hand  alone ; 

While  all  around  the  spacious  hall 

Long  rows  of  warriors  stand, 

With  nodding  war-plume  on  each  head, 

And  each  with  wcapou  in  his  hand: 

And  scalps  and  trophies  lino  the  walls, 

That  fifty  wars  supplied, 

And  richest  robes  and  shining  belts 

Appear  on  every  side. 

And  ail  is  placed  in  fit  array 

To  take  the  captive's  eye, 

When  he  should  come  within  the  hall 

To  be  condetnned  and  die, — 

For  'twas  not  meet  to  take  the  life 

Of  so  great  and  strange  a  man, 

Till  he  had  seen  tlie  greatness  too 

Of  great  King  Powhatan. 

Now  through  tlie  festal  crowds  abroad 

Heralds  aloud  make  known 

That  soon  the  great  Sir  Jolm  must  die, 

Before  the  monarch's  tlirone. 

Hushed  is  the  song  and  ceased  the  dance. 

And  darkening  tiirongs  draw  near, 

In  awful  silence  round  the  hall. 

And  bend  a  listening  car 

To  catcii  the  lloating  sounds  tliat  come. 

Perchance  the  fatal  blow. 

Perchance  the  dcuth-song  of  Sir  .lolm, 

Or  his  dying  slirieic  of  wo. 

A  private  dour  to  that  great  hall 

Is  opened  slow  and  wide, 

And  a  guard  of  forty  men  march  in 

With  looks  of  lofty  jiride; 

For  in  tlieir  midst  (hat  captive  walks 

With  tightly  pinion'd  ;\rm, 

Whose  very  irame  had  power  to  shake 

The  boldest  witli  alarm. 

The  captive's  step  is  firm  and  free. 

His  bearing  grave  and  liigh, 

And  calm  and  (piiet  dignity 

Is  beaming  from  his  eye. 

One  universal  slioiit  arose 

When  first  Sir  .John  a|)pcarcd.' 

And  all  the  gathering  throng  without 

In  answer  loudly  chcer'd. 

And  then  tlie  monarch  wav'd  his  hand, 

And  all  was  still  again; 

And  round  tlie  hall  the  prisoner  march'd. 

Led  by  the  uurrior  train; 

And  thrice  they  went  the  circuit  round, 

That  all  might  see  the  face 


INDIAN    BIOGRAPHY POCAHONTAS. 

That  bore  such  pale  and  spirit  marks 
Of  a  strange  and  mighty  race. 

In  the  centre  of  the  hall  is  placed 
A  square  and  massive  stone, 
And  beds  of  twigs  and  forest  leaves 
.     Aie  thickly  round  itstmwn; 

And  there  a  heavy  war-cluh  stands, 
With  knots  all  covered  o'er; 
It  bears  the  marks  of  many  wars 
Hard,  smooth,  and  stain'd  with  jrorc 

FoTHJt^  '"""arch's  favorite  cFub, " 
*  or  times  ot  peril  kept, 
Twas  near  him  when  upon  the  throne 
Ami  near  him  when  ho  slept       """"^' 
No  other  hands  had  ever  dared 
ihat  ponderous  club  (o  wield 
And  never  could  a  foe  escape' 
When  tha    club  swept  the /ield. 
Now  slowly  to  (his  fatal  spot 
They  lead  Sir  John  with, 'arc, 

Ancla\  him  prostrate  there; 
And  loo,,  and  listen  cagerlv 

I"!"  "",'  l"«i-oanorweep; 

But  he  lays  his  head  down  tranouiUv 

As  a  child  (hat  goes  to  sleep.     '      ^' 

Ihc  monarch,  with  a  stately  step 

DescendethrromthethrouJ,       ^' 

And  all  give  back  before  the  light 

I  lom  his  fiery  eye  that  shone. 

He  raiseth  that  huge  war-club  hi..h, 

The  warriors  hold  their  breath,    °  ' 

And  look  to  see  that  miahiy  arm 

Hurl  down  the  blow  ot  death - 

A  sudden  shruk  bursts  through  the  air 

A  wild  and  piercino-  crv  ' 

And  swift  as  light  a  form  is  seen 
Across  the  hall  to  % 

The  startled  monarch  Slavs  his  hand 
I'ornow,  beneath  his  blow  ' 

He  sees  his  lovely  Mctoka' 
liy  the  cajitive  kiieelin..-  |,nv. 

Her  gentle  arm  is  round  his  head, 
Her  (cariul  eyes  upturn'd, 
And  tliere  the  pure  and  hallow'd 
Ol  angel  mercy  hurii'd. 
Comi)assion  lit  its  nentle  fires 
in  tlie  breast  of  Poivliatan- 


115 


•!  1:1 


ight 


The  warrior  to  the  father'vields, 
ihe  monarch  to  the  man.  " 
felowly  his  war-chib  sinks  to  earth, 
And  slowlvlrom  liis  eye 

Kcccdes  the  tierce,  viadiclive  lire 

i  bat  biirn'd  befen;  so  hi..]. 

His  nerves  relax,  he  looks  around 

tJpon  h-s  warrior  men, 

1  crchance  their  unsubdued  revenge 

ills  soul  might  tire  a"-;iiii—  " 

ir.'l  "  u'l  ^'"^'  ""fl  ''^'^»^^'^'^  spreads, 
And  all  have  lelt  its  power, 

Ami  Hearts  are  louch'd  and  passions  hush'd 
i  or  mercy  ruled  the  hour.  ' 


110 


EVENTS    IN    INDIAN    HISTORY. 


The  moniirch  gently  raised  liis  child, 
And  bruslied  her  tears  ;iway; 
And  called  I'aitiiinkey  to  hi^i  side, 
And  bade  without  delay 
To  Iree  the  captive  I'rom  his  bonds, 
And  show  liitn  honors  dnc, 
And  lead  hitn  lo  the  Icslivc  hall 
Their  banquet  to  renew. 

Tlie  (lay  is  past,  and  past  tlic  nif^lit, 
And  now  again  the  inorninif  iiijlit, 
Willi  golden  |)iniotis  all  umurl'd, 
('om(>s  lorlh  to  wak(;  a  slue|)ing  world; 
And  l)i'a\  e  Sir  John,  with  {'outsteps  free, 
And  a  trusty  guard  ot' warriors  three, 
'I'iirough  the  dee[)  woods  is  on  his  way 
To  greet  his  friends  at  I'aspahcy. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

SEaUKfi  OF  TIIK  IIISTORV  Ol'  ()l'F,('Il.\NC.\\OlJ(iH-Tfli:  fJfli; AT  MASSACRK  Of 
luJJ-MASrfACItl';  OF  ItUI-LAI'TI'llUOFOlMOCHANCAXOlIUU  HY  TIIK  K.VtiLISII 
-Ills  ItHVTII  ANIJ  Cll  VKAO'TKK. 

Captain  Argall  broi.i<>;ht  out  from  Enj^land,  among  othnr  things,  a 
variety  of  presents  f  )r  Opefhfuicanoiigh,  who  seems  now  to  h;ive  !K>en, 
notwithstanding  that  I'owhatan  was  still  hving,  the  chief  ohjeet  of  the 
colony's  appreiiension  and  regard.  He  lamented,  as  the  Indians  did 
universally,  the  nntimely  fate  of  their  favorit(>  princess;  l)ut  Ik;  also 
expressed  himself  satisfied  with  tlu;  care  which  had  heeii  taken  of  her 
son.  Argall  sent  messengers  to  him  immediately  on  his  arrival  af 
Jamestown;  and  the  chielhiin  paid  him  a  visit,  .'uid  receivcul  his  pre- 
sents. Tomocoino,  who  returned  witii  Argall,  had  conceived  a  dislike 
for  Sir  Thomas  Dale,  and  he  railed  violently  against  him  in  particular, 
as  he  did  against  \h(\  I*]nglish  in  general;  but  ()pechancaii()iigh  either 
was  or  atli'cled  to  1)(>  convinced  that  his  anger  and  his  accusations 
were  eipially  groundless.  On  the  d(>atli  of  i'owhatan,  in  l(iI8,  both 
himself  and  his  royal  brother  Opitcliipan  renewed  the;  ancient  league 
of  the  emperor  with  the  Mnglish;  under  the  protection  of  which,  we 
are  told,  every  man  peaccal)ly  I'ollowed  his  building  and  planting, 
without  any  n-markable  accidents  or  interruption. 

A  trail -.action,  which  occurred  in  101(»,  (urnishes  the  best  cimiment 
we  can  uive  upon  the  character  oi'()[)(n"hnni'anougli.  It  app(\-irs,  that 
President  Yeardlv  at  that  time  undertook  to  relieve  the  necessities  of 
the;  coloiiv  i)V  collecting  tribute  of  the  Chickahominies.  J5ut,  l!)r  some 
reason  or  other,  that  warlike  peopl(>  lel'used  lo  [lay  it;  and  eviMi  sent 
him  an  answer  to  his  demand,  which  lie  construed  hito  an  alfront. 
lie  therefore  called  ui)oii  them,  soon  r.ller,  with  a  company  of  one 
hundred  soldiers,  well  armed.  Some  tlireateiiingand  bravado  ensued 
on  both  sidi's,  and  a  regular  battk;  was  the  speedy  consequence.  The 
Indians  were  defeated,  and  as  Yeardly  was  returning  to  Jamestown 


with  h 


lis 


INDIAN   niOGRAPIIY.— OPECHANCANOUOn. 


U7 


a-n;tm.nt  vit)  iJ.       :     r v^  J^^  n.m  and  artfl,Ily  offocted  nn 

sicforod    th..y  dm-vMy  proclaiuuxl  l.i.n   ki  .  o'l  U,    ,    n.^T'""; 

a.ultliuswas  subccto.l  to  Jiini,  with  llioir  mv,,    v  ^^'"' '^"'""mny,- 

and  rosolutopeoplo,  who  had 'suci^      ;::;,;;'  TT"'' '^  '"■^^^^' 

tin;  I.o^w;,•  ..royory  savage  ar>d  civilised  Z              '  '   """^  ^""•'*' 
IJio  JMi^lish  historians  ircnorallv /.<.■,•,.,. ';.,    . 

.Suohiiiavhavohoonthonso      L      "":  ^"7''^''    ''•'""  hrst  (o  last. 

to  hi.  n.son  an.i::;.:!:i.^r:.;    ;.':i;''i  si:""  tI"  7'"^^'^^^" 

oi  many  oftho  colonists  was  but  too  woU  calc      t      u  t         :"'';"'f' '■■ 
intentions  on  tlio  part  of  tlio  crnvr  rn.r  ♦   i  *    "''^''"'^  "'^'  I'^'-^t 

."i.i.t  ix.  thoi..  thoi;v :;  iS  o ;;;  ;i!"^'^;r  t""^  ^^^^  -i"^^ 

inucoino  niiirht  Jiavo  its  ctioct  to  .,7  •  ,7^  '"'•'^'•""fnt  of-lV,- 
his  countrvl^cn.  TJio  .^^'^  oMn^  '"'""■'i'"^  ":"""-  "'"  '""^'^  '^' 
person  oi'K.cal.ontas  wE^^c^o  ?  S'l  W  ,  '?  ''T'  '"  ^f- 
was  too  shrowd  a  man  not  to^porcoivc  1  ^  -l  '  '  ''"?""''"'^"^'' 
which  was  daily  showinc-  its(.in„  hZ  .'  '''•■'"'""M'  !lispn,|K,rtion 

the  Indians  of  Vir.ri,^^,„  ,,',;'  '^f  ''"^^^V'  '^'  ^'"^''^J'  ^^"^ 
.u.indicati..orfh:t.:::!^^^^^^^^^^ 

fcctedin  the  submission  of  trCMici" ', '''''■'' ''''"'"  ''«  ^'■■ 
tl.at  ].c  himself  i„stio.rt, It  0.1  bt'r/i'r-  ^I  '^  ""^  '■"'''^•^•'^• 
whereby  thev  d.^w  u]x      tll^   "g  J"^f '"'^^^'  ^'^'  ^T^'T  '"-^'^na. 

the  colony,  which  incL^Ti^t^ I  il:::Z:Z^"^^  '"" 
It  ao-crravated  th(>ir  hostilitv  to  tl.o  iV  •  .  \,  ficni  as  much  as 
they  cominit.ed  sovonl     Ih-to       r^'"^''     ^^"  ^'"^'  ^^'^'^  "^  1618, 

nii«o^  to  send  in  the  head;  oC  Lo  o^nSMh  v!n'  ''''''''T'''  P^'- 
■   ^-  ■-uestionod.whetbnv\.f^!''^!:'^"^7"^  never  done,  and 


tOr.ui; 

•'  lirm.; 
Still;  r. 


iucstiono.1,  whether  ho  w^^n;  7  '''''^''  ''•'"^''  '»"^l 

and  comrivor  ;;?  the  :i;io     f,  ^  ^S  '^H  •"'"T  ,^'^ 

or  evi.w  s^sit^;r  l;;!  al;:Sf  :r:ff— r^'^^^-^ 

Jn  compete  V  ouiotino-  th,.  ^„.,.-  ■  :•   , '^'-'^^"^'Jj ^^s  wo.  have  seen, 

docd,v4finJ3to:^ed  n^  r;:do/Mrtr^^,    ^  ^^'^' ^"' 
^  chancanough  will  not  como  -^t "!«  Vi  '""^^'  ^'^''^^  ""^^^  ^Pt". 

promises.""  But  th  s  liS    ?„!;  .'j        ''"'?  ,\''  ''''^''''  '"«  ^«™W 
arrival  of  Sir  k  n2    WT^^^^^^  «way,  on  the 

That  gentleman  imSa^^,  ti^l^^'L?)  "^T""^ '  '"  ^^^l. 
Opitchipan,  who  both  express^  1  V,  nf    f  •    "    '''''''''''"'''^"^"gf' «^ 


118 


KVKNTS    1\    INDIAN    HIHTOUY. 


I, 


IS 


tlir  colony.  TIk^  ((>nucr  also  declared  liim>«'ir  pleased  willi  thn  idon 
oftlje  I'lnulisli  iidiahitiii^'  tlu;  coimtry.     lie  |)ro|tosed,  by  way  oCamal- 

irmnaliii'i  the  two  niitiniis,  l|i;il  some  ofllie  wliite  liimilies  should  seltle 
aiiioiiiT  his  |»eo|)le,  while  some  of  his  should  settle  at  .lamestowii.  A 
lormer  promise  was  coiitiniied,  ol'seiidiiiu;  a  ;uiiid(!  with  the  I'.nnlish  to 
eertaiu  mines  represented  lo  he  silmiled  aitove  the  lalls.  Nay,  so  far 
was  the  decei)tion  carried,  that  "Mr.  Thorpe  (the  chief  messenu;er) 
thonght  he  |)erceive(l  more  motions  of  relJL'ion  in  ( )|)echancanonnh 
than  could  easily  he  imaviiied  in  so  ^nvat  iifU'trance  anil  hliiidm;ss, 
ll<>  acknowledi^ed  his  own  reliLiioii  not  to  he  the  rijrht  way,  and  de- 
sired to  he  instructed  in  the  Christian  tiiilh.  lie  conil'ssed  that  (lod 
loved  the  l')n;^lisli  heller  than  them;  and  hethouiiht  the  cause  of  (rod's 
anger  was  their  custom  of  conjurin^f  lli'  ■  children,  and  makini;  them 
black  hoys."' 

It  must  have  iH'en  ahoul  this  lime  that  ( )pei'l;imcanoui>;li  took  the 
irouhle  to  send  some  of  his  men  to  a  siichem  on  the  easlern  siiore,  for 
a  ipiaiitilv  ol'  poison,  |)eculi;ir  to  thai  re^'ion,  and  which  he  wished  t(» 
use  in  his  opt>rations  !ii.>;ainst  the  I'wiinJish.  This  may  have  heen  the 
true  object  ot'lhe  i-mbassv;  and  it  may  also  have  been  but  a  cover  for 
Hoimdin^  the  disposition  ol"  the  eastern  tribes  towards  the  colony. 
Accordinglv,  it  is  recorded  in  the  "  Observations  of  Master  lolm  I'ory, 
secrelari<'  ol"  \'iri;iiii;t,  in  his  '{'ravels,"'  that  Niuuenacus,  the  sachem  of 
Pawliixeiil,  made  ail  applic,i'i<ni  to  iIk;  colony,  in  Kiiil,  l(>r  the  i)rivi. 
lege  of  tradiiiij;  w  ith  iliem.     The  re(|uesl  was  so  liir  attended  to,  that 

*  Allusion  scetns  to  lie  m;i(ln  licrc  (o  n  custom  wlii(;li  is  sanicicntly  sia- 
guhir  Id  i1c.sci'v»>  some  tlesciiplion,  Sniilli  c;ills  it  a  yearly  sucrilicc  ol" 
cliihlrcn.  A  (•ereniony  nl'  liic  Uiiiil  wbicli  \\  ;ts  pia-fornunl  nc;u'  .laiacstowa 
may  l)i'st  heili'scrilird  in  liis  own  words.  •'  I"!!'!!'!'!!!'  of  \\\c  iiropcrcsl  yoiuij; 
iioycs,  lielwccDc  Icn  -.iiid  lirteriie  ycurs  of  ;ij:e,  lliey  p;iyiiled  wliilc.  1  laning 
l)roiiM;lil  tlicin  t'orlii,  (lie  people  spciil  (lie  roreiiooiie  in  daimciii;:  and  sini^iiii; 
about  lliein  willi  i-atllcs.  In  llic  arii-riioonc  Ibey  put  tliose  clolilren  to  the 
roote  of  a  tree.  Uy  llii>m  all  lli(>  men  stood  in  a  i:;iiar(l,  each  liaiiin;^  a  bas- 
tinado in  his  liaiid,  maile  of  reeds  hoiiiu!  toj^etber.  'I'liis  made  a  lane  bc- 
tW(>one  thorn  all  aloui.',  liiroii^jli  wiiicb  there  wj-re  a|)pi)intcd  I'me  younij  men 
to  t'etcti  those  childivii.  So  every  one  of  the  fnie  went  tliroiiij;li  the  jjuard 
to  lelcli  a  cliilde,  e;;cli  after  olher  by  lurues,  (lie  i,'uar(l  liercely  heatiii!,' 
thoui  with  tlu'ir  basliuadoes.  and  they  palienlly  endiiriaij;  and  receiningall, 
(lofeiidiiiix  llie  cliildreu  willi  tlieir  naked  Ixniii^s  from  the  vniaiircifnl  t)i()wos. 
that  ]iay  tliem  soiimlly,  tho'  tlie  children  escape.  All  tiiis  wiiile,  the  wo- 
inea  weepe  and  cry  out  very  passioivately.  pronidiiiif  mats,  skiaiu's,  mossr 
and  dry  wood,  as  llijnas  filling  liieir  child rea's  t"unerals.  Ai'ter  tiie  children 
wci'o  Ihns  passed  (he  j,Miard,  the^jnai'd  tore  downe  Iho  trees,  hraiadies  and 
boughs,  with  sm-b  vioieiice  ihat  th(\v  rent  the  iiody,  and  made  wreaths  for 
their  heads,  ov  hinleeked  their  liayre  willi  the  leaiies.  What  els  was  doao 
with  the  ciiildren  was  not  scene,  but  tiiey  were  all  cast  on  a  beapo  in  a 
valley  as  dead,  where  they  made  a  great  feast  for  all  tiie  company.  The 
werouance  iieiiii;- demaiiiied  the  meaniiifiof  tlie  sacrilice,  answered,  that 
the  cliildren  were  not  all  dead,  but  tliat  the  ()/>■('<•  or  Diviil  did  sncke  the  f 
bloode  from  their  left  breast,  wiio  chanced  to  be  his  by  lot,  till  they  wore 
dead:  but  tiie  rest  were  kept  in  the  wildernesse  by  the  yonnjr  men  till  nine 
months  wi  re  expired,  during  which  time  tiiey  must  not  ('onvorsc  with  any, 
and  of  tliese  wore  made  their  I'riests  and  Coninrers."  i\laster  Pory  says. 
in  bis  Observations,  that  the  Accoinacks  were  a  civil  and  tractable  peo- 
ple: ''r.or  doe  tbcy  vsc  that  dcuillisb  custoine  in  making  Black  13oyes." 


INDIAN  niOOHArilY.— OJ'ECIIANCANOUGH. 

Iho  Knglish  promised  to  visit  In'ni  will 
that  their  eoiiii 


"free  with  tlie  liiili 

on  by  fh<;  aid  ..r  one  'I'jiunin.s  Sav..- 

limn  whom  Smith  had  le()  win,  IN.wlmfjm/ 


'lin  six  weeks.     Now  it 
ins  at  this  period  was  inostl 


Vf 


»<re,  nn  mterpreter,  and  tlu 


110 

seems 

nrried 

sarno 


visit  took  plae(!  iiecordin"  t 


I'lirteen  years  l^fore.     The 


OfM'cl 


<>  proMMse,  i.nd  it  was  tJien  ascertained  that 


'■""•'"••",uh   had  employed  one  of  his   Ind 


'11 

eusterne  shore."     Tlic  fp 


i»' i"-"tenee  w„.s,  -  iHraus..   h.^   l.r.Hiuht   the  tra.ic.'l 


lifiiis  to  kill  Sava<re, 


Ions  of  the  Mn<rlish  inlli 


Hnf  the  storm  wl 


"''  pi'ohahly  was,  tji.-u  the  eliielhi 
"•'"•''  amonji-  tli'i  trihes  ofthat 


"III  liini  to  the 


iieh  liad  heeii  "alheriiiu-  ev( 


reyion. 


in  was  joii- 


iij""i  '!"•  (l(!Voted  colony.     Op,.. 


enipen.r  was  at  k  iio||,  |.,,„dv  lo  Imrst 

;,l;r:''":'':-'L''':''  •••","i''""^'  ••^••••y  p.vparation  uhi,.h"ti 

die  ' 

lisli  seltlemenis    ll)revei 

an  era  Iml  too  men 


r  since  the  (k-ath  of  tin 


iK'i'niitted   ..11   his  piirt,  ;in(i    noti 
-rcat  I.I..W  which   he  inl.n.kd  should  .uicrly 


tniK 

sault  III  ever\-  dinvti( 


',  and  a  cerlain   hour  aio'eed 


lie  natm-e  of 

iiii.u-   remained    hut    to   sfriko 

,   e.Minoiiish  the  Mn.r. 

I'  (wenfy.seeond  day  of  Mnrcli,  J(i;.'^>-1 

was  sejeeto'd   IWr  tho 


'""'■''I'l''  111  \  irrinian  history—" 


IO!l. 


T 


upon  to  e;isin-e  the  simulti 


were  drav.ii  to^etlicr, 

of  massacre,  with  a  clerilv  and 


le  \ariotis  triliesenoancd  Jn  (| 


'<i"l  stationed  in  the  vk'inily  of  tin 


'ineous  as- 


le  conspiracy 
•several  places 


<f  the  continent.     Allhounh  soi 

Ironi  oreal   distance 

liic 


slar.s  and  moon,  no  sJiimIc  iusta 
h 


|"'''«'ision  imparanek.,!  in  the  annul 

";'<'l   the  detacliments   had  to  march 

iirest,  ouided  oidy  hy 


'1  and  Ihrouuh  a  continued 


iieeoi  disorder  or  mistak<!  is  |. 


'o  have  happened.      <  >ne  l.y  one  th.-y  iMIov.l  each  ,.t| 


Known 


silence,  Ireadin 


Jiistinu'  the    loni':   t'Ta 
Iiallcd  at  shoil  distances 


as  nearly  as  jiossihle 


I'T  in  prolWimd 
'"  < 'I'll  other's  steps,  and  ad- 


ss  and  hranch(-s  which  they  displaced.     'J^| 


iil> 


e  stillness  lor  the  siirnal 


i'"iii  the  settlements,  and 


lev 


Th 


all 


i(  k. 


waited  in  dealil- 


was  to 


ilVetl    l)V  their  li 


siinie  niormiiL;-  (Iir  \isiti(i"-  th 


iiiimlien 


oW■-^ 
'le    (llllereill 


lor 


'itnation,  and  at  || 


'<•  pnrp<.:e  of  as.'erlainiiu.:  Ilieir  sfren-rth  and 


same  time  preveiitiiio-  ;ni\-  su 


avayes,  wji,)   had  chosen  the 
|'i;iii'a!ions,  in   coiisick'rahio 
Jirecise 


'•'I  d.-si-n.       This,  it  slioiild  he  ohservci 
I'ltiial  a  practic(>  with  the  lii.lians,  t 


Dici 


,  iiad  recendv  !((>(•( 


on  of  the  i>-enc. 


•savau'es  were  well   ki 


sliowii  no  ( 


li.-. 


•own   to   he  in   1 


>ine  too  ha- 


lo 


|)osiiion 


lor  one 


supplied  Ihem  liciieraliv  wllh  wl 


>,  to  (  \ei!e  suspicion  ,,f  itself.      'J['| 
'".;'"'><l'li'>n  lor  a  war,  and  had 
'ii;jusli,  tliereloie,   wliik'  they 


'I'Ik'   J 


111' 


ihat  a 


lecled  to  pre|)are   ihemselves   | 


lalever  tliey  asked  li) 


-W( 


.iwcii; 

stra''< 


'I'd  or  a    liiciocl. 


or  {k'leiice 


I'l 


I',  upon  lair  terms, 


.\1 


k  was   rai 


■civ  to 


est  ol   tlui: 


Ini'r  mamier,  i 


pl;m}a!i(iiis  were  seated   in 


ley  were  so  secure, 
'ii''f   with  in  a  private 


■,  as  a  wa'er-iMMMle 


a  scattered  a. id 


myifjd  Ihem;  and  indeed  it  was  ociuTallv  tiiouoht,  ll 


-'(■  <ir  a  choice  vein  ,,f  ,.,V1,  lanj 


ncii'liiiors   I 


■<:     'i'l:.-    hul 


lans    w 


liirflK 


>i'|'  (la  1 1 


r  from 


The  hour  heino-  come,  the  .sava-es,  knowinrr  (..vrictly  in  what  snnf 
eve,y  hnuhshmau  was  to  !,e  Ibund,  ro.e  upoiT  then,  ^t"  ^i:     S 


If 


^i^id 


120 


BVENT8    IN    INDIAN    HISTORY. 


work  ol'  (Inath  was  comrnoticed,  tiiid  they  spared  nuithor  sex  nor  ogc, 
mail,  WDiuuii  iinr  child.  Soitic  ciikTtjd  th(!  Iidusch  under  the  color  of 
trade.  Otlicrs  dn;w  the  owners  abroad  u|)un  various  pretences;  while 
tho  rest  liill  su(ld(!iily  on  such  us  were  occuj)ied  in  their  sevcTal  lalntrs. 
So  qui(tl<  was  the  execulli»n,  that  liiw  perceived  tlu!  weapon  or  [)[ow 
whi<'ii  des|)al.clie.l  them.  Ami  thus,  in  one  iiour  and  almost  at  the 
stinu^  instant,  lell  three  hiiiidred  and  iorty-sevini  tnc'n,  women  and 
children;  most  of  them  hy  their  own  arms,  and  all  (as  Slitli  o!>serves) 
hy  th(^  li.irids  of  a  nakecl  and  timid  |ii;ople,  who  diu'st  not  stand  the 
pre.sentin;j;  of  a  stall'  in  the  manii(>r  of  a  lireliK-k,  in  tlu;  hands  of  a 
woman. 

Those  wh:>  had  sulliiienl  wariiiiii^  fo  mal\(!  resisfaiK^e  saved  their 
lives.  Nathaniel  Causie,  an  old  soldier  ol' ('aptain  Smith's,  tiitiUj^h 
eriitillv  w>)iiiuleil,  e|c  tve  1  (liAvii  ono  of  his  assailants  with  an  u\e; 
upon  which  'he  wh  ile  parly  wim  had  siiriMunded  him  lleil,  and  he 
escaped,  .'vl  hiitiiher  plai-e,  two  men  held  possessii>n  ot'a  huuse  against 
sixty  liuliaii-*.  At  Warmsquf-'ake,  a  Mr.  llaldsvin,  whose  wife  was  sn 
Iindly  wiMuided  that  she;  lay  for  dead,  hy  repeatfully  discharging  his 
muslcet  d:'itvi'  nd"  thi!  (Uiemy,  and  saveil  Imih  her  and  himsi'll".  Ualpli 
I  Ilia  a",  liv  historian,  di.'I'nid'.'d  himself  in  his  house,  successfully,  with 
sjjades,  axes  and  brii/hhals.  One  small  lamily,  liviiiji;  near  i\I:u'tin's 
I  [undred,  v.hei'i:  as  many  as  sevenry-llu'ee  of  the  I'iU'ilish  were  slain, 
not  oiiiv  escaped  the  massacre,  hul  never  heard  aiiy  lliinu;  of  it  until 
two  or  thr.H!  davs  afferv.ard;.  .iaiiiestoun  and  some  of  the  neii^hiior- 
iwj,  places  W(n'e  saved  hy  the  disclosure  of  a  ('hris'ian  Indian  named 
( 'hanct,  who  was  coiilideatially  informed  of  the  desii;u  hy  his  hrtithor, 
on  the  nuirninu  of  the  'I'ld, 

.Such  was  the  evideii  'c  uhirdi  ()pechane;moui;h  '^nw  of  his  deep- 
rooted  hatred  ol' the  I'lni^lish.  And  yet,  such  was  his  pndlaind  r|is- 
simulaiioM,  Ui.;t  so  late  as  tlu^  mi;I(ll(!  ol"  .M;u'cli,  he  li-ciited  a  messenifer 
s' nt  to  him  from  the  president  with  ih;'  utmost  civility,  assuring  him 
lie  heid  1h"  peac!>  so  firm,  that  tht?  sky  would  lUll  sooner  than  it  .shotiid 
ho  violated  on  his  part.  Mr.  Thorpe,  an  excellent  man,  who  had 
t!iken  a  peculiar  iiUen;.-.t  in  Chrislianisinu;  thv;  Indians,  supposed  that 
he  had  gained  the  especial  favor  of  ( )pochanc.anough  hy  huilding  him 
a  very  neat  house  after  tht^  liU'ilish  IJishion;  in  which  he  took  such 
(ileasnrc,  as  to  lock  and  unlock  his  door  a  hundn^d  times  a  day.  He 
seem*  (I  also  to  he  p!cas"(l  with  the  discourse  and  company  of  Mr. 
Thorpe,  and  expressed  a  desi  n;  to  recpiite  some  of  his  kindm^ss.  Never, 
theless,  tho  hody  of  this  uniijrtunato  man  was  found  anii)ng  the  slain. 
Only  two  days  helijro  the  massacre,  the  Indians  guiik-d  a  j)arty  of  tho 
Cnnlish  through  t!ie  woods,  and  sent  hom<3  one  who  had  lived  among 
them  'iO  learn  th('ir  language.  On  the  very  morning  of  the  iiital  day, 
as  also  the  <>vening  lieii»re,  they  came,  as  at  other  times,  unarmed  into 
th<^  houses  of  the  Knglish,  with  doer,  turkeys,  fish,  I'ruits  and  other 
things  to  si'H;  and  in  soiik;  places  sat  down  fo  hrcakfast  with  the  same 
persons  whom  they  rose  up  to  tomahawk. 

The  particular  occasion — as  the  historians  consider  it — of  the  con- 
spiracy, is  too  characteristic  to  be  omitted.     Tliero  was  a  noted  Indian, 


IKDIAJf   BIOGRAPHY.— OPECIIANCAWOUOIT.  Igg 

named  Ncmnttanow.  who  wn«  «//«„♦       .    /•       • 

able  h«mor,  tc  drc^  hhir  im  wi  hT  Ir '""''^  ""^  ''^'"^  "naccount. 

h,  ia,„.     S„,i„o„  w  Uw  Tf   2  J      <^'"""'""1'"»  l"r  >hc  „,,o  „f  ,ho 

«ur„„.o ' f m::li;l,; :;i; ; ;  ':7;;%  ;:■■;" ''""''foy. .,„ ,.,, 

youns  ,nc,,,  servants  „f  M„,.„a, ,  all,  ,",'      '  i  .v    T  ""'^'  '"','  """" 

/  1    '"o'^  "'    IH,.UU,  lie  K'(  nested  Jus   CantoiN    to    vtnn         I„     1  •       I 

rnoments  ],e  most  earnestly  lisoti-rht  of  tltim  tsv    I       r  '.^"'^ 

never  to  make  it  known  Ulat  l.(.  u"!  l    i      i  f,""''  ^'''''''■''  ^'^^^ 

to  bury  him  amon.  tlTo  J.S    '  t  .a      e  cow^;.?  f""*-^  ■'  f'"'  •^r"'"^' 
ment  of  bis  mortaHtv  n.i<  irt  S  .         viiowlcdge  and  monu. 

coan.3.,.0,..  tt;;:.;^t:t'™,;;:;^:: ,  r;;,.:!s  ^''"'  ■"•  '■'- 
=Ti5S  SrPf  "?~i- 

in  hi^  ,l,.r.i..r  f  !•  '    "  '  '""  **""''^'  ^"iiG  was  unusually  loud 

in  Ills  declarations  of  re.sentm.'ut  and  his  threats  of  rovcnon       7 

hemlSrw""'""?'/'^^'"^"^^''^''-    About  thl;-.S:Ka5: 
them  liberty,  by  negotiation,  to  scat  themselves  any  where  on  the  shS 


(i 


1^2 


EVKIfTS  IN  INDIAN  HISTORY. 


of  the  rivers,  within  his  dominions,  where  the  natives  had  no  villages. 
The  treaty  he  had  ah-eadv  made  for  the  discovery  of  mines,  as  well 
as  for  mutual  friendship  and  defence,  was  at  his  request  engraven  on 
a  brass  plate,  and  fastened  to  one  of  the  largest  oaks  growmg  upon 
his  territories,  that  it  might  be  had  always  in  remembrance. 

For  several  years  after  the  massacre,  a  war  was  waged  between 
the  colonists  and  thr  savages,  so  inveterate  and  ferocious  as  to  trans- 
mit a  mutual  abhorrence  and  prejudice  to  the  posterity  of  both,  ihe 
former  obtained  at  this  period  the  name  of  the  Long-Knives,  by  which 
they  were  distinguished  to  a  very  lute  day,  in  the  hieroglyphic  Ian- 
guagc  of  the  natives.  Every  precaution  and  preparation  was  taken, 
and  made  upon  both  sides,  in  view  of  a  desperate  conflict.  Orders 
were  issued  by  the  government,  from  time  to  time,  directing  a  general 
vigilance  and  caution  against  the  enemy  who  now  engrossed  all  thought; 
and  especially  prohibiting  the  waste  of  arms  and  ammunition.  The 
remnants  of  the  settlements  were  drawn  together  into  a  narrower  com- 
pass. Of  eighty  plantations,  all  wore  abandoned  but  six,  which  lay 
contiguous  at  the  lower  pan  of  James  river;  and  three  or  four  others, 
of  which  the  owners  or  overseers,  refusing  to  obey  public  orders, 
intrenched  tlicir.jelves,  and  mounted  cannon  lor  their  own  separate 

defence.  ,r.     •  •  i    u 

A  considerable  space  of  territory  between  the  Virginians  and  the 
savaae  tribes  was  wasted  with  lire,  i;)r  the  sole  purpose  of  laying  bare 
the  sTealthy  approaches  of  the  enemy,  who,  under  cover  of  the  long 
grass  and  underwood,  and  the  gigantic  shield  of  the  oak  and  cypress, 
had  heretofore  been  a!)lc  to  advance  unpevceived,and  rise  up  in  attack 
almost  from  under  the  very  ieet  of  the  English.  But  even  a  boundary 
of  fire  could  not  always  restrain  the  fury,  nor  elude  the  skill  of  the 
Indians.  Wisely  content  with  short  and  sudden  incursions,  tor  plun- 
der and  revenge  rather  than  conquest,  they  Irequently  succeeded  in 
carrying  off  the  corn  and  cattle  ol"  the  colonists,  and  sometimes  their 
persons^'into  cantivity.  They  were  themselves,  on  the  other  hand, 
hunted  like  beasts  of  prey.     No  prisoners  were  made;  no  quarter  was 

given. 

From  the  time  of  the  massacre,  Opechancanough  seems  no  longer 
to  have  taken  the  least  trouble  to  conceal  his  hostility.     He  returned 
a  haughty  answer  to  the  first  demand  made  upon  him  for  the  redemp- 
tion of  the  English  captives;  and  trampled  under  foot  the  picture  of 
the  English  monarch,  which  was  sent  to  him  as  a  compliment.     Late 
in  10-22,  when  Captain  Croshaw  was  trading  on  the  Potomac,  with 
the  only  tribe  which  was  now  willing  to  carry  on  commerce,  he  had 
scarcely  landed  from  his  vessel,  when  a  messenger  arrived  from  Ope- 
chancanough  to  Japazaws,  (king  of  the  I'atawoinekes,)  bearing  two 
baskets  of  beads  as  a  royal  present,  and  soliciting  the  king  to  mur<ler 
his  new  visitants  on  tin;  spot.     1  fe  was  assured,  that  whether  he  did 
his  part  or  not,  before  the  end  of  two  moons,  th<re  should  not  be  an 
Englishman  left  in  the  whole  country.     Japazaws  first  disclosed  the 
message  to  hi,-;  guest;  and  then,  alter  thinking  and  talking  of  it  two 
days,  made  answer  that  the  English  were  his  friends,  and  Opitclupan 


INDIAN   BIOGBAPHY OPECHANCANODGH.  IgJ 

(the  Powhatan  mporor)  his  brother;  and  therefore  there  should  be  no 
jnnre  Wood  shed  between  them  by  his  means.  The  beads  werL  re" 
turned  by  the  messenger.  ^ 

After  this  the  colonists  had  their  season  of  success;  and  more  In 
duuis  are  said  to  have  bc.en  sloin  during  the  autumn  and  v^^r  of 
1022-3,  than  had  ever  before  firllen  bv  tlie  hands  of  the  EM  sh 
*mco  the  settlement  of  Jamestown.     Bui  the  course  adopLi  1?  the 
cvihsed  party  sufficiently  indicates  tho  desperate  state  of  tl  e    affixir 
I  hey  avaded  themselves  of  a  stratagem  worse  than  barbanus       S 
jmnciple,  hcnvever  circumst^mces  might  he  supposed  in  t.is^ae^ 
.justd}/  It.     A  ])eace  was  offered  to  the  en-mv  n ml  •■r-r'  .r>fr>,i.  i  T  • 
a.  the  corn   which  the  latter  we.,  indui^l';;;  ,       ti^Kili^^ 
grow  npe,  the  English  fell  upon  then,  in  all  diictio^s  ^a  ^  ^  iSur 
oi  an  nppomted  day,  kille.l  many,  an<l  destroyed  a  vas    q^  n  i  v  of 
provisions.     Several  of  tho  greatest  war-captains  were  anWflu 
^;  and  f.  some  time  0,>echancanough  hu'nself  wis"  p"    fto  fc 

^Jor  agamst  huTi,     says  the  h.stonan,  ''  was  this  stratagem  chiefly 

Such   language   furnishes  evidence  enouoh   of  the  aonrehension 
which  his  movements  and  reputation  had  excif,.d  ,t  ,f '  '"'"^'°" 

substantial  reasons  for  the    espe^w  ich  1       till  ,n    '  '  fT'  ''T 

o^Zi     '^     ]  u      '  '"  ''^'"'''  ^'"^  '"''^'»  ^'»^'y  "f  the  sava-os  numfxired 
succeeded  m  driving  .he  enemy  from  the  fu.ld,  thev  were  unab  cTo 

l^nglish,  during  an  inveterate  war  of  three  vo-.in   hnr]  n^f   i  •        ! 
.nte  ov™  ,Vo,„  ,1,.  n.i,,|,b„,,,„„,,  „(■'       ,   r,  '.cHk™     ""il^^t^ 
m.,  moro  rt,»c„umgi„g,  0,,cdm„cai,o„„l,  wn,,  „,„    o  to  feivolt 

Four  years  afterwards,  the  same  tribes  made  an  irruption  so  furious 
aaid  alarming  that  every  twentieih  man  was  despatched  under  Z 
ajmrnand  ol  the  governor,  to  parley  with  the.n-a  ternt  H  c    e  o  ds 

in  he  course  „  ""^.^P^^hancanough  was  still  implacable;  and  When, 
Ml  me  course  ot  lbS2,  a  peace  was  at  last  formally  concluded  so  liftlA 
dependence  was  p  aced  on  that  circumstance,  that  LeTwh  le  the  c^^' 
missioners  on  both  sides  were  adjusting  the  preliminaries,  a  procla.^a: 


124 


EVENTS   IN    INDIAN    HISTORY. 


u 


tiort  was  issued,  forbidding  the  colonists  either  to  parley  or  trade  with 
the  Indians, 

"This  truce  or  treaty  was  understood  to  be  on  both  gides  a  tempo- 
rary expedient;  but  the  chielbin  was  the  first  to  take  advantage  of  it. 
During  nine  years  he  remained  quietly  making  his  i)reparations  for 
the  conflict  which  his  sagacity  told  him  must  some  day  or  other  be 
renewed.  The  hour  at  length  arrived.  The  colony  was  involved  in 
dissensions.  Insuri'cctions  liad  taken  place'.  The  govei'nor  was  unpop- 
ular, and  the  peo[)le  wore  unprepared  and  headless.  Opechancanough 
lost  not  a  moment  in  concerting  measures  lor  elfecting  at  a  single  blow 
the  bloody,  but  in  his  bosom  noljle  design,  which  had  already  engrossed 
the  solicitude  and  labor  of  so  large  a  part  of  his  liii;. 

He  was  iiuw  advanced  in  years,  but  his  orders  were  conveyed  with 
electric  rapidity  to  the  remotest  tribes  of  the  great  confederacy  asso- 
ciated under  his  influence.  With  the  five  nearest  his  own  location, 
and  most  com])lctcly  under  his  control,  he  resolved  to  make  the  prin- 
dpal  onset  in  person.  The  more  distant  stations  were  assigned  to  flie 
leading  chiefs  of  the  several  nations;  and  thus  the  system  of  a  war 
that  raged  from  the  mouth  of  the  Chesapeake  to  the  heads  of  all  the 
great  rivers,  which  flow  into  it,  was  so  simple  as  to  render  confusion 
impossible.  The  whole  !"oivc  was  let  loose  upon  the  entire  line  of  the 
English  setllements  at  nearly  the  same  instant  of  time.  Five  hundred 
|)crsons  perished  in  the  massacn;.  Many  others  were  carried  into 
captivity.  The  habitations,  corn,  household  ui(;nsils,  instruments  of 
farming,  every  tiling  essential  to  comfjrt,  and  almost  every  thing  no- 
ciwsary  to  life,  was  consumed  by  fire.  But  lor  circumstances  in  the 
situation  of  the  settlements,  over  which  Opechancanough  had  no  con- 
trol, and  which  he  could  not  guard  agauist,  the  fate  of  Virginia  had 
been  decided  by  this  single  blow. 

As  it  was,  every  other  labor  and  thought  were  susjiended  in  the 
terrors  of  an  Indian  ^\•ar.  The  loom  was  abandoned.  The  plough 
was  lefl,  in  its  furrow.  All  who  were  able  to  Ix^ar  iirins  were  embodied 
.OS  a  militia  for  the  defence  of  the  colony;  and  a  chosen  body,  com- 
prising every  twenlioth  man,  marched  into  the  enemy's  country  under 
(.Toveriior  Berkeley's  personal  command.  The  operations  of  the  war, 
which  raged  thenccibrtli  without  any  intermissicjn  until  the  death  of 
Opechancanough — and  that  alone  was  expected  to  end  it — are  detailed 
by  no  historian.  The  early  Virginian  records  which  remain  in  manu- 
script are  altogether  silent  respecting  this  period,  and  the  meagre  rela- 
tion of  Beverley  is  the  only  chronicle  which  has  survived  the  ravages 
of  time.  This  circumstance  of  itself  sufliciently  indicates  the  confusion 
and  dismay  of  the  era. 

Opechancanough,  whose  last  scene  now  ra|)idly  approaches,  had  bo- 
come  so  decrepid  by  age,  as  to  be  unable  to  walk,  though  his  spirit, 
rising  above  the  ruins  of  his  body,  directed,  from  the  litter  upon  which 
his  Indians  carried  him,  the  onset  and  the  retreat  of  his  warriors.  The 
wreck  of  his  constitution  was  at  length  completed  by  the  extreme 
fatigues  encountered  in  this  difficult  and  laborious  service.  His  flesh 
because  macerated ;  his  sinews  lost  their  elasticity ;  and  his  eyelids 


INDIAN   BIOOHAPHy.—  OPECHAJfCANOUGH.  125 

were  SO  heavy  that  he  could  not  see,  unless  they  were  lifted  up  by  his 

?v  R^rkp/r'^'^L'-     ^"  '^'  ^°''''''"  ^"^^''^"  he  was  closely  puTsueS 

taken.    He  entered  Jamestown  for  the  first  time  in  his  life  as  the 
nKMt  conspicuous  figure  in  the  conqueror's  triumph.  ' 

To  the  honor  of  the  English,  they  treated  their  distinguished  captive 
whh  the  tenderness  which  his  infirmities  demanded,  and  The  X^^ 
which  his  appearance  and  talents  inspired.  They  saw  the  object  of^hdr 
terror  bending  under  the  load  of  yeirs,  and  sCered  by  the  hlrdshrps 
of  war;  and  they  generously  resolved  to  bury  the  remembrance  of  thdr 
injunes  m  his  present  melancholy  reverse  of  fortune.     His  own  ^ 

EnherT  TT,'"^  '7^'""''  ='«^>^' ^"^  ^^e  principles  oflri 
ness.  He  believed  that  tortures  were  preparing  for  him:  but  instead 
of  any  consequent  reduction  in  his  haughtinessf  his  lang^a'e  and  de. 
meaner  bespoke  the  most  absolute  defiance  and  contempt.   ° 

But  generally  he  shrouded  himself  in  reserve;  and  as  if  desirous  of 
showing  his  enemies  that  there  was  nothing  in  their  presence  even  to 
rouse  his  curiosity,  and  much  less  to  excite  his  apprehensions,  he  but 
rarely  permitted  his  eyelids  to  be  lifted  up.  He  continued  n  this  sta?e 
several  days,  attended  by  his  affectionate  Indian  serval,  who  tad 
begged  permission  to  wait  upon  him.  But  his  long  life  of  near  an 
K  t  r''  was  drawing  to  its  close.  He  was  basely  shot  through 
the  back  by  one  of  the  soldiers  appointed  to  guard  him,  from  no  other 
provocation  than  the  recollection  of  his  ancient  hostilit;. 

10  the  last  moment  his  courage  remained  unbroken.     The  nearer 
death  approached,  the  more  care  he  seemed  to  use  in  concealing  his 
dejection,  and  preserving  the  dignity  and  serenity  of  his  aspect.     Only 
a  Cew  minutes  before  he  expirc-d,  he  heard  an  Unusual  bustle  in  tZ 
rcH^m  where  he  was  confined.     Having  ordered  his  attendants  to  raise 
his  eyelids,  he  discovered  a  number  of  persons  crowding  round  him 
I'  rr  F.'t'?'^^,^^  gratifying  an  unseasonable  curiosity.     The  dvine 
chief  felt  the  indignity,  but  disdaining  to  notice  the  mtruders,  he  raised 
himself  as  well  as  he  could,  and  with  a  voice  and  air  of  authority 
demanded  that  the  governor  should  be  immediately  brought  in.     When 
the  latter  made  his  appearance,  the  chieftain  scornfully  told  him,  that 
"kad  It  been  his  fortune  to  have  taken  Sir  William  Berkeley  prisoner 
he  should  not  have  exposed  him  as  a  show  to  his  people." 

buch  was  the  death  of  Opechancanough.  His  character  is  too  well 
explained  by  Ins  life  to  require  any  additional  comment.  His  own 
countrymen  were  more  extensively  and  more  completely  under  his 
influ.moo  than  th<>y  harl  been  under  that  of  Powhatan  himself.  This 
js  the  more  remarkable,  from  the  fact  that  Opitchipan,  whose  acre  and 
family  at  least  entitled  him  to  some  deference,  retained  the  nominal 

u.l^p'^7*';  some  historians;  but  as  he  is  understood  to  have  bcenyounser 

11* 


M 

BB^^HBt 

[  ^■Mr. 

^M.M. 


t. 

i 

''^1 

H     1 

ui        ■ 

^      m 

1 

11 

lae 


BVBMT8   IN    INDIAN   HI8T0BY. 


Authority  of  emperor  so  long  as  he  lived.  Beverley  says,  that  Opechan. 
canough  was  not  esteemed  by  the  Indians  to  be  in  any  way  related  to 
Powhatan;  and  that  they  re[)resentcd  liim  as  the  prince  of  a  foreign 
nation  residing  at  a  great  distance  somewhere  in  the  Southwest.  Ho 
might  be  an  emigrant  or  au  exile  from  the  empire  of  Mexico,  or  from 
some  of  the  tribes  between  that  region  and  Virginia.  The  same  his- 
torian describes  him  as  a  man  of  large  stature,  noble  presence  and 
extraordinary  parts,  ^tith  calls  hiui  u  politic  and  haught;  prince. 
Burk  entitles  him  the  Winnibal  of  Virginia. 

He  was  perhaps  the  most  inveterate  and  troublesome  enemy  which 
any  of  the  American  colonies  have  ever  met  with  among  his  race. 
The  general  causes  which  made  him  so,  independently  of  his  inherent 
talents  and  principles,  are  to  be  looked  for  in  the  situation  of  the  tribes 
under  his  command,  and  especially  in  the  relations  existing  between 
them  and  the  colonists.  Pic  saw  that  either  the  white  or  red  man 
must  sooner  or  later  establish  an  exclusive  superiority;  and  ho  very 
reasonably  decided  upon  doing  all  in  his  power  to  determine  the  issue 
in  favor  of  his  country  and  himself.  But  more  particular  provocations 
were  not  wanting.  Even  after  the  peace  of  1630,  great  as  the  anxiety 
was  for  its  preservation,  "  the  subtle  Indians,"  says  Beverley,  "  re- 
sented the  encroachments  on  them  by  Hervey's  grants."  A  laf-  his- 
torian expresses  himself  in  warmer  terms.  It  was  not  enoui  ,i,  he 
writes,  that  they  had  abandoned  to  their  invaders  the  delightful  regions 
on  the  sea-shore  where  their  fathers  had  been  placed  by  the  bounty  of 
Heaven — where  their  davs  had  rolled  on  in  an  enchanting  round  of 
innocence  and  gaiety —  here  tluy  had  possessed  abundance  without 
labor,  and  independence  without  government.  The  little  that  remained 
to  them  was  attempted  to  bo  wrested  from  them  by  the  insatiable  ava- 
rice and  rapacity  of  their  enemies. 


CHAPTER  IX. 

[The  following  brief  biographical  sketch  of  Captain  John  Smith  is 
quoted  in  Burk's  Virginia,  us  from  "a  late  American  biographer," 
probably  Belknap.] 

He  was  born  at  Willougliliv,  in  Lincolnshire,  England,  in  the 
year  one  thousand  five  huudn^d  and  seventy-nine.  From  the  first 
dawn  of  reason  he  discovered  a  roving  and  romantic  genius,  and 
delighted  in  extravagant  and  daring  actions  ammig  his  i.(chooI-fcllows. 
When  about  thirtecMi  years  of  age,  he  sold  his  books  and  satchel,  and 
his  puerile  trinkets,  to  raise  money,  with  a  view  to  convey  himself 
privately  to  sea;  init  th(>  death  ol'  his  fatlier  put  a  stoj)  for  the  present 
to  this  attempt,  and  threw  him  into  the  hands  of  guardians,  who  en- 
deavored to  check  the  ardor  of  his  genius,  by  confining  him  to  a 
compting-house.  Being  put  apprentice  to  a  niprchant  at  Lynn,  at  the 
age  of  lifteen,  he  at  lli'st  conceived  ho])es  that  his  master  would  sent! 
him  to  sea  in  his  service;  but  this  hope  failing,  he  quitted  his  master, 


CAPTAIN  JOHN  SMITH. 


at  Opechan. 
y  related  to 
if  a  foreign 
hwest.  Ho 
ico,  or  from 
ic  same  his- 
resence  and 
jht;    prince. 

lemy  which 
g  his  race, 
his  inherent 
of  the  tribes 
ing  between 
)r  red  man 
and  he  very 
ae  the  issue 
)rovocations 
1  the  anxiety 
erley,  "  re- 
A  lat'  his- 
onoui  ,1,  he 
itfui  regions 
le  bounty  of 
ig  round  of 
mco  without 
lat  remained 
latiablc  ava- 


127 


ihn  Smith  is 
)iographer," 

and,  in  the 
3m  the  first 
genius,  and 
lool-fcllows. 
satchel,  and 
ivey  himself 
■  the  present 
ns,  who  en- 
g  him  to  a 
jynn,  at  the 
would  sciiti 
his  master, 


a  science  pecuUar-ly  agreeable  to  his  ardent  and  aetiv^enf^^^ 

ing  with  a  Scots  eentlemnn  ■^hr.^t.A    u  "i^uvc  genius.    Meet- 

Sc^'otland,  with  thtZZLfCt  t '''?  '^''"'""'^^''^  ^"  P^^«  '"^^ 
James.   But  being  bSltLovn!.  ^^^^^^^  ^«  King 

town,  and  findin^f  mo  compLv^iZ'^^^^  '^^  ?l"'"^^  '"^  ^^'  "'^^^^^ 
booth  in  the  wood,  anZCk^ielft'i  '  T'f  ^'f  'T>  ^^^  ^^^^^  ^ 
and  tactics,  diverting  hin'S' t^int^^I  w  h^^lr  K^ ^ 

retreat  to  Tattersal  '       "  ^''^'  '""^  ^^"'"  ^'^  ^y^^^n 

first  stage  was  Flanders,  where,  meeting  witi,  -.  pl,  t  =1'  ^^ 
tended  to  be  heir  to  a  noble  famdv  L  .  .  f^"'^"  "^^^  P^' 
prevailed  upon  Smith  toT^wST  fern  S  Snc?'  T'  5"?''^"^^' 
they  arrived  at  St.  Valory,"in  P  cardv   a^  ]  v  H,o  ^  ^"''^  "'^^^ 

sJiipmaster,  the  Frenchinen  we  rcarried  ast    IT  h'""'"  f'^ 

the  Karl  „ri.|„_vc,.,  svl,,,^;,,.!  l««fl  ™  l/,  "n  'f,  „^"  r"''!'';'''"'*' 

Bayonne,  and  from  thence  crossed  over  tn  \C,  -u  ■■  ^^  ^° 
observing-  every  tliin-r  in  his  waTw L  b  I^.  ^^"'''f''''  ^'«'^'"g  ^^'^ 
or  na^al'  architectuii:  ^  '^'>'  '"''''"'^^  ^"^  "'"i^'-y 

on  Xnv.mi:  .1^     ,  """^  ^^  '-'  ^'''^''''  '"t°  the  iiarbor  of 'i'oa- 

ion,  allcnvauis  obliged  by  a  contrary  wind  to  anchor  under  the  iiu le 


138 


KVKNTS   IN   INDIAK   HIBTOBY. 


I 


island  of  St.  Mary,  off  Nice,  in  Savoy.  The  bigotry  of  the  pilgrims 
made  them  ascribe  their  ill-fortune  to  the  presence  of  a  heretic  on 
board.  They  devoutly  cursed  Smith  and  his  queen,  Elizabeth,  and 
in  a  fit  of  pious  rage  threw  him  into  the  sea.  He  swam  to  the  island, 
and  the  next  day  was  taken  on  board  a  ship  of  St.  Malo,  which  had 
also  put  in  there  for  shelter.  The  master  of  the  ship,  who  was  well 
known  to  his  noble  friend  the  Earl  of  Ployer,  entertained  him  kindly, 
and  carried  him  to  Alexandria  in  Egypt;  from  thence  he  coasted  the 
Levant,  and  on  his  return  had  the  high  satisfaction  of  an  engage- 
ment  with  a  Venetian  ship,  which  they  took  and  rifled  of  her  rich 


cargo. 


SiTiith  was  set  on  shore  at  Antibes,  with  a  box  of  one  thousand 
chequins,  (about  two  thousand  doll3-«V  by  the  hel;j  of  which  he  made 
the  tour  of  Italy,  crossed  the  Adr  .  .  i  travelled  into  Stiria,  to  the 
seat  of  Ferdinand,  Archduke  of  Av^^  Here  he  met  with  an  Eng- 

lish and  Irish  Jesuit,  who  introduced  .xni  to  Lord  Ebcrspaught,  Baron 
Kisel,  and  other  officers  of  distinction ;  and  here  he  found  full  scope 
for  his  genius,— for  the  emperor  being  then  at  war  with  the  Turks,  he 
entered  into  his  army  as  a  volunteer. 

He  communicated  to  Eberspaught  a  method  of  conversing  at  a  dis- 
tance by  signals  made  with  torches,  which,  being  alternately  shown 
and  hidden  a  certain  number  of  times,  designated  every  letter  of  the 
alphabet.  . 

He  had  soon  after  an  opportunity  of  making  the  expenment.  Eber- 
spaught, being  besieged  by  the  Turks  in  the  strong  town  of  Olimpack, 
was  cut  off  from  all  intelligence  and  hope  of  succor  from  his  friends. 
Smith  proposed  his  method  of  communication  to  Baron  Kisel,  who 
approved  it,  and  allowed  him  to  put  it  in  practice.  He  was  conveyed 
by  a  guard  to  a  hill  within  view  of  the  town,  and  sufficiently  remote 
from  The  Turkish  camp.  At  the  display  of  the  signal,  Eberspaught 
knew  and  answered  it,  and  Smith  conveyed  to  him  this  intelligence : 
"Thursday  night  I  will  charge  on  the  east;  at  the  alarm,  gaily  thou." 
The  answer  was,  "  I  will." 

Just  before  this  attack,  by  Smith's  advice,  a  great  number  of  false 
fires  were  made  in  another  quarter,  which  divided  the  attention  of  the 
enemy,  and  gave  advantage  to  the  a- -lilants,  who,  being  assisted  by 
a  sally  from  the  town,  killed  many  of  the  Turks,  drove  others  into 
the  river,  and  threw  succors  into  the  place,  which  obliged  the  enemy 
next  day  to  raise  the  siege.  This  well-conducted  exploit  produced  to 
our  young  adventurer  the  command  of  a  company,  consisting  of  two 
hundred  and  fifty  horsemen,  in  the  regiment  of  Count  Meldrich,  a 
nobleman  of  Transylvania. 

The  regiment  in\vnich  he  served  being  engaged  in  several  hazard- 
ous enterprises,  Smith  was  foremost  in  all  dangers,  and  distinguished 
himself  by  his  intvcnuity  and  by  his  valor,  and  when  Meldrich  left  thu 
imperial  army  and  passed  into  die  service  of  his  native  prince,  Smith 

followed  him. 

At  the  sirirc  of  Regal,  the  Ottomans  derided  the  slow  approaches 
of  the  Transylvanian  army,  and  sent  a  challenge,  purporting  that  the 


CAPTAIN   JOHN   SMITH. 


120 


I«ga„  .1,0  o„cou„,o,,  „M  i,.  a  .ho,,  Stli.,  'h^,  ^fjo  Zv 
'"■' 'r  "'"■'"mpl,  .0  hi,  general,  Ihe  Lord  Movze,,.  "^ 

i  1,0  dcall,  o(  11,0  chief  so  irritated  his  fi-iend  Crual.po  ti,„  !,„  . 
a  parlieular  ehalleago  to  tho  c„,u,uer„,.,  who,  nS°' hi n  „ 'UiTho 
sa,,  o  cere,™„,„,    „|ler  a  smart  eombal,  loolt  oU'  his  hSid  L         '" 

.0  his  head  in  eie  .heir  third  el.aintwo'nld'Sel;:""  ^  ^'''^'^ 

was  conducted  to  tl.o  pavilion  o       ".J^cr  J    vhrZTr""''' 
liin,  njvsontcd  Mm  ^^■^,1\l  „  I  •  1      ^.^'^y'-h  wno,  alter  embracmo; 

Turl!!,"-!,,',!  T  ','"  '^'■'"".y,'™"!""  '■"■"»■  was  defeated  hy  a  body  of 

«n,ot  riLii";::::  ''^le  ''a^':f^,!z:  "4  ~'^"  ''-f • 

fashion  of  that  day,  had  cnlem     ,to    ,i       !  •      "    '     ''e'  '■""■''' "'" 
.0  drive  the  Turl„'„i,t  o,'  "vii"!',','.''^  ■^"""  "■"'»  "  -''S'"-  -"l 

hahttcrrelTZt'o  ^f^lo^'^  Tl'  '"^  T'=  "'°  *""•     '''^ 

zanda    n?  Vn        '       I     "  ^^'^  ^^^  P'-^''^''»t  to  l,is  mistress,  Tracmbig. 

m  so  pleasmg  a  manner  as  to  gain  her  affections.    The  connition 


asMtw 


EVENTS   IN    INDIAN    HISTORY. 

proved  so  tender,  that  40  secure  him  for  herself,  and  to  prcvent  his 
Ixiing  ill-used,  she  sent  him  to  her  brother,  the  bashaw  of  Nalbraitz, 
in  the  country  of  the  Cambrian  Tartars  on  the  borders  of  the  sea  of 
Azoph.  Her  pretence  was,  that  he  should  ihere  learn  the  manners 
and  language,  as  well  as  religion  of  the  Tartars. 

By  the  terms  in  which  she  wrote  to  her  brother,  ho  suspected  her 
d&sign,  and  resolved  to  disappoint  her.  Within  an  hour  after  Smith's 
arrival  he  was  stripped,  his  licad  and  beard  were  shaven,  an  iron 
collar  was  put  about  his  neck,  he  was  clothed  with  a  coat  of  hair-cloth, 
and  driven  to  labor  among  the  Christian  slaves. 

He  had  now  no  hope  of  redemption,  but  from  the  love  of  his  mis- 
tress, who  was  at  a  great  distance,  and  not  likely  to  be  informed  of 
his  misfortunes.  The  hopeless  condition  of  his  fellow  slaves  could  not 
aJk'viatc  liis  despondency. 

In  the  depth  of  his  distress  an  opportunity  presented  for  an  escape, 
which  to  a  person  of  a  loss  courageous  and  adventurous  spirit  woukl 
have  been  an  aggravation  of  misery.  He  was  employed  in  threshing 
at  a  grange  in  a  large  field,  about  a  league  from  the  house  of  his  ty- 
rant, whoin  his  daily  visits  treated  him  with  abusive  language,  accom- 
panied \vith  blows  and  kicks. 

This  was  more  than  Smith  could  bear;  wherefore  watching  an 
o|)portunity,  when  no  other  person  was  present,  ho  levelled  a  stroke 
at  him  with  his  threshing  instrument,  which  despatched  him. 

Then  hiding  his  body  in  the  straw,  and  shutting  the  door,  he  filled 
a  bag  with  grain,  mounted  the  bashaw's  horse,  and  betaking  himself 
to  the  desert,  wandered  for  two  or  three  days  ignorant  of  the  way, 
and  so  fortiuiate  as  not  to  meet  with  a  single  person  who  might  give 
information  of  his  flight. 

At  length  he  came  to  a  post  erected  in  a  cross  road,  by  the  marks 
oil  which  he  found  his  way  to  Muscovy,  and  in  sixteen  days  he 
arrived  at  Exapolis,  on  the  river  Don,  where  was  a  Russian  garrison, 
tJie  commander  of  which,  understanding  that  he  was  a  Christian, 
received  him  courteously,  took  olf  his  iron  collar,  and  gave  him  letters 
to  the  other  governors  in  that  region. 

Thus  he  travelled  through  part  of  Russia  and  Poland,  till  he  got 
back  to  his  friends  in  Transylvrmia,  receiving  presents  in  his  way  from 
many  persons  of  distinction,  among  whom  he  particularly  mentions  a 
charitable  lady,  Callamata,  being  always  proud  of  his  connection  with 
that  sex,  and  fond  of  acknowledging  their  favors.  At  Leipsic  he  met 
with  his  colonel,  Count  Meldrich,  and  Sigismund,  prince  of  Transyl- 
vania, who  gave  him  one  thousand  five  hundred  ducats  to  repair  his 
losses. 

With  this  money  he  was  enabled  to  travel  through  Germany, 
France,  and  Spain,  and  having  visited  the  kingdom  of  Morocco,  he 
returned  by  sea  to  England,  having  in  his  passage  enjoyed  the  plea- 
sure of  another  naval  engagement. 

At  his  arrival  in  his  native  country,  he  had  a  thousand  ducats  in 
his  purse,  which,  with  the  interest  he  had  remaining  in  England,  he 
devoted  to  seek  adventures  and  make  discoveries  in  North  America. 


[itching  an 
ed  a  stroke 


INDIAN  BIOGRAPHY.— THE  FIVE  NATIONS.  181 

Reader,  if  thou  hast  perused  the  preceding  sketch  of  the  hfe  of 
Captain  Smuh,  pause  one  moment  and  reflecT  that  all  that  is  t^ 
recorded  he  performed    passed  thro-.gh,  and  suffered,  before  he  ca^ 
to  the  wild  she  es  of  the  new  world.     And  that  here  he  entered  ur^ 
a  new  field  of  enterprise,  and  of  suffering,  and  of  daring  not Tss 
remarkable  than  the  scenes  which  had  already  given  such  wonderM 
mtercs  to  his  eventful  life.     Follow  him  to  the' Wlderness  of  vSa 
and  witness  the  tods  and  struggles  he  went  through  to  plant  the  S 
European  settlement  in  these  States.     Behold  him"  he  g  .aid  an  sS 
of  the  httle  colony,  in  repeated  instances  and  in  various^ways  nrotec 
mg  It  by  his  single  arm  from  utter  dcstrbction.   When  the  cobnv  was 
smking  under  famine,  the  energy  and  activity  of  Smith  always  b"S 
them  food;  when  besot  by  the  subtle  and  ferocious  tribes  around  them 
the  courage  and  skill  of  Smith  never  failed  to  proveTsarand  s2' 
aent  shie  d  for  their  protection.     When  traitorralng  ten    sout; 
to  rob  and  abandon  the  colony,  they  were  detected  by  L  ,^  etS 
and  punished  by  his  power.     It  mattered  not  what  nominal  rank  Ee 
held  in  the  colony,  whether  vested  with  office  or  fiUin?  only  the 
humble  post  ofa  private  individual,  it  was  to  him  that  ahveswere 
turned  in  times  of  difficulty  and  danger,  and  it  was  his  name  alone 
that  struck  terror  to  the  hearts  of  the  hostile  sava-^es  • 

tholn!!n/Jr"  "^'^  '"  ""''  "P""  '^°^^'  he  peribrms  a  voyage  of  a 
thousand  miles    surveying  the  shores  of  the  great  Chesapeake  Pav 

sis  7the7  "^ "'''?  ^"'"^"-^  ^'''^^'^^'  ^'^h  thousandi'S'tlKM Jd 
sons  of  the  forest  ready  to  meet  him  at  every  turn.     When    in  the 

ale7  V lU  r'"'".'  ^hf  Opechancanougl  Jfive  hundred  a  o^ 
Se  him  a„d'^,M  '"''',  ^'^f'^  ^im  with  a  determination  to 
seize  him  and  put  lum  to  death,  who  but  Captain  John  Smith  would 
have  extricated  himself  from  his  perilous  situalion?  Nothim'  daZted 
he  seized  the  giant  chieflain  by  the  hair  of  his  head  with  one  hand 
held  a  pistol  to  his  breast  with  the  other,  and  led  him  out  tmS 
among  his  people,  and  made  them  throw  down  their  arms  ^ 

in  short,   for   romantic   adventure,   "  hair-breadth  escanes ''   thr. 

Th  ^eiir  hrhiT'  ""fir'  ""r-^^  ^^in,,ly^2r^ 

nnln     . '  n      ^  '^''/y  ""^  ^he  world  may  be  challenged  to  produce  a 
parallel  to  Captam  John  Smith,  the  founder  of  Virginia. 


CHAPTER  X. 


SUMMARY  ACCOUNT  OP    THE   FIVK  N  \TIO\S 
OACA  CHUJF.  GAUAiV':nT.A_^iTTU'i'r>i      ' 
TO  THE  TIME  Of 


^Awi^??"'''^^    O^  THE  ONAN- 


-^■^'»^^'  °»"^s^i;ifc;i!?s5S£  sii'mE^sI^  c^is, 


Having  concluded  our  notices  of  the  most  eminent  Indians  of  New 
^ngland,  it  now  becomes  proper,  ibllowing  merely  the  prorrress  of 
history,  to  turn  our  attention  to  another  section  of  country,  a°nd  to  a 


133 


EVENTS    IN   INDIAN   HISTORV. 


period  of  time  which  has  not  yet  furnished  us  any  considerable  share 
of  its  abundant  material.  We  refer  to  the  Middle  States,  and  particu- 
larly to  n  large  portion  of  (he  States  of  Now  York,  which,  with  other 
neighboring  territory,  was  formerly  occupied  by  that  famous  confede- 
racy commonly  called,  by  the  English,  the  Five  Nations.  Owing  to 
circumstances  not  necessary  here  to  hi  detailed,  those  tribes — and,  as 
an  almost  necessary  consequence,  all  the  distinguished  individuals  they 
produced — cam(!  forward  in  their  intercourse  with  the  foreign  colonies 
around  them,  to  till  the  prominent  station  lx;fore  fdled  by  the  Indians 
of  New  England,  much  us  th(,>  latter  had,  in  their  turn,  succeeded  the 
reti  man  of  the  south. 

The  Five  Nations  were  the  Mohawks,  the  Oneidas,  the  Cayugas, 
the  Onondagas  and  the  Scnecas.  The  Virginian  Indians  gave  them 
the  name  of  Massawomekes;  the  Dutch  called  tlictrn  Maquas,  or  Ma- 
kakuasc;  and  the  French,  Iroquois.  Their  appellation  at  home  was 
the  Mingoes,  and  sometimes  the  Aganuschion,  or  Unitcid  People. 

When  the  French  settled  in  Canada,  in  1003,  they  found  the  Iro- 
quois living  where  Montreal  now  stands.  They  were  at  war  with  the 
Adirondacks — a  powerful  tribe  residing  three  hundred  miles  above 
Trois  Rivieres — in  consequence  of  the  latter  having  treacherously 
murdered  some  of  their  young  men.  I'rcvious  to  this  date,  their 
habits  had  btien  more  agricultural  than  warlike;  but  they  soon  per- 
ceived the  necessity  of  adopting  a  different  system.  The  Adirondacks 
drove  them  from  their  own  country,  and  they  retreated  to  the  borders 
of  the  lakes,  where  they  have  ever  since  lived.  This  misfortune  it 
was — ostensibly  at  least  a  misfortune — which  gave  the  earliest  im- 
pulse to  the  subsequent  glorious  career  of  these  Romans  of  the  West. 

Fortunately  for  them,  their  sachems  were  men  of  a  genius  and  spirit 
which  adversity  served  only  to  stimulate  and  renew.  They,  fmding 
their  countrymen  discouraged  by  the  discomfiture  sutTcrcd  on  the  banks 
of  the  St.  Lawrence,  inducted  them  to  turn  their  arms  against  a  less 
formidable  nation,  called  the  Satauas,  then  dwelling  with  themselves 
near  the  lakes.  That  jjoople  they  subdueu,  and  expelled  from  their 
territory.  Encouraged  by  success,  and  strengthened  by  discipline, 
they  next  ventured  to  defend  themselves  against  the  inroads  of  their 
old  conquerors  on  the  north;  and  at  length  the  Adirondacks  were  even 
•driven  back,  in  their  turn,  as  iar  as  the  neighborhood  of  what  is  now 
Quebec. 

But  a  new  emergency  arose.  The  French  made  common  cause? 
with  the  nation  just  named  against  their  enemies,  and  brought  to  the 
•contest  the  important  aids  of  civilised  science  and  art.  The  Five 
Nations  had  now  to  set  wisdom  and  wariness,  as  well  as  courage  and 
discipline,  against  an  alliance  so  powerful.  Their  captains  came  for- 
ward again,  and  taught  them  the  policy  of  fighting  in  small  parties, 
and  of  making  amends  for  inferior  force,  by  surprisal  and  stratagem. 
The  result  was  that  the  Adirondacks  were  nearly  exterminated,  while 
the  Iroquois,  proudly  exalting  themselves  on  their  overthrow,  grew 
rapidly  to  be  the  leading  tribe  of  the  whole  north,  and  finally  of  the 
wbole  continent. 


•«I.c-cially  on  their  rLuu.       '     .'^,      , ''"'""  ''•■"•^"'•^'  ""''  <>''  rHvino' 

''alaiHv  ol-flic.  u^-.r.       '  "'''^'^'  ^"  ''"^^'  ^^'•'l  "igl»  tunu..l  tf^, 

One  ortlui  niinilicr  WHS  l'i\l.-nr,.f  ;,.  1  ■ 

i^m.icl  .scvcn.llv  will,  two  '  ''  ^'"T"  '""•^''•'■'■S  wInVh  tf„.y 

™,...  wliirh  lay  ready  loado.l,  ,.n;,i  ,|k   ,li!'i?['"'?'  ''''I':'""''' ^vith  th.> 
^^•'"•c  torn  usMud-r,  .nd  the    W        '     ]  '"'  ''^  "'^'  ^'''"l""'-- 

'nuny  of  then,  on  the  l,o,ds  ,i  '  '■".""•"'•■^•'  '•'ftor  knoelcin..  as 

i<«'l  their  revenue,   v h Kl  w'    t\.  ^  n'"'''  'T"'^^'^''  "'"  '^'^--^-<^'^^  ^ 

^.Inv  in  the  n,o^  ^ruel  tom,res  """''""'''^  ''""^'  ''^  '"'^"-^  tl^.n 

liii.-;  exploit,  creditable  as  it  mi..|,f  iw.  ,     .1 
tli^'ir  cnnnt,-VH.>n,  served  .Jh-  o  2  h"     "'  '^*'^'"'^  '"  'f'"  "V'^'  of 

-1-1.  still  rag..l  in  U.e  h^.^^t"  "H  ;  '"  ^r;'"' '•^^^•^"''-  '^  ''''-' 
'■^'-  "'^"'o  hax.urdons  than  th'.  lornier  •  '■,,.!  .,  '  'i'''''  ''""■'•pn'se  was 
:7u,npn.sfK.ct,that  not  u  si  He  v;rri^  w  '1!";''  'T'  ^"' ^"'''•'^'i, 
'I"  s.'t  oiit  alone,  ihen^fore   fl  r  7l..  "'  '''''"  '"^»  '-"mpany. 

rJu.  snow  was  he.innh  m    n  !|        Zcf  '"T"''  ""  ^'"  ^''^''''^  "•^-" 

<"u,tion  of  puttincr  the  hinder  mn.  r\  '^'^'l'*"^'  ^'^  f"ok    ;.e  n«.. 

'n.is  K-otsteps  si;r,nld  ]         «n  Wk  'ol  ^'^Tl^'r  ''""'"'"  ^  ^^^^^ 
unght  l,e  supposed  he  w;  s    ,   „    , Co        T        '''  '"'  ^"'y'''""  ''"^n-,  it 

-;s^hSrTn;ir"-;;;;;ti'';ir -r^  fiv.  Nation,  i. ... 

'■-'-were  iast  asleeprrllLXd  t^.  ^S:' l^.-;;""  f'"^  '^^-  "'■ 
-ilp.^  lo  Ins  Inrkin"-.,,lae<'.     'J^h,.      J  ^;';'>'lv,  and  c-,rn..d  the 

'!->  "'"rderer,  Lut  in^^•ain.  1  c  c-  nc^' 7'  *^^'  ^'^^'f''^"  '^""'^-^'^  «"• 
«Tc.-it..d  i,is  deed  of  I.Iood  The  S  '^-!-'■"^^  "'  fm.lniohf,  ,,,[ 
"•very  house,  and  IWcaref  wm  ^'i'   ^ /"^'^f,  -'i  wateh  was  kopt  in 

-'''''-,y.ken,to.r,^ho:n;:';;-.,^:;Jr^';^^^ 


134  EVEXTS    15    INDIAX   III9T0RV, 

and  then  stole  warily  from  house  to  house,  until  ho  at  last  discovcrocJ 
an  Indian  ncddinj,'  ut  his  post.  This  xnnn  lu;  despatched  at  a  blow, 
but  that  blow  alarmed  the  nei<ihlM)rhood,  and  he  was  forced  inimedi- 
iitely  to  lly  r(«r  his  life,  lieiii^,  bowciver,  the  lleetest  Indian  then  alive, 
he  was  under  no  apprehension  of  (lanij;cr  from  the  ehase.  I  h;  sulferiMl 
iiis  pursuers  to  ap|»r(>a(h  biin  from  time  to  time,  and  then  suddenly 
darted  away  from  lluuu,  hoping-  in  this  manner  to  <liscoura<?e  as  well 
as  escape  them.  When  the  cveniu<i;  came  on,  he  hid  himself,  and  his 
encnfii's  stopped  to  rest.  Feeling'  no  danger  from  a  single  ^enemy, 
and  he  a  fujiitive,  they  even  induljrj.d  theins(;lves  in  sleep.  I'iskaret, 
who  watcheil  every  »novenient,  turned  about,  knocketl  every  man  of 
theju  on  th(!  head,  added  tlieir  scalps  to  his  bundle,  and  leisurely  re- 
sumed his  way  home. 

To  return  to  the  Five  Nations.  TIk-  career  of  victory,  which  liegan 
with  the  f;ill  of  the  Adirondaclss,  was  destiii»>d  tt>  be  e.\ten(l(;d  beyond 
all  precedent  in  the  history  of  the  Indian  tribes.  They  exterminatwl 
the  Fries  or  Frit^as,  once 'living  on  the  south  side  of  the  lake  of  tlicir 
own  name.  They  ne;irly  destroyed  the'  powerful  Andt-rstez,  and  tlw^ 
Chouanons  or  Showanoiis.  They  drove  buck  the  Ilurons  and  Ottft- 
was  amon^  tlu;  Sioux  of  the  Upper  Mississippi,  where  they  separatcti 
themselver  into  bunds,  "])roclaiinin<2;,  wherever  they  went,  the  ten-or 
of  tlu;  Irocpiois."  The  Illinois  on  the  west  also  were  subdued,  with  iht; 
Miamies  and  the  Shawanese.  The  Niperccneans  of  the  St.  Lawrence 
rted  to  Hudson's  Bav,  to  avoid  their  fury.  "  The  larders  of  the  Ou- 
taoTiis,"  says  an  historian,  •'  which  were  long  thickly  p(;opled,  became 
almost  d(>serte(l."  Tlu;  Mohawk  was  a  name  of  terror  to  the  farthest 
tribt;s  of  New-Fngland;  and  though  but  one  of  that  formidable  people 
should  appeal  for^i  moment  on  the  bills  of  the  Connecticut  or  Massa- 
chusetts, tlu!  villages  below  would  be  in  an  uproar  of  confusion  and 
fear.  Finally  they  conquered  tlie  tribe  of  Virginia,  west  of  the  Alkv 
crhanics;  and  warred  against  the  Catawbas,  Cherokccs,  and  most  of 
the  nations  of  the  South.  . 

The  result  of  this  series  of  conquests  was,  that  the  Five  Nations 
finally  became  entitled,  or  at  least  laid  claim,  to  all  the  territory  not 
soM  to  the  English,  from  the  mouth  of  Surel  Uivcr,  on  the  south  suU; 
of  lakes  Erie  and  Ontario,  on  both  sides  of  the  Ohio,  until  it  falls  inti) 
the  Mississippi;  and  on  the  north  side  of  these  lakes,  the  whole  tra^k 
between  the  Outawas  river  and  lake  Huron.  The  historian,  Douglas, 
estimates  their  territory  at  about  1200  miles  in  length,  from  north  H< 
.soTilh,  and  from  700  to  800  miles  in  breadth. 

The  most  moderate  account  of  their  population  we  have  seen  was  pub- 
lished by  an  Agent  of  Virginia,  who  held  a  conference  at  Albany  with 
their  chiefs,  in°1677.     The  warriors  were  tlicn  numbered  as  follows: 

Mohawks, ^^^ 

Oncidas, ^"^ 

Onondagas, ^50 

Cayugas, ^y^ 

Senecas,        - ^^^^ 

Total,  2150 


INOIAX    nionR.vniV.-THK    nVK    NATIONS.  ,95 

Onci.las,     .        .        .    "   .    *        -        -        -    :J"0 
Uiioi.dii.ras.     - 1''"  • 

<'ilVll(r,1S,      .  .  *  '  "  -  -     :i<J"  • 

Seiiecas,  . ~'3U 

400 

'i"i»  uliicli  imisf  l)f>  ,'iil(J,.,l  o/iM  'I',, , 

<- - i"  171., :,' .; ; V .u'r^;.' v:;r''"'^'' """•^•'^"^ 

•sixth  inciulHT  of  tlK>  (Vmi;.,l,.r    '  •     i r  ^^  f'-ns,  fc  constitute  u 

.a^.1  iurl.o  contest  l^a  .u:T.L.^^u:^t,  """"'"^  '^'•'-">-  - 

"-"•'1  inviolate     i    Zm|  "  V';;!.     "  "T'""""''';i  '^^^^^^"^^  '^• 
«n.l  u,ael,i,.,.,tious  of  Z)^^';^    ,  '  '     ' 'i'  I     """       ""  '■"^•^•'••^'^'"- 

^J.e  Fi^".  ^C    o'mi  rnT"'';  Hvailed  themselves  oCa  peace  uith 

the  Governor  of  Canalc    ,  i""!-    ,  '^'  '''"^'^'''  ^^^-  ^«  '<-^  l^''^^^, 

who  were   !uk  v^ to  te  '"1,"*  t'"^«c  injuries  to  the  English 

Meanwhile  he  t^  v  oomns  S"  a"^';- "T"  ?r"-^'"T  'ji'"""  ^^l"- 
nito  friendship      Ho  or       V  2  '  '^"'^"t*-^"'".^'  the  Five  Nation, 

'•".1  coUecte,!    t  Cad-    •    ,      -o^  1?:^''  r""  '''"  '''^'"'■^  '"  '^^  '•^P'lire^l, 

*mtum  of  the  soiUt  thi?    uio  V       "/"""•'^  "'-('nnada.     li.t  the 

^J>o  heat  of  s.nii  ,e     occ-  t    no^  ^''^  ''"  ''''^/  ''"'•'^'"^"^^  -^'"^  ^^•^•'^'<«  i" 

ai-rnv,  and  he  S     u    .'  ^'''""1'  '""^  ^'"l^vrrassment  in  hi, 

thin.;  unless  uISl>>rS;    ^'l^f'^  '^'''^'^^^  ^''' ^"^'-''"^  -X 
-me  of  the  Five  Nation^'^Jin;!^  "o  it^^^lll^-^^^'  ^'^-'^-'  ^ 

^>ia:c::::;::;r:se;f  to^S^^^^^^        A^-y.  00^ 

i;ro.nised  him  they  would  no  ^n  a  the  ft;  Rm/"'  ^"""^^ 
Jiirce  tribes  wouh  not  even  l.no.  h  "•     ^"^  """^  remaining 

presence  of  the  pi  ^'^,\  T  7"''^'   ''  '''''  ^'^^"^'  ^^^^P^  i^ 

invitation  fron.  the  ^^.i  c  W  '  "^""'  '''^?  ^'"'^  '^'"^'^y  ''•"""^'^'f  '^^ 
J-ge.*  .  Hi>ouM  we  nS  .^  :"  r^":;;  l'^"  '"  ^'--'il'  ^^  ^-'1- 
"1  answer  to  the  Eu-dish  ^  w ,.  .  *'"'  '-^V^'-^^ty,"  said  they 

«^v?     fertainU^     If  we  do  not   wcT  so  far,  and  so  near  t<. 

wc  do  not,  we  shall  desen'e  no  lavor.     You  say 

*  Oa  LaKe  Ontario,  and  called  by  the  French  La-Fa.nine. 


iH 


JiSi^ 


13« 


KVENTS    IN    IXDIAN    IIISTOKY. 


we  are  siihjocts  to  tin;  Kiiiix  of  JCnglaiid  and  Ihe  l)uk(!  of  York.  W-c 
siiy  W(!  fire  l)r('tluvii,  Jiiul  t.'ikt;  cure  ofoiu'sclvcs."* 

Till'  event  jiistilied  this  iiidc|)enden(:o.  The  most  distini!;iiislied  of 
the  confederate  ehi(!ilains  was  (laranpda,  the  pride  of  the  Onoiidau;!! 
trilw.  lie  was  now  advaneed  in  years,  but  had  lost  nothinii;  of  his 
(a|or^!;irs.  Takint;  thirty  warriors  with  him,  he  went  witli  ha  Maine, 
the  Freneh  l)(>pnty,  to  nu-et  the  Canaihan  (lovernor  at  Kaihohaf^t^ 
At  the  end  of  two  days  aller  reaehin;:,'  that  place,  a  coinicil  was  held. 
The  1'' reach  ollicers  lormed  a  semi-circle  on  one  side,  whifdi  tin-'  In- 
dians com])lete(l  on  tlio  other;  Jind  the  (loveruor  then  adilressed  him- 
self to  (iaran!j,nhi. 

"Th(>  Kinu:,  my  master,"  hr  hei.';an,  "  iM'intj  iid'ormcd  that  the  Five 
Nations  had  oiU'ii  inlrinucd  the  jieaee,  has  onkavd  me  to  come  liilhcr 
with  a  j^uard,  and  to  send  Olmnesse  (\j;\  Maine)  to  tlu^  ( Jnondairas,  to 
hrinn- tiie  chief  sachem  to  my  camp.  lie  then  went  on  to  recpntT; 
(iaranmila — as  a  c^>ndilion  |)rcce(K'nt  to  the  treaty  wWwh  miiilit  l)o 
granted  him — to  promise,  in  the  name  ol"  the  h'ive  Mat  ions,  tiiat  entiiv 
rei)aration  shonld  he  i>ivcn  the  h'reiich  for  the  jiast,  and  entire  security 
lor  the  liilm-e.  In  cas<'  of  reliisal,  they  wen;  threatened  with  war. 
Af;ain,  they  were  chari^-ed  with  viok'nce  conunilted  upon  the  French 
traders,  and  upon  Jnditai  nations  under  French  protection;  and  with 
having  introduced  the  J-'ntiiish  to  trade  in  th(^  n(>iii;hhorho(id  of  ll«.> 
lakes.  This  also  was  cause  of  war.  Finally,  said  the  (iovernor, 
with  no  very  scrupulous  regard  to  truth,  upon  one  point  at  least,  "1 
sliall  hi!  extremely  <j;ri(.'ved  if  my  words  do  not  produce  the  etiect  1 
aniicipate  fron\  them;  lor  then  I  shall  he  ohliiicd  to  join  with  the  (lov- 
(n-nor  of  New  York,  who  is  commanded  by  his  master  to  assist  nie, 
and  burn  the  castles  of  the  l''ive  Nations,  and  (k'stroy  you." 

This  (-rally  sj)eech  was  dcsioiu-d  to  strike  a  tiu'ror  into  the  Indians; 
.and  CJaraUii'ula  was  undoubtedly  surprised  by  a  style  of  c.\i)ression 
whi(di  conlrasted  so  strongly  with  the  smooth  and  soil  words  of  L;i 
Maine  and  the  priests.  Ihit  li-jir  never  entered  his  bosom;  ami  he  had 
tlie  additional  advauta;4e  of  j^ood  information  respectinui;  the  true  strife 
of  the  French  army.  Me  kn(>\v  that  the  (.!oV(>rnor''s  insolence  pro- 
C(Htled  in  fact  I'rom  liis  impolence;  bravado  w.is  his  last  resort.  Durinfr 
the  speech,  however,  he  manilesled  no  emotion  of  any  kind,  but  kepi 
his  (^ves  comjiosedlv  tixeil  on  the  end  of  his  own  pipe.  ]}ut  the  mo- 
ment the  (lovernitr  had  ceased,  he  rose  up,  walked  live  or  six  times 
about  the  council-circl(\  and  then  returned  to  his  |)lace,  wlua'c  he 
spoke  standing,  whil(>  l^a  Han-e  remained  in  his  eibow -chair. 

'■'■  Youondio!"'  ho  bcoan — addressinuthe  (lovernor  by  the  title  always 
<riven  to  that  Canadian  ollicer  hv  the  Five  iNatious — "Vonondio! — [ 
honor  you.  and  the  warriors  that  are  with  me  all  likewise  honor  you. 
Vour  interpreter  has  linished  your  speech:  I  now  beuin  mine.  My 
words  make  haste  to  reach  your  ears.      Hearken  to  them. 

'•'•  Yonondio! — You  must  liav(>  believed,  when  you  left  C)uebec,  that 
the  sun  had  burnt  up  all  the  lorests  which  render  our  country  inac- 


*  Coklcu's  History  of  the  Five  ISivtious. 


rNDlAN   BlOORArilY THE   FIVE   NATIONS. 


187 


iy^^ibh  to  Ih,,  Frencl,.  or  that  tl.o  lakes  had  so  far  overfloM-n  the  b-inl". 

U)  .^rct  out  ol  Ukmii.     Yos,  siirclv  vou  innst  have  drcaniil   so  -nul  iZ 

<^.-io,sUy  ot  seoin.  so  groat  a  wonder  has  b^H.^l"  vou     ,    hi'      Now 

yo.i  a..,  .MuleccvcHl.     1  and  the  warriors  k'^r  presc^,^ an    ^onu^^ 

3s  alv  V  rV"  «7-as,  Cayngas,  Onoadagl^s,  Oneida:    u    M^ 

;  "  ^;s  '.'■(,>  J ,:t  ahve.     I   thank  you,  in  (iu.ir  name,  fJ.r  hrin-incx  hack 

.  t  0,,.  oonrmy  the  cahu.et,  win-h  your  predecessor  recdSl  S^n 

''■iHd>       I    was  i.appy  i;,r  you  that  you  left  under  -n'ouiid    h-H 

'".    denng  hateh.1,  so  olt<.n  dyed  in  the  hlood  of  the  Frene]..  ' 

'  Hour  lonond,o!-J  do  not  sleep.     ]  have  my  eyes  ,m  on      Tiie 

:;•  •: :!;;;  in^^sitiMiZ'  iS;:;::;:'  T^r^^^'h  ^'^'^  ^^ 

w..,v«   «l,r,;  I         I  ^  """•^' ^\""  •^P<''tl^'^  :is  It  he  were  dreamniir.     J  It- 

Unt  /      .'f  l'  <""'"";^"'u  says  that  ho  sees  tiie  eontrary; 

^e-mnoHheT^  :.'''''  '."'  ""I '"-'' '^  -''^-^-^  ''^^^  not  weakei.^ 
aic  ain>,  ol    he  Im.^hoJu     I  se(;  Vonondm  raviu'-  in  a  eaiun  of  siek 

-n,  whose  l.vos  the  Cirea,  Spirit  has  saved  l.y  inilieting  Zs::^.;::^ 

;-Jlear,  Yonondio!~(),„-  uonien  woidd  have  tak<>n  their  rluhs  our 
<  uldrenandohlmon  had  .arnVd  their  bows  and  arrows  hilo  t  Ikn 

Imvo'sllM  !;/""  """"'^""  ™""  ^"  <^'"-  --"-•     ^^  -  ^loni,  and  ^ 

"Hear,  Von<.n.lio!_\Ve  plundrred  none  of  the  French,  but  those 

earned  guns,  pou<|..r  and  balls  to  the  IViuhtwies  ai,  1  Hd  •  a^ 

;-ks   because  those  arms  might  have  cost  u,s  our  lives,     llei'  n'^ 

U'   c.  ^tlc..,  lc,.t  the  druidce.i   Indians  shoul.l  knock  them  on  fk" 
'•-Hi      Our  warriors  have  not  beaver  ..nough  to  pav  ibr  all  ih,^     rms 

1?,;;";      "'"'"'^^'''  "'''  """  ^'^'^  "oratVailof  thewJ       Tn     " 
fKiJi  jjreserves  my  words. 

•' Wo  carried  i he  l';ngli.sh  info  our  lakes,  to  trad<>  th.'re  with  tl... 
!^'avva..isand  (iuatoghies,  as  the  AdirondaAs  bro  ght  e  I^a^i^ht 
;ur  castles,  to  carry  on  a  trade,  which  tho  Fiudish  sav  is  thc'^  ^ 
>nv,  boni  tree.  We  neither  dopcnd  ou  Yonondio  nor'  Corleai^  '  We 
■i.ay  gj.  w  K,v  we  please,  and  car.y  witJi  us  whom  we  please,  and  buv 
■tn,  sell  what  we  ploase.     If  your  allies-  k  vour  skives,  n^  E^S 

;S.;:r;;;y  tir  '^ '''-'''  -^ '''-'  ^"^"  ^-^  i-'>^-  ^^'-  ^^ 

-We  knock  the  Tuightwies  and  C'hictauhieks  on  the  head,  becauso 
:^,t  V  'n  ?  "'i  "•<■- f  l--^S-hi<diwere  the  limitl  of  o^ 
■  ^>u  iti} .     .1  h<.y  have  Jumted  beaver  on  our  lands.     They  have  acted 

in\c,— thev  kdl.Ml  boll,  male  an.l  li-mal.'.     They  brouoht  the  Satan.^ 
'"to  their  country,  to  take  part  with  them,  after  H.ev  had  c^te^  ' 
•designs  against  us.     A\-e  have  done  less  than  either  the  EnglS;  or 

*  The  n;iiiic  they  ga\  c  the  (.'o\'prr)ors  ol"  JVcw  "iork. 


138 


EVENT3   IN   INDIAN   HISTORY. 


French,  that  have  usurped  tlio  lands,  of  so  many  Indian  nations,  and 
chascMl  ihcm  from  fliuir  (iwn  couutry.     Tiiis  l)i;ll  i)rcsorvn.s  my  words. 

"  Hear,  Voiujudio! — What  I  say  is  tiu.;  voict;  of  all  tho  Five  Nations. 
Hoar  what  tiiey  answer.  ^  ()|k  u  your  ears  to  what  thoy  speak.  'V\h) 
Sonecas,  Cayunas,  ()ni)ud;igas,  Oiieidas  and  Mohawks  say,  liiat  wiicn 
they  hurii'd  tht;  iiatchet  at  C'adarnelaii,  in  liie  [treseiice  of  your  jjrcdo- 
(X\-wor,  in  the  middle  of  tiie  fort,  tiiey  [ilanled  the  tree  of  peace;  in  tlie 
same  jjlaee,  ^to  i)e  tiiero  earefullv  j)r(!served;  that  in  the  place  of  a 
retreat  for  soldiers,  that  fort  niinht  he  a  nMidezvous  l()r  mcrelumts;  that 
in  place;  of  arms  and  ammuifilion  of  war,  heavers  and  merehaudi/X! 
shiMild  only  enter  there. 

''  lh\'ir,  Vonondiol — Take  care  for  the  fiilinx!  that  so  great  a  lumi- 
bor  of  soldiers  as  appear  there  do  not  choke  llu;  tree  of  [leacc;  planted 
in  so  small  a  liirl.  It  v>ill  lie  a  great  loss,  il",  after  it  had  so  easily 
taken  root,  you  should  slop  its  growth,  and  prevent  its  covering  your 
(Hrtuitry  and  ours  with  its  Itrauehes.  1  assure  you,  in  the  name 
of  the  Five  Nations,  that  our  warriors  shall  dance  to  the  calumet  of 
peace;  under  its  leaves.  They  sliall  remain  (|uiet  on  their  mats,  and 
shall  never  elig  up  the  halclni,  till  their  brother  \  ouondio,  or  tlorlear, 
shall  either  joii\tly  or  separately  eiideaMU"  to  attack  the  country,  whicli 
the  Great  Spirit  has  given  to  our  ancestors.  This  belt  preserves  my 
words,  ;uid  this  other  the  authority  which  the  I'ive  Nations  have  <i;iven 
me." 

ller(>  the  orator  paus^^d  f  u'  a  moment,  and  then  addressed  himscdf 
to  I\ionsie\n'  La  .Maine  who  stood  near  him,  acting  as  intta-preler, 
"Take  courage^  ()hgues-<e!''  s''id  he,  "Vou  have  spirit — spealv!  Ex- 
plain my  words,  l^'orget  nothing.  Tell  all  that  your  bre^lhren  and 
friends  say  to  Vonondio,  your  (lovernor,  by  the  )nonth  of  (laranguia, 
who  loves  you,  and  desires  you  to  aec;'|)I  of  this  ])re,seut  of  beaver, 
and  take  part  with  me  in  uiy  il  .isl,  to  which  1  invite  you.  Tliis  pre- 
■  sent  of  beaver  is  sent  to  Venoneho,  on  the  part  of  the  Five  Nations." 

When  this  harangue  was  explained  to  the  Governor,  he  fpuetl)'  left 
the  council,  and  wiihdrew  to  Ids  lent,  (hsap[)ointed  and  nuich  incenwul. 
Garangula,  on  the  otli'T  hand,  feasted  the  Frencli  ollicers,  and  then 
weiU  lioiue.  i\o!liiiig  mere  was  luard  o['  the  treaty;  and  the  French 
troo])s,  who  had  l-i  en  onlei'ed  out,  soon  aiier  made  the  best  of  tluir 
way  tei  iheir  own  habitations. 

The  genuiiien '^s  ol' the  sjie.'cli  we  luive  g.iven  iU)ove,  seenns  to  I*' 
p^ast  dispute.  1;  was  recurdci'.  on  tiu'  spot  by  that  enliv;lil<-'iied  histiu'iau. 
i»;;ron  i^a  Ifonian.  iV.iin  wiieiu  (, eldeu  and  ether  sul:se(p!ent  writiTs 
have;  borrow e'el  it.  CoiHidering  ilie'  e'-u'cumstances  tuuleu'  which  it  wat- 
dciivered,  ami  e'sp(  i;i:dly  liu'  s;u|iri.-{>  pracli.-cd  by  the  (loven'uor,  it 
may  cea'taiuly  be  regarded  as  rni  e'viiie'Ue'e;  eu'  astoni-^hing  sagacitv., 
spirit,  and  seli-pe-^se-iou.  Ils  proud  eMurtesy,  so  dillere'Ut  iVeim  tiu.' 
Frejiichmaifs  lKii>;ereiis  ]  arado  of  idie  threat^;,  e)nly  adds  to  the  yiin;.; 
of  its  sarcasm,  as  the;  iniaL^eny  give^^  we  iglit  to  th:;  ariyameut.  An 
illustrious  statesman  and  schejlar  has  jiiaced  it  in  the  same  rank  widi 
llio  ccichralcd  speee'ii  of  L(ig;m..*     Dul  tlie  fame  of  (laranguhi  mv.^:, 

*  l)i.'-cour.ic  oi"  Governor  CliiUoa. 


INDIAN   mOGH.VPaV.-T„K   KIVK   KATIONS. 


139 


vmukcs  no  mention  of 


at  all  events,  rest  upon  this  eflo.-t,  Cor  l.Jsto 

him  .siih,sc(]iient  to  the  council  ,.f  k'    i    i  -«  ^ 

AiK.ut  three  years  anetiL^,  l^aihohage. 

^«l.e.l  luu.el/  as  n.uei/  «s  L^SS";  T^r  ^7  .'"^^-^'^^^  ^^-tin- 
diHerent  manner.  Thi.s  was  A(lar  o  H  X  V  '*'  '""-''  '"  ^  very 
|i  tr.h..  .eueraily  /bui„l  an.on.  t  "  h  '^ o''''?"  "'  ^'"'  ^Jinondadiei^ 
-..to  the  Five  natioi.s  aMcniK:^!^  ^^'^r'' i"'^''--«^^"Hlop,.usccl 
i''Hl  ••oiisecii.ently  treatcMl  thoio  with  (iuor  P  7  ;"•?'  ^^"vernment 
araansfamrs,  fhey  had  laterally  sh?w  '-,  ,'  '  ""';y'"'«l''""ling  these 
wilh  fhe  Enoii„h__,i,„i  espcx-iallv  ,n    .  "^^  ^''«l")siliou  to  trade 

^.1-1  by  tJu.  Five  Natio^  J  f '^  ^^  V"'^"'  ^^'^-^  ''-  l^ttel^ 
:><  f  aiiada.  That  a/li.ir,  as  A  lu-  .1  ,  '''"i"'"  ""  '''«  ^i'«""iors' 
i-'Hs  to  their  ancient  ally,  th.     'v  ''rf'T'''^*;'''  ""^''^  ^''^'H'  ohnox- 

some  not,"' .'    explc.it,  to  n'd    ..     1.    r  ,'  ''"  ,  "■'''''""^  ^'^'^^Ived,  hy 

i'"(i  c.;  this  purpos,.    1      ,    .       '  '•  .'•"•^'•'-  "'  I'is  nation.  '    ^ 

I^-ioi-a  hundLllnn.;      h    o  1;!^;  .Uur  ^''^'"'-'-'<-c,  at  th<. 

l^assadors  in  eight  or  t.a  ,  avt'  ■  Ih  n^T^'fr"  '''''  ^''""^  ^'«'^'-  a^^: 
t"n.  iKune,  without  atton^p:',;,';^'^::;.^.  /f'^^I-iml  hin,  to  i^. 
a  'l''^^'gii.  '      «    "^  ^^""-  ^^''"-'J'  ""gilt  obstruct  so  c-ocxl 

But  Adario  had  another  projec^t  in  view      'n 

mtion  convmced  him  or  thlMhnoeM  ;,"',/  rf;"'"'"''^''*'« '"^'•- 
'""  '"'^v   arranoeuienf,  n,i„],t   |,"  1.     •  ■    V    '^'''^-  '"'^  "^^'^  nation,  in 

'«iveo  theolHeer,  but  not  o  re  un  'i  , .  r'"''  "^  '"'"'^'  '»«  ^««k 
v^l"H,ilu>  lro.p,ois„H,stnecess-rilv  ?'   ,  ^^"''^^'"'K 'JuM-oule  by 

'^'^/■on.pauy,  la  one  of  Zm^'^'f^  ^'^  ':^>:  ^^'''^  '-'  ".en,,  with 
I'U'-ntly  waited  four  or  hvJ  y.  U;  f  l?^'?  ^'^"•-  "^^«  ^-^  had 
i;«'-;'-'' ?^'=an!,.d  by  lla-ty  yoim;' J  H  .  'n'"'""  "^'"'^'  "'^''-  ^^P" 
"i^""  '-y  'Ik.  amluiseade,  and  all  wh  "         ".';T'  ^^'^•••'''  .siuldenlv  m 

'av'"^-  been  h.lonued  oi"  ,he   '  ■  ,,     ,  ''•    17  ''''^'">'  *"'''  ''"■'"'  ^  I  at, 
J"^  1'^"'  «^-^^ured  ,his  pass  w       ,h  '   j  !    '    ''' '  "'•'  ^'"^•^'••"•"-  '""  -'am, da 
"V  |lK'n..       _  ^         ''       ""   ■'"""■^^  ^•'••'■'aui  prospec-t  oi" intercept- 

«>n^l'K'(TSlLn- I'lnaf,;^^^  at  the  (iuvernor's 

^''  ''^"•l='7  "'0  whole  objoet  o   ,h<  ,    t"'"'^  "'"'  «"^''  '^•-!"'n,  as 

^'l'l'''''<^'!tly  amaze,!  an.i  euraoe       I  ,'  '     ■^'''■'™  ^^as,  in  his  turn, 

7'<-,  i;,..  having,  as   he  saiilmJ.  .'"",' "■V'-"  '''""  "'«  ^oy: 

-''I'Oininable  treachery      Tlie      I       '  "',V'   '"'"'  f"  <-oumiit  his 

'--''<'  fo  them,  .(•!;,  „1''  ;;j;;;;:r^'^''^="'*^'^"y  <-  -i).-  prisoned 

y<-"i.onK^agaiu,tl.u;h,r.:t  :;;'''  'T  '^;'"'^^-  f  -'^'l 
'^«^r  l.as  made  n..  counnit  so  b  ek  ■  ,  t  '''  ^  ^"?  ^  '•'^"^•^'  <-ver. 
«isy  alter  it,(iii  ,|,,  Fiv(>  \,(v  i  'n  .  """'  '"■''^  '  ■^''''11  'iover  Ij,. 
'-q-iies   luraished  wi/h  .^      :  i;;!^'!     f^   'ad  lidl  .  ve„,e."   '  .^^ 

-^'i'"'^' ^^  declarations,  refurncrl  to. 


140 


EVENTS   IN   INDIAN   UISIORV. 


their  own  country,  after  having  assured  him  that  he  and  his  nation 
might  make  their  peace  when  they  pleased. 

This  niastcr-stroke  of  policy  was  seconded  by  an  incident  which 
occurred  soon  afterwards,  and  which  the  same  cunning  and  vigilant 
spirit  profited  by  to  promote  his  design.  In  the  surprisal  of  the  depu- 
ties, Adario  had  lost  one  man,  and  had  filled  his  place  with  a  Satana 
prisoner,  who  had  been  before  adojif'^-d  into  the  Five  Nations.  This 
man  he  sooii  afterwards  delivered  i.  he  French  at  Michilimackinac, 
probably  at  their  request;  and  they,  for  the  purpose  of  keei)ing  up  the 
enmity  between  the  Dinondadies  and  Five  Nations,  ordered  him  to  be 
sJiot.  Adario  called  one  of  the  latter  people,  who  had  long  been  a 
prisoner,  to  he  an  eye-witness  of  his  countryman's  death.  He  then 
Ixide  liiin  make  his  escape  to  his  own  country,  and  there  to  give  an 
account  of  the  ferocious  l)arbarity  from  which  he  had  been  unable  to 
save  a  captive  belonging  to  himself. 

The  Five  Nations  had  already  been  upon  the  brink  of  war,  in  con- 
sctjuencc  of  the  representations  of  the  deputies.  Their  rage  was  now 
l)evend  all  bounds.  The  Governor,  having  obtained  some  informa- 
tion  of  the  state  of  things,  sent  messengers  to  disavow  and  expose  tk; 
conduct  of  Adario;  but  they  would  listen  to  no  messages;  their  souls 
tliirsted  for  revenge.  The  war  was  undertaken  immediately,  and 
never  was  one  more  disastrous  to  Canada.  Twelve  hundred  of  the 
Iroquois  invaded  the  province,  while  the  French  were  still  uncertain 
whether  hostilities  would  commence.  In  July,  1088,  they  landed  at 
La  Chine,  on  the  south  side  ol"  the  island  of  Montreal;  and,  keeping 
the  Governor  himself,  whh  his  troops,  confined  within  *he  walls  of 
the  town,  they  sacked  all  the  plantations,  and  indiscriminately  mas- 
sacred men,  women  and  children.  More  than  one  thousand  of  tlv2 
French  were  killed,  and  many  were  carried  olF  captive,  who  afterwards 
sliared  the  same  fate.  The  Indian  army  lost  but  three  men  during 
the  whole  expedition. 

The  most  distinguished  of  the  Iroquois  warriors,  about  this  time, 
was  one  whom  the  English  called  lilack-Kettle.  Coldcn  speaks  of 
liim  as  a  "  famous  hero;"  but  lew  of  his  exploits  have  come  down  to 
these  times.  It  is  only  known  that  he  commanded  large  pai'tics  of 
his  countrymen,  who  were  exceedingly  troublesome  to  the  French. 
In  1091,  he  made  an  irruption  into  the  country  round  Montreal,  at 
tlie  head  of  several  hundred  men.  He  f)verran  Canada,  (say  the 
French  aiinalist^;,)  as  a  tori'ent  does  the  low  lands,  when  it  overflows 
it.s  banks,  and  there  is  no  withstanding  it.  The  troops  at  the  stations 
itx-eived  orders  to  stand  upon  the  deli^nsive;  and  it  was  not  until  the 
enemy  were  returnhig  home  victorious,  after  having  desolated  all  Ca- 
nadti,  that  a  force  of  four  hundred  soldiers  -was  mustered  to  pursue 
them.  Black-Kettle  is  said  to  have  had  but  half  that  numlx'r  with  him 
at  this  juncture,  but  he  gave  battle,  and  fought  desperately.  After 
loKJig  twenty  ukmi  slain,  with  some  prisoners,  ho  bn^ke  through  the 
French  ranks  and  inarched  oil',  leaving  a  considerable  number  of  the 
f'nernv  wounded  and  killed. 


d  his  nation 


1 


INDIAN-    BIOGKAPIIV—TirK    FIVK    IVATIONS.  HI 

CHAPTER  XI. 

THE  riVi:  NATro\S  CONTrNrm    nr^.n,-. 

Uk'so  departments,  k  t         ho  i  .n    ,     '      '  '\'"'-'  '"  "•'"""^"••^'  "^  «'! 
a-l  uilll  other  tr  be     t  v^J" '^^  ""  ^"  ''!'^"^  --•{>  other 

^•q>^>taiion  and  pouxn-  uttaS  to    ho  in- ^^^  ^^'''^''^  their 

gave  tlieni  p.c.fhar  indu  «s  p^;^^^'!:  '^^  ^'^'^^r.  abroad, 
success.  Amon<r  (],o  conS.tos  n  '  .  ''''.""l'^  ^^^"^''^'^■^'  ^^^ 
east  and  south,  a^Jh-di'^pect  i  ^JVbf  :'n^">>g  tl)e  li.dians  of  ali  the 
:  l;^.t  eloquence  ^as  ^c^Z^^.:!^]'^;:^:;^^::^^  ---'f^  virtu., 
daily  requ  red  in  consuh'.tff.n^  -,(   i       '        ,  "     ^^^  services  were 

TIk:  n,u;K-il.ronm  wa    Sue ,;:  ,  T'^i  ^"'""^'""--^tions  abroa.1. 
house  of  tlie  Greel  I      O  d  ^n  '''  ^^T''^"  ^^^'""^  ^"»'»  ^'^^■i^''^t«. 

ibr  discipline  anr'SincSClfthe^oC  ^^ ^^^'^^T^- one 
-nos,  and  to  receive  the  leLons  of  wis £;;  "  '°  "'"'^"^  ^^"  J'^''-'"^ 

aimhse  with  mu^h  in-ecisio  nl"^^^  ^^  cannot  be  expected  of  us  to 

fct,  undisguised   upSd   b,r'"  ,?'"•"''''  '^  ^'''''"''^^y  I'"'"^'^^^ 

touclies  of  lumior,  natW'  oi'  e        /  ''  f  ""'"^"^'  ^^'^'^  ^'^^''''^P'"^^ 

l>naciple.  --acco2.n:nrn:"^;:^tth  ''''"•'"  ?^'  ^"^^■^^"^'' 
racdiar<l;  to  the  momenta -T^n  TV  ,  ^''' °'''^''-''''"'  '^"^  more  ini- 
Lis  P-valentSer  f  KX^^f  H  'p'^'^  v"?"  ^"  ^"^'o^'ted  bv 
irom  this  description     t  wnri'n        vJ      ^l''}\^''^^ons  (htiered  much 

to  the  inte;:;.s;  15;  n  S  o  ^S'S  ^'^''T'f^'  P-ctice,^nnct 
and  oboved  them.  ^  ^'"  l"'"'^''^'  ''^^°  h^"^-^"!'  cniploved 

y  appealed,  wo  shall  iurnish  a  somcwiiat  detailed  account 

*  Governor  Clinton.  i  tt-  . 

t  History  of  the  Five  Nations. 


142 


EVENTS    IN   INDIAN   HISTORY. 


I 
il  i 


<»f  a  g(ii(  Till  council  of  the  coufodcrates,  holdon  at  Onondaga  in  Jami- 
Hry,  lOUO.  Tlio  object  of  it  was  to  take  order  upon  a  message  sent 
thnn  from  llu;  Count  do  Frontcnac,  Governor  of  Canada,  the  purjMjrl 
of  wliich  will  appear  in  the  proceedings.  It  may  be  premised,  tluU 
the  Onondaga  council-house  was  commonly  prefwred  on  these  oc«>- 
sions,  on  account  of  tlie  central  position  oc-cupied  by  that  tribe  in 
r(?gard  to  thr;  otlier  four.*  The  English  authorities  at  Albany  wen^ 
formally  invited  to  attend,  but  tiiey  contented  themselves  with  sending 
tJieir  public  interpreter  to  fake  note  of  what  passed,  together  with  three 
Indians  instructed  in  their  name  to  dissuade  the  Five  Nations  from 
«(ntt;rtaining  thoughts  of  peac(>,  or  even  consenting  to  a  cessation  of 
arms. 

The  council  opened  on  the  22(]  of  the  month,  eighty  sachems  l)eing 
pmscnt.  In  the  first  place;  .Sack'kanatie,  an  Onondaga,  rising  in  his 
place,  addressed  liimself  to  one  of  the  English  messengers  from 
Albany,  lie  inlormed  him  that  lour  deputies  were  present  from  the 
Canadian  governor,  viz:  three  Indians  who  had  lormerly  been  carriwl 
l>risoners  to  Franco,  and  a  sachem  of  the  Praying  Indians  in  the 
French  inten-st  wlio  lived  near  Montreal;  and  that  (lovernor  Frontt*- 
uac  had  notified  them  of  his  a|)pointment,  and  of  his  having  brought 
over  with  him  from  France  Tawerahet  and  twelve  other  Indians  Ibr- 
merly  carried  prisoners  to  that  country.  Then  taking  in  his  hand 
tJic  wampum-beltf  sent  by  the  count,  and  holding  it  by  the  middle, 
he  added : 

"What  I  have  said  relates  only  to  one  half  of  the  belt.  The  other 
luUf  is  to  let  us  know  that  he  intends  to  kindle  his  fires  again  at 
Oadaraqui  next  spring.  He  ihercibre  invites  his  children,  and  tk^ 
Onondaga  Captain,  Dccanesora,  in  i)articular,  to  treat  lliere  with  him 
about  the  old  chain." 

Adarahta  was  chief  sachem  of  the  Praying  Indians,  a  community 
principally  made  u|)  of  members  of  several  tribt;s,  including  the  Fiw 
Nations,  who  had  been  induced  by  the  Frencli  to  settle  themselves 
n\m\  their  territory,  and  were  serviceable  to  them  in  various  capaci- 
ties. "  I  advise  you,"  said  Adar;dita,  holding  three  belts  in  his  hand, 
•'to  m(>et  the  Covernor  of  Canada  as  he  d(;sires.  Agree  to  this  if  yoa 
would  live."  He  then  gave  a  belt  of  wainpum.  "Tawerahet,"' ho 
proceeded,  "sends  you  this  other  belt  to  inlbrm  you  of  tlic  miseries 
which  he  and  the  rest  of  his  countrymen  have  sutfered  in  captivitv, 
mid  to  advise  you  to  hearken  to  Yonondio  if  you  desire  to  live.  This 
tJiird  belt  is  Irom  Thurensera,  Ohguesse,  and  Erie!,:}:  who  say  by  it 
to  their  brethren,  'We  have  interceded  for  you  with  your  order,  and 

*  It  is  impossible  to  say  how  much  influence  this  circumstance  might 
have  on  the  ambition  of  the  Ononda  j;a  orators.  It  will  be  obscr^  '  that  the 
tribe  enjoyed  ratlier  more  than  its  equal  share  of  rhetorical  dis.aiction. 

t  The  practice  of  confirming  stipulations  and  making  proposals  by  belts, 
80  commonly  adopted  among  the  Indians,  cannot  be  understood  in  any  way 
better  than  by  observing  the  various  instances  mentioned  in  the  text. 

I  Indian  names,  meaning  Day-dawn,  Partridge,  and  Kose,  given  to 
Frenchmen  well  known  to  the  Five  Nations,  "^he  policy  of  sending  such 
messages  is  sutlicicnlly  obvious. 


INDIAN  BIOOHAI.„V.-T„E   TIVE   NATIONS.  143 

tiiercl()re  advise  you  to  moot  liJm  n*  n   i 

Ix.  well  for  you.''  '  ^""'  ^^  Ca.laraqui  m  the  spring.'    It  will 

A  Mohawk  chief,  one  of  those  instructed  bv  tho  A  l> 
to  represent  their  wishes  at  the  counHI    n.  ^    i     ^""^^ '"''fe''"^''^^^ 
they  had  given  him.     Ho  had  tron^  vo  1  '^''^'V'^  ^^^  '"^«««g^ 

interpreter^  who  had  the  same  mn  ''  '■^-  ''"'■^'  ^""^  ^^"r''-     '^'he 

ho  sZ-oKe  and  found  i!!^:::^:?:;^^^^^^  '^"^^^^^^  ^'-  -'-ii^- 

paS:^;:^^;:.:;^'::??^:^'  ^^:;i  'r^^i  -  ^^ve  the  counci, . 

Ix'tween  Jiis  own  tribe  an  soL  wl  )  ^^^  '''^  '"""^^'-  P'-^'^-'o^is, 
Cana<iian  nations,  on  th^  verimal  f  T,  'Tr'T'^  «"«  "^'  t*"^" 
iK>h.-df  of  seven  other  tribes  and  ewi.  A^  ^^u''  ^^'^'  ''^'^''^J  ""  the 
Lis  own  conlbderacy  to  rati  vtt  nil  "  T'  ^T  "'^''"^-'^  ^^ 
m  -i^'es  p..  J  Sene«.. 

.h/;a.r^;^r^i::,r  '^^  '''''-'  -^oonC'-deliveringupat 

n-::^rL^:;^tiSJr-5?^^ 

I'v  this  third  belt  '^"'''  ^onondio  put  into  our  huiKk. 

»clious,"-givi„g  tt  n,u,,h  lx..|t  "■  '"""'''   •='™»    '''■°'"    l'« 

^^m::Z^l7^'7  'Y  -tor  of  hc„vo„,  „oi.,,„  „,■ 
10    "  VVn  .  ni  f  •     "^       '^     "^  ^^  confirm  the  promise 

Ciovernor  of  New  Yo^J^Zd  ^^iTr^T    I''  ''1^  ^'"^■'^••^^•'  ('^^^ 
made."  '^  ^^^  "'^  P'^^«  ^^'»ere  the  wampum  is 

avon  to  ,|K.  Albany  mc.,cn<»CM  nl  HW  '^  "'""  '"'"  "'•'^  °l»' 


144 


EVEIVTa    IN   INDIAN   IIISTOKV. 


^U 


the  general  covenant.  This  was  handed  round  among  the  sachems, 
jind  then  laid  aside  to  be  preserved. 

At  the  end  of  these  ceremonies,  Sadekanatie  rose  again.  "Brothers," 
he  said,  "we  must  stick  to  our  hrothcn*  (iuider,  and  regard  Yonondin 
as  our  enemy;  he  is  a  cheat."  By  (Iuider  he  meant  Peter,  referring 
to  Peter  Schuyler,  Mayor  of  Albany,  a  gentlcmiin  much  esteemed  by 
Ihu  live  tribes,  but  whose  name,  liaving  no  labials  in  their  language;, 
they  were  unable  to  pronounce. 

After  some  further  proceedings  the  English  interpreter  was  desired 
to  deliver  his  message  from  Albany.  He  told  them  that  a  new  gover- 
nor had  arrived  in  the  province,  with  a  largo  number  of  fresh  troops; 
that  England  was  at  war  with  Frnnee,  and  that  the  peoplf'  of  New 
England  were  litting  out  an  expedition  against  Canada,  lie  advisc<l 
tJiem  not  to  treat  with  the  French,  but  at  idl  events  only  at  Albany. 
That  people,  he  said,  would  keep  no  agreement  made  any  when;  els:f . 

The  sachems  udw  held  a  consullation  together  fl)r  some  time,  th<' 
result  of  which  was  thus  declaretl  by  ti  speaker  chosen  for  tlu;  pur- 
ptwe,  and  who  is  supposed  to  hav(>  been  Sadekanatie.  The  dilil'rent 
passaged  were  addressed  respectively  to  the  deputies  of  the  parties 
mferred  to. 

"Brothers!  (Jur  fire  burns  at  Alltany.  We  will  not  send  Decane- 
sm-a  to  Cadara(]ui.  We  adhere  to  our  old  chain  with  Corlcar.  A\"e 
will  prosecute  the  war  \\ith  Yonondio.  We  will  iijUow  your  advici' 
in  drawing  oiF  our  men  from  Cadaraqui.  Brothers  !  We  are  glad  to 
hear  the  news  yon  tell  us,  but  tell  us  no  lies ! 

"  Brother  Kinshon  !  \Va  hear  you  design  to  send  soldiere  to  tlie 
(jostward  against  the  Indians  there.*  But  wo  advise  you,  now  no 
many  arc  united  against  the  French,  to  f  dl  iuniiediately  on  them. 
Strike  at  the  root, — when  the  trunk  shall  Ixj  cut  down  the  branches 
will  faJl  of  course. 

"  Cork VI r  and  Kinshon, — Courage!  Cotu'age!  In  the  spring  te 
Qncbec!  Take  that  place, — you  will  h;ive  your  fix't  on  the  necks  ol' 
the  French  and  all  their  friends  in  America." 

Another  consultation  terminated  in  the  adoption  of  the  following' 
answer  to  be  sent  to  the  Canadians. 

1.  "Yonondio!  You  have  noliiicd  your  return  to  us,  and  that 
you  have  brought  back  thirteen  (jf  our  people  who  were  carried  tu 
France.  We  arc  glad  {>['  it.  You  desire  us  to  meet  you  at  Cadaraiiui 
next  spring,  to  treat  of  the  old  chain.  But,  Yonondio,  how  can  we 
tj'ust  you  who  have  acted  deceitfully  so  olien?  Witness  what  Mas 
done  at  Cadaraqui,  the  usage  our  messengers  met  with  at  Uttawas. 
and  what  was  done  to  the  Senecas  at  the  same  place."  Here  a  Ix'll 
was  civen,  indicatinu'  a  willinyncss  still  to  treat. 

2.  "Thurensera,  Oghuessc  and  Ertel !  Have  you  observed  friend- 
ship with  us?  If  you  have  not,  how  came  you  to  advise  us  to  renew 
friendship  with  Yonondio?"   A  belt  also  was  attached  to  this  answer. 

*  Nevr  Hampshire  and  Mnine  tribes,  at  irar  with  Ui<j  colonics,  and 
known  to  be  instigated  and  assisted  by  the  French. 


I  I 


iNDi.N  BrocnAP„v.-^„B  PrvK  nations.  ,45 

with  the  oX?ttdve.'^^Yono''ndio'"v  ''  ^'"^  '"^  ^earof  your  return 
and  the  others  this  prescv  S  before  S '  ''"w  '^^'"^  '^'^^^^^''-^^ 
French  we  have  prisoners  t.i,7S  time     ^     ^'    ^' ^"'  -^^^^^^  ^he 

gunhas.  ^  "^  ^^^^  '^«  have  made  peace  with  the  VVa- 

^^^l^o^'^^ll::^  iaid  down  the  axe  because 

shall  continue  the  war  till  ou;:ount;;m:^ttu;.n='     ^^'^  ^'"^■"•^'"-^ 
.  ;;:  Jptr-  ^'"^^'-  '^--^-'«  -red?  then  we  wi„  spea. 

CanS:Svt;S;l\o'!laS::;,^^^^^  ^^  t^s  time  by  the 
away  from  the  English  alliance  Tl.  ?'°"''' ^''"'^  ^"^  d'-^'^^^' 'hen. 
indeed  it  furnishes  no  extraordLw  '"*'"'  l'™^«^d'""g,  though 

illustrates  in  the  plainest  rmrh,:'^'''T'  °^'  *'^^'^  ^'«^"«nc^, 
under  which  their  orator  c^rforwn-r'-''  \'T'''^^'  ^^i^'cumstances 
had  to  devote  their  genius  to  "he  tu  ,'  f  1,0,'/  ^''  '"^"^^'"-"'^  they 
war.  °    ■  council-house,  even  m  i)referenc..  to 

..d  ts^s:;;?^::^^;:?  x™^  't  '"  '^'^  ^^--'^-^  ---, 

several  other  occasion. 'The  ;cSn::f  '\'r''  ^^'^'^'^^'S'^  "I^  ' 
over,  during  most  of  the  pen^V  X,  hel^  '"  T"^^'^"^'^'''^^^^'  h' w- 
whose  name  has  already  bcerment  J^^ 

"wny  years  almost  invariably  omXe^n  ,1  "^'^'^^^'^'^^hom  was  for 
tiahons  with  both  French  and  En S  ^^'^.T'''"'  ^' ?'^'  "'^^- 
who  fell  uito  the  hands  of  Adario-  andv.o  ]  "''"  "^  '^e  dej.utios 

^ago  of  Count  Frontenac  to      ^  Qnol  '  "T  '^'''  '"  ^ho'mes- 

children  and  Decanesora,    Ik  Ono     "  • '"^r?'''''^^  '"'  "'^•'^^^'  "  hi.^ 
treat  with  him  at  (Jadaraoui      Tn^f  '"  particular,"  to 

^ig'ufy  their  dispositS;S^nt^:rSrT;''  '^^  '^''^^'' ''^'-'' 
send  Decanesora."  '"'  ">  stiymg  "wo  will  not 

••locut..n  that  would  have  plea  aUnnnvZ^^  ^"\  "''^  ^'•^^^'^^^*' 

'••'II.  and  his  person  well  nile  a  d  bi^  l^  ' -'''^•"     ""  ^^'^''^ 

;^.•esemb^ance  to  the  busts  of  C^e  J  t  L"T' "? '^"'f  ^"  ^"'•^•^^  '-^'""o 
If  case,  as  in  many  others  tin  Lr  t  f?''  '^  '"^  ''•^g'-^'^^J  ^" 
'-'-luonce  are  preserVed  to  the  o  in  '"'^  i'°'^'  """^^^'^"•^-  "^  his 
i>ably  do  him  verv  imperfect     sL     S  f\  "'  ^""'^  I^^^^'-ved  pro- 

f'dicate  the  sagacity  '  o  cou  •  teT;  ^l  f  '^''"]'  ^'''''''''•^  ^'  ^^^t 
h.Sh,mjnded  sense  o'f 'hlr,TlSf ' ^11,'^^'^'  7""^"'  ''''  ''' 
u-s  ra  as  an.ong  those  of  Q^dnt  1  im.,  we^n  |o'""  ^^'^  ^'?'^"'^- 
Jn  t^tntS^^dS^r  7-«  °^^ -"•  — -lat.ou. 
=^-on^eratesandth;pCS::i::SS-^^^^ 


iJ'!*'Jli^ 


146 


EVENTS   IN    INDIAN   IIISTORr. 


natc  sufTcring  and  injury,  until  both  were  heartily  weary  of  the  war,— 
certain  artful  proposals,  artfully  set  forth  by  Jesuit  messengers,  wt-re 
at  length  so  well  received  by  all  the  confederates  excepting  the  Mo- 
hawks, that  a  council  was  summoned  at  Onondaga  to  act  upon  them. 
The  Eiiglish  were  civilly  invited  to  attend,  anc.  although  both  they 
and  the  Mohawks  neglected  to  do  so,  no  measures  were  adopted  in 
council  except  with  the  understanding  that  they  should  not  be  final 
without  being  first  submitted  to  the  examination  of  both  these  parties. 
With  this  view  several  sachems  were  sent  to  Albany,  and  of  these 
Decanesora  was  the  principal  and  the  speaker.  The  account  which 
ho  gave  to  Major  Schuyle  and  the  Albany  magistrates,  of  the  negotia- 
tion now  pending,  includu'g  its  origin,  is  a  fine  specimen,  as  Mr. 
Colden  observes,  of  his  ar,  not  only  in  smoothing  over  an  afEiir 
undertaken  against  the  English  interest  and  advice,  but  also  in  intro- 
ducing and  enforcing  his  own  /iews  of  the  sovereign  dignity  of  the 
Five  Nations. 

" Brother  Cayenguirago,"*  he  began,  "wo  are  come  to  acquaint 
you  that  our  children,  the  Oneidas,  having  of  themselves  sent  a  mes- 
senger  to  Canada,  he  has  brought  back  with  him  a  belt  of  peace  from 
the  governor. 

"  As  soon  as  Tariha  (the  messenger)  arrived  at  Canada,  he  was 
asked  wlicrc  the  six  hundred  men  were  that  were  to  attack  Canada, 
as  they  had  been  informed  by  Cariokese,  a  Mohawk  deserter.  Ho 
assured  them  there  was  no  such  design. 

"  He  was  carried  to  Quebec,  v/here  he  delivered  his  belt,  with  the 
following  proposition:  'Yonondio,  if  you  would  have  j)cace,  go  to 
Albany  and  ask  it  there,  for  the  Five  Nations  will  do  nothing  without 
Cayenguirago.'  The  Governor  of  Canada  was  angry  at  this,  and 
said  he  had  nothing  to  do  with  the  Governor  of  New  York ;  he  would 
treat  only  with  the  Five  Nations;  the  peace  between  the  Christians 
must  be  made  on  the  other  side  tlie  great  lake.  He  added,  he  was 
sorry  to  see  the  Five  Nations  so  far  degenerated  as  to  take  a  sixth 
nation  into  their  chain  to  rule  over  them.  '  If  you  had  desired  me  to 
come  and  treat  in  any  of  your  castles,  I  would  have  done  it;  but  to  tell 
me  I  must  go  to  Albany,  is  to  desire  of  me  what  I  can  by  no  means 
do.  You  have  done  very  ill  to  suffer  the  people  of  New  York  t(. 
govern  you  so  far  that  you  dare  do  nothing  without  their  consent,  i 
advise  you  to  send  two  of  each  nation  to  me,  and  let  Decanesora  bc' 
one  of  them.  I  have  orders  from  the  king  my  master  to  grant  you 
peace,  if  you  come  in  your  proper  persons  to  ask  it.'  The  Governor 
of  Canada  afterwards  said, 

" '  Children  of  the  Five  Nations,  I  have  compassion  for  your  little 
children,  therefore  come  speedily  and  speak  of  peace  to  me,  otherwise: 
I'll  stop  my  ears  fur  the  future:  by  all  means  let  Decanesora  come, 
for  if  the  Mohawks  come  alone  I  will  not  hear  them, — some  of  alj  the 

*  An  Indian  appellation  signifying  a  swift  arrow,  given  to  Governor 
Fletcher  ui  consequence  of  the  prompt  succor  he  had  once  rendered  the 
Five  Nations  in  an  emergency  occasioned  by  a  French  invasion.  Schuyler 
IS  addressed  as  representing  the  governor. 


INDIAN  niOORAP„V.~THE   FIVE  XATIONS. 


147 


JD.   Schuyler 


Five  Nations  must  come.  Now  Tnrihn  ,«♦  i 
Five  Nations  that  I  will  wait  for  th,.'  '''"'", 'T^'  «"'!  toll  the 
the  bark  can  be  parted  from  tho  r  S  7'7^'  ^'"i'^^i,'-^^-^  "^"d-  and 
spring,  and  I  ijave  a  gon^o.n^  o  eominrrf  ^'''  ^'"''^"^'^  '"  "^" 
given  orders  to  raise  soldie  "  if  vou  T.n.-  '■  '"  ''^'^'"  ^  '^^^« 

then  what  will  becon.  of  vou^  1  'rulv '"'"' '^''''^^  '""^^'  ""'' 
Nations  so  debauched  and 'ZeivedrvS^.^'"^  ^^  see  fho  Five 
.3on,e  to  New  York,  and  bv  (iui  ler  %^;-^""P'f«^"' ^^ho  i,  |,t,,|v 
Five  Nations  used  to  con^c  1^  h  me  Z' J- ^V• '''«'''''«"  «'-'l>c. 
Vork  has  so  deluded  von  tluit  vorho^rk.'M  n  "  V''""'"''  '^'^  ^^«^v 
cure  of  what  will  fMlow  ifv^u  ho  lr^^n  T''  ''"'  '^''" '  '^"'  ^'-^'^o 

Here  the  orator  loo!^  l^^t^Z^^I^T  '"V'""';," 
■imputation  to  wh;  ,h  he  belong  d\ld  be    i     V  :'•;  '^'r''">''  ^'^^y  ^^^^ 
other  matters  .,i'  the  smne  kind       To-  "  '    "'  '""-'  ''''"'  «^"if' 

lutions.  agreed  upon  ^thr L^     ^l^'r^lr  ^'';;,^'|?--^  -"-. 
Canada.     Thcv  were   nrnl,il>i,r   i-  ^"^  <'Ovcrnor()| 

having  been  calle  1  Ld  ttc    L  ftrT^   ^"'"1'"^'^''^"'   ^''^   ^onneil 
'»^'"a|cd  by  himself  transaction  m  a  great  measure 

wii^i^rSirL  e:m^r^^:^^;r;;;;:i:%-^^^  -r  "^-  -'- 

lH.ng  over  the  iire  is  the  reason  o>i''     n'n'''' ''^'^  ^''''  '^^^^'^^ 

"ever  be  hung  up  agaiu-'by  this  second  boll^  "'''''  ^'^^"  ^'  '"^>- 

^England.  AVhan^  :^^  ,  ^';^  f -^  ^'"^  and  Q.ec^i 
li-om  the  Great  Spirit.  You  siv  fh.^  vn  •?.'?'  "  ''-^^  "'■'^pi''^fioi' 
with  our  brethren  ira;vel"rS.  '"j  ufl  nm  ,^"  "1^"^^  ''  ''^' 
niseparuble.  Wo  can  have^no  pea'ce  ith  vo  >  1  ''''''  '^''''  '''  ""'^ 
uar  with  them  "—which  added  1  Won  ^  •  ^  '""S"  »^  y^"  ^^''c  at 
flio  third  belt.  '  '  l^^canesora,  ,s  to  bo  confirmed  by 

The  noble  fidelity  to  cnn-an-ement^    bm-o  cT.f  r   »i 
cipi.s  was  for  from  l,einc.lte  ;;,     '   f  ^i,/'"'  f."'^'>  ^-^'^  ^  ^'-^-^red  prin- 
and  this  Schuyler  hh),seTfnd,  ''?!'.  "'"'/'  "'"'^  ■'"^"^^'«»' 
'Icputationlert  Albany  «PPO'-f^""ty  of  testing  before  the 

Fi^Na5i^:;'Sr^S::ftrf'-^"'  ^'^^  resolutions  of  t,. 
^'oasult,  the^ibre.  what  ft  '  ."  dTJ"  n-'it\T  ""^  '^^■'■-•^.  >-• 
•'rcthren  to  go  to  our  castle  to  Z.T  r  /  ^"^  necessary  for  the 
ilere  he  laid  down  a  ai-^e  bol  f  "'  ^"'  '^"■'  '^^'  "«^  unwilli„.." 
of  wampum.    U^^  si^Id  t' -un^f  l'°7  ^''''?'  '^"''  "^^'^"  ^^*h^- 

-'ti'  the  French,  and  proposrS  tl  tl^  tmt  0^^'!'  n  "' ^"''^'>' 
in  particular,  should  viU  him  aoai  a  the  o.fn?'  ""^  ^'^^^^^"^^ora 
rc.K.indor  was,  after  consultal  on  fh\tVi.rd  ?^  ^'r^.^^Jy  d'\vs,  the 
•IS  for  mvself  snid  thn  nU  '        r      ^  "^''^"'^  ^''^it  him.     «  But 

nyseit,  said  the  old  sachem,  «  f  cannot  dispose  of  myself  with- 


148 


BVENTS    Ii\    INDIAN    niRTORV. 


out  their  directions.  If  they  order  mo,  I  .shiill  willingly  return.  Wo 
did  not  cx{)cct  to  hear  such  jwsitivj'  prohibition  of  k(;o])ing  any  cor- 
respondence with  the  French.  !f  any  mischief  happen  within  the 
Movcnty  days,  let  us  not  blari»e  on(!  another.  Consider  again  what  is 
most  lor  the  public  good,  and  let  it  Ix;  s))oken  belbro  we  part." 

This  was  confirmed  with  a  Iarf;((  belt  of  Iburteen  deep.  Major 
Schuyler  afterwards  asked,  a  secdiid  tinii;,  whether  they  would  wholly 
su.-<pend  corix'spondeuco  with  th(!  French  for  th(!  t(UMn  last  mentioned. 
"I  have  no  authority,"  said  the  orator,  "to  answer  this  question.  1 
shall  lay  th(!  k-lt  down  in  every  one  of  the  castles,  and  say  that  by  it 
all  correspoudciUH!  is  desired  to  sf(ip  with  tlu  French.  1  cumiot  pro- 
mise that  this  will  be  complied  with." 

The  conl(M'enc(>  did  not  end  hiM'e.  On  the  0th  day  Schuyler  called 
the  deputation  t(iti(>ther  li)r  the  purpose  of  making  a  ncnv  and  vigorous 
oflbrf.  How  much  influence  his  assertions  or  argument  alone  n)i<fhl 
\vivv  had,  cannot  Ik;  detennined,  l()r  n  fortunate  iueident  oevurred 
which  uiateriully  altered  the  aspect  of  alliiii-s,  btnug  just  in  seascju  to 
enable  him  to  carry  his  point  Ibr  the  time.  The  stipulation  attacl)e<l 
to  Decanesoru's  (inal  consent  docs  him  hi^li  honor.  "  Vou  have  at 
last  shut  up  the  way  to  Ciauulu,"  he  said,  "but  we  have  one  thing  to 
ask,  atler  mature  deliberation,  which  we  expect  will  not  be  re-fused 
us.".  The  major  observed  that  every  thing  slioulil  be  grii/itcid  which 
he  thought  essential  .o  the  character  or  tlu;  security  of  the  nation.  II(>. 
then  proceeded  to  retpiest  that  an  English  messenger  »night  Ik;  pcr- 
liiitted  to  accompany  on(>  to  be  sent  by  himself  to  the  Praving  Indians 
iii  (Jan'acla.  The  objects  were,  lirst,  to  init)rni  those  Indians  of  wliiil 
he  had  ascertained  to  bt;  the;  true  charactcu- of  the  Jesuit  who  had  been 
anong  the  Five;  Nations;  secondly,  to  notify  them  of  th(;  meeting 
appointed  at  Albmiy,  and  (»!'  the  eonse(|uent  inability  of  the  deputies 
to  visit  them  at  the  same  time,  as  had  been  pn)])osed;  and  thirdly,  to 
agree  upon  a  continued  cess;itinn  ol'arms  until  they  might  bt;  ai)l*;  to 
visit  them.  Decanesora  further  desired,  that  if  iSchuyler  should  noi 
send  a  messeni;cr,  he  would  at  all  events  jiut  these  propositions  in 
writing,  as  a  token  of  his  assent  to  them. 

A  tier  all,  events  took  place,  owing  in  n<i  small  degree,  as  we  shall 
fmd,  to  the  English  themselves,  which  determined  the  chietlains  to 
visit  the  Canadian  governor  in  the  spring.  Some  explanation  of  these 
events  is  furnished  by  lh(>  i;)llnwing  spec.ch  of  Sadekauatie.  He,  with 
his  fellow  deputies,  visited  (Jov(^rn()r  Fletcher  at  Albany,  in  May, 
1694,  and  in  the  course  of  the  conlerence  which  ensu>.,t,  delivered  his 
sentiments  in  the  following  manly  and  lijrciblo  style:- — 

'•Bmthor  Cayenguirago  !  Some  of  our  sachems  agreed  last  winter 
that  we  should  keep  no  correspondence  with  the  French.  We  con- 
fess we  have  broken  that  promise.  Wc  have  recinved  a  messenger 
from  Canada.  Wo  have  sent  our  deputies  to  Canada  in  rcturn, 
(Decancsora  l)eing  one.)  The  belt  is  not  yet  arrived  by  which  w(,' 
are  to  acknowledge  our  fault  in  the  matter.  The  reason  of  our  doing 
it  is  truly  this, — we  are  afraid  of  the  enemy. 

"  \V^hen  a  messenger  came  last  year  from  Canada  to  Onondaga, 


f 


INDIAN    mOGRAPHV.— TUB    FIVE    NATIONS.  •    149 

our  brother  Cayong.urago  .liscluir^jcd  our  incctu.g  in  -cneral  council 
at  Onondaga  to  consult  oa  that  n.cssage,  and  ord*'ercd''u.s  to  hokl  ou 
general  counal  here  at  Albany  on  that  atla.r.     The  nrivilege  o  'm^t 
iug  n.  genera  councd  when  vv..  please  is  a  privilege  we  alwaysT^e 
enjoyed;  no  lor.ner  g,,vernor  of  the  nan.e  ofCorlear  e v.'  obstructed 
us  pnv.lege.     We  planted  a  tree  of  peace  in  this  place  with  them 
Jts  roots  and  branches  exten.l  as  Ihr  as  Virginia  and  New  EnS 
and  we  have  reposed  with  pleasure  under  its  sha.le.     Brothc^le  us 
keep  to  that  hrst  tree,  and  let  us  be  unitr-d  and  unanin  ous    sLch 

IS;;:::;  t;zTr''''' ''-'  '^^  ^'  ^"  — -« -^  --' 

•'  We  acknowledge  I  say,  our  sending  agents  to  Canada  P.r  peace 
We  wore  encouraged  u.  doing  this  by  the  knowledge  we  hav^e  ofthe 
<  .uvornor  of  Cuja.la.  Me  is  an  old  uuu.,  and  was  tn.erly  Governor 
;>(  tlmt  place.  He  was  always  e.steeiuc.d  a  wise,  peaceable^nmn  Tnd 
here  , re  we  trust  our  UK-ssuge  will  have  a  good  ssue.  We  ?W  mt 
,.  Uanussthat  you  sent  to  the  Dewagunhas,  nor  that  Ann  utwa 
.^.■ut  to  the  hatanas    both  of  . hen,  our  enenii.,.s;   ami  ibr  the  ™ 

::r;:r  rii'i^^irirr"  '■"«'■'  ""■  •"  '«•  "■»'"--'  --^ -■■ 

''VVe,(Jnoi,dagas,Mck,,,.wl,.dge  ourselves  to  have  been  the  ehief 

"  b|,lts.     [t  IS  true  we  an-  n...v  uiuI.t  inuch  nuoasinr-ss  in  havin<' 
sted  so  ,uany  sache.ns  u.  the  Frou.-I.  hands,  beino-  ahnos    halt  the 

I'Mgn.  the  Ivvnrh  had  agauisl  our  country  and  yoiu's  by  the  irrcat 
"■'u  .ke  prepnmdons  they  wr,re  n.aking  in  Canada  "  ^  ^ 

lie  concluded  with  specilying  the  instructions  their  deputies  had 
mvcjl    an,    preseiUed  a  ],e|t  in  conlir.nation  of  all  1  e'    ad  saTd 
• -ionel  Metcher  replied,  that  he  would  not  discuss  any  othH^^lbpct 
t,l  he  was  satisfied  what  reason  there  was  lor  chnn-in    lim  wS 
a  mg  lorbKlden  the  council,  and  n.adc  peace  with  the°IndianTrites 

coidui,d3    <n   the  ensuing  day,  it  was  frankly  acknowledged  to  be 

:  ^;;;;f ' ;  w"  "■'""  "'"!i  ^  no  occasions  doubt  the:;^a£^ 

Tin- "'"•?' ^''f'  ""'•'  '^''^"^'  ^^"'^  «""''  <^'h' heart  with 
Jills  wns   sail     111  i'of^.p..M,.r,   t,^  ♦u„  ..II .1  .....  -      ' 


vou 


This  vvns  said  in  roteiviux:  to  the  alleged^ ■,;;oh;biti;r;f"tJ;e 

,'         ;         '    the    Dewagunhas    and    Shawanous,"    added    the 

>ralun-,  ..we  are  conlnk-nt.  Cayenguirago  will  not  admit  then   into 

M'liiglv  giant.  When  our  enc-rnios  are  iiunihled  and  be.r  peace  whv 
;  '-1^  they  not  have  it.'  Le,  then,  come  and  live  with  i  it  wm 
'-;;..uthen  our  ouunlry.:'^      Ho  thvn  proceede<l  thus:- 

.iiothLV  taycn^.iirago!    Wh.^i.  ti,e  Christians  first  arrived  in  this 


ViveVI^Zs'  -7^'^''  '•^'•o^nHo.l  ,n  uie  practice  as  well  as  theory  of  t{,e 

13* 


Ft9 


150 


EVENTS    IN    INDIAN    HISTORY. 


country,  wc  received  them  kindly.  When  they  were  but  a  small 
jMJople,  wo  entered  into  a  league  with  them  to  guard  them  from  all 
enemies  whatsoevfr.  Wc  were  so  fond  of  their  society,  that  we  tied 
the  great  canoe  which  brought  ihcm,  not  with  a  rope  made  of  bark 
fo  a  tree;,  but  witli  a  strong  iron  chain  I'astened  to  a  great  mountain. 
Now,  before  the  Christians  arrived,  the  general  council  of  the  Five  Na- 
tions wns  held  at  Onondaga,  where  thc^re  has  been  from  the  beginning 
a  continual  lire  koj)t  burning;  it  is  built  of  two  great  logs  whose  flame 
never  extinguishes.  As  soon  as  the  hatchet-makers  (their  general 
name  for  Christians)  arrived,  the  general  council  at  Onondaga  planted 
this  tree  at  Albany,  whose  roots  and  branches  have  since  spread  as 
far  as  New  England,  Connecticut,  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  and  Vir- 
ginia, and  under  the  shade  of  this  tree  all  these  English  colonies  have 
fre(|Uontly  lx;en  sheltered." 

Hero  the  orator  gave  seven  fathoms  of  wampum  to  renew  the  chain, 
and  promised,  as  he  declared  his  expectation  of  receiving,  mutual 
issistauco  in  case  of  an  attack  from  any  enemy. 

"The  only  reason,  to  be  plain  with  you,"  he  continued,  "of  our 
>>en<ling  to  make  peace  with  the  Fnuich,  is  the  low  condition  to  which  we 
are  reduced,  while  none  of  our  neighbors  send  us  the  least  assistance, 
so  that  the  whole  burthen  of  l\u)  war  lies  on  us  alone.  Our  brethren 
of  New  England,  (\ninecticut,  Pennsylvania,  Maryland  and  Virginia, 
of  their  own  accord  tiu'usl  their  arms  into  our  chain,  but  since  the  war 
l»cgan  we  have  received  no  assistance  from  them.  \A  v  alone  cannot 
continue  the  war  against  \\v'  Ereiich,  by  reason  of  the  recruits  they 
daily  receive  from  the  oihcr  side  llie  great  lake. 

••  P>roth(n' Caycnguirago !  ^peak  from  your  heart.  Are  you  re- 
solved to  prosecutf."  the  war  vigorously  against  the  French,  aiid  are 
your  neighbors  of  Virginia,  Marylj'.nd,  Pennsylvania,  Connecticut, 
and  New  England  resolved  to  assist  us.'  if  it  be  so,  notwithstand- 
ing any  treaty  hitherto  entered  into,  wc  will  prosecute  the  war  as 
hotly  as  ever.  But  if  our  neighbors  will  not  assist,  we  must  make 
peace,  and  wv  submit  it  to  your  consideration,  by  giving  this  great 
l)elt  fifteen  deep. 

"Brother  Cayenguirago !  I  have  truly  told  you  the  reasons  which 
liave  induced  us  to  otier  peace  to  the  French ;  we  shall  likewise,  from 
the  bottom  of  our  hearts,  inform  you  of  the  design  wc  have  in  this 
treaty.  When  the  Governor  ol' Canada  shall  havi'  accepted  the  nine 
belts,  of  which  1  have  just  noAV  told  you,  then  wc  shall  have  some- 
ihing  more  to  say  by  two  large  belts,  which  lic-iitill  hid  in  our  bosoms. 
We  shall  lay  down  the  first  one  and  say,  'we  have  a  brother  Cayen- 
guirago, wiih  whose  people  we  have  been  united  in  one  chain  from 
the  beginning.  They  must  be  included  in  this  treaty;  we  cannot  see 
them  involved  in  bloody  vvar  while  we  sit  in  easy  peace.'  If  the 
Governor  of  ('anada  answin*  that  he  has  made  a  separate  peace  with 
us,  and  that  he  cannot  make  any  peace  with  Cayenguirago  because 
the  war  is  from  over  the  great  lake,  then  we  shall  lay  down  the  second 
great  broad  belt,  and  tell  the  Governor  of  Caiuida,  'if  you  will  not 
include  Cayenguirago's  people,  tho  treaty  will  become  thereby  void 


INDIAN    DIOORAPnV.— rriE    riVE    NATIONS.  JS, 

ielfe  him!"  "''"  """  '""^'^^•'  »"^  ''  '-  P-.,is.s,  wo  uil,  absolutely 

falls  above  Momroal.    Tt^^^tlolSolItT'  """  ""■' 
of  tho  Jesuits,  to  Quebec      Tl,„„  ^.,7.1,  ■  '^°"™*"'  ''Y  ll>e  superior 

of  Canada  with  gretttLu];'  ^n*-;  VXl^'^'Xlll^'T  r™"" 
and  officers  ol  distinction  nnrl  rV  <Ko  '  "^^^"^^  Pf  »"  the  ecclesiastics 
in  the  place.  twTyTy  wll  tl  nv  '^"^^.  ^"f  <i«rable  Indians  then 
at  the  governor's  tauf  or  I  ho  n  nrT''"  '  •''' -^  were  entertained 
other  Jde,  it  is  said  of'th:  vlt^r  Dec  trX  ^f  "1l  ^"  '''' 
modatin^  his  coat  to  liis  fom, >■.„,/  f^^^^^f  7;*'  that  shrewdly  accom- 
nblo  than  us.,airby  t  e\id  ff  ?'    .'  Tf  himself  still  ..,ore  person- 

you  oceasio,,,,!  ,h„  „     ".'j/ST;," '',"■»  '""<;•     S'ill, though 
Montreal  sjenljeinan  >     I  n,  him  ,         .  ,        '""•«  »l  Ogbuessc  (tho 

Onon,,a,ar  ,r  1  j;iL„^:', t siXt l^in.':''-'""^^ 

H.O.C  orCal,„a,rar(hiXr„l'™te  >■■?:?!,  '"''"'"''  =""'  "'■'*'  "' 
:iianner.,.     ThcTofbro  make  V  n    ,        '  r"  "'"■  ■=""'»"«  ""<l 

.«  thesood  w„rl<:,rren™^I^'rt°u "S;^^^^^^^^  """  "'™-  ^-is. 
n.g  liKlians  „,„.,!  of  whom  hall  onoeC  Onoth'^V:.''""''  °'^''"y 
llian  the  Frcii,-h  tliomsclvos      V^^  II  <Jnoml„„„s,) "  you  arc  worse 

our  enemies  to  destroy  „       AW  os™^         ''T  "''  °"''  "'*''  ""h 

,«;.."  He  „.  „  resL":i  hifirio  z^:z "'  '°™'*"g 

.  Jrwirs  :t  r:;r:z-is«;'i  ^iir-tr  '^"-^^  -  ""-^ 

flio  hatrhot  into  tho  rive?  of  K"^  I    J       4  .''''' ''"'  '''^  '^"^^  threw 

Ooveruors,  that  it  "  signified  nothing/'     '  ^  ^"  ""^''^  ^'"^  ^^^^^  ^ork 

wa?ueg«t?aTS°'  °"  ^^^'^'^  Ontariorwhere  the  treaty  w.th  M.  De  la  Barre 


'i'  K-li^nl  9Bs 

^mmkwm 

1 

t  ^^Hr^<  i^^^^^fi    'H^^FsEi 

'"'fSJiljj  '^BBI 

.: 

EoHrU   '  nBflkS 

.'  rMCT«i  '-HlfB 

% 

ii 

1 

152 


EVENTS    IN    INDIAN    HISTORY. 


purpose,  by  the  destruction  of  your  people  and  houses  in  the  island  ol' 

Montreal. 

"  Now  we  are  come  to  cover  the  blood  from  our  sight,  which  has 
Ixicn  shed  by  both  sides  during  this  long  war. 

"  Yonondio! — We  have  been  at  war  a  long  time.  We  now  give 
you  a  medicine  to  drive  away  all  ill  thoughts  from  your  heart,  to  purge 
it  and  make  it  clean,  and  restore  it  to  its  former  state. 

"  Yonondio ! — We  will  not  permit  any  settlement  at  Cadaraqui.  You 
have  had  your  fire  there  thrice  extinguished.  We  will  not  consent  to 
your  building  that  fori ;  but  the  passage  through  the  river  shall  be  free 
and  clear.  We  make  the  sun  clean,  and  drive  away  all  clouds  and 
darkness,  that  we  may  see  the  light  without  interruption. 

•'Yonondio! — We  have  taken  many  prisoners  from  one  another, 
during  the  war.  The  prisoners  we  took  have  been  delivered,  acccrdiiig 
'o  ou" custom,  to  the  lamilies  that  have  lost  any  in  the  war.  They  nci 
longer  belong  to  the  public.  They  may  give  them  back  if  they  please. 
Your  people  may  do  the  same.  We  have  brought  back  two  prisoners, 
and  restore  them  to  you."* 

In  the  course  of  "^liis  reply  to  this  speech,  the  governor  observiM 
that  he  should  not  makepeace  with  Cayenguirago.  i^ut  D(>canesora. 
nobly  and  fcarkvssly  true  to  every  eagageinent  as  to  his  own  honor, 
promptly  declared  that  he  never  would  agice  to  u  peace  for  the  con- 
liHleratos,  except  on  condition  of  u  truce  for  the  English.  "All  tli.> 
country,"  said  he,  "will  look  upon  me  as  a  traitor;  I  can  treat  witii 
you  no  longer."  And  undoubtedly,  anxious  as  he  was  to  effect  the 
object  of  his  embassy,  h(!  would  have  returned  home  disappointed,  had 
not  the  governor,  alter  a  discussion  of  three  days,  finally  yic^lded,  by 
agreeing  to  undertak<^  no  enterprise  against  New  York  (luring  tin- 
summer!  Another  difficulty  arose  upon  the  governor's  insisting  on 
having  hostag(!s  left  with  hiin,  which  the  sachem  would  not  consent 
to.  The  matter  was  adjusted  by  the  voluntary  proposal  of  two  Indians 
in  his  company  to  remain. 

After  the  return  of  the  (kiputation  to  the  country  of  the  Five  Na- 
tions, a  conference  was  held  at  Albany  between  a  u^w  disputation  on 
iheir  part,  and  the  Governor  of  New  York.  The  latter,  well  knowing 
liow  much  the  neighboring  colonies  were  interested  in  the  result  of  tlic 
French  negotiation,  invited  several  of  them  to  send  representatives, 
which  the^^accordingly  did.  Among  those  present  weiv  the  Governor 
of  New  Jersey,  and  five  commissioners  from  Massachusetts  and  Cnn- 
neeticut.  On  the  other  hand,  Decanesora  nnd  Sadekanalie  both  at- 
n^nded  in  the  name  of  the  Five  Nation?'.  The  former  gave  an  ex;ut 
account  of  every  thing  which  passed  at  Quebec.  The  latter,— wlm 
sterns  rather  to  have  coveted  opportunities  of  declaring  the  fVei  -: 
sentiments  in  the  freest  manner,  which  liis  follengue  ind(^ed  never 
declined, — opened  the  conference  with  a  long  speech  upon  the  liistoi'} 
of  the  English  and  Indian  intercourse:  how  the  league  had  begun 
and  had  been  enlarged  and  strengthened  ;  and  finally — what  was  th( 

*  ColdcD. 


M-^^r:^0l^^r 


'mKKilt^' 


'vi-j 


chief  aim  of  Y 
their  arms  intc 
the  common  ei 
the  orator  was 
stated  it.  "O 
our  own  are  sti 
sit  still  and  sm 
fallen  on  them, 

"  This  chair 
fast  as  Caycn 
would  all  hear 
soon  bo  destro; 
Do  but  your 
thunder  itseli'c 

Thus  closely 
of  the  Five  Na 
their  allies,  anr 
themselves  as  t 
their  cognizant 
sonal,  were  biv 
emissary  plied 
and  they  talkec 
with  the  same  ii 
perluijts,  chuck 
savage  simplic 
honesty  was  at 
the  event  j)rove 

Decanesora  ( 
suggestion  of  fr; 
"  Wc  know  tha 
power  to  alter  o 
all  the  misundei 
we  likewise  wis 
do.''''  This  wa; 
generally,  were 
Nothiiia:  dauntci 


\ 


ACi'orivT  op  Tin 

KN<;LISil,  I'0\ 

Having  arrive 
work,  at  the  cor 
turn  our  attentic 
ticed,  but  which 
events,  and  to  L 


INDIAN    BIOGRAPHY. THK    FIVE    NATIONS.  153 

chief  aim  of  his  argument— how  other  colonies,  as  he  said,  had  thrust 
their  arms  mto  the  chain,' but  had  given  little  or  no  assistance  aaainst 
the  common  enemy.  There  was  some  cause  for  this  complain",  and 
the  orator  was  resolved  that  he  would  not  te  misunderstood  when  he 
stated  It.  "Our  brother  Cayenguirago's  arms,"  he  continued,  «  and 
our  own  are  stitT,  and  tired  with  holding  fast  the  chain.  Our  neicrhbors 
sit  still  and  smoke  at  their  ease.  The  fat  is  melted  from  our  flesh,  and 
fallen  on  them.     They  grow  fat  whil.;  wo  grow  lean." 

"  This  chain  made  us  the  enemy  of  the  French.  If  all  had  held  as 
fast  as  Laycnguirago,  it  would  have  been  a  terror  to  them.  If  wo 
would  al  heartily  join,  and  take  the  hatchet  in  hand,  our  enemy  would 
soon  be  destroyed.  We  should  fore'ver  after  live  in  peace  and  ease. 
Uo  but  your  parts,  (probably  addressing  the  commissioners,)  and 
thunder  itseli  cannot  break  the  chain." 

Thus  closely  did  the  orators,  who  were  in  other  words  the  statesmen 
ot  the  tive  Nations,  investigate  the  conduct  alike  of  their  enemies  and 
their  allies,  and  thus  freely  and  fearlessly  did  thevin  all  cases  express 
themselves  as  they  felt.  Characters  of  ever  v  description  came  under 
their  cognizance.  Manoeuvres  and  machinations,  political  and  per- 
sonal,  were  brought  to  bear  upon  them  on  all  sides.  The  French 
omissary  plied  them  at  one  turn,  and  the  English  pedlar  at  the  next  • 
and  they  talked  and  traded  with  either  or  both,  as  the  case  micrht  be, 
vvith  the  same  indolent,  imperturbable  gravity.  Each  party  wenfaway, 
perliaps,  chuckling  over  the  ease  with  which  he  had  imposed  upon 
savage  simplicity,  and  flattering  himself  that  their  opinion  of  his 
honesty  was  at  least  adequate  to  his  opinion  of  his  shrewdness.  But 
the  event  proved  otherwise. 

Decanesora  once  said  to  Major  Schuyler,  in  reply  to  the  latter's 
suggestion  of  fraud  on  the  part  of  a  Jesuit  messenger  of  the  French,— 
"  We  know  that  the  priest  favors  his  own  nation.  But  it  is  not  in  his 
power  to  alter  our  atTection  to  our  brethren.  We  wish  you  would  bury 
all  the  misunderstandings  you  have  conceived  on  his  account,— am/ 
xce  likewise  wish  you  gave  less  credit  to  the  rum-caurikks  than  you 
do.  Ihis  was  a  palpable  hit,  truly,  and  a  deserved  one.  And  thus, 
generally  were  the  barbarian  orators,  after  all,  upon  the  safe  side. 
:^othlllg  daunted  their  spirit ;  nothing  deceived  their  satracitv. 


CHAPTER  XII. 

hN(.LISll,  ro\lIAC-HE  SAVKS  UETItOIT  PIIOM  AN  ARMY  OF  INDIANS 

Having  arrived  regularly,  according  to  the  order  observed  in  this 
work,  at  the  commencement  of  the  eighteenth  century,  we  shall  now 
turn  our  attention  to  a  section  of  the  continent  hitherto  mostly  unno- 
ticed, but  which  at  that  period  tegan  to  be  the  theatre  of  important 
events,  and  to  be  illustrated  by  at  least  one  character  comparable  to 


!  li  1 


1; 


.1  \ 


WlJtd 


Tlie  meciing   of  POJVTIAC  and  his  embasav    with    I 


v 


*^ 


A-Dk 


.V''^?isfVi*bi»«K?*,-  .        ,...  ■  aSSSSJv* 


Jli;iilliii'.   'y 


'A'^'- 


w^iii 


s»a| 


^"^rf « %  J 


**4"J 


■;/•" 


m 


'wmFlf 


d  Jiia  embasay .  ^viih    IV! »*{»»«•  Pvogers   a.i»il    Jtiis    troopH. 


154 


EVENTS    IN    INDIAN    HISTORY. 


any  in  the  whole  compass  of  Indian  annals.  We  refer  to  the  vicinity 
of  the  Northern  Lakes,  to  the  numerous  and  powerful  tribes  resident 
in  that  region,  and  particularly  tc  Pontiac. 

It  has  been  stated  by  respectable  authority,  that  this  celebrated 
individual  was  a  member  of  the  tribe  of  Sacs,  or  Saukies ;  but  there 
appears  to  us  no  sufficient  reason  for  disputing  the  almost  universal 
opinion  which  makes  him  an  Ottawa.  That  tribe,  when  the  commerce 
of  the  early  French  colonists  of  Canada  first  began  to  extend  itself  to 
the  Upper  Lakes,  was  foimd  in  their  vicinity,  in  connection  with  two 
others,  the  Chipi'ewas  and  the  I'ottawatamies.  All  three  arc  supposed 
to  have  been  originally  a  scion  of  the  Algonquin  stock, — that  being 
the  general  name  of  the  nation,  which,  in  Chamijlain's  time,  was  set- 
tled along  the  north  Ijanks  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  between  Quebec  'mkI 
Lake  St.  Peters.  According  to  their  own  traditions,  preserved  to  tliis 
dn\ ,  the  three  tribes,  (as  they  afterwards  became,)  in  their  flight  or 
emigration,  went  together  from  the  East,  as  far  as  Lake  Huron.  A 
se[)uration  atlerwards  took  place,  the  result  of  which  was,  that  the 
Ottawas,  being  most  inclined  to  agriculture,  remained  near  what  has 
since  been  Micliilimackinac,  while  their  companions  preferred  venturing 
to  still  more  distant  regions  of  the' North  and  West. 

Detroit  was  founded  by  the  French  in  July,  1701,  and  from  that  time 
the  Ottawas  began  to  give  frequent  manifestations  of  a  spirit  which 
iinally  made  them,  respectively,  an  ally  or  an  enemy  of  the  first 
importance  to  the  ditferent  civilised  parties  with  whom  they  held  in- 
tercourse.  Only  three  years  after  the  French  settled  in  their  vicinity, 
several  of  their  chiefs  were  induced  to  visit  the  English  at  Albany. 
TIk;  almost  inevitable  consequence  of  the  interview  was,  that  they 
returned  home  with  a  firm  persuasion  that  the  French  intended  tn 
sul)du(!  them.  Tlicy  attempted  to  fire  the  town,  therefore,  in  one 
instance;  and  about  the  same  time,  a  war-party,  on  their  return  from 
a  successful  expedition  against  the  Iroquois- — whom  they  were  bold 
enough  to  attack  in  their  own  country- — paraded  in  front  of  the  De- 
troit Ibrtress,  and  offered  battle.  After  some  hard  fighting,  they  were 
defeated  and  driven  off. 

But  the  French  have  always  effected  more  among  the  Indians  in 
peace  than  in  war,  and  thus  it  was  with  the  Ottawas ,  for,  from  the 
date  of  the  skirmish  just  mentioned,  they  were  almost  uniformly  among 
the  best  friends  and  even  protectors  of  the  colony.  "  When  the  French 
arrived  at  these  falls,"  said  a  Chippewa  chief  at  a  council  held  but  a 
few  years  since,  "  they  came  and  kissed  us.  They  called  us  children, 
and  we  found  them  fathers.  Wc  ;ved  like  bretlu'en  in  the  same  lodge," 
&c.*  Such  was  the  impression  made  also  upon  the  Ottawas ;  and  we 
accordingly  find  them,  in  conjunction  with  the  Chippewas,  aiding  the 
French  on  all  occasions,  until  the  latter  surrendered  the  jurisdiction  of 
the  Canadas  to  the  English.  Several  hundred  of  their  warriors  dis- 
tinguished  themselves  at  the  disastrous  defeat  of  Braddock. 


'i 


*  See  a  Discourse  delivered  before  the  Michigan  Historical  Society,  in 
1830,  by  Mr.  Schoolcraft. 


* 


INDIAN   BieORAPHY.— PONTIAC.  jgj 

mostly  Ottawns,  who  oaliontlv  dofendml  thi.  .^li  J  f  lY  ■  '"''"'"s. 
•he  ,b„nid„bie  m.ack  ?f  „  nu^C,S„™t  rCt^lS^n"',' 
a  far  more  .mportant  trial,  both  of  his  iirincinlos  and  hT=  S  .'  ^"' 
>.l  to  come,  in  the  traiislcr  of  power  from  iS  vU„  .  i  H"'  "' 
whieh  took  place  a.  the  torni°S  oHh  '  ^Ta   ISS"' 

,     .r»,„  which=over  ^LLJdt.o  £  ^  on  ^ S' d;;L^.l^-' 

from  Montre°.l  to  &  oLhrwas  2t  wT"'"^'"^"^  ^'^"°"'^ 
consisting  of  some  of  hTs  own  IZT    J  '^^  ^'"^"^^y  ^^om  Pontiac, 

fii^ctSad^htS™^^^^^ 

had  dared  to  venture  upon  it  without  his  permission      Z'  ^  ^"^ 

atlLSSra'r-*^^^ 

"ght.     He  said  he  had  no  design  aoains  the  fnln   7    °'  t'^'^"* 

Enali.h      TTo  "i<^"a^  lip  and  commerce  between  them  and  tho 

Sed  :^rnrSS  ofrerirhero/r.  ;™'^%tl""^ 

string  oF  wampum      This  wVifn     f  ?f  *  '      ^"^  ^'"^'^  ^™<^'  ''^  '^^"al/. 
-I  .n«  aot  Z^h  fault's;:,; t'^r'.""  "^  ™°''  "^  '°  -^• 

.i.o«  Li''St?'^s,Xd",^  ,ret,^':rt"'d-™'  '-^  r-' 

y     louieci,  It  so,  hi6  vvainors  should  brnig  it  for  him.     The  reply 
dUion! athiTsaSetn ''''•    '^^  '^^"^  ^  "  ''^^^^^"  ^^'  the  same  expe- 


166 


BVINTS   IN   INDIAN   HISTORY. 


I 


was  discreet  ns  the  offer  was  generous, — that  whatever  provisions 
might  be  brought  in,  should  be  well  paid  for.  Probably  they  were; 
but  the  English  were  at  all  events  supplied,  the  next  morning,  with 
several  bags  of  parched  corn  and  other  necessaries.  Pontiac  liiinsclf, 
at  the  second  meeting,  offered  the  pipe  of  peace,  and  ho  ;ind  the  English 
officer  smoked  it  by  turns.  He  declared  that  h<!  thereby  made  pearo 
with  the  Englishmin  and  his  troops;  and  that  they  should  pass  through 
his  dominion:  ,  .o.  ulv  u miolested  by  his  subjocfs,  but  [)rotccted  by 
them  from  all  other  ponies  who  might  incline  to  be  hostile. 

These  svcre  no  idle  promises.  Pontiac  remained  in  company  with 
his  new  friend  constantly  allcr  the  first  interview,  until  ho  arrived  at 
Detroit.  He  employed  om;  hundred  of  his  warriors  to  protect  and  assist 
a  corps  of  soldiers,  in  driving  a  large  r\unilK'r  of  fat  cattle  which  had 
been  sent  on  lor  the  use  of  the  troops,  from  Pittsburgh,  by  !  ho  way  of 
Presqu'Isle.  He  also  (lespMt<^licd  mcs-scngers  to  the  several  Indian 
towns  on  the  south  sidg  and  west  end  of  Lake  Erie,  to  inlbrm  thoui  that 
Rogers  had  his  consent  to  march  through  the  country.  Under  such 
auspict;s,  the  Major  might  reasonably  have  felt  himself  isiil'o,  after 
reaching  his  destination.  But  the  chieftain  understood  his  situation 
better  thaii  himself.  He  kept  n(>ar  hiin  so  long  as  he  remained  at 
J3etroit;  iuul  Rogers  acknowledges  that  he  was  once  fit  least  "the 
means  of  preserving  the  detachment"  from  the  fury  of  a  b(j(ly  of  In- 
dians, who  had  assembled  with  sinister  purposes  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Strait. 

This  incident  leads  us  to  remark,  that  almost  all  the  tribes  on  the 
Northern  waters  who  had  associated  and  traded  with  the  French  during 
the  term  of  their  jurisdiction, — and  but  lew  of  thorn  there  \\(  re  who 
had  not, — sincerely  lamented  the  change  which  had  occurred  in  public 
affairs.  They  werc  very  generally  prejudiced  against  the  new-comers, 
as  they  were  attached  to  the  old  residents.  Perhaps  the  latter,  indi- 
vidually, if  not  otherwise,  fomented  the  spirit  of  discontent.  But,  how- 
ever this  might  be,  there  were  reasons  etiough  in  the  ancient  rolatJt)ns 
maintained  betweoii  the  French  and  the  Indians,  independently  ol'  ar- 
gument or  comment,  why  such  a  spirit  sliould  manifest  itself  under 
the  circumstances  we  have  m<>ntioned. 

The  fact  itself  is  indisputable.  It  is  proved  by  facts,  subsequent  and 
consequent.  It  is  also  proved  by  many  respectable  authorities,  only 
one  of  which  will  be  here  referred  to,  for  the  sake  of  illustration. 

Mr.  Henry,  the  well  known  author  of  "  Travels  and  Adventures  in 
Canada  and  the  Indian  Territories,  between  the  years  1700  and  1766," 
speaks  of  an  affair  in  point,  which  happened  at  the  littk'  island  of  La 
Cloche,*  in  Lake  Huron,  on  his  voyage,  in  tlie  spring  of  1701,  from 
Montreal  to  Michilimackinac.  Ho  found  a  larue  villaue  of  Indians  at 
this  place,  who  treated  him  in  tlu;  kindest  manner,  until  "discovering 
that  he  was  an  Englishman,"  they  told  his  men  that  the  Michilimacki- 
nac Indians  would  certainly  kill  him,  and  that  they  might  therefore 


I  oniiac  were 


t  ii 


*  So  named  by  the  French,  from  a  rock  on  the  island ,  which,  being  struck, 
rings  hke  a  bell. 


INDIAN  nioGHAPnT — r()NTr.v<'.  15- 

■\sm;ll  MMticipnle  tfuir  own  sJi-im  r.r  tu      -n 

110  resistance.    1 1,-  ..bsorvcs,  .•dlcrw  n.  tl  ?.  ''""'"'"^  ^*^  '""'<« 

was  j^oi.,..'  .\,ui„,-uti;,  Li  ;\^f;;/r  1- '''''■"''■''"  ^^''^^^''« 

-iy;..w;NjM.i.,,Uo;;:;i;:;;;'^ 
i..«;rin>::';!l;;:;i;^j';;::;;-;^^^^ 

i'o«o.i  to  have  niio.iu..;;i;i;i:;i/  :■.;;-  ;-i-|-^y  »«>.,.. 

!'■'>"!  "fliis  own  fribo  visit,       ?.  '  -^^"';^^'^vanu,  wi.o,  wifh  a 

-  tliey  an.  will,  ,ho  Jii^hl^t  i^r         '    ^^l^^'^T"'  !^'''^  ""'"'  Wcncl,.! 
.^s  suspect  Lis  identity  ;v^i:t;i.t^;;aw    Sin' l';: 'S^'' T^'  ""^'^« 

I'onti^c  woro  known  onlv        l'  ,],  ■, ^  '''^  '"S^"^''"''  -'^  "lan  as 

r-""-'  -ith  a  largo  nurl^  .r^J^^'^^  "';  ^1'--^      -'-n  l.o 
'ajiuuagfs.  ""^'^''^P^'»'^"ig  «s  many  .liiKjrcnt 

Ik'iin'  (Ic-Sffibes  his  horo  as  a  i.Tson  of  romarl-,).!,. 
"'■""-■'""no-  statiiro,  an.l  with    i  sin- ,,  uirfin.  .        '''^''■''■'■'"'^'' "^ 
""''•'•1  IIk-  room  when-  tho  travollor ,?"    1    "  ^"""tonanc.-.     f  h, 

'nHsvisit,|ollovv-orlln's  it  io,      I      ''^'''^ 

.nost  formal  an.l  im,iin^'^.  h  o  " ;\; ^1^;'"'  '"'i""'''  '"  ^I^ 

-""N  'n'-Mowhile,  looidn!       S^f  n  ''"^  ""'?'  '''j^^^'     ^'i"^^'^- 
'ri.islK-ad.hnatnan,aCWh-n      [f"  J     "''•'' ir^ 
English  woiv  bravo  mon        u;  al i^.  oj- ^  ^'^'^^T''  ^'''^'  "^'- 
•-."o  thus  lJ.ar!ossly  amon.  ^lu  r^cm!  nk  s ' '       '  ""!'"  ''"'>'  ^''"■^''  *" 
■■"s.Kxl  i;,r  soino  tim;,  until  U,o  [n.li-m  .■  •  f 'T''"  f"^^''^^''  ""^ 

••ll"uiM.  harnnouc:         '  °    '"  '"'  '"'""''  "'"^l  ^onunonced  the 

.^^__,":ngii.hman1-ft  i.  to  you  that  I  speak,  and  I  demand  .  onr  attcn- 

■i^his  pn.,r.ise  wc:  have'  kl^i  '  '"  '''"""'  ^'^"^'^^"^  '^  ^  ^'^^  c-hildren. 
vJ^^S'h!:^;;;':  :Si:^7''  "if  -;-^^>  ^^-^  our  father, 
ours.  "  Mlow  tiut  his  enemies  are 

^iken  advantaged-  him  f^nd    ,osl      ^  '^  '"'  '^''P'  >'o^'  ^"^^'^ 

^  ^        o    "I  mm,  and  pobscssed  yourselves  of  Canada.     But 


rvEjTTs  tn  iNniA5  msTonr. 

his  nap  is  nlinost  at  nn  l-ikJ.  I  Hiiok  I  lioiir  liiin  already  Hlirriitu-,  nod 
iuquiria^  lor  his  ciiildrcii,  lli*-  liulimis;— and,  wlicn  IumIocs  uwakc, 
what  must  hccoiiu;  of  you?     1I<;  will  destroy  you  utterly !  ^ 

"  Eiiglisliiniiu !  Althou;^li  you  havt;  con<iuered  tlie  French,  you 
huvo  not  eDnquered  us!  '  V\  e  me  not  your  slaves.  Tliest;  iakcf!, 
these  woods  and  mountains,  weri'  ItH  to  us  l»y  uur  aneestiirs.  They 
are  our  iidieritunee,  and  w(!  will  part  with  tliem  to  nnur,  \our  nation 
supposes  that  we,  like  tliewiiite  pc(.|.le,  eunnot  live  without  bread, 
and  pork,  and  beef!  Hut  vou  oui^ht  to  kiiow  tlijit  1[( — I  be  (1  real 
Spirit  and  Master  of  Life— has  provided  food  li>v  us  in  these  broad 
lakes,  and  upon  these  niouiitaius. 

»  Enjilishnian !  Our  Father,  tlie  Kinj,'  of  France,  eniploy(>d  our 
Voun<T  HU!n  tt)  niak(!  war  upon  your  nation.  In  this  warfare  niany 
of  them  have  been  killed,  and  it'  is  our  custom  to  retidiafe  until  such 
time  as  the  spirits  of  the  slain  are  satisfied.  Now  the  spirits  of  th<- 
slain  arc  to  b(!  satisfied  in  either  of  two  ways.  The  first  is  by  tin- 
^jpillinu;  of  tiu!  blood  of  the  nalion  by  which  they  fell,  ihe  other  by- 
covering  the  bodies  of  the  dead,  and  thus  allaying  tlu;  resentment  of 
their  reTalions.     This  is  done  by  making  presents. 

glisbman !     Your  king  has  never  sent  us  any  presents,  nor 

entered'^into  any  treaty  with  us.     Wherefore  he  and  we  are  still  at 

war;  and  until  he  does  these  things,  we  must  consider  that  we  )iav( 

no  other  father  nor  friend  among  tlie  wliite  men  tlian  tlw  King  of 

Franco.   Jkit  f(jr  you,  we  liave  taken  into  consideration  that  you  have 

ventured  your  life  among  us,  in  the  expectiition  that  we  should  not 

molest  you.     You  do  uotcome  ;irni(Ml  with  an  intention  to  make  war. 

You  colne  in  peace,  to  trmU;  with  us,  and  supply  us  with  necessaries 

of  which  we  are  much  in  want.    We  shall  regard  you,  t)iere(bre,  as  a 

brother,  and  you  may  sleep  tranquilly  without  tear  of  the  Chii)pewas. 

As  a  token  of  our  friendslnj)  we  presr'nt  you  with  this  pipe  to  snioke.'" 

The  interview  terminated  in  a  manner  which  reminds  lis  of  Ton- 

tiac's  mi^Jting  with  Rogtu's.     Minavavana  gave  tlK>  F^nglishman  hi? 

hand,  his  com[)anions  followed  his  example,  t!ie  pipe  went  round  in 

due  order,  and,  after  being  politely  entertained,  all  (piielly  departed.    If 

this  was  not  the  Ottowa  liimself,  lie  was  certainly  a  kindred  spirit; 

and  if  the  former  exercised  authority  over  many  such  characters,  as 

lie  probably  did,  it  is  not  difficult  to  accoi.mt  for  the  confidence  whifb 

dictated  the  desitjn,  or  for  the  measure  of  success  which  att<'nd(nl  th( 

prosecutionof  oneof  the  mightiest  projects  ever  conceived  in  the  brain 

uf  an  American  savage. 

This  project  was  a  combination  of  all  the  tribes  on  and  about  the 
northern  waters,  perhaps  partially  with  an  ultimate  view  to  the  resto- 
ration of  the  French  government,  but  directly  and  distinctly  to  tin 
complete  extirpation  of  tlic  English. 

It  has  been  observed  by  a  writer  who  has  done  signal  justice  to  the 
genius  of  Pontiac,  "that  we  are  nowhere  told  the  causes  of  disaffection 
which  separated  him  from  the  Kritisii  interest."*   There  is  an  allusioR 

*  Discourse  of  Governor  Cass. 


IXDIAN    niOOH.VPIIV. — POXTIAi  . 


150 


iicr(«  In  til- iiitl.rnmtinn  riimislicd  l>v  Uoirm-s,  wh.,  ii„|rc<l  stnl<-.s  thnf 
I'.iiitiac  "(.lien  iiifinwitc.l  fo  him  thiil  Ik?  slioiild  Ik>  coiitfiit  to  vr\>;n  in 

liii,  im<\  was 
)<•  \v!iM  alilo,  in 


!iis  luimtry  in  siilionlinatioii  to  tlip  Kin'„' of  (ircat   liriti 
willing;' to  [)ay  liitti  micli  aiinuni  acldiowlcd-nicnf  ms  1 


liirs.  and  to  call  him  |li:^llllr|,^y*   IJiit,  without  in  tli- |,.,,sf  (jispam'^'in 


111"  liolli 


SI  \  1 1 


l"I{ 


i)'.rcrM,  wcarc  nirlini'd  todisniitc  t| 


iro|inofy  of  what 


we  sn|)|iosi>  to  havf>  hccn  mtliir  his  own  inli'ivnci'  than  the  ("•liicll 


arafioii.      \  disrcLfiird  tn  (he  niceties  oj 


am  s 


hnth  siKvikciMiiid  lif-a 


•xprcssinn,  on  the  part  of 


f'M',  was  no  MiiconnnMii  thnii^at  niffi-vit 


ifws  o 


fth 


iuid,  onn.  party  hciny-  always  .'anvr,  .and  hoih  lirrpioMtlv  i'^iioranf. 
iioii'.'h,  had  thoy  wen  tolciahic  means  orcommimicatin','  to-'Cfhcr  in 
aimdayo  at  all.  "      "^ 


'l"h(^  context  foiilinns  th 


IS  opinion. 


It 


ipperirs  ^ill^•|||a|•,  nt   first 


ulaiifo,  that  I'ontiac  should  propose  eallin.^  tlie  British  K^iiin-  his  vnrh. 
\ii  appellation,   indeed,  as  the   Ireipiois  orators  told   the '  lOnnlish  at 


All 


laiiv,  "simiilicl  iiofliiii. 


in  ilseii,  and  vet,  as  relerriim' to  the  ter 


ni 


mils  ireiierally  to 
onliiie  meant  to 


[■"ather,  applied  hy  Minavnvfina  and  thi;  iiorlliern  hid.. 

his  Christian  .Majesty,  it  did  si<j:iiiry,  at   kasf,  that   I', 

pay  a  sli-:hte,-  deila-enee  to  th(>  HriVish  kiri^  than  to  the  l-'reiicji.     N( 

all(>.:iaiiee  was  aekiiowlcKliivd  to  either.      .\,s   IVI 

Indians  jiad  no  /<>//// 


r/'amoiiii-  the  \\hitr<  nu 


>f  what  If  w;is  worlli- 


iiiit  iIk 


illU.''  ol 


inavavana  .said,  "the 
n" — passing!  'lift  courtesy 
''ranee.' 


(II 


il  not  prevent  them  iVom  cwnin''-  and 


riiat,  however, 


clainimi^f  tlieir  own  woods  and 


'ii"!iiilaiiis.     it  did  not  eiiiltle-  the  h'rencli  kinu"  to  command  the  sor- 


vices   I 


ns^ead  of  "employing"  the  assistance  oftl 


leir  vomiif  nuMi. 


(jlK 


I  ""'   I'lind  them  to  the  liict,  that  although  the  hlnglish  had 


red  the  French,  thev  liad  not 


matter  .still  more  clear  in  vrir^n]  to  what 


If 

con- 

coiKpiered  f/iciii.-f     It  makes  the 


Ponti; 

to  his  own  statement,  tint  chiellain  "a.ssiir(>d  I 


Avas  tli<'  understanding  of 


ic,  and  what  ought  to  liave  he-n  that  of  Rooers,  that 


accoruinji 


lint 


iim  (on  the  same  occa- 
loa  wlii-n  tJK!  language  last  reil-nrd  to  is  said  to  have  been  uttered,) 
that  he  wa.s  inclined  to  livo  peaceably  with  tlie  JMiglish  while  they 


used  him  as  lie  deserved,  and  to  enci 
try,  hilt  intimated  that  if  thev  treated  I 


)iirage  their  .settling  in  his  coun- 
lini  with  negleet,  he  should  shut 


up  liie  way,  and  excliuk!  them  from  it."    In  short,  concludes  the  samt! 
wriler,  "his  whole  eonversation  sulileienflv  indicated  that  h 
iVom  coiisidciMng  himself  a  con 


he  treated  Avith  the  n-spect  and  hr.iior  due  to  a  1 
who  eame  into  his  countr\  or  treated  with  hiiu.+ 
On  tl 


e  was  far 

i|U(M'ed  prince,  and  that  he  expected  to 


ng  or  emjieror  by  all 


le  whole 


we 


iiave  seen  no  evidence,   and  we   know  of  no 


rea.soii  lor  presuming,  that  he  was  i-ver  anv  flirflK'r  attached  to  "the 


Itntish  mteriNt, 


or  rallier  anv  o 


ilier 


wise  aflected  towards  the  idea 


b'coniuiMattatdsed,  than  is  indicated  bv  the  vorv  indep(>ndent  declara- 
nnn  ma(l!>  as  above  stated.      In  regard  to  tl 


did  ](. 


ome  atta(die(l  to  the  .British  inttnvst. 


le  (luestion  wliv  Ik;  never 


-taki 


'•(•ct  repre.seiitati 


on  o 


fth 


ng  that  for  the  cor- 


lact, — historv  is  silent,  a;' 


iinlortnnntcly  it 


m 


'>'  RogenV  Account,  p.  •2-\-2.    Loudon  cdiliou. 
t  >pecc!i  of  Minavavana. 


1  Eogers'  Account,  p.  242, 


Iv       I 


I 


t 


160 


EVENTS    IN    INDIAN   HISTORY, 


is  in  rc£fard  to  most  of  the  remarkable  occurrences  on  the  frontier!? 
which  accompanied  and  followed  his  entcr|)risc.  'Die  conjectures  of 
any  one  man,  who  has  intelligently  investigated  and  reflected  upon 
such  history  as  there  is,  may  be  worth  as  much  as  those  of  any  other. 
!t  seems  to  he  probable,  however,  that  although  hostilities  might  have 
been  jjrcvented  by  a  system  of  good  management  on  the  part  of  the 
English,  (in  which  their  predecessors  could  liave  given  them  a  lesson,} 
they  did  not  arise  from  any  particular  acts  of  aggression, 

Pontiac  reasoned  as  well  as  felt.  He  reasoned  as  Philip  had  done 
l)efore  liim,  and  as  Tecum.seh  will  bo  found  to  have  done  since.  He 
had  begun  to  apprehend  danger  from  this  new  government  and  people: 
dancer  to  his  own  dominions  and  to  the  Indian  interest  at  large;  dan- 
ger  from  their  superiority  in  arms,  their  ambition,  tiieir  eagerness  in 
jjosscssing  themselves  of  every  military  position  on  the  northern 
waters;  and  wo  may  add,  also,  their  want  of  that  ostensible  cordiality 
lowards  the  Indians  personally,  to  which  the  latter  had  been  so  much 
accustomed  aiid  attached  in  the  golden  days  of  the  French,  and  which 
they  arc  apt  to  regard  as  a  necessary  indication  of  good  faith  as  of 
good  will.  In  the  language  of  the  Chippewa  orator,  the  French  had 
lived  in  the  same  lodge  with  them.  They  had  sent  them  missionaries, 
and  invited  them  to  councils,  and  made  them  presents,  and  talked  and 
traded  with  them,  and  manifested  an  interest  in  their  affairs, — always 
suspected  by  the  Indians  less,  and  yet  always  eflccting  their  own 
purposes  better  than  any  other  people. 

The  English,  on  the  other  hand,  if  they  committed  no  aggressions, — 
(the  expedition  of  Rogers  was  perhaps  considered  one,  but  that  Pontiae 
ibrgave,) — yet  maniiestcd  but  a  slight  disposition  for  national  courtesy 
or  for  individual  intercourse,  or  for  a  beneficial  commerce  of  any  de- 
scription. In  other  words,  they  "neglected,"  to  use  Pontiac's  phrase, 
all  those  circumstances  which  niadc  the  neighborliood  of  the  French 
agreeable,  and  which  might  have  made  their  own  at  least  tolerable. 
The  conduct  of  the  latter  never  gave  rise  to  suspicion.  Theirs  never 
gave  rest  to  it. 

Thus,  w(5  suppose,  the  case  might  present  itself  to  the  mind  of  the 
Ottawa  chieftain.  And  while  nuch  was  the  apparent  disposition,  or 
indifference  to  any  disposition  in  particular,  of  the  English  towards 
the  Indians,  and  sucii  the  consequent  liability,  if  not  the  reasonable 
}n-ospect  on  the  part  of  the  latter  if  the  former  should  occupy  Canada, 
Pontiac  was  not  likely  to  forget  that  they  had  conquered  the  French. 
He  saw,  loo,  that  they  were  rapidly  and  lirnily  establishing  their  new 
dominion  by  movements  which,  at  all  events,  did  not  purport  to  pro- 
mote the  interest  of  the  Indians.  And  he  knew,  no  doubt, — certainly 
lie  soon  ascertained, — thnt  whereas  thcj  French  of  Canada  and  the 
.'olonies  of  New  England,  by  their  action  upon  each  other,  had  loft 
rhe  third  party  in  a  gi-od  measure  disengaged, — the  new  comers  were 
themselves  from  C>l(.i  England,  if  not  New, — speaking  the  same  lan- 
guage (and  that  a  strange  one  to  the  natives),  subject  to  the  same 
government,  and  ready  at  all  times  to  be  very  conveniently  supplied 
md  supported,  to  an  indefiuifc  extent,  by  those  powerful  southcni 


INDIAN   BIoaRAPHY.— POXTIAC.  igj 

more  speculation.     Af  Itt^^s  w^  ^h  <       •  T  "'"^^  '^^'  *'^«  ^^^^i^^^^  "^ 

Hk'N- had  also  do„.  inJMsticc  to  hi  ;  e  l'    t^T    '  ^""'"''''^  '''"^  ^^at 
'i-oatod  lH,n  with  m-glict/'     A„T    '  If  ^^"V  ?'''^1  «'''^<'^i"  "they  i.ad 

'>!  "••iisidcrntioru  '"caas,  wili  bo  our  next  subjects 


CHAPTER   MIL 


VO\TI.\r-.s  I'LAV  or  r\MP\rrv     nrw    ,. 

.1  courage  and  energv  of'thc  ^Jh^s    or    "'     n '"-' ^'"'"^'  ^^^  "'^""  '»^ 
^Yuitomporaaeous  attack  upon  ail  the  F  ,      i  !'"  '''^■''  ''  •'"''^'^"  '^'i'' 

.^/a^nK>e,   ami   the   Saudusl-yln n  f  ^i        '''''''"r  '^'-"-"'f'    'f'^^ 

■">-''s  at  thes,^  place,  uere  s!  i]  '  J  '  "'  -^^"-^^  ""^o  /I.rti/ica- 
-ilitary  cstahlishments.  «  H '  !,  ?  j];  7'  ^^'--'-'l  'lq>ots  than 
'"'1'!^;   a.ul  the  p..sitio,H     ;V  C  c    I '    •     "''"»  ^''^"y  ^^-'"'-o  strong. 

'"un.calion  to  the  world  of  ui-h  a  I  te  ^T  """"'"^'^  "**  ^«'"- 
-ost.  It  was  n.auifest  to  I\.n  a  1^£  '"  '"  '""""  '^^"•^''  ^"'^ 
.n'aphv  of  this  vast  tract  of  rnZl  ,       ',  ''''  ""'^^  ^^^"*'  ^^o.  geo- 

:h,.s.uosts~savin.„ot^n:.    f  L'it'.P'''^'"''  "'"  ^'^'^  'Instruction  of 

"'•■'t  'vcrv  Englisfi  hanne    w  IH,  ,    '""'''   '^'^  «"»ultancou,s,  /o 

'nil-s  should  iK;pm;         ^^'S^^^  of  thousands  of 

i-  "-able  to  exchange  Jl^"-1ZJZn  ' ^^''  F'"''''''  ^^-""i'' 
^'t  one  Indian  de.aelun(>nt  n{  d  I'r  •  '  ?r  f  "''\''" ''■^"^''  ^''^'  '^-^'''''-e 
:>'-t-nly  son,e  n.ight      cm'  '      >  d    M^   i  ""r^^  '""^''^'■- 


t^-J' 


l.'if 


t 


mi 


:t    ill 
i 


162 


EVE^TS    IN   INDIAN   HISTORY, 


well  tliat  friends  and  allies  to  his  cause  were  as  necessary  to  obtain 
success.  Some  preliminary  principles  must  b(;  set  lijrth,  to  show  what 
his  cause  was;  and  however  plausible  it  might  ap])ear  in  theory,  exer- 
tions must  also  be  made  to  give  assurance  ot'its  leasibility  in  practice. 
A  belligerant  combination  of  some  kind  must  be  formed  in  the  outset, 
and  the  more  extensive  the  bett(M\ 

Pontiac  commenced  operations  with  his  own  tribe,  the  Ottawa? 
I)eing,  Yor  several  reasons,  peculiarly  under  his  control,  at  the  same 
time" that  their  influence  over  other  tribes  was  hardly  inferior  to  his 
own  influence  over  themselves.  Sonjc  of  these  tribes  had  fought  with 
them  against  the  English  not  many  years  before,  and  the  connection 
between  them  was  so  apparent  in  the  lime  of  jVhijor  Rogers,  that  he 
considered  thrm  as  "Ibnncd  iul(j  a  sort  of  empire."  lie  expressly 
states,  also,  that  the  emjieror,  as  he  suppcjsed  I'ontiac  then  to  be,  was 
'•elected  from  the  eldest  tribe,  which  is  the  Ottawas,  some  of  whom 
inhabit  near  our  Ibrt  at  IJetroit,  but  are  mostly  further  westward, 
towards  the  Mississippi. '  He  niight  well  add,  that  Pontiac  "had  the 
!ar"-est  empire  and  greatest  authorhy  of  any  Indian  chief  ihat  has 
appeared  on  the  continent  since  our  ac(puiiiitance  with  it."  The  truth 
probably  was,  that  the  tribes  here  described  as  conlederates  were  most 
of  them' related  to  each  other  by  descent,  mow  or  less  remotely.  Some 
were  intimately  associated.  All  would  be  rather  disposed  to  act  to- 
gether in  any  great  project,  as  they  had  already  done,  (and  as  most 
of  them  have  since,  during  the  American  Revolution  and  during  thif 
last  war  with  Oreat  Britain.)  Still,  such  was  and  is  the  natu't;  of 
Indian  governmei'',  that  it  was  necessary  for  Pontiac  to  obtain  the 
separate  concurrem  and  contiiicnce  ol'each.  To  gain  over  the  Otia- 
wasMirst  was  not  to  ^.Lrengtheu  his  authority,  indeed,  but  it  was  adding 
much  to  his  inlluence. 

The  Ottawas,  then,  were  called  together,  and  tb.e  plan  was  disclosed, 
explained  and  enfAed,  with  all  tlie  eloquence  and  cunning  which 
Pontiac  could  briufplo  his  task.  lie  appealed  to  the  (ears,  the  hopes, 
the  ambition,  thecupidity  of  his  hearcn's — their  regard  for  theeomnma 
interest  ol"  the  race,  their  hatred  of  the  I'higlish,  and  their  gratitiid; 
and  love  for  the  P' rendu  We  arc  told  by  a  modern  historian,  ihiit 
some  of  the  Ottawas  had  been  disgraced  by  blows.*  Such  a  suggestion, 
whether  well  founded  or  not,  might  probably  be  made,  and  would  ot' 
course  have  its  effect.  So  would  the  display  of  a  b(;lt,  which  the 
chieftain  exhibited,  and  which  h<'  professed  to  have  received  from  flic 
Kino-  of  P'rance,  urging  him  to  drive  the  Rritish  from  th(j  country,  aiul 
to  open  the  paths  fin-  the  return  of  the  I'reneh. 

These  topics  having  been  skilfully  managed,  and  the  Ottawas  warmly 
enrraged  in  the  cause,  a  grand  council  of  the  neighboring  tribes  wai; 
convened  at  the  river  Aux  Ecorces.  Here  Pontiac  again  exerted  his- 
talents  with  difitingifished  eflect.  With  a  profound  knowledge  of  tlic 
Indian  character,  and  especially  aware  of  the  great  power  of  supersti- 
tion ^lpon  tlieir  minds,  he  related,  among  oth(H-  things,  a  dream,  in  which 

*  Discourse  of  Goycruor  Cass. 


INDIAN   BIOGRAI'Iiy.— .poNTIAC. 


163 


ho  Great  fep.n  (the-  orator  said)  had  sccrctlv  disclosed  to  a  lMa^varr 
Indian  tl.3  conduct  he  expected  his  red  children  to  pursue,  m^ 
uistruc  .oas  had  been  graciously  given,  suitable  to  the  e.xistin.  c  s  ' 
m  then-  lor  tunes,  and  remarkably  coincident,  it  will  be  observal  wkh 
the  pruic.ples  and  projects  of  the  ehieilain  himself.     They  s  ''re  to 

the  use  ..1  ull  Ln.hsh  manufactures,  and  to  resu.ne  their  bows  an 
arrows,  and  the  skms  of  the  animals  for  clothino-.     it  is  needo. 
eulog.se  the  sagacity  which  dictate.l  both  these  pmposals:  "and  X  ^ 
he  orator  concluded,  "Why,  said  the  Great  Spiri    indi^niantly  to  Uk> 
Delaware,-do  you  sutTer  these  dogs  h»  red  dothing  tl,  2,  C. 
country,  and  ta  e  the  land  I  have  given  you  ?    Drivc?hen>  irom  U^ 
Urne  thenil-Wheu  you  are  in  distress  I  wiil  help  vo,,!"* 

It  is  not  chllicult  to  imagine  the  eliect  which  this  artlbl  appeal  to 
prc^ud.ce  and  passion  might  have  on  the  inOanunable  temperament  of  h 
"uiltitude  ol  creduous  and  <.xcited  savages.     Tlu,  name  of^'onia^ 

Mb  e  to  la  1.     A  plan  of  campaign  was  concerted  on  the  spot,  and  1  elt« 

am  the  1  ott^uvatamies  were  among  the  niost  active.     The  tw    E^S 
0    these  liad  seiit  six  hundred  warriors  in  one  body  to  the  de  (    c    of 
lort  I  )u  (iuesne.     The  Ottawas  of  D'Arb.v  Cro.die  -lone  „  ,  < 
two  huudn.d  and  fi^y  lighting  men.    The  ^liaililirwe;.:  c::^..™^f '^ 
jen.   he  ^;cs,  the  Ottaganiies  (or  Foxes,)  the  Menominiej;  the  Wv.m' 
dots,  the  Mississages,  tin-  .Sluuvanees  ;  and,  what  was  still  nvn-o  dZ 
pu.-pose  a  brge  nu^nher  ol- the  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio  Dcawaiv^ 
«.ul  0    the  !Six  Aations  of  New  York.     The  alliance  of  tii.Mw     h  [ 
nan^ed  part,es-in  itself  the  result  of  a  master-piece  of  n^  Hc^lw-^ 
uoo^ssarv  to  complete  that  vast  system  of  attack  \vhielu.nM,e.^S 
■ill  ^  0  13n.sh  positions  from  Niagara  to  Grer.,  Bay  and  th,  P,^"   m^' 
ll>e  p'lan  was  -at  length  thoroughly  matured.     The  wot-:.-  o f  e'     •" 
pt^ion  commenced  on  ..r  about  the  same  day,Jrom  north  to  sou  I  "la^I 
J  ^n  e..t  to  west.     Nine  of  the  British  ibi.^  were  captured.     Some  of 
d.    garnsous  w^wo  completely  surprised,  and  massacred  on  11^,^! 
a  le    Hi-hvidual.,  m  other  cases,  escaped.    The  olllcc  r  who  com  „a        j 
n^  I  ro.qu  isle    delended  himself  two  days,  during    which    time  the 
savag-s  are  said  to  have  fired  his  block-house  abon? fitly  times  but     o 
sol  lers  extinguished  the  /lames  as  ofh...      It  was  the^  mderm  ,S^ 
an    a  ,  ra  a  was  lai.l  lor  an  explosion,  w!ien  a  capitulation  w      ,    "^  j 
nn    agreed  upon,  ua,k«r  which  a  part  of  the  garrison  was  carri<  I  ca,  l^^v 
to  .he  no,  hu-esl.     The  ofiieer  was  allerwards  given  up  at  Detn 

A  great  number  ol  English  traders  Mere  taken,  on   heir  u^  y    Vom 
all  quarters  ol  the  country,  to  the  dilferent  forts ;  and  their  .iods" 
»^cll  as  those  ol  the  residents  at  such  places,  and  the   .tores  "u 'the 


11 


*  Discourse  of  Governor  Cass. 


t  Ibid. 


Mki 


164 


EVENTS    IN    INDIAN    HISTORV. 


,  I 


I 


depots  themselves,  of  course  became  prize  to  the  conquerors.  Pitts- 
burg, witli  tlio  smaller  forts,  Ligonicr,  Bedford,  and  others  in  that 
n(;i!j;hborbood,  wore  closely  beset,  but  successfully  defended,  until  the 
nrrival  of  largo  reinforcements.  The  savages  made  amends  for  thesf; 
lailurcs  by  a  series  of  the  most  horriI)le  devastations  in  detail,  particu- 
larly in  New  York,  iV-nnsylvania,  and  even  in  iN'ortliorn  V'irginia, 
which  have  ever  been  committed  upon  !he  continent. 

In  case  of  most,  if  not  all  of  the  nine  surprisals  iirst  mentioned, 
quite  as  much  was  etfected  by  stratagem  as  by  force,  juid  that  appa- 
rently by  a  preconcerted  system  which  indicates  the  liir-s(H;ing  su[)er- 
intendcnce  of  I'ontiac  himself.  Generally, the  commanders  were  secured 
in  the  iirst  instance,  by  parties  admitted  within  the  forts  under  the 
j)retence  of  businciss  or  friendship.  Vt  iMaumeo,  or  the  Mianiies.  (as 
the  station  among  that  tribe  was  commonly  fL-signated,)  the  olllcer  was 
h(!travcd  i)y  a  s(|uaw,  who  by  piteous  ('ntreaties  persuaded  him  to  gn 
out  with  lK;r  some  two  hundred  yards,  to  the  succor,  as  she  said,  of  a 
wound(H.l  man  who  was  dying;  the  Indians  waylaid  and  shot  him. 

A  more  subtle  policy  was  adopted  at  iNIichilimackinac,  and  surer 
means  were  taken  to  etJect  it.  That  fort,  standing  on  the  south  side 
of  the  strait,  between  Lakes  Huron  and  Michigan,  was  one  of  the  most 
important  positions  on  the  frontier,  it  was  the  j)lace  of  deposit,  and 
the  point  of  departure,  between  the  upper  and  lower  countries;  the 
traders  always  assembling  there,  on  their  voyages  to  and  from  Mon- 
treal. Connected  with  it,  was  nn  area  of  two  acres,  enclosed  with 
c;(!dar-wood  pickets,  and  r  tending  on  one  side  so  near  to  the  water's 
odi{o,  that  a  western  wind  always  ilrovt;  the  waves  against  the  foot  ol' 
the  stockade.  There  were  about  thirty  houses  within  the  limits,  inha- 
bited bv  about  the  same  number  of  fiunilies.  The  only  ordnance  on 
the  bastions  wcu'o  t\V(j  small  brass  pieces.  The  garrison  numbered 
IxJtween  ninety  and  one  hundred. 

The  ca|)tur(^  of  this  indispensable  station  was  entrusted  to  the  (yjiip- 
jxiwas,  assisted  by  the  Sacs,  and  thos(>  two  triiies  in  coneert  adopted 
the  following  plan.  The  king's  birlii-day  having  arriv(>d,  a  game  of 
ba'i'uatiwav  was  proposed  by  the  Indians.  This  is  played  with  a  bat 
and  ball;  the  former  being  about  four  iijet  long,  curved,  and  tenninatinL; 
in  a  sort  of  racket.  Two  posts  are  placed  in  the  ground,  at  the  distance 
of  hall'  a  mile  or  a  mile  from  each  other.  J'iach  party  has  its  post, 
and  the  game  consists  in  throwing  up  to  the  adversary's  post  the  ball 
which  at  the  beginn.ing  is  olaced  in  the  middle  of  the  course. 

The  policy  of  this  expedient  i'or  surprising  the  garrison  will  clearly 
appear,  when  it  is  understood,  that  ihc;  game  is  necessarily  atlendcd 
with  much  violence  and  noise;  that,  in  tlic  ardor  of  contest  the  ball,  if 
it  cannot  be  thrown  to  the  goal  d(>sired,  is  struck  in  any  direction  by 
which  it  can  be  divc-rted  from  that  desired  by  the  adversary;  that,  at 
STich  a  moment,  nothing  could  be  less  likely  to  excite  premature  alarm 
among  the  spectators  of  the  amusement,  than  that  the  ball  should  be. 
tossed  ov(!r  the  pickets  of  the  fort;  or  that  having  fallen  there,  it  should 
hi  instantly  followed  by  all  engaged  in  the  gaujo, — struggling  ami 
sshouting,  in  the  unrestrained  pursuit  of  a  rude  athletic  exercise. 


I  I 
1  i  *' 


Such  was 
of  success,  tl 
garrison  and 
purpose  of  wi 
wager.     Not 
consequently, 
llie  English  i 
of  this  liorrid 
be  wholly  oni 
The  maf(di  i 
liuwever,   did 
til  his  Montrei 
ile|)arture.     I] 
\vlien  h(!  sudd( 
•oil  fusion.     Ci 
within  the  fort 
they  ibund;  ar 
his  particular  i 
lie  had,  m 
swan-shot.     'I 
expecting  to  he 
he  saw  several 
between  the  kn 
scalped  them  ^\ 
swing  any  resi 
of  course,  that 
hundred  Indiar 
several  of  the 
scene  of  blood- 
he  conceived  a 
He  immedia 
.separation  bctv 
neigh  Lior,  Mons 
precipitately,  an 
tefiro  them.     I 
he  W(juld  ])ut  hi 
should  be  over- 
general  massaci 
spoke,  and  then 
and  intimating  t 
'li'c . re/if enus? 
Menr\    \vms  i 
\voman,*  a  slave 
guided  jiini  to  i 
■elling  him  that 
himself.     Ho  j,,^ 

*  Said  to  bclonn 
gerienilly  called  1 


INDIAN    mOGRAVUY.—VoyTIAC.  165 

garrison  a^d.setUc^^^'lilllriX^Sliiy  S S ,r;?*,^.;:;:;f  Z'^'  ^ 
cu.^oquontly,  po^  s^  «?  ll  f  w"7  ■'''''  '''^"^'^  "''  '^"^'h  sides,  am! 

uf  this^iorrid  transaeS,       ni  ho  1  bv  S  n-?     "^'''"^  ^'"  ""1^'^"' 
be  wholly  omitted  ^^""'^*ica  by  llemy,  arc  too  interesting  to 

confusion.     Goin..  instantiv      h is     i  ?'^         '''  "^'"'^^^  ^'""'^••«' 

his  [.articular  acquaintances  struggles  of  some  of 

»fc»urso  (hat  no  cfta  „r    i,  '  i„'l      m      «'";""»>  •■""'  *"''••''■. 
"4l.",-,  Afonilu".  t„ll;t  "  fc      :JS'''I  "f  "'"lof  l.i»  "OX, 

iilipfiiiii- 
spslllisili 

"Hide     Ini  r,    n  .    1       ^'"p':^^^;  ^^cckoned  to  him  to  ibllow  her.    She 
lie  jojiully  ohoy.-    „,r  directions;  and  she,  having  followed 


-no  doubt  the  same  now 


p 


166 


EVENTS    IN   INDIAN    HISTORY. 


■7,     '-.  I 


hiiM  up  fo  flio  n;un*(>t-ilooi',  locked  it  after  yiiiii,  ;in(l  with  ifvoiit  prosonre  oj' 
uiiiiil  liioic  away  tin;  key.  Scrircely  yet  hil'^ed  in  this  slieiter,  such  as  ir 
was,  Henry  felt  an  eajier  anxiety  Id  kiiMW  what  was  passing  without. 
His  desire  was  nion-  than  satisfied  hy  his  finding;  an  apertiu'e  in  the 
loosc!  hoard  walls  of  the  house,  whieh  ali;)rdfd  liiiu  a  full  view  of  the 
jM'ea  of  the  fort.  Here  h;;  beheld  witli  Imnor,  in  shajies  Xho  foulest 
and  most  terrible,  the  ll  roeioiis  triumphs  olt^ie  savaires.  The  dead 
wore  scalped  and  mangled;  tlie  dyinii;  wei'fMvrithin'.!;  and  shriekiu'i 
under  the  luisatiated  knife  and  the  reeldng  tomahawk;  and  from  the 
hndies  f)f  some,  ripped  open,  their  butchers  were  drinkinp;  the  hlon:' 
scooped  up  in  the  hollow  of  joined  hands,  and  quailed  amid  shouts  of 
rnfio  and  vietorv.  In  a  few  minutes,  whi<di  to  f  h^u'v  socmed  scarcelv 
one,  every  victim  who  could  lie  found  heini;;  destroyed,  there  wns  a 
general  cry  of  "all  is  fmished"' — and  at  this  moment  Henry  heard 
some  of  the  savagi.'s  enter  Langlade's  house.  He  tremhled  and  grew 
faint  with  fear. 

As  the  flooring  of  his  room  and  the  ceiling  of  the  room  heneath 
consisted  only  of  a  layer  of  hoards,  he  noticed  every  thing  that  passed ; 
and  he  heard  the  Indians  inquire,  at  their  entrance,  whether  there  was 
any  Englishman  about.  M.  Langlade  replied,  that  "  1  le  could  not  say — 
he  did  not  know  of  any" — as  in  llict  he  did  not — "they  could  search 
for  tlionsclvcs  (he  added)  and  would  soon  he  satisfied."  The  state  of 
Henry's  urind  H|ay  he  imagin(-d,  when,  immediately  upon  this  reply, 
the  Indi.uis  were  brought  to  the  garret  door.  Luckily  some  delay  was 
occasioned — ;lnough  the  management  of  the  Pani  woman — perhaps 
by  the  ahsence  of  tlie  key.  Henry  had  sullicient  presence  of  mind  tn 
ini'prove  these  few  moments  in  looking  for  a  hiding  place.  This  he 
found  in  the  corner  of  the  garret,  among  a  heap  of  sueli  birch  bar! 
vessels  as  are  used  in  making  maple-sugar:  and  he  had  not  completely 
eonc(\aled  himself,  when  the  door  opened,  and  (i)ur  [ndiaiis  entered,  all 
armed  with  tomahawks,  and  all  besmeared  with  Ijlood  from  liead  to 
foot. 

The  die  appeared  to  be  cast.  Henry  could  scirceis  breathe,  ami 
he  thouuht  that  the  throbhinir  of  his  heart  occasioned  a  noise  loud 
enouLdi  to  betray  him.  The  Indians  walked  about  the  garret  in  every 
direction;  and  one  of  them  approachecl  iiim  so  closely  that,  at  a  par- 
ticular moment,  had  he  put  ilu'th  his  hand,  he  must  have  touched  him. 
Favored,  however,  by  th(>  dark  color  ol"  his  clothes,  and  the  want  oi' 
light  in  a  room  which  had  no  window,  he  still  remained  unseen.  The 
Indians  took  several  turns  a!>out  the  room — entert.aining  M.  Langlade 
all  the  while  with  a  minute  iiccoiuit  of  the  proec-edings  ol'the  day — and 
at  last  returned  down  stairs. 

Such  is  the  travrdler's  account  of  the  fall  of  ^lichilimackinac.  The 
fate  of  Detroit  remains  to  be  told,  a  more  important  position  than  even 
Michilimaekinac.  An  inimonse  quaaitily  ol'  valuable  goods, — one  ac- 
couht  says,  to  the  amounr  of  five  hundred  thousand  pounds, — was 
kiKiwn  to  be  there  stered.  \\'liat  was  of  more  moment,  its  caplure 
would  releast;  th(>  Fn'ucdi  inhabitants  of  the  strait  from  their  temp. -rary 
allegiance  to  the  English,  and  would  consequently  unite  the  hitherto 


INDIAN   BIOGHAPHY. — I'ONTIAC. 


167 


The  town  is  supposed  at  this  pcn-ioci  to  ],avc  boon  cnrloso.l  by  -i 
«n.Io  rowof  p.ckct.s    fi^rmino-  „,,,rly  Ibur  sidos  of  ..  «o!  thm 
hoing  block-hoiiscs  at  the  corners  and  over  lh<'  "nfo.        n         ' 
intervened  between  the  houses  and  the  ^A^t,  wS  r;  ^^^  X^ 
of  arms  and  encn-cled  the  village.     The  fort iHcations  did  rot  Vi^enl 
to  tl,,.  river,  b,.t  a  gate  opened  in  the  direction  of  the  st  can    .nd  no 
lar    rem  it   where  at  the  date  in  question,  two  armed  ve  "V    (brt  ' 
naely  lor  the  inlial.tants,  happened  to  lie  at  anchor.     The  o  dnana" 

inlr^air^'i::^  ::^,r;;^-=t-  ^^^  tm-ee^ponnd^:  °:3z^ 

ln;;u..ed  and  thirty   inSlmg^oE^^^^^ 

in  tiK  lui-tiade.      1  he  inadequate  proportion  of  this  fbrce  even  Fo'Th 
size  of  the  place,  may  be  inlcrred  ft-om  the  Ihct  th-.t  tb.         ,     , 

accordingly  were  provided  with  rifie.s,  sawed  o,r  so  short  a^  to  he 
concealed  under  their  blankets.     At  a  criven  si-m-i,      M  ?  u 

|hc  r^esentation  of  a  wa.npum-be.t  in  ^  :;;iS;;rm^     'b^Ci^: 
(0  the  commandant,  durnf  the  con femnr-o      ti>,.  %    ,v   ^omiai. 

to  n.ssacro  all  /he  officei^/lln.f^tl  :^;-^^,;;"^^ 
much  larger  body  ofwarriors,  wlio  should  he  wairin.^    ithout    br   he 
a^mpletion  ol  the  slaughter  and  the  destruction  of  the  fort       ' 

fortunately,  Major  Gladwyn  obtained  a  knowled.re  of  the  scheme 
before  nn  opportunity  occum-d  lor  its  execution.  ()ne  of  he  IWh 
residents  ,n  the  vicinitv,  returning  home  on  the  mo  nil  >c'fl  i 
-t  mentK^ed,  is  said  to  have  n.e?  Pontiac  anlf ^is ^^^"^  , t  dV 
Bridge  rius  place,  which  still  retains  its  nan-e  i  between  nnno'l 
two  miles  from  the  village.     The  last  wairio      •-   rt     M  '' 

prhcular  friend  of  the  white  mai    t      ^^^  hi  Ida  hel ';,i^'""  ^ 
hcantly  exhibited  the  shortened  rifle  heneaS      Whc^K  ;  ^l^^' 
was  communicated  to  Major  C^ladwyn,  cannot  be  determined 
tionTue  rrP?>   '"'  "r'"""'  ''  «"l^«tantially  confirmed  br  tradi- 
t  ic  scc.ct.     fene  had  been  employed  by  the  commandant  to  make  him 
•pair  of  moccasins  out  of  edk-skin ;  and  having,  completed  t^em   s  b^      ' 
rcHight  them  into  the  fort,  on  the  evening  of  the  day  Xi    IV  iitc 
nmde  his  appearnncc,  and  his  application  for  a  council      The  ,^n 
was  pleased  with  them,  directod  her  to  convert  the   eSL  of  he^''b 
mto  articles  of  the  same  description,  and  Iiavinrm^d^a  .ctro^^^^^^ 
i.ayment,  dismissed  her.     She  went  to  the  outer  Tkor!  bu    there  X 


U  in 


168 


EVENTS    IN    INDIAN   HISTORY. 


M 


r 


if 


■  y 


stoppal,  and  for  sonic  time  loitered  about  as  if  her  errand  was  still 
nnperf'onned.  A  servant  asked  her  what  «he  wanted,  hut  she  made  no 
answer.  The  major  him.sell'c.bserved  iier,  and  ordered  her  to  Ik;  called 
in,  when,  nllcr  some  hesitation,  she  rc[)lied  to  his  intiuirics,  that  us  he 
had  always  treated  her  kindly,  she  did  not  like  to  take  away  the  elk- 
skin,  which  he  valued  so  hij^hly  ; — she  could  never  bring  it  back.  The 
<x)i»imandanl's  curiosity  was  of  course  excited,  and  he  pressed  the 
examination,  tuitil  the  woman  at  length  disclosed  every  thing  which 
had  come  to  her  knowledge. 

Her  information  was  not  received  with  implicit  credulity,  but  the 
major  thought  it  j)rudent  to  employ  ibe  night  in  taking  active  measures 
for  delence.  His  arms  and  ammunition  were  examined  and  arranged, 
and  the  traders  and  their  dependants,  as  well  as  the  garrison,  were 
dir(!cted  to  \)':  ready  for  instant  ser\  ice.  A  guard  ke|)t  watch  on  the 
ramparts  duruig  the  night,  it  being  apprehended  that  the  Indians  might 
anticipate  the  [)reparations  now  known  to  have  been  made  lor  the  next 
day.  Nothing,  itowever,  was  heacd  aller  dark,  except  the  sound  of 
singing  and  (kincing,  in  the  Indian  camp,  which  they  always  indulge 
in  upon  the  eve  of  any  great  (niterprise.  The  particulars  of  the  council  of 
the  next  day,  we  shall  furnish  on  the  authoi-ity  of  a  writer  already  cited. 

In  the  morning,  Pontiac  and  bis  warriors  sang  their  war-song, 
danced  their  war-dance,  mid  repaired  to  the  fort.  They  were  admitted 
without  hesitation,  and  were  conducted  to  the  council  house,  where 
Major  GL'idwyn  and  his  officers  were  pre[)ared  to  receive  them.  They 
|K)rceivcd  at  the  gate,  and  as  they  passe'd  through  the  streets,  an  un- 
usual activity  av.d  nKJvement  among  the  troops.  The  garrison  was 
under  arms,  the  guards  were  doubled,  and  the  oiHcers  were  armed  with 
swords  and  pisttjls.  Pontiac  encpiired  of  the  British  commander,  what 
was  the  cause  of  this  unusual  appearance.  He  was  answered,  that  it 
was  proper  to  keep  the  young  men  to  their  duty,  lest  they  should 
beconu!  idle  and  ignorant.  The  business  of  the  council  then  com- 
inonced,  and  P(jntiac  proceeded'  to  address  Major  Gladwyn.  His 
speech  was  bold  and  menacing,  and  Jiis  manner  and  gesticulafions 
vehement,  and  they  became  sfil!  more  so,  as  he  a])proacIu'il  the  critical 
moment.  When  he  was  upon  the  point  of  presenting  the  belt  to  Major 
viladwyn,  and  all  was  breathless  expectation,  the  drums  at  the  door  of 
the  council  house  suddenly  roiled  the  charge,  the  guards  levelled  their 
pieces,  and  the  British  officers  drew  their  swords  frf)m  their  scabbards. 
Pontiac  was  a  brave  man,  constitutionally  and  habitually.  He  had 
fought  in  many  a  battle,  and  (jften  led  his  warriors  to  victory.  But 
this  unexpected  and  decisive  proof,  that  his  treachery  was  discovered 
ajid  prevented,  entirely  disconcerted  him.  Tradition  says  he;  trem])lcd. 
At  all  events,  lu^  delivered  his  belt  in  the  usual  manner,  and  thus  liuled 
to  give  his  party  the  concerted  signal  of  attack.  Major  Gladwyn 
immediately  approached  the  chief,  and  drawing  aside  his  blanket, 
discov(;red  the  shortened  rifle,  and  then,  after  stating  his  knowledge  of 
the  plan,  and  reproaching  him  for  his  treachery,  ordered  him  fi'om  the 
fort.  Tlu!  Indians  immediately  retired,  and  as  soon  as  they  had  passed 
the  gate,  they  gave  the  yell,  and  bred  upon  the  garrison.     They  then 


INDIAN  BIOOHAPHY.— PONTIAC.  jgg 

proceeded  to  the  commons,  where  was  Ivinr,  ....  o      in     .•  . 

with  her  two  sons.     These  11,6^.^1-^!        f  "^  ^"r'''''  ^*^'"«" 

Hog  Island,  where  a  disc ku  ed        ot\^'  ^'"^^^^^l^'-d^/ep^red  to 

ue.t>ull  but  one  immechat  if  m^.^^^^^^^^^  -'- 

nienced.*  ^    '"issacicu.     Ihus  was  the  war  com- 

version,  whlC,  a,  ,„e  a,r„i:  t^^tTSiaTl^^-rT '" 'ifr ' 

.  IHend  in  Now  Yovk"  ^      .      J    ^TlTo'  °  T"'  "'^'"■""'  '^ 
llic  most  respectable  naoers  „f  tl,.,,    *^  J,  1^6- .     It  may  ix  sccii  i„ 

,acsti„,mblylmho  He    '  As  to  ma^l?     '  ?"'  "^  'f '"'•■"' '"  ^  ""• 

so^e  of  the  yoa„g  warriors  «'l   r.  h^v    f!    ^  U^^'rat'll,',''^ 

appearance  of  the  garrison  haviiK-  si.rnris(>d  h7m  H  i  '^  ?  ^^'"• 
he  did  not  suppose^tiuy  wore  wilTinTto  b^e  Zl  ^  ''''"'' '!'''' 
must  have  done  in  thai  case;  if  tlu^v^vere  I- Inf  t  1 1  "•'"'  f  '''  ^ 
opportunity,  whether  the  ga^isonl^lin.  ^^  Ir^  ?;^;;^"  f H 
were  satished  with  this    DroDositi.wi     u;..    „  «Ji   not.    All 

liold  a  conference  with  the  major    -infl  tn  vi-;..  ,,      ^    "" 

suspicion  „o  would  bring  all  l.irild'  .iJS^  von    J' mc:T  t^  'o^i;- f  ,"' 
the  hand  in  a  friendly  manner."  "  '  "  """  '*>' 

This  certainly  looks  much  like  a  "enuine  Indian  irtifir,.     Ti 

dfh  \  n        '"^  a'^'^o/o  ni^^^aiiip-       J- 'iG  next  mornum,  CMondav  Mi<. 

*  Discourse  of  Governor  Cass. 

t  The  immediate  predecessor  of  Gladwyn  in  the  command  of  the  post. 


it 


170 


BVENT8    IN    IND'  VN    'II8TOHY 


English  woman  to  whom  Major  (iladwyn  had  piven  a  small  plantation, 
nUmt  a  milt!  from  the  fort,)  and  imirdorctl  and  sculped  hor  and  her 
two  sons;  from  thence  th<'V  went  to  Ho-  Island,  alKuit  a  leiiguo  up 
tlie  river  from  the  fort,  aiil'lhere  niiirdcriHl  .hiines  l-'isher  and  his  wii( 
aLsi>  four  wliUcrs  whnwvn-.  with  tlicui,and  carried  ofFhis  children  and 
servant-maid  prisoners;  the  same  evenings  heiiij,'  the  9th,  ii.  .  an  ac- 
connt,  hv  a  Frenchman,  of  the  defi>at  of  Sir  UolK-rt  Davrs  and  ('apt. 
Ilolxirtson."  Th.  s(Mpir'l  of  tlu;  war,  and  of  the  history  ot  Pontine, 
will  form  the  siihject  of  our  next  eliapt('r. 


(!|1APTKU  XIV. 

Mivrr  OP  DITUOIT  MAINT.MNI'J)  UV  l'()N'l'IA("-AI)VANTAf;KS  OAINKD  BY 
Till*  1NI)I\N  \iniV  \KIUVAI,()KSII(r()ll  TO  Till'-  KN(;I,1SII- IIATTM',  01' 
IUO()  .Y  milMJ  IH)NT  A  •  AT  l-KNtiTIl  KAISI'.S  TIIK  SIWiK-TlIK  INDIANS 
MAKh'  l-KAt'll-IllS  AU'H^^^  AS  rillKin'AIN-lllH  TAI.KNTB  AS  AN  OKA- 

TOR-IIIS  TRADITIONARY  FAME. 

We  have  now  to  furnish  the  details  I"  one  of  the  most  singulur 
transactions  which  has  ever  distinj^uished  the  multifarious  warfare  ol 
the  red  men  with  the  whites— the  protracted  siejre  of  a  fortified  civilised 
.rarrison  by  an  army  of  sava^r,>s.  We  shall  still  avail  ourselves  ot 
The  diary  ciontained  in  the  letters  already  cited,  and  of  other  informa- 
tion  from  the  same  source.  ,     ,    .     ,. 

"The  lOlh,  in  the  morllill^  (Tuesday),  they  attacked  the  lort  very 
resolutelv.  'I'here  continued  a  very  hot  fm;  on  both  sides  until  the 
evenin<r,'  when  they  ceased  firing,  havinj?  had  several  killed  and 
wounded.  They  posted  themselves  behind  the  jrarden-lences  and 
houses  hi  the  suburbs,  and  sonu^  barns  and  out-houses  that  were  on 
the  side  of  the  ibrt  next  the  woods,  to  which  we  immediately  set  fire 
by  red-hot  spikes,  &c.  from  the  cannon."  In  this  manner,  and  by 
occasional  sorties,  the  c^nemy  was  dislodged  and  driven  back,  until 
ihev  could  only  annoy  tlu>  fort  hv  ai)proiiching  the  summit  oi  the  low 
ridge  which  overlooked  the  pickets,  and  there  at  intervals  they  con- 
tinued their  fire.  ,. ,    ,      ,    r 

Little  damage  was  done  in  this  way,  nor  did  the  Indians  at  any 
time  undcrtake°a  close  assault.  The  coinmaiidant,  however,  ignorant 
of  their  style  of  wariiire,  api)rehendod  that  movement,  and  lie  believed 
that  in  this  case— their  numbers  being  now,  according  to  some  esti- 
mates, six  or  seven  hundred,  and  according  to  others  about  twice  as 
inanv— the  situation  of  the  garrison  would  be  hopeless.  Besides,  he 
had  but  three  weeks'  provision  in  the  fort,  "at  a  j)ound  of  bread  and 
two  ounces  of  pork  a  man  per  day."  Under  these  circumstances  he 
immediately  commenced  prei)arations  for  an  embarkation  on  boan, 
the  two  vessels  which  still  lay  in  the  stream,  with  the  mtention  ol 

retreating  to  Niagara.  ,     ,,     ^       ,        • ,     .       i. 

He  was  dissuaded  from  this  course  by  the  French  residents,  who 
positively  assured  him  that  the  enemy  would  never  think  of  taking  the 
fort  by  svorm.     A  truce  or  treaty  was  then  suggested.     Some  of  the 


Fnnch,  (wi 

l-dligeriiiU 
ttter,  it  is 
)K)sing  flin; 

llW   CIll.H 

tit- in.  'i'hat 
111  ly  fhe  c 
day,  ihf  111 
both  were  at 

Whether 
.■|pp<'iir.  TJ) 
fairly  charge 
•  hiring  the  ,si( 
liiit  W(;  havf 
were,  howev 
nilly  s:ipp()s( 
tage  i)V(!r  the 
to  tilt;  efiect, 
tlieir  arms,  as 
the  cannon,  i 
and  h(!  cscoi 
pi'oiiipfly  iiiu( 
liim  there  to  ( 
wiiiilil  thert;lc 

Sl(l<«," 

Mostilitiea 
fill!  part  of  IV) 
garrison,  olfic 
ramparts  ever 
■■111(1  wounded 

'I'hrc^f!  weeli 
May,  the  En: 
sil|'pnsr'J   to   c 

troops  from  N 
till.'  Ifuron  Ch] 
mi)incnt,  at  let 
the  death-cry  c 
was  at  onci!  ki 
had  stationed 
batteaux,  mam 
■stores,  landed 
iiients,  and  fel 
men,  escaped 
eai)tiired,  and 
shore,  escorted 
in  each  boat,  i 
settlement. 

The  prisonei 
batteaux  arrive 


INDIAN    moCRAniV. PONTIAC. 


171 


anv 


I-  lign.a.U  p,ui,cs,)  mentioned  tl.,M-ircurmtnnc.  to  Pu„t,uc,  and  tu 
itter,  .    IS  said,  soon  ador  sent  in  (iv,MM.^s,s.....rcTs  (, ,  ,1  o  fj       ,, '" 

'■  ,,,    /^^-fio  rcqu.NNd  (l.af  iVli,,)r(\„M,,|„.||  „.i.rl,t   be  on.,  of 

.y  the  nomnmn,!,  of  Major  (ilulwyn,  in  tl.r  a(li,noo„  .(  V  K 
dass  dirUth.  Cmnpl^H  took  Lp  .t4int  AfrDuuKull  with  lu.n  „»' 
both  wore  ntfc-nded  by  |,v..  or  six  ofth.   Fmu-lu  ' 

Whc,l..r  ,b<_   latu-r  had   ,      li,at,.,l  a  tmu-hery  ..r  not,  doos  no, 

were,  however,  d,     :„...,  by  th.  Indiuirs;  and  I\.n,ia,-   w  '?  is  tn  • 

.•an>  ^,,>,|s..d  to  have  conceived  this  scheme  li.r  obtai^in^    ,  ^S.: 

<  g.  ove.  the  oarnson,  now  sent  in  tenns  oreapitulatinn.    These,  were 

0  the  ertoct,  that  the  troops  should  i.n.nodiately  surrender,  "av(Wu 

;;a-  anus,  as  the.r  fathers,  the  French,  ha.l  been  obli..     to  dSe     e 

ca^  no.,    n.agaz.nes,  and  n.er,.i,ants'  goods,  and  the  two  vessel^ 

.md   b oscorh.d  ,n  batteaiix  b,     .Jians  to  Nia-ara."     The  nrdor 

l'n..n,.tly  n.ade  answer,  that  Was  couunandin^  .dl  ee    J,ad  no    ^ 

Imn    K|rotodehveru,.the  fori  to  Indians  or  any  bodvX    o ml     e 

2^  ther..,orc  delend  U  so  long  as  a  single  nU  could  s^Jal  ills 

Ihrco  weeks  alter  the  connncncement  of  the  sie-re,  on  ih..  :JUth  of 
0,.  ,s  fiom  Niagara,  was  coming  round  "d,,,  p„int,''  at  a  place  called 

;.  r"t  k"'M-  ^''r^----'''-'-^»  ^"'i-  bastion^';:^!^^ 

"m  .  nt   at  least,  iiopo  shone  upon  evrrv  eountenane,;     Rut  i.resentlv 

^;n  nc^^ '' '"  ''^;!r"^  ^^"^  '""^'•'''  '•-'  ^'^^  '^^^^  of ti^li;  h^nt 

a   a     nee  known.    1  heir  approach  having  been  ascertained,  Pontiac 
•a     stationed  a  body  of  warriors  at   Point  P,.lf.e.      Tw.m.  v  s.  n  11 
^oaux,  irianned  by  a  considerabk.  number  of  troops,  .uid  1  "ien  wi 
^n.s,  landed  there  in  the  evening.    The  Indians  witched  their  move 
'>i«nts,  and  (ell  upon  them  about  dav-light.     One  ollicer    with  thirty- 

S.:rd  TT  "^t"'^  ^^'t' the  others  wenl'dlhc^'kllk^^^ 
captiued,  and  the  line  of  barges  ascended  the  river  near  the  onuosite 

'ittbmem  "'"'"       '''"  ^'''"■""''  ^"^'^  "'■  ^h«  'vhole  French 

The  prisoners  were  compelled  to  navigate  the  boats.     As  the  first 

batteaux  arrived  opposite  to  the  town,  four  British  soldiers  determiS 


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"™"'r"'""'"' 


172 


EVENTS   IN    INDIAN   HI8T0BV. 


to  effect  their  liberation  or  perish  in  the  attempt.  They  suddenly 
changed  tne  course  of  the  boat,  and  by  loud  cries  made  known  their 
intention  to  the  crew  of  the  vessel.  The  Indians  in  the  other  boats 
and  the  escort  on  the  bank  fired  upon  the  fugitives,  but  they  were 
soon  driven  from  their  positions  by  a  cannonade  from  the  armed 
schooner.  The  guard  on  l)oard  this  boat  leaped  overboard,  and  one 
of  them  dragged  a  soldier  with  him  into  the  water,  where  both  were 
drowned.  The  others  escaped  to  the  shore,  and  the  boat  reached  the 
vessel  with  but  one  sokiicr  wounded.  Lest  the  other  prisoners  might 
escape,  they  were  immediately  landed  and  marched  up  the  shore  to 
the  lower  point  of  Hog  Island,  where  they  crossed  the  river,  and  were 
immodiately  put  to  death  with  all  the  horrible  accompaniments  of 
savage  cruelty. 

Durin";thc  month  of  June,  an  attempt  to  relieve  the  garrison  proved 
more  successful.  A  vessel  which  had  been  sent  to  Niagara  arrived 
at  the  mouth  of  the  river,  with  about  fifty  troops  on  board  and  a  supply 
of  stores.  The  Indians  generally  led  the  siege,  and  repaired  to  Fight- 
ing  Island  for  the  purpose  of  intercepting  her.  They  annoyed  the 
JMiglish  very  much  in  their  canoes,  till  the  latter  reached  the  point  of 
flic  jsland,  where,  on  account  of  the  wind  failing,  they  were  compelled 
to  anchor. 

The  captain  had  concealed  his  men  in  the  hold,  so  that  the  Indians 
were  not  aware  of  the  strength  of  the  crew.  Soon  after  dark,  they 
embarked  in  their  canoes  and  proceeded  to  board  the  vessel.  The 
men  were  silently  ordered  up,  and  took  their  stations  at  the  guns. 
The  Indians  were  suftered  to  approach  close  to  the  vessel,  when  the 
captain,  by  the  stroke  of  a  hammer  upon  the  mast,  Whi'-h  had  been 
previously  concerted,  gave  the  signal  for  action.  An  immediate  dis- 
charge took  place,  and  the  Indians  precipitately  fled,  with  many  killed 
and  wounded.  The  next  morning  the  vessel  dropped  down  to  the 
mouth  of  the  river,  where  she  remained  six  days  waiting  for  a  wind. 
On  the  thirteenth  she  succeeded  in  ascei^ding  the  river,  and  reached 
the  fort  in  safety. 

Pontiac  felt  the  necessity  of  destroying  these  vessels,  and  he  there- 
fore constructed  rafts  for  that  ])urposc.  The  barns  of  some  of  the 
inhabitants  were  demolished,  and  the  materials  employed  in  this  work. 
Pitch  and  other  combuslibkjs  were  added,  and  the  whole  so  formed 
as  to  burn  with  rapidity  and  intensity.  They  were  of  considerable 
length,  and  were  towed  to  a  proper  position  above  the  vessels,  wlien 
fire  was.  applied,  and  they  were  left  to  the  stream,  in  the  expectation 
that  they  would  be  carried  into  contact  with  the  vessels,  and  imme- 
diately set  fire  to  them.  Twice  the  attempt  was  made  without  success. 
The  British  were  aware  of  the  design,  and  took  their  measures  accord- 
ingly. Boats  were  constructed  and  anchored  with  chains  above  the 
vessels,  and  every  precaution  was  used  to  ward  off  the  blow.  The 
blazing  rafts  passed  harmlessly  by,  and  other  incidents  soon  occurred 
to  engage  xi»e  attention  of  the  Indians.* 


*  Discourse  of  Governor  Cass. 


INDIAN   WOGBAPHY—POWriAC.  ^yg 

extracts.     They  will  furnish^e  V^L         .u      ^^"««^^°g  passages  are 

till  we  have  a  reinforcement  up     We  then  h°'"'  ^"^  ''^""  "°"^^""«  «"^" 
count  of  the  savages    Their  camnI,p!.T    T  'T  ^^  ^ive  a  good  ac 
fort,  and  that's  tht  Jr^ZS  IZ^^T  ^ '^'^'' ^''"^  ^  ^'^^^  ^''"^^ 
two  or  three  days  we  were  attacked  Wt^      '^T  "°'''     ^^^  ^^e  first 
but  we  gave  the^m  so  war^a  S       thaHh;  ^T  ""^^^^  '^  ^^em, 
to  sec  us,  thouah  thev  novv  anT  tK  .  \7-  "^f "^  ^^''^  ^^'^  ^on^i^g 

and  fire  at  us  ahout^^h^e^^  S-  tdrfd^  ya1d"'d- t^T  ^^ f ' 

.te7y:s^y;:n'fi;^:iSi-f^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

such  a  Lnner  Lt  I?  Jfgl^t^ t^ti:^;^^  '''''  ^^^'"^  ^" 
The  next  letter  is  under  date  of  the  9th. 

is  ;Sot!  'xi:  n:rt;^:-/eLrt:£^^^^^  ^?  ^^^  -™ 
s:"Sd^SiS:itF^^^ 

Britons,  jou  knoTne^erlhrtk  ITT'"^^''^  ^'''^'^^g"''^^^  Bu^ 
the  rascals.  They  boHed  and  eat  ZnT.''?r''^  ^^^  ^«  ^P^^e 
informed  by  Mr.  Pauly,  who  escaned  fho'^f.^^  ^r^T'  ""'^  ^«  ^^^ 
stations  surprised  at  the  breakincroS  of^L  '^"^  ^'°"^  """  °^  ^^e 

himself,  th/t  hehadseenTntdi:    ^vftS^^^^^^ 
sou's  arm  for  a  tobacco-pouch '  t^aptain  Robert- 

butthefortespyinaapartfof  Inln  ""^  ""^'^  ^"''"'""'"g  home, 

to  fight,  we  wer^e  ordere^Lck  r^ade  0^1"^^  "?.''  ^^  '^'^  "'^^"^^^ 
briskly.     Our  front  wal  firrrl  n'n^n  ,  ^'^positions,  and  advanced 

about  five  minute  1^  the  mX  ^'"'7^'  ""^^^'"^"«J  ^he  fire  for 
twenty  men,  fS  off  to  the  leT  .  T  ^^^P^'"'"  '^^P^^^"«'  ^^^^h  about 
lilod  off  to  thfriaht  and  'ot'  Lt"^"1^  ''"''''^  ^'''^'^^'^  ^^^^^^teers 
villains  immediacy  fled    and  we  Tr  '^T  '""^  '^'''  «^«^-     The 

-try  whom  I  ij  XcerLziT^:^':^'':  ?:?"'?  s^  ^ 

coming  down  from  the  wonH«   „,„l  „,         .    ,   ■  """y  "^  'tcra 

TO  mt  able  to  c^pe  >UThti'r  unlr  ""T  ^  ^'"?  '""  "'""'  "='8%. 

lo* 


174 


EVENTS   IN    INDIAN   HISTORY. 


I 


t 


I 


n 


This  "  leader"  was,  dcoording  to  some  accounts,  an  Ottawa  chief; 
according  to  others,  the  son  of  a  chief.  At  all  events  he  was  a  popular 
if  not  an  important  man,  and  his  death  was  severely  revenged  by  one 
of  his  relatives,  in  the  massacre  of  Captain  Campbell.  That  gentle- 
man  had  been  detained  a  {)risoncr  ever  since  the  proposal  of  a  capitu- 
lation, together  with  his  friend  McDougall.  The  latter  escaped  a  day 
or  two  before  the  skirmish,  but  his  unfortunate  comrade  was  toma- 
hawked by  the  infuriated  savage.  One  account  says,  "  they  boiled 
his  heart  and  ate  it,  and  made  a  pouch  of  the  skin  of  his  arms!"  The 
brutal  assassin  fled  to  Saginaw,  apprehensive  of  the  vengeance  of 
Pontiac,  and  it  is  but  justice  to  the  memory  of  that  chieftain  to  say, 
that  he  was  indignant  at  the  atrocious  act,  and  used  every  possible 
exertion  to  apprehend  the  murderer. 

The  reinforcement  meniioned  above  as  expected,  arrived  on  the 
26th  of  July.  It  was  a  dclachment  of  three  hundred  regular  troops. 
Arrangements  were  made  the  same  evenin";  for  an  attack  on  the  Indian 
camp.  But  by  some  unknown  means  Pontiac  obtained  information  of 
the  design,  and  he  not  only  rem<^ved  the  women  and  children  from  his 
camp,  but  seasonably  stationed  two  strong  parties  in  ambuscades, 
where  they  were  protected  by  pickets  and  cord-wood,  and  concealed 
by  the  high  grass.  Three  hundred  men  left;  the  fort  about  an  hour 
before  day,  and  marched  rapidly  up  the  bank.  They  were  suffered 
to  reach  the  bridge  over  Bloody-Run,  and  to  proceed  about  half  way 
across  it,  before  the  slightest  movement  indicated  that  the  enemy  was 
aware  of  their  approach.  Suddenly  a  i^olume  of  musketry  was  poured 
in  upon  the  troops;  the  commnnder  fell  at  the  iirst  discharge,  and  they 
were  thrown  into  instant  confusion.  A  retreat  was  with  some  diffi- 
culty effected  by  driving  the  Indians  from  all  their  positions  at  the 
bayonet's  point,  but  the  English  lost  seventy  men  killed,  and  forty 
wounded. 

This  was  the  last  important  event  attending  the  prosecution  of  the 
siege.  A  modern  author  observes,  that  Pontiac  relaxed  in  his  efforts, 
that  the  Indians  soon  began  to  depart  for  their  wintering  grounds,  and 
tliat  the  various  bands,  as  they  arrived  in  the  spring,  professed  their 
desire  for  peace.  Such  seems  to  have  been  the  case  at  a  much  earlier 
date;  for  we  find  it  stated  under  date  of  the  18th  of  August,  (1763,) 
that  "  the  Hurons,  who  begin  to  be  wearied  of  tfie  war,"  had  brought 
in  and  given  up  eight  prisoners.  The  writer  adds,  that  "the  Hurons 
and  Pouteouatamies,  who  were  partly  forced  into  the  war  by  the 
menaces  of  the  Oltawas,  begin  to  withdraw."  Pontiac  had  been  so 
confident  of  success  as  to  have  made  some  arrangements,  it  is  said, 
for  dividing  the  conquered  territory  with  the  French;  and  several 
Indians  planted  fields  of  corn.  But  his  warriors  grew  weary  of  the 
siege,  and  his  army  was  at  this  time  reduced  to  about  five  hundred. 

Where  or  how  he  passed  the  winter,  we  are  not  told.  But  his  move- 
ments were  still  watched  witli  anxiety,  and  the  garrison  at  Detroit, 
especially,  seem  not  to  have  thought  themselves  safe  from  his  opera- 
tions, from  day  to  day,  "  We  have  lately  been  very  busy,"  says  a 
respectable  writer,  under  date  of  December  3,  1763,  "in  providing 


)usy,"  says  a 


INDIAN  BIOGRAPHY.— PONTIAC.  175 

abundance  of  wheat,  flour  rnHinn  nm^  ^^a  n 

in  which  we  have  sol7lucceM7Z\rt^'-  ^T  '^'  ^°""*^y' 

starved  out."     It  further  annearr  th«t  H  ?    u    ^  "^  ^^''S^^  of  being 

"about  twelve  days  ago,  several  scaTDin!nrLr'.rn^'^  *'^'^  ^^at 

came  to  the  settleLnf,  &c      We  ni?^^^^^^^ 

an  alarm  every  night  "  ^        "'^  *''°*^^^'  f'xpecting 

.or  a  co.bi„a.io„  ,i,<o  hit  "S":,  t     tt  w^K  14^7^ 
housand  ncn,  proceeded  to  Niagara  early  in  the^ummer  rf  .7b? 

ofo^..i„„,  managed  by%t'ifml:'„"ef„  "p  mS  'Mar„TH,t"; 
allies  had  now  deserted  the  chieftf.in      Tu^  ^"""c-     Many  ol  his  best 

under  Bradslreefs  eo™r„d  meron.  S  S"v"™''^' "''°  "^ 
leader  of  nine.y.six  ChippeMk  of  .he  S™^'  d^^  ^Zoy^S.  "ST" 
savages,  under  the  n„™e  of  the  Indian  battalFor  .-Me  "'  he  ajdf 
"M'hose  best  hope    t  had  verv  latelv  l^„  ,„  r     .u        !  "''*' 

he.rance."    It  ou-ht  to  be  obferveTl,?^         '.'™.*™«h  their  for- 

wl,o  were  thus  lei  agist  rherrw' l^t't^rn  2"^'°  "'  T» 

op;;:.io::a';'ihi;^£i^^-.^°ri:^rl;„fe^^^^^^ 
:lo^:™-rr"Hfnof„Xr.:f'^-r^^^^ 

-ion  bnt  abandoned  ": Z:^^:^  ^  tjiT.^^^  "^«*- 

Th,»  account  bears  manifest  marks  if  correctness      !.„„»„      -.u 
«„y  other  illustrations  of  a  magnanimityThier  might'  K  mTde 

*  Rogers'  account,  p.  244. 


176 


EVENTS   IN    INDIAN   HISTOBY. 


f 


Pontiac  a  fit  comrade  for  the  knights  of  the  middle  ages.  But  con- 
firmations  of  it  may  be  found  elsewhere.  It  was  the  common  belief 
of  the  times,  that  he  had  gone  among  the  Illinois,  with  a  view  of  there 
holding  himself  in  readiness  for  whatever  might  happen  to  the  benefit 
of  the  great  cause  for  which  he  was  resolved  to  live  and  die;  and 
probably,  also,  to  use  active  measures  as  fast  and  as  far  as  might  be 
advisable.  The  following  passage  occurs  in  an  authentic  letter  from 
Detroit,  dated  May  19,  1765. 

"Pondiac  is  now  raising  the  St.  Joseph  Indians,  the  Miamies,  the 
Mascontins,  the  Ouiattenops,  the  Plans  and  the  Illinois,  to  come  to  this 
place  the  beginning  of  ne;:t  month,  to  make  what  effect  they  can 
against  us ;  for  which  purpose  ho  has  procured  a  large  belt  for  each 
nation,  and  one  larger  than  the  rest  for  a  'hatchet'  for  the  whole. 
They  are  to  be  joined  by  some  of  the  northern  Indians,  as  is  reported. 
This,  thoy  say,  is  to  br  an  undertaking  of  their  own,  as  they  are  not 
to  have  any  assistance  from  the  French.  *  *  When  Pondiac  left 
the  Miamies,  he  told  them  to  remain  quiet  till  became  back;  it  should 
then  be  '  all  war,  or  all  peace.'  *  *  I  make  no  doubt  of  their 
intention  to  perform  what  we  have  heard  of,  though  I  don't  think  it 
will  come  to  any  head.  I  am  likewise  well  convinced,  ii"  Pondiac  be 
made  to  believe  he  would  be  well  repeived  at  this  place,  he  would  desist 
from  any  intention  he  may  have;  but  it  will  be  impossible  to  convince 
himof  tli;it,  while  there  are  such  a  number  of  traitorous  villains  about 
him.     You  can't  imagine  what  infamous  lies  they  tell,"  &c. 

It  appears  from  this  testimony,  that  Pontiac  had  at  this  period  re- 
engaged in  his  plan  of  combination.  It  would  also  appear,  that  he 
was  Instigated  by  some  of  the  French;  for  it  is  believed  that  only 
individuals  among  them  were  guilty  of  the  practices  alleged.  'I'hose 
at  Detroit  conducted  themselves  amicably,  even  during  the  war ;  and 
some  of  them,  wo  have  seen,  volunteered  to  fight  against  the  Indians. 
Still,  where  Pontiac  now  was,  there  would  be  the  best  possible  oppor- 
tnnity  of  exerting  a  sinister  influence  ever  him,  there  being  many 
Frenchmen  among  the  Illinois,  and  they  not  of  the  most  exemplary 
character  in  all  cases.  On  the  whole,  it  seems  to  us  probable,  that 
^"hile  the  last  mentioned  combination  was  really  "  an  undertaking  of 

i  own,"  it  might  have  been  checked  at  any  moment,  and  perhaps 
never  would  have  commenced,  had  not  Pontiac  been  renevvedly  and 
repeatedly  prejudiced  against  the  English  interest  by  the  artifice  of 
some  of  the  French,  and  perhaps  some  of  the  Indians.  However  his 
principles  in  regard  to  that  subject  might  remain  unchanged,  no  ab- 
stract inducement,  we  think,  would  have  urged  him  to  his  present 
measures  under  the  circumstances  to  which  he  was  now  reduced.  But, 
be  that  as  it  may,  the  principles  themselves  need  not  be  doubted ;  nor 
can  we  forbear  admiring  the  energy  of  the  man  in  pursuing  the  exem- 
plification and  vindication  of  them  in  practice.  His  exertions  grew 
only  the  more  daring,  as  his  prospects  became  more  desperate. 

But  his  death  at  length  ended  at  once  his  disappointments  and  hopes, 
together  with  the  fears  of  his  enemios.  This  event  is  supposed  to  have 
taken  place  in  1767.     He  was  assassinated,  at  a  council  held  among 


INDIAN   BIOOHAPHY. — PONTIAC. 


177 


the  Illinois,  iy  an  Indian  of  the  Peoria  tribe.  Carver  says,  that  "either 
commissioned  by  one  of  the  English  Governors,  or  instigated  by  the 
love  he  bore  the  English  nation,  the  savage  attended  him  as  a  sdv 
"and  being  convinced  from  the  speech  Pontine  made  in  the  council! 
that  he  stdl  retained  his  former  prejudices  against  those  for  whom  he 
now  professed  a  friendship,  he  plunged  his  knife  into  his  heart,  as  soon 
as  he  had  done  speaking,  and  laid  him  dead  on  the  spot." 

As  to  what  IS  here  said  of  professed  friendship,  the  writer  evidently 
alludes  to  his  own  previous  assertion,  which  we  have  shown  to  be 
unfounded,  and  for  which  we  are  still  unable  to  perceive  the  slightest 
grounds,     btill  several  of  these  suppositions,  though  only  to  he  re. 
ceived  as  such,  are  probably  true.     There  i'^  little  doubt  that  Pontiac 
continued  firm  in  his  original  principles  aud  purpose;  that  he  expressed 
himsclt  without  disguise  J  that  he  endeavored  to  influence,  and  did 
influence,  a  large  number  of  his  countrymen;  and  that  the  Peoria 
savage  whether  a  personal  enemy  or  a  «spy"-or  what  is  most  pro. 
bable  both,  (a  si^y  because  an  enemy,)-did  assassinate  him  with  the 
expectation,  to  say  the  least,  of  doing  an  acceptable  service  to  some 
foreign  party,  and  a  lucrative  one  for  himself.     We  need  not  assert 
that  he  was  "commissioned  by  an  English  Governor."     Pontiac  was 
an  indefatigable  and  poM-erful  man,  and  a  dangerous  foe  to  the  En f^lish 
Ho  was  ma  situation  to  make  enemies  among  his  countrymen!  and 
he  hnghsh  were  generally  in  a  situation  and  disposition  to  avail 
themselves  of  that  circumstance. 

From  the  manner  of  life  adopted  by  the  chieAam  subsequent  to  the 
treaty  at  Detroit,  ,t  might  be  inferred,  perhaps,  that  he  became 
alienated  from  the  northern  tribes,  including  his  own,  who  had  been 
his  best  friends,  or  that  tliey  became  alienated  from  him.  We  are 
inclined  to  believe,  on  the  contrary,  that  their  negotiations  took  place 
•  by  his  consent,  as  has  been  stated  heretoibre;  and  that  he  removed 
.southvvard,  as  w.;ll  with  a  view  to  their  good,  (as  regarded  the  friend, 
ship  of  the  English,)  as  at  the  same  time  for  the  purpose  of  re-com- 
mencing  his  own  operations  upon  a  new  theatre,  and  with  fresh  actors. 
He  would  thereby  gam  new  influence,  while  he  would  lose  little  or 
none  ot  the  old. 

This  supposition  is  confirmed  by  the  well-authenticated  fact  that  the 
uttawas  the  Chippcwas,  and  the  Pottawatamies-^some  writers  add  the 
^acs  and  l^o.xes— made  common  cause  in  the  revenge  of  his  death, 
following  that  principle  with  the  custom:  ■ ..  Indian  latitude  of  appli- 
ca  ion  they  made  war  upon  the  Peoria  .tnU.,     The  latter  associated 
with   themselves,   m   delcnce,   the   Kaskaskias,   the  Cahokias,  and 
the  Illinois;  but  to  no  purpose.     The  two  latter  tiibes  are  believed 
to  have  been  wholly  exterminated,  and  of  the  former  only  a  few 
amil.cs  remain      "The  memory  of  the  great  Ottawa  chief,"  says 
a  distinguished  historian  of  that  section,  "is  yet  held  in  reverence 
ZZ\-      ^^""^''y™^"-'  ,^nd  whatever  k  the  fate  which  may  await 
them,  his  name  and  deeds  will  live  in  their  traditionary  narrative^* 
increasmg  m  interest  as  they  increase  in  years."  ' ' 

The  astonishing  influence  exerted  by  this  remarkable  man  so  long 


178 


BVKNTS  IN  INDIAN  HISTORY. 


! 


1)  I 


as  he  lived,  may  be  inferred  from  the  period  of  peace  which  succeeded 
his  death  and  the  punishment  of  his  murderer,  still  more  forcibly  than 
from  any  circumstances  we  have  noti(!C'(l.  It  has  been  seen  that,  more 
than  twenty  tribes,  who  had  engaged  in  his  combination,  appeared  at 
the  Niagara  council.  His  movements  arc  believed  to  have  been  felt 
as  far  cast  as  among  the  Micmacks  of  Nova  Scotia.  As  far  south  as 
Virginia,  tht^y  were  not  only  pcjrceptible,  but  formidable  in  the  highest 
degree.  The  agitation  produced  among  the  inhabitants  of  a  part  of 
our  western  territory,  within  a  i'ow  months,  by  Black  Hawk  and  his 
associates,  scarcely  illustrates  the  similar  excitement  which,  in  1763, 
prevailed  over  a  much  larger  portion  of  the  continent.  A  few  passages 
from  periodical  publications  of  that  date  will  give  a  better  conception 
of  the  truth. 

"New  York,  June  13th,  1763. 
"  We  hear  that  on  Monday  last  arrived  an  express  from  Pittsburg, 
advising  that  a  party  of  Indians  had  murdered  Col.  Clapham  and  all 
his  family."  ******** 

"Fort  Pitt,  May  31st. 

"  There  is  most  melancholy  news  here.  The  Indians  have  broken 
out  in  divers  places,  and  have  murdered  Col.  C,  and  his  family.  An 
Indian  has  brought  a  war  belt  to  Tusquerora,  who  says  Detroit  was 
invested,  and  St.  Dusky  cut  off.  All  Levy's  goods  are  stopped  at 
Tusquerora  by  the  Indians;  and  last  night  eight  or  ten  men  were 
killed  at  Beaver  creak.  We  hear  of  scalping  every  hour.  Messrs. 
Cray  and  Allison's  horses,  twenty-five,  loaded  with  skins,  are  all 
taken."  *         *        *         *         ****** 

"Fort  Pitt,  June  16th. 
"  We  have  destroyed  the  upj>er  and  lower  towny,  and  by  to-morrow 
night  shall  be  in  a  good  posture  of  defence.  Every  morning,  an  hour 
before  day,  the  whole  garrison  are  at  their  alarm  posts.  Ten  days 
ago,  they  killed  one  Patrick  Dunn,  and  a  man  of  Major  Smallman's; 
also  two  other  men.  Capt..Callcndcr's  people  are  all  killed,  and  the 
goods  taken.  There  is  no  account  of  Mr,  VVelch,  «S.',c.  Mr.  Crawford 
is  made  prisoner,  and  his  people  all  murdered.  C)u  r  small  posts,  I  am 
afraid,  are  gone."  *         *         *         *         *         *         * 

"  Fort  Bedford,  June  8th. 
"On  Tuesday,  one  Smith  was  attacked,  and  by  an  Indian  without 
arms,  at  Beaver  crock,  who  endeavored  to  put  him  under  water ;  but 
Smith  proving  too  strong  for  him,  put  the  Indian  under  water,  and 
brought  off  a  piece  of  his  ear,  and  left  him."  :»:         *         # 

■  "Albany,  June  16th. 

"You  must  have  heard  of  the  many  murders  committed  on  the  Eng- 
lish, by  different  tribes  of  Indians,  at  different  places,  which  makes 
many  fear  the  rupture  is  or  will  become  general  among  the  southern 
tribes.     We  have  accounts,  &c.     *     *     Lieut.  Cuyler,  with  a  party 


INDIAN    BIOORAPIIV PONTIAC.  179 

of  Green's  ransers,  c<4sisting  of  ninety-seven  men    set  ont  frr 
Nmgara.  vvUh  provisions  for  Detroit,     o/the  evonTn.  ofThe  4^1  S 
went  on  shore  to  encamp,  within  fifty  miles  of  I)S      CuvlerL 
his  servant  to  gather  screens  nnd  ih,.  i,wi  k  •      ^*''™"'     '-'Uyler  sent 
wa.  sen,  for  hta,  wlS     'hTm    calS      Ho^rr  '°"?'  V"^ 

.,D  .  "  Philadelphia,  June  23d. 

"By  an  express  just  now  from  Fort  Pitt,  we  learn  thnf  thn  lr,A' 
are  contmually  about  that  place;  that  out  of  one  hun^-ed  a^d  twe'v 
traders  but  two  or  three  cscaned  &c      *     *     Tf  ,.     '""-"  """twenty 
it  is  a  general  insurrection  arngtll'the  Indians.''  "'""'  "^  '"''^ 

„r     .    -u.  T        ,    ,  "Winchester,  (Va.)  June  22d. 

"Last  n.ght  I  reached  this  place.  I  have  been  at  Fort  Cumberland 
.several  d.ys,  but  the  Indians  having  killed  nine  people  tho«Se 
me  think  it  prudent  to  remove  from  those  parts,  from  which  I  suo^ose 
near  five  hundred  families  have  run  awav  within  thil  Z^t  suppose 
most  melancholy  sight  to  see  such  nurX"  orpt^^pfo  whXd 
abandoned  their  settlement  in  such  consternation  and  hurry  thaUlev 
had  scarcely  any  thing  with  them  but  their  children."       i^'      #     ^ 

,,  r-      •  ,  "Carlisle,  July  3d. 

'  Ligonier  was  attacked  on  the  23d,  by  the  sava^^es  for  n  Ant  n.  i 
night  but  they  w.re  beat  off;  this  we' hid  iVo  S  Li'dt.     W^e  kiUed 
tl nl?'  -T^- V-- 1  ^-'  ^^\^^^  l-ted  hLeira'lS 


# 


"  I  returned  home  last  night.     *     * 


Philadelphia,  July  27th. 
There  has  been  a  good  deal 


said  in  he  papers,  but  not  more  than  is  stS;  true.  ThiJSuth 
and  Carlisle  are  now  become  our  frontiers,  none  living  at  tE  Infa 
tions  but  such  as  have  their  houses  stockaded.     Upwind    of  two 
hundred  women  and  children  are  now  livin-  in  Fort  Loudoun   l       ? 

late  rtr'v"  ^"^  '""'^^'^^  ''''  '^'^'^'  I --tttertoTcoVr 
rl?R  Virginia  regiment,  to  Col.  A.,  wherein  he  menHons  that' 
Great-Briar  and  Jackson's  River  are  depopulated-^upwards  of  tW 

n  breadth  and  three  hundred  in  length,  not  one  family  is  to  be  found 
m  their  plantations,  by  which  means  there  are  near  twenty  thousand 

X  If  ^'T''  '^  -^ t  '^^''^"^^°"^-  The  seven  hundeYmen  voted 
by  the  assembly  recruit  but  very  slowly,  &c."       *         *   """"^"^^^^^ 

«T     »       ,    .    ^„  "  Goshen,  N.  Y.,  August  5th. 

L,ast  week  the  followmg  accident  happened  in  this  place    Sever«I 

uiey  met  wth  a  dock  of  partridges,  at  which  four  guns  were  dis- 


180 


BVBWTB    IN    INDIAN   HISTORV. 


charged,  three  of  them  pretty  quick  uftor  cnch  other.  This  being  an 
uncommon  accident  in  the  place,  was  mistaken  by  some  of  the  inha- 
bitants of  the  Wall-itill  for  tirini;  of  Indians.  Immediately  alarm-guns 
were  fired  and  spread  over  the  whole  place,  which  produced  an  amaz- 
in"  panic  and  confusion  among  the  peo|)Us  near  live  hun<lred  families. 
Some  for  haste  cut  the  harnesses  of  their  horses  from  their  ploughs 
and  carts,  and  rode  off  with  what  they  were  most  concerned  to  pre- 
serve.  Others,  who  had  no  vessel  to  cross  the  river,  plunged  through, 
carrying  their  wives  and  children  on  their  bac:Us.  Some,  we  have 
alreadylieard,  proceeded  as  far  as  New  England,  spreading  the  alarm 
as  they  went,  and  how  far  they  may  go  is  uncertain."     *         * 

"  Bethl(!hcm,  (Penn.)  Oct.  9th. 
«'  I  cannot  describe  the  deplorable  condition  this  poor  country  is  in. 
Most  of  the  inhabitants  of  Allen's-town  and  other  places  are  fled  from 
their  habitations.  I  cannot  ascertain  the  number  killed,  but  thmk  it 
exceeds  twenty.  The  people  at  Nazareth,  and  the  other  places  belong- 
ing  to  the  (United)  Brethren,  have  put  thomselves  in  the  best  posture 
of°defence  thoycan;  they  keep  a  strong  watch  every  night,  and  hope, 
by  the  blessing  of  God,  if  they  arc  attacked,  to  make  a  stand. 

Nothing  can  be  added  to  enforce  the  impression  which  these  various 
descriptions  must  make  upon  the  mind  of  the  reader.  They  show  thnt 
the  apprehension  excited  by  the  movements  of  Pontiac,  though  the 
chieftain  himself  was  not  yet  thoroughly  appreciated,  exceeded  every 
thing  of  the  kind  which  has  occurred  on  the  continent  smce  the  days 

of  King  Philip.  .         ,        ,       ,         ,       ,. 

It  is  mainly  from  his  actions,  of  necessity,  that  the  character  ot 
such  a  man,  in  such  a  situation,  must  be  judged.  There  are,  how- 
ever, some  items  of  personal  iiilbrmati(Mi  respecting  him,  and  these 
all  go  to  confirm  the  opinion  we  have  already  expressed.  His  anxiety 
to  learn  the  English  methods  of  manufacturing  cloth,  iron,  and  some 
other  articles,  was  such  that  he  offered  Majcjr  Rogers  a  part  of  his 
territory  if  he  would  take  him  to  England  for  that  purpose.  He  also 
endeavored  to  inform  himself  of  the  tactics  and  discipline  of  the  Eng- 
lish  troops.  Probably  it  was  in  consequence  of  suggestions  made  by 
Rogers  at  some  of  the  conversations  he  had  with  that  otlicer,  (and  at 
whfch  the  latter  allows  that  "he  discovered  great  strength  of  judgment 
and  a  thirst  after  knowledge,")  that  afterwards,  in  the  course  of  the 
war,  he  appointed  an  Indian  commissary,  and  began  to  issue  bills  ot 
credit.  These,  which  are  said  to  have  been  punctually  redeemed,  are 
described  as  having  the  figure  of  whatever  he  wanted  in  exchange  for 
them  drawn  upon  them,  with  the  addition  of  his  own  stamp  m  the 
shape  of  an  otter.  This  system  was  set  in  operation  partly  for  the 
benefit  of  the  French.  They  had  been  subjected,  occasionally,  to 
indiscriminate  pillage,  but  Pontiac  became  satisfied  that  such  a  pro- 
cess would  soon  put  an  end  to  itself,  besides  doing  no  honor  to  his 
cause.  The  supplies  which  they  subsequently  furnished  were  regu- 
larly levied  through  the  medium  of  his  commissariat  department. 


INDIAN   BIOORAPTIV.— rONTlAC.  |g] 

The  nuthorily  Pontiuc  cxrrcispfl  m-n.-  ♦»,„         i  •      i     .. 
iKivo  bc.m  little  |,.SH  tl.a.i  f  1,^ oT n  .  f  7»»""^'>  tnhrs  seems  lo 

oniL  siogo,  a  Mr.  ICl^S  ''      ^  ^'^T  nl  ^"""— ^"^ 
of  the  garrison  nlhTwunls    .n  1  v       n   K  '  •'''''"'"«'^«-  ^>"'' 

lWmihi^n,liu,nnast(.r/u  r,  "^   '  Tmchman  ,o  redeem  him 

lor  HuU  purpose.     Tho  lari.      wt  ( r  f  ?  T"""  '  ^'"••'''  "''  «"«d« 

nuth.ng  escapn<l,  sent  a  band  oC  iKiy^  .d  ,  ,  ''l  ''  ""''.'" 
lorcc  "No  i,ation,"  said  h.,  .^slu^ulcM  a  iU-r  v  o  l"."  '"'"^  ''^ 
ers  till  tlu!  war  was  over."  ^         "  f''*'"' P'"isoiv 

As  the  notice;  wo  have  given  of  tJic  fiite  „r ('.,..    i    ii 
iinlhvorahle  impression  in  re  ^.°V  u/ 1  r  I  i/     '  •      '"">' 'V'!^'" ''" 
should  l).M.I,serv,,l  that  fl.e  In  I    n     ,-         <''"'''";'»«   good    (i.ifh,    it 

war  arc  univc.^sully  di^rem  T"  ''"•"•r  "''"  "'"  '"•""^'^  '" 

can  we  expect  to  1 ,    w      l  T         '    '^  "lost  eivdis..d  nations.    Nor 

jnstiiy  his  d..tenlion,  tl.n  o^  "  ^tv"   '  "^.^  "'^^^      ^'"."P.  whic-h  would 
It  appears,  howevo,   A^nn  e  2  vf  t  ^  'h^;;';;"^':' "  '''  f"""^- 

answer  lile  f.r  lile   h";  ll^ l^^l^  r^ll^'s^i;;  iS;;  til^lll^T^'^^^  -"'' 

n.asons  iudwK>     llJas  ,^'^^  /^  capitulation,  or  /br  other 

n^itolv  did.  ThelamcMvrit^r  wl  n  ;'  "!■'"'';''  '"  '■"•^""  ••»'*  '^  ""''"•'"- 
lus  u-ord  Ibr  tt  <^p  a  n'  ^'fi  v  f  "l  ^^^"'"  ^°'^"'"'y  1''^^'^-^' 
naw,  app.ehet.iv;K;^^L  ^^  ^  '^;^f-^  «^^  ^«  *■ 

to  a|.preli(3nd  the  murderer    wl  n  u-  >  .     .   'T'''  ''''''''y  ''•^^"''''"" 

temcJity  with  his  lilb''  '''  "°  '^''"'^^  ^'"^«  P^i''  ^O''  ^^s 

the  hands  of^  fS    r  '  l^^^Sl^'"^^ 'it" "'  ''''^"^'^  '^ 
't;   t  must  be  noisonrd  ^n.Vl  fi       ^°"f  ""^^^  advised  him  not  to  taste 

Ik  cannot  lakf  n,y  lifc,-l  have  saved  his "'  '  f^''"'' 

SlSf  Sr^men  '"  r '-T'^l^'^  ^^^^  ^  ^^^^  «^-  «^-v^^ 

"Pon  the  F  41  c^mmt;d  nt  T"Tt'"'  J'-  '^".^-^'^^^i^"'  «nd  called 

iuicii  commandant  to  deliver  lus  visiters  into  his  hands. 


16 


*  Governor  Cass. 


mmmmim 


182 


BVBIfTS   IN   INDIAN   niSTORr. 


The  ofFicor  nttoniptcd  to  puriry  him,  in  vain.  "You,"  (ific  French,) 
hiii«l  ho,  "won;  th<!  first  cause  of  my  striking  the;  Mnglisii.  This  is 
your  tomaliawk  wliich  I  hoUl  in  my  hand,"  Uv  then  '  Icvcd  hi^ 
Inchans,  whom  l)y  this  tim<;  lie  had  muHtorcd  in  hir|^o  n.,.  .uors  from 
the  ncighhorl\oo(i,  to  svWa'  upon  tiic  Enyli.sii  at  once.  Tin;  order  wa.- 
generally  obeyed,  but  Fru/er  escaped.  The  Indians  threatened  to 
muHsacre  all  the  rest  unless  h(^  should  he  ;^iven  up,  upon  which  he 
gallantly  came  forward  and  surrendered  to  I'outiac. 

The  secpiel   is  worthy  of  notice.     "With  the  interest  of  Tondiac," 
Hay  th«;pap(.'rsoftheday,  "he  (Fra/er)  <;ot  himself  and  his  men  hack 
a>i;aiii."    ,()n  tin;  arrival  of  nuotlier  Indian  chief,  with  u  wliitj  woman 
for  a  wile,  who  did  all  in  their  [lower  to  exasperate  the  savages,  they 
Hcizcd  upon  the  English  again.     "Hut  Tondiac  ordered  them  to  give 
the  men  hack,"  and  the  uvAvr  was  agam  obeyed.     Fra/.er  wished  to 
stay   longer,  and   I'ontiae  promised  to   protect  him.      He   however 
advised  him,  considering  the  disposition  of  the  Indians,  to  leave  the 
country,  and  he  accordingly  went  down  the  river  in  a  batteau,  and  at 
lenglh'made  his  way  to  New  Orleans.    "He  siiys,  I'ondiac  is  a  clever 
t'ellow,  and  had  it  not  been  lor  Ifun  he  should  n(!ver  have  got  away  alive.'" 
Of  the  oratorv  of  the  Ottawii  chieftain  tlier;j  remain  but  litw  ami 
scanty  memoriaf       Like  Philip,  lu^  has  derived  his  distinction  more 
from  actions  than  words,  and  that  (as  also  in  I'hilip's  case)  vtithoul 
the  aid  of  any  very  signal   renown  as  a  meie  warrior.     The  only 
speech  of  !iis  wo  have  met  with,  was  made  on  the  occasion  of  a  con- 
ference with  the  French  at  Detroit,  held  upon  the  2ad  of  May,  1763, 
in  the  hope  of  inducing  them  to  join  him  in  the  reduction  of  the  Ibrt. 
The  style  of  delivery  cannot  now  be  ascertained,  but  the  rciisoning  ii, 
close  and  ingenious. 

"Mv  brothers!"  ho  said,  "I  have  no  doubt  but  this  war  is  vcrv 
troublesome  to  you,  and  that  my  warriors,  who  are  continually  pass- 
ing and  repassing  thro\igh  your  settlements,  fre(|uently  kill  your  cattle 
and  injure  your  property.     1  am  sorry  for  it,  and  liope  you  do  not 
think  i  am  pleased  with  this  conduct  of  my  young  men.     And  as  a 
|>roof  of  my  friendship,  recoll(x;t  the  war  you  had  seventeen  years 
ago,  (174()",)  and  the  part  I  took  in  it.     The  n<jrthcrn  nations  com- 
bmcd  together,  and  came  to  destroy  yfui.     ^^'ho  defended  you?    Was 
it  not  nTyself  and  my  young  men !     The  great  chief  jVIaekinac  (the 
Turtle)  said  in  council  that" he  would  carry  to  his  native  village  the 
head  of  your  chief  warrior,  and  that  he  would  eat  his  heart  and  driuk 
his  blood.     Dili  I  not  then  join  you,  and  go  to  his  camp  and  say  to 
him,  if  he  wished  to  kill  the  French  he  naisl  i)ass  over  my  body,  and 
over  the  bodies  of  my  young  men?     Did  1  not  take  hold  of  the  lonia- 
hawk  with  you,  and  aid  you  in  lighting  your  battles  with  Mackiaac, 
and  driving  him  home  to  his  country  t     Why  do  you  think  1  would 
turn  my  arms  against  you  ?     Am  I  not  the  same  French  Pontiac  who 
assisted  you  seventeen  years  ago?     1  am  a  l-'rcnchman,  and  I  wish 
to  die  a  Frenchman." 

After  throwing  a  war-belt  into  the  miekt  of  tlic  council,  he  con-* 
eluded  in  the  following  strain: 


rwotATf  mocn ATHY.— rnr  i)Kr..\n.vuna. 


18S 


My  hrnfhors !     I  ho^m  t 


|Mn  .iiir  lands,     i  fM.,rii,  f„  srv.  that  tl 


<i  grow  tirwj  of  this  bad  moat  uhivh 


i» 


Mt  assistiiiir  ns  in  our  war  «itli  th."  l'',M-'li.sh 


lis  iH  not  your  ciiso,  Ibr  instead 


,  yon  arr;  aftnaliy  a.ssi.stinjj; 
yon,  and  I  now  tell  you  ai^ain, 'tliat  wliori 


sou^ylit,  and  that   I 


Wicin.     I  liavi!  nlnsidv  told 

I  imd.M-tnok  this  Nvar"it  was'only  y.nir  int.-ro»t"  \  „.„.,„,  „„„  ,„,.„   , 
K...  u-  what     was  ahonr.     r  yr-t  know  what  (  am  about.     This  v<-a 

h.y  n.nst  all  pr-rish.     Tho  Alast.r  of  Ldo  so  ord.Ts  it.     ||h  will  L 

ki.nwn  to  US  and  wp  must  do  as  he  says.     And  vou,  n.v  brotJuTs 

w  ir.  know  hnr.  b<-t(r.r  th.n  w.  do,  wish  to  oppos.  hils  will !  '  L'ntil  now 

I  havf>  avoMlod  ur-n.n-  you  upon  this  subject,  in  th,.  hope  that  if  vou 

•;nii  d  not  aid,  y..n  woidd  not  injiu'o  ns.     |  did  not  wish  to  ask  yon  to 

Jiuhr  with  us  auMuist  tho   |<:u;..lish,  and  1  di.l  not  boliovo  you  would 

f'^  pari  u.lh  thnn.     Vou  will  say  you  an,-  not  with  thoni:     I  know 

1  ;  hut  your  conduct  anionuts  to  the  saino  thin-      Vou  will  tell  f hnni 

a!  wo  do  and  say.    You  rarry  our  connHLs  and  ,  lans  to  then.     Now 

tuk.  vour  .-houT..        ou  must  bo  onfin-ly  Fronrh,  liko  oursdvr.s,  or 

-ntiroly  h,n,l,sh.     IC  you  arc  Fr.nch,  takn  this  bolt  li.r  yonrselve 

TIr.  nKU)  who  had  tho  ability  and  tI,o  intropiditv  lo  express  him. 
sHi  n,  fins  mannor,  hardly  ,v  dod  either  the  irnuWof  rhetoric  or  tho 
l'''w»rs  rd  he  warrior  tr.  enloree  that  n.i,i,dity~ii,H„eneo  which,  anmn-^ 
•■  ny  priople,  and  under  all  circumstances,  is  atlaclu  1,  as  closely  as 
s  ladow  to  sul>sfance,  to  tho  energies  of  a  mighty  mind.  Those  ener- 
^..•s  he  exerted,  and  that  mfhu-ncc  he  possess..!,  probably,  beyo;„|  all 
p.vm..nt  m  t ho  lus.ovy  of  l.is  raee.  ll.nro  it  is  that  hi.s  n.c^nory  is 
.>  .1  .■herished  a.non..-  the  trd,es  of  the  n<.rth.  History  itself,  instead 
"t  a.i.hnt,  to  his  character  m  ti,eir  eyes,  has  ordv  reduced  him  to  his 
me  proportions  m  our  own.  Tradition  still  looks  upon  hi.n  as  it 
looked  uj)on  the  Hercules  of  the;  Greeks. 


uncil,  he  con- 


CHAl^TER  XV. 

OTII]:it-ANK(;i)UTKS  J-J-^'^i^lf  l>i'  U.VJ.,  AND  CAl'TAIN  FIl'K  OF  TIIK 

The  most  lonnidahle  antagonists  th(>  Five  Nations  ever  had  to  con- 
tend  with  were  the   Delawares,  as  tlie  English  have  named  tkm 
^oin  Lord  ,le  la  War  )  but  generally  styled  by  their  iX  n^;h: 

.r  S'c  TT  ':;-*^''^  '^'"'-y  ""^^  ^^'«  ^'^'^^  ^^'^'io»-  l^«th  cmi- 

Tr      T    Tf  *''^^l'''^;^'«^'PI"'  ^'"'J-  '^y  oniting  their  forces,  .Irove 

UU    '^'fT\^T  '^"'"'^'"^  ''''"^'''^'  '•'■  ^'>«  '^"•"'trv  on  this  side. 

h  T'h  '/'"''  ^'r'"'""^  divided  th..nselves  into  thr.;.  tribes,  called 
the  Turtle  the  Turkey,  and  the  Wolf,  or  Mousey.    Their  settlcm^^nts 

Svtcr  ^'^  ""'-^^  '^^'^  ^^^^^•^'"^«'  -'^  their  descendant: 
?wally  became  so  numerous,  that  nearly  forty  tribes  honored  them 


184 


EVKNTS    IN    liVDIArV    HISTORV. 


i 


with  tlio  title  of  Grand  rather,  which  some  of  them  continue  to  appfy 
to  the  present  day. 

The;  ])(da\v;ires  wore  the  princi()al  inhabitai\ts  of  Piuinsylvanij* 
when  William  Penn  comuH'Uced  his  labors  in  that  region,  and  the 
memory  of  iMiquon,  llieir  elder  brother,  as  they  called  him,  is  still 
cherisiied  in  tlio  legends  of  all  that  remains  of  tlie  nation.  That  rem- 
nant exists  ciiiony  on  the  western  banks  of  the  Mississippi,  to  which 
ancient  .itartiiig-i)laco  they  have  been  gradualiy  api)roxiiiiatiug,  stage- 
by  sta.ge,  vA'cv  since  the  arrival  of  the  E',n'opeans  on  the  coast.  Their 
princi|)al  intermediate  settlements  have  been  in  Ohio,  on  the  banks  of 
the  Muskingum,  and  other  small  rivers,  whither  a  great  number  of 
the  tribe  removed  about  the  year  17'iO. 

Iho  Delawarcs  have  never  been  without  their  great  men,  though 
unfortunjitely  many  of  them  lia\  -  lived  at  such  jierlods  and  such 
places  as  to  make  it  in:possible  l()r  history  to  do  them  justice.  It  is 
only  within  about  a  century  last  past,  during  which  they  have  been 
rapidly  declining  in  power  and  diminishing  in  numbers,  that  a  series 
of  extraordinary  events,  impelling  them  into  close  contact  with  the 
.  whites,  as  well  as  with  olh^r  fntlians,  has  had  tlic  effect  of  bringing 
forward  their  extraordinary  men. 

Among  the  ancient  Delaware  worthies,  whose  careen-  is  too  imper- 
fectly known  to  us  to  be  tlio  subject  of  distinct  sketches,  wc  shall 
mention  only  the  name  of  the  illustricus  Taineneiiil.  This  individual 
.stands  foremost  in  the  list  of  all  the  great  men  of  his  nation  in  any 
age.  lie  was  a  mighty  warrior,  an  accomplished  statesman,  and  a 
pure  and  high-minded  patriot.  In  private  lill;  ho  was  still  more  dis- 
tinguislied  for  his  virtues  than  in  public  for  his  talents.  His  country- 
m(U.  could  only  account  lor  tlio  perlecii(jns  they  ascribed  to  hini,  by 
supposing  hini  to  be  iavored  with  the  special  communications  of  the 
Great  Spirit.  Ages  have  c!la])sed  since  his  death,  but  his  memory 
was  so  fresh  among  the  D(;lawarcs  of  tlic  last  century,  that  when 
Colonel  Morgan,  of  New  Jcrsc}',  was  sent  as  an  agent  among  theai 
by  Congress  during  the  llevolutio)i,  they  conlerred  on  him  the  title  of 
Tamcnend,  as  the  greatest  mark  of  r(;spect  they  could  show  ibr  the 
mannei-s  and  character  of  that  gentleman,  and  ho  was  known  by  his 
Indian  appellation  c^ver  aflerwarcis. 

About  this  time  the  old  chieftain  had  so  many  ndmirei-s  among  tin 
whites  also,  that  they  made  him  a  siunt,  inserted  his  name  in  calen- 
dars,  and  celebrated  "his  festival  on  t!te  first  of  May  yearly.  On  that 
day  a  numerous  society  of  his  votaries  walked  in  procession  through 
the  streets  of  Philadelphia,  their  hats  dworated  with  bucks'  tails,  and 
j)roceedcd  ..>  a  sylvan  nmdezvous  out  of  town,  which  they  called  the- 
Wigwam,  where,  after  a  lejng  talk  or  spee:'ch  had  Ix/en  tlelivered,  aiitt 
the  calumet  e)i' frienelshi[)  passed  around,  the  remaineler  of  the  day  wa^ 
spent  in  high  festivity.  A  dinner  was  pifpanvl,  and  Indian  dances 
perfornicxl  on  the  green.  The;  custon;  <;eased  a  few  years  after  the 
conclusion  of  peaci;,  and  though  ejther  "Tammany"  associations  have 
since  existed,  they  retain  little  of  the  me)cle!l  they  were  formed  upon 
but  the  name. 


'  »     •  .« 


i 


iXDi.iN  moGnApny.—AvniTE.EVEs. 


185 

The  commencement  of  the  revolutionary  .var  was  amon--  the  TM. 
wares,  as  amon<r  tier  more  eivilkn,)  », 'Li  u    ^'^"'""^''^  \^/"«  JJela- 

..xcitement.     Strono-  cdo  K  vo  e  mS  t^U'r  F'''''^  ""-^  "''^' 
the  northern  frontior    nl  i       [  -   ^"^-  ^"^^^'»  author  tcs  on 

l!S™;S:^lf  r  h  'l^l,U,:r'^^  bymdivldnal  reH.gees 

A,nerin.n  people,  ami  to  1  '\Tl  J  ''' 1  ''  '^''^  ^^^ainst  the 
thoi--  "Father''  over  thf « '  i,    U"  fe  "    in  7       .'"""r"  '•'^"^^  ^^'^^' 

with  keeping  then.,  as  forlmdlt.  ':;^:iS;::^tTsMr^V^"'^' 
trahty.  In  consequence  of  these  oppashe  t^,  nc;s  .n,l  o^oh  "'"" 
possessions  entertained  hy  various  ,  artirs  n  d  n, ,  ^  ''^' 

I  violent  strirroic  ensued  — H  •  v  ..  ^'n  .    '?"•''  '"  ^^'^  "''^t'""' 

.rik  i„  Ohio;  Ihilc  &  "inl^i  ;.  ,r  ,L  uvr  '"?■'  <■.'".''"'■«"'  •' ""!■= 
forme,-,  *,vo.„l  hii^Uentr"  L^  ^  ',™  ",," '  t":'l'  [r  '^° 
wron^.s,  or  at  least   mn.Hiinl  oun    fmm  tl„.  i,„„  ■  °'° 

wa-vs,  and  disturbances  between  tliem  .„„]  Hk.  u-i,'^        t"^  ^'^" 

ortl,ocharac.orot-.l,eco„,cstM„,.c,ul,oE4:isha„dti:i;S' 

10'' 


?  il 


186 


EVENTS    IN    INDIAN    HISTORV. 


-M{^ 


1(8  ct]!;ct  was  to  convince;  the  Indians  that  tlioy  had  no  concern  with 
citlier,  while  their  welfare  clearly  sutisToslod  the  policy,  as  well  as 
nroprietv,  of  inaintainiiiji;  aniica])le  terms  with  hoth. 

''suppose  a  Ihtlier,"  it  was  said,  "had  a  little  son  whom  he  loved 
and  iudid^ed  whih;  vouiio-,  hut  'jrmwhv^  np  to  he  a  youtli,  htpn  tc 
think  of  luiviu"-  some  h(;lp  from  him;  and  makinir  up  a  f.mall  pack, 
bade  liim  carry  it  for  liim.     The  hoy  cheerfully  takes  this  pack,  lol- 
lowin<T  his  fath(!r  with  it.     The  father,  (indint?  the  boy  willing  and 
olK^dieiit,  continues  in  this  way;  and  as  the  boy  grows  stron<w,  soth(■ 
fathcr  makes  the;  pack  in  proportion  larger— yet  as  long  as  the  hoy  is 
ahlc  to  carry  the  i)ack,  he  does  so  without  grumhimg.     At  length, 
however,  the  hoy  having  arrived  at  manhood,  while  the  lather  is 
making  uj)  the  piiek  li)r  him,  in  comes  a  person  of  an  evil  disposition. 
and  learning  who  was  the  carrier  of  the  pack,  advises  the  fiither  te 
make  it  luviv-ier,  for  surel^^  the  son  is  able  to  carry  a  large  pack.    The 
tlither,  listening  rather  to  the  had  adviser,  than  consulting  his  own 
judgment  and  tlic  feelings  of  tend(<rness,  follows  the  advice  of  the  liard. 
heirrted  adviser,  and  makes  np  a  lu^avy  loatl  (i)r  his  son  to  carry.     1  he 
son,  now  grown  up,  examining  the  weight  of  the  load  he  is  to  carry, 
addresses  "the  parent  in  ^  these  words:  'Dear  father,  this  pack  is  U,u 
heavy  for  me  to  carry,  do  prav  liuhten  it;  I  am  willing  to  do  what  I 
can,   but  am  unable 'to  carry  this  load/     The  lather's  heart  havniL- 
hv  this  time  become  hardened,  and  the  bad  adviser  calling  to  him. 
'\vhi|)   him  if  he  disobeys  and  refuses  to  carry  the  i)aek,'  now  n\  u 
iMMvmplory  tone  orders  his  son  to  lake  up  the  pack  and  carry  it  oil,  or 
he  will  whip  iiim,  and  already  lakes  np  a  stick  to  beat  him.     '  So! 
says  the  son,  'am  I  to  bo  served  thus,  for  not  doing  what  I  am  unable 
to  "do?     ^V'ell,  if  entreaties    avail  nothing  with  you,   lather,  and  it 
is  to  be  decided  bv  blows,  whether  or  not  1  am  able  to  carry  a  jKick 
so  heavy,  then  riiave  no  other  choice  left  me,  but  that  of  resistini' 
your  unreasonable  demand  by  my  strength;  and  so,  l)y  .striking  each 
other,  we  may  see  who  is  the  strongest.' " 

But  this  doctrine,  however  sound,  did  not  prove  wholly  cfieclual 
no-ainst  the  exertions  of  Tipe,  who  was  continually  ehher  making 
inoveincnts,  or  takinu  adv;intage  of  such  as  occurred,  to  disjiarage  llii 
iiinuence  of  his  rival,  and,  of  course,  to  extend  and  (^st;iblish  Ins  own. 
He  contradicted  whatever  was  said,  and  counteracted  what(^ver  was 
done  by  While-Eves,  until  the  whf)le  system  of  intercoiir.se  of  tin 
DclawaVes  with  each  other  and  with  other  nations,  became  a  labyrintli 
of  inconsistencies  and  counterplots.  _ 

About  the  commencemcnit  of  the  war,  White-Kyes,  with  someol  his 
tribe,  visited  the  Americans  at  Pittsburg,  where  they  met  m  conleiTiicc 
wiih  a  number  of  the  Seneca  tribe,  a  peop-le  particularly  attached  to 
the  British  interest  at  that  time.  The  object  of  their  visit  probably 
was  to  ascertain  and  jierhaps  influence  the  politics  of  the  Delawarcs; 
and  they  relkxl  much  on  the  power  of  the  grc^at  confederacy  to  winch 
ihev  beion<>ed.  Not  only,  however,  did  they  fail  to  overawe  W  lute 
Eyes,  politTcallv  or  jiersonally,  but  they  could  not  prevent  him  Iroiii 
])ublicly  advocating  the  principles  he  avowed.     So  angry  were  tlic} 


INDIAN   HIOGRAPHV. — WIIITE-EYES. 


187 


at  a  spocch  he  addressed  to  the  inecting  at  Pittsburir,  tlir.t  they  under- 
took to  check  hi.n  by  hinting,  in  i,n  insolent  and  sullen  manner,  that 
It  dl  became  Jinn  to  express  himself  thus  indcpcndentlv,  who.r;  tribe 
were  but  women,  and  had  been  made  sucli  by  the  Five  I'Jations— 
alluding  to  an  old  reproach  whicli  had  oRen  before  tliis  been  used  to 
humiliate  (lie  Delavvarcs. 

Frequently  it  had  that  ellect.  But  Wliiic-Eyes  was  not  of  a  temper 
to  brook  an  msult,  under  any  circumstances.  With  an  air  of  the  most 
iiaughty  disdam,  he  sat  patiently  until  tlie  Senccas  liad  done,  and  then 
rose  and  replied : 

"I  Jvnow,"  said  lie  gravely,  "I  know  well,  that  you  consider  us  a 
-•onquered  nation,  as  women,  as  vour  inferiors.  You  liave,  say  you 
shortened  our  legs, and  put  petticoats  on  us!  You  say  you  have  "iven 
us  a  hoe  and  a  corn-pounder,  an<l  told  us  to  plant  and  pound  for%ou 
you  men,  you  warriors  !  But  look  at  me.  Am  I  not  full-orown,  and 
iiuvc  1  not  a  warrior's  dress?  Aye,  1  am  a  man,  and  these  are  ihc 
iu-ms  ol  a  man  (showing  his  musket) ;  and  all  that  country,  (wavino- 
Ills  hand  proudly  ni  the  direction  of  the  Alleghany  river,)  all  thai 
country,  on  the  other  side  of  that  water,  is  mine."* 

A  inon;  courageous  address  was  perhaps  never  made  tc  any  council 
oi  liidians.  Indeed,  it  went  so  i)ev(jnd  the  spirit  of  his  tribe,  appro- 
hensivc  as  they  were  of  the  indignation  of  the  powerful  peoi)le  he  had 
iluis  bearded,  that,  although  many  were  gratified,  many  others  were 
irightdied,  or,  perhaps,  at  Pipe's  instigation,  pretended  to  be  fricrhtencd, 
out  ot  the  ranks  ol"  the  peace-party  into  those  of  the  war.  The  Monseys 
look  the  lead  in  that  movement,  and  tliev  even  humiliated  themselves 
so  niLirh  as  to  send  word  to  the  Five  Nations  that  thev  disapproved  of 
what  VV  hite-Eyes  had  said.  Pipe,  a])out  the  same  time, left  off  attendino- 
the  councils  of  the  Turtle  tribe,  which  he  had  hitherto  done  ro<n.larly^ 
probably  Irom  a  conviction  that  his  intrigues  were  becomino-  dai'Ty  more' 
nianiiest;  and  he  also  endeavored  to  circulate  an  imprcssioirthat  White- 
Eyes  had  made  secret  engagements  with  the  Americans,  with  the  view 
ot  aggrandising  himself  at  the  expense  of  his  countrymen. 

The  latter,  meanwhile,  was  labonno-,  night  amfday,  to  preserve 
l)cace  among  the  tribes,  by  sending  embassies,  and  by  other  energetic 
measures.  In  sonu.'  plac(;s,  he  succeeded,  but  in  others  the  manrou'^vres 
ol  Ins  adversary  prevailed.  A  mcssatre  sent  to  the  Sandusky  Wyan- 
(lots,  m  1770,  was  insolently  answered  by  a  hint  to  the  Dclawarcs,  "to 
!vec[)  good  shoes  in  readiness  for  joining  the  warriors."  White-Eyes 
himself  iKvided  a  deputati.Jii  to  a  settlement  of  the  same  people  near 
iJetroit.  They  however  refused  to  receive  his  peace-belts,  except  in 
prcsenct!  ot  fix;  British  (Jovenior  at  that  station;  and  he,  when  thev 
were  tendered  in  his  presence,  seized  them  violently,  cut  lliem  in  pieces 
threw  them  at  the  feet  of  the  deputies,  and  then  (old  White-l'Vs  that 
"11  he  set  any  value  on  his  head,  he  must  be  rrone  within  half  an  hour  '" 
feuch,  ludelatigable  ellbrts  were  made  by  the  war-party,  and  by  those 

*  .Spcakin^r,  according  to  common  custom,  in  the  name  of  the  nation. 


168 


EVENTS   IN    INDIAN   H16T0HY. 


t  t 


foreigners  who  co-opcratod  with  thorn,  espccinlly  in  circulnting  reports 
unfavorable  to  tlv;  American  character  and  cause,  that  W  hitc-Eycfi 
waa  very  near  being  sacrificed  to  the  hot-headed  rashness  df  his  own 
followers.  In  March,  1778,  a  number  of  tories  of  iniiimous  character, 
having  escaped  frum  Pittsburg,  told  the  Indians,  wherever  they  went, 
that  tlie  Americans  were  coming  upon  them  from  all  quarters ;  and 
that  now  was  the  time,  and  the  only  time,  for  saving  themselves,  by 
commencing  active  hostilities.  The  IJelawares  were  fdled  with  con- 
sternation, and,  for  a  day  or  two,  White-Eyes  was  unable  to  stem  the 
torrent  of  popular  feeling.  But  he  recovered  bis  influenc(!  as  they 
recovered  their  conii)osurc;  imd  well  knowing  that  his  conduct  in  tliis 
aft'air  W(;uld  be  closely  watched  by  his  rival,  he  called  u  general 
council  of  the  nation,  in  which  he  proposed  to  delay  commitlinn; 
Jiostilities  against  the  American  people  for  ten  days,  during  w  hich  time 
they  might  obiain  more  certain  inlormation  as  to  the  truth  of  the 
assertions  of  these  men.  Pipe,  considering  tliis  ii  ]iroper  time  for 
placing  White-Eyes  in  the  back-ground,  construed  his  wise  and  prudent 
advice  as  though  he  was  in  th<!  secret,  and  now  proposed  to  his  own 
council,  "  to  declare  every  man  an  enemy  to  the  nation,  that  shoiild 
throw  an  obstacle  in  the  way  that  rnight  tend  to  prevent  taking  up 
arms  instantly  against  tlie  American  people." 

Wliite-Eyes  perceived  that  the  blow  was  aimed  at  himself,  but  ho 
parried  it  by  immediately  assembling  and  addressing  his  party  by 
themselves:  "If  you  will  go  out  in  this  war,"  said  he,  observing  the 
preparations  of  some  of  tiiem,  "you  shall  not  go  without  me.  I  have 
taken  peace  measures,  it  is  true,  with  the  view  of  saving  my  tribe  from 
destruction.  Ijut  if  you  think  me  in  the  wrong,  if  you  give  more 
credit  to  runaway  vagabonds  than  to  your  own  friends,  to  a  man,  to  a 
warrior,  to  a  Delaware;  if  you  insist  upon  fighting  the  Americans,  go! 
and  1  will  go  with  you.  And  I  will  not  go  like  the  bear-hunter,  who 
sets  his  dogs  upon  the  animal  to  be  beaten  about  with  his  paws,  while 
ho  keeps  himself  at  a  safe  distance.  No!  1  will  lead  you  on.  I  will 
place  myself  in  the  front.  I  will  fall  with  the  first  of  you!  You  can 
do  as  you  choose,  but  as  for  me  I  will  not  survive  my  nation.  I  will 
not  live  to  bewail  tht;  miserable  destruction  of  a  brave  people,  who 
deserved,  as  ycju  do,  a  better  fate." 

This  spirited  harangue  ha(.l  the  desired  eflcct.  The  assembly 
declared,  witii  all  the  enihusiasm  which  a  grave  Indian  council  arc 
ever  willing  lo  manliest,  that  they  would  at  least  wait  the  ten  days,  as 
he  wished.  Some  added  that  they  would  never  fight  the  Americans, 
but  with  him  f()r  a  leader. 

But  V\\)C  and  his  party  redoubled  their  etTfJrts,  and  before  the  ap- 
pointed term  had  expired,  many  of  the  Dclawares  had  shaved  their 
heads  in  readiness  tor  the  war-plume;  and  White-Eyes,  though  his 
request  for  delay  was  still  attended  to,  was  threatened  with  a  violent 
death  if  he  should  say  one  word  for  the  American  interest.  On  the 
ninth  day,  vigorous  ])reparations  were  made  for  sending  out  "ar- 
parties,  and  no  news  had  ;:et  arrived  to  abate  the  excitement. 


INDIAN   BIOaRAPUY WIIITE-EVES. 


189 


M..'^Vlofl  ""'''i  ?'  '^''"'T  '^  ^m^^'^od  that  the  Gvnunn  rni.s.sio.mry 
Mr.   Heel  ovvoldcr,  w,ti.    so.no    attcMnlants,    had   a,Hvcd  anion      the' 

on,.  ^,.el  orthe  a,n.-,  aadVe  sha.^he^;.;:;^^;;;^! ^ 

"Fi.idm-r  the  matter  so  very  pressh.g,  and  even  not  admittino-  of  a 
<lav  si,,  ay      consented,  that  after  a  Ihw  hours' rest  and  sleep   an 
n.nushed  w.  h  a  trusty  companion  and  a  fresh  l.orse,  1  ^vo  d  In  iC 
on,  when  he  ween  three  and  (our  o'clock  in  the  inon  ino-,  the  E,, 
ass,sta..t,  John  Mart,..,  havin.  called  on  n,e  |o.  ,hc  i>u  ,-"''"«; 
out,  s  V  nanuig  our  horses  across  th<.  Muskin^un,  rive.'  and  tal  no 
..rcuit  through  the  woods,  in  order  to  avoid  the  enca  unmet     oflhe 
war-party  whud.  was  close  to  our  path.     Arriving  hy  , en  o'clock  ti 
the  lorenoott  wilhm  sight  of  the  town,  a  lew  vc.ils  wer.  ^ive  ,  hv 
pcu-scm  who  had  discovered  us,  i.Uended  to  no,i^•  the  inhaC^u   s  f^K 
a  .iH  e  nuut  was  co.uaig,  and  which  intmediately  drew  the  wh    e  bo    - 
01   adums  into  the  streets ;  bt.t  although  I  saluted  , hen.  in  pass  m   t  .e 
not  a  single  person  returned  ,he  co.nplhnent,  uh.cd.,  as  my  cot^ lu  C 
o  served,  was  no  good  omen.     Even  Captain  VVl  it,>Eyes    m  d    h  ■ 
other  chiefs  wh<.  ha.   always  befriended  „,e,  now  stepped  Imk  when 
cached  out  my  ha.id  to  then,,  which  st.'ange  co.iduc  ,'how,.  e       d  no 
.may  rne,  as     ol«erve,l  atnong  the  cro^n|  some  m^.t  w<.l    1  no  ™ t 
no  as  sp  es  o    Capta.n  Pipe's,  uatching  the  actions  of  tliesc  ,  eac 
due  s,  wherefore  1  was  satisf.e.l  that  the  act  of  rell.sinc.  me  tl   hand 
ad  hoen  d<.ne  Irom  policy,  and  not  fro.n  any  ill  will  towarcls  my  1^'  so 

nances  ol  many  ol  them,  in  seeing  me  am.^ng  them  at  so  critical  •. 
.1  iiiclure,  when  they,  hut  a  lew  days  befin-e,  ]md  be...  ol  b  hose 
aeserters,  that  nothing  short  of  their  total  dest'ructi.m  ad  leen  resolve, 
i|.on  by  the  'long  knives'  (the  Virginians,  or  new  A  ,  e.'i  •■.  k  h  . 
let  as  no  one  would  reaci;  out  Iti^  hand  'to  me  I  i  "  ;^  2'  ^^ 
auso  when  Captain  White-Eyes,  bol.lly  stepping  for  va  d  "died' 
hut  by  what  had  been  told  th.mi  hy  th.'se  men,  ( M'lu. 'and  n  v^ { 
hey  no  longer  had  a  single  friend  anu.ng  the  imeric^an      I^^^^^^ 

10  tiicm  lio.n  that  side,  as  an  enemy,  \\-ho  only  came  to  them  to 
eceive  them,  and  put  them  off  their  guL-.I,  lo.-  the  pumose  of  'i  i." 
hoeneiy  an  opportunity  of  taking  them  b;  surprise.'  TS,cdr? 

£1   W        '^ilTr"  !""  '"■'■"•     ''^'''""'  (c<>"li'"ied  Captain  \   hiti 
-Wu.ng   him  of  this,  he,   m  a  stnjng  tone,  aske.l   in.^-   ^  Uv  the 

w:s;:;i;rT;;;:c?!'  r  h  ''^^^  "^ '"'' ^"^''^"  ^'-"^ "  ^«  ^^^ 

vasnington  killed.'  Is  then;  n.)  more  a  Congress,  and  liave  ti.-. 
kS  te'^f  'T  f  ^'"'  '""'  ^=''^^""  ^'-  ---•'^  /^  Eno    nd  t 

o  scsMon  ot  the  English;  an.l  are  the  i■^^v  thousand  Americans  who 
''^^^o  escaped  them  now  embodying  themselves  on  this  si,-e  of  tho 


190 


EVE?fTS    IN   INDIAN    HISTORY. 


nionntains,  for  the  puriwso  of  killlntf  all  the  Indians  in  this  country, 
oven  our  women  and  r-hildren  ?     Now  do  not  deceive  us,  but  speak  the 
trufli'  (added  lie) ;  '  is  this  all  true  what  I  have  said  to  you  !'     I  deebuvil 
before  the  whole  assembly,  that  not  one  word  of  what  he  had  just  now 
told  me  was  true,  and  holdiu^  oui  to  him,  as  I  had  done  before,  the 
friendly  speeelies  s(Mit   by  uk;  ll>r  them,  which  Ik;  however  as  yet 
refused  to  accept,  I  thou^iht  l)y  the  countenanoes  of  most  of  the  by- 
standers, that    I  could  perceiv(?  that  the  moment  bid  lair  for  their 
listenint;-  at  least  to  the  contents  of  those  speeches,  and  accidentally 
catching  the  eve  of  tin;  drummer,  I  called  to  him  to  beat  the  drum  for 
the  asscmblvto  meet,  for  the  purpos(>  of  hearing  what  their  American 
brethren  had  to  sav  to  them.     A   general  smik-  having  taken  place, 
White-Eyes  thought  the  favorable 'moment  arrived  to  put  the  question, 
and  having  addressed  the  assembly  in  these  words:  'Shall  we,  my 
friends  and  relatives,  listen  once   more  to  those;   who  call  us  tkir 
brethren!'     Which  (piesticm  being  loudly  and  as  vith  one  voice  an- 
swered in  the  afTirmative,  the  drum  was  heat,  and  the  whole  bodv 
quickly  repairing  to  the  spacious  coimcil-house,  the  speeches,  all  of 
whieirwerc  of  the  most  pacific  nature,  \vere  read  and  int(!rpreted  \u 
them,  when  Captain  White-Eyes  rose,  and  in  an  elaborate  address  tii 
the  assembly,  took  particular  notice  of  the  good  disposition  of  the 
American  people  towards  the  Indians,  observing,  that  they  had  never 
as  vet  called  on  them  to  fight  the  English,  knowing  that  wars  were 
destructive  to  nations,  and  they  had  from  the  beginning  of  the  war  to 
the  present  time  always  advised  them  (the  Indians)  to  remain  quiet, 
and  not  take  up  the  hatchet  against  either  side.     A  newspaper,  con- 
taining  the  capitulation  of  General  Burgoyne's  army,  being. found 
enclos^^d  in  the  packet,  Captain  White-Eyes  once  more  rose  up,  and 
holding  this  paper  unfolded,  with  both  his  hands,  so  that  all  could  have 
a  view  of  it,  said,  '  See,  my  friends  and  relatives,  this  document 
oontaincth  great  events,  not  the  song  of  a  bird,  but  the  truth!'— then 
stepi)in<r  up  to  nie,  he  gave  me  his  hand,  saying,  'you  are  welcome 
with  us,'  brother ;'  when  every  one  presort  followed  his  example." 

Thus  White-Eyes  again  tnumphed  over  his  rival ;  and  the  chagrin 
of  the  latter  was  the  more  keen,  because,  relying  on  the  improved 
prospects  of  his  party,  he  had  recently  committed  himself  more  openly 
than  ever  before.  But  the  spies  whom  he  kept  constantly  at  Gos- 
hocking  now  brought  him  tlV  doleful  news  that  the  predictions  of 
Whhc-Eyes  were  all  verified.  The  chieftain  himself  completed  his 
success  by  sending  runners,  immediately  after  the  council  broke  up, 
to  the  Shawanesc  towns  on  the  Scioto,  where  the  tories  had  already 
gone  for  the  purpose  of  trying  their  game  upon  that  tribe.  "  Grand- 
children !"  was  the  laconic  message,  "ye  Shawanese!  Some  days  ago 
a  flock  of  birds  from  the  east  lit  at  Goshocking,  singing  a  song  here 
which  had  well  nigh  proved  our  ruin.  Should  these  birds,  which,  on 
leaving  us,  took  their  flight  towards  Scioto,  endeavor  to  impose  their 
song  on  you,  do  not  listen  to  them,  for  they  lie!" 

But  White-Eyes  was  not  destined  to  enjoy  the  result  of  his  labors. 
In  the  winter  of  1779-80,  he  visited  Pittsburg,  for  the  purpose  of 


INDIAN   HIOORAI'HV.--WinTE-KYKS.  IQl 

consulting  with  the  Indifin  agent  on  the  means  suitable  for  nreser"^n<r 
peace.  1  c  accompanied  Gen,,.ral  Mcintosh  and  his  .rmy  to  Tusca! 
rowas,  (where  a  fort  was  to  be  built  Cor  the  protection  of  the  neutral 
Indians,)  took  the  smalUpox  at  that  place,  and  soon  died 

Ihe  event  produced  a  sc^nsation  almost  unprecedented  in  the  Deia- 


ware  tribe,  and  throughout 


a  wiaj 


"'giou  ui  their  vicinity.     The 


...  -  --0 "•    "■'—  n  ^u-'u   III   lueir  vicinitv.      I'hn 

intelligence  was  sent  to  various  conlederate  or  relative  tribes,  at  t lo 
distance  ol  hundreds  of  miles,  and  counter-deputations  of  condolence 
soon  came  mrom  all  .luarters.  Wo  shall  close  this  chapter  with 
Mr  Ileckewelder's  accoui.t  of  the  embassy  of  the  Chcroke is,  whic 
strikingly  indicates  the  reputation  ac.,uir<.l  by  ^Vhlte-Eyes  dm'in.'  Ws 
lilo  as  well  as  the  great  respect  subse,,uentiy  paid  to  his  men.ory 

Ihe  deputation,  consisting  of  fourteen  men,  of  whom  two  were 

l)nnc,,,al  chie  s,  were  accompanied  from  thc.ir  country  to  Goshock- 

iiio,  by  a  nephew  of  the  late  Captain  VVhito-Eyos,  who,  soon  afle    the 

roniinencement   of  the  American    revolution,'  had  b<x.n  despatched 

thi  her  by  the  Delaware  chiefs,  for  the  purpose  ol" using  his  endeavors 

in  keeping  that  nation  at  peace.     VVh-.n  this  deputation  ha.l  a r H v «? 

within  tliree  miles  ol  Goshocking,  and  within  one  of  Liehtena       l.ev 

nmde  a  halt  lor  the  purpose  of  having  the  customary  cereZ;  p^?. 

ormed  on  them.     This  was  done  by  one  of  the  councillors  from 'the 

illcige,  who  by  an  addmss  and  with  a  string  of  wampum,  drew  the 

iiorns  and  briars  out  of  their  legs  and  feet'l  healed  the  sores  and 

bruLses  they  had  received  by  hitting  against  logs;  wiped  the  dust  an 

sweat  ofl  their  bodies;  and  cleansed  their  eyes^iul  e  trs,    o  tl  a  tj^"^ 

migh   both  see  and  hear  well;  and  finally 'anointed  all  thei     o  1^ 

tl  a  their  limbs  might  again  become  supple.*     Tliey  ^^vvc  then  served 

;i^rt-St'^'"  "'"""^^"''"^  they  cLinue^^Sr  Ih^ 

df  a  t;r  p-:i2:J.  -  .:;=f  ^y  a!;j  iS-S 

T^lt^:T  ?f '  '^  ""'7  ^'^'"'^  chiefs,Vv  wore  to  con  t 
the  Cheiokee  deputation  mto  their  village,  from  whence  they  were 
expected  to  join  m  the  procession  to  Gcishocking,  and  there  attend 
the  condoling  ceremonies ;  all  which  being  agreed  to,  these  soon 
uliTlf  reir  "'  ""  '"''"^'  '""  "  ''■°"^'  '^'^  ^he  othe^  bTinting 
Arriving  within  about  two  hundred  yards  of  the  town,  and  in  sight 
of  It,  (all  marchmg  Indian  file,    they  fired  off  their  pieces,  whk^h 

n^^:]^  '"''"^'-^  ''^^r'  'y  ^''^-  >-^-"S  --of  the  town, 
diavn  up  for  the  purpose:  then  raising  a  melancholy  son<r,  they 

contuuied  singing,  mUil  they  had  reached  tlie  long  houL,  purposdj 

'KHlt  lor  tlic-ir  reception;  yet  not  without  first  having  lod-cd  theit  arms 

heoL  ;  o  i?  ^  r  r  r^'^''"^  '".*■  ^''^  purpose,  (the  deputies  on 
theoi  positeside,)  a  dead  silence  prevailed  for  about  hilf  an  1  our,  and 
Hll  present  cast  tlieir  eyes  on  the  ground.      '     ' 


At  length  one  of  these 


J  ; 


*  All  which  ceremonies  are  performed  figuratively. 


192 


KVENTS    IN    INDIAN    UI8T0RV. 


i 


chiefs,  named  the  Crow,  rose,  nnd  with  nn  air  of  sorrow,  and  in  « 
low  voice,  witli  his  eyes  cast  up  to  heaven,  spolic  to  the  lollowing 

'    ^«*Onc  morninir,  after  having  arisen  from  my  sleep,  and  according 
to  my  custom,  I  stepped  out  at  tlio  door  to  sec  what  weather  we  had, 
I  observed  at  one  place  in  the  horizon  a  dark  cloud  projectrng  abovr 
the  trees;  and  lookinjr  steadfastly  lor  its  movement  or  disappearance, 
found  mvself  mistaken,  since  it  neither  disai)peared  nor  moved  Irom 
the  spot,  as  other  clouds  do.     Seeing  the  same  c-loud  successively  every 
morning,  and  that  always  in  the  same  place,  I  began  to  think  what 
could  Ik^  the  cause  of  this  singular  phenomenon ;  at  lengtli  it  struck 
me   that  as  the  cloud  w:is  lying  in  ihe  dinx-tion  that  my  grand  at  her 
dwelt,  something  might  be  the  matter  with  him,  which  caused  him 
ariel-     Anxious  to  satisfy  mvs(>lf,  1  resolved  to  go  to  my  grandfather, 
and  see  if  any  thing  wa^  the  matter  with  him.     I  accordingly  went 
steerin-^  a  course  in  the  direction  I  hrul  observed  the  cloud  to  be.     I 
arrived"nt  my  grandfather's,  whom  I  lound  (piitc  disconsolate,  hanging 
his  head  and  the  tears  running  down  his  cIk  eks  !     Casting  my  eyos 
around  in  the  hopes  of  discovering  the  cause  of  his  gnei,  1  ol)seryc(l 
yonder  a  dwelling  closed  up,  and  from  ^^•hich  no  smoke-appeared  to 
ascend !     Looking  in  another  direction,  1  discovered  an  elevated  spot 
of  fresh  earth,t  on  which  nothing  was  seen  growing ;  and  here  1  loiincl 
the  cause  of  mv  arindfather's  grief.     No  Avonder  he  is  so  grieved. 
No  wonder  he  is  Weeping  and  sobbing,  with  his  eyes  cast  towards  the 
oround  !     Even  I  cannot  help  weeping  with  my  grandfather,  secnifi 
fn  what  a  situation  he  is  !     I  cannot  i)roceed  for  griel !" 

Here,  after  havini?  seated  himself  for  about  twenty  minutes,  a^ 

fhoufrh  deeply  alllicted,  he  again  arose,  and  receiving  from  the  prin- 

ciparchief,  who  was  seated  by  his  side,  a  large  string  of  wampum. 

said:  "Grandfather!  Lift  up  your  head  and  hear  what  your  grand- 

children  have  to  say  to  you!     These  having  discovered  the  cause  of 

your  "rief,  it  shall  be  done  away!     See,  grandfather!   1  level  the 

oround  on  vender  spot  of  yellow  earth,  and  put  leaves  and  brush 

Thereon  to  make  it  invisible !    1  also  sow  seeds  on  that  spot,  so  that  both 

Trass  and  trees  may  grow  thereon !"     Here  handing  the  string  to  the 

Delaware  chiefs  in  succession,  and  taking  up  another,  he  continued: 

"Grandfather!  The  seed  which  1  had  sown  has  already  taken  root: 

nay,  the  orass  has  already  covered  the  ground,  nnd  the  trec's  arc 

orowincT '""    Handing  this  string  likewise  to  the  Delaware  chief,  ano 

fakin.r  up  a  third  string  of  wampum,  he  added:     "Now,  my  grand- 

fatlK'i"  the  cau.,c  of  your  grief  being  removed,  let  me  dry  up  your 

tears  '     I  wipe  them  irom  your  eves  !     1  place;  your  body,  which,  b\ 

the  wei'dit  of  grief  and  a  heavy  heart,  is  leaning  to  one  side,  in  it.- 

nroper  Josture!     Your  eyes  shall  be  henceforth  clear,  and  your  ears 

open  as  formerly !     The  wovic  is  now  finished  !"    Handing  this  string 

likewise  to  the  Delaware  chief,  he  now  stepped  forward  to  where  the 

chief  and  his  councillors  were  seated,  and  having  first  shaken  hand* 


*  Meanip-g  no  person  occupying  the  house. 


f  The  grave. 


INDIAN    BIOGRAPHY. — WHITB-KYKS.  198 

with  these  he  next  did  th-^  same  with  all  pre.  nt,  the  whole  cmbassv 
rollow,ng  h.s  example.  This  being  June,  and  all  ajrain  seS  as 
before,  the  Delaware  chief,  Geielemend,*  replied  :        ^ 

" Grandchildren  !-You  did  not  come  hire  in  vain!  You  have 
performed  a  good  work,  in  which  the  Great  Spirit  assiZ  v3 
Your  grandfather  makes  you  welcome  with  him  "  ^ 

Ihe  meeting,  having  continued  nearly  three  liours,  then  broke  ud 
On   he  day  followmg,  the  chiefs  of  both  nations  entered  on  business 
relat.ng  to  their  national  concerns,  and  finally  made  a  mutual  covenan 
toMhe  continued  maintenance  of  the  party 'an.l  princijlJes  0?^"- 

It  is^honorable  to  the  American  Congress,  that  after  the  decease  of 
their  best  fnend   among  the  Indians,^he;  took  measures  f^rthe 
.namtenance  and  education  of  his  son.     Ch.  the  journals  of  tluUbodv 
under  da  e  of  Jtme  20th,  1785,  is  the  following  passage:  ^ ' 

and  lequested  to  continue  the  care  and  direction  of  George  White- 
S^m  m  7^''  ""^  ^'^^^  ^'^^  '^^^^  ^'"  ^'•--••y  '-'-'  0'^-   forte 

sr;::  in  t^ifrTs;::"""""^  '^ '''''  '"^^  ^-^^^"'-  ^^^  ^--^ 
cl^i:":^  the'^s.'"' '''''  "^^^'^  ^"  '"^^'■^^''"^  '"^---^  "'■ 


CHAPTER  XVI. 

SIONARIES,  BUT  FAILS  TO  rROVliTIIKM  *^"'^K«''-''  AGAINST  THE  MIS- 

The  fact  that  Captain  Pipe  and  his  associates  began  to  train  the 
ascendancy  m  the  Delaware  nation  immediately  on  the  deatli  of  his 
grea  antagonist,  and  that  they  aflerwards  supported  it  with  almost 
uninterrupted  success,  is  alone  sufficient  to  indicate  the  influence  and 
ciiaracter  of  White-Eyes.  Indeed,  Pipe  himself  paid  to  his  memorv 
the  compliment  of^ declaring,  with  a  solemn  air,that  "the  Great  Spirit 
had  probably  put  him  out  of  the  way,  that  the  nation  might  be  saved." 
that  sagacious  personage  was  well  aware  that  neither  Kill-Buck,  nor 
Hig-Cat,  nor  Glickkican,t  nor  even  all  together,  would  adequatelv 
occupy  the  station  of  the  deceased  chieftain.  aacquatel> 

*  Commonly  called  Kill-Buck. 
•mk"nTm?H  f*"^  °^  ^  gun-barrel,"  and  afterwards  baptised  by  the  Moravians 
ploni^l     vf^^^-   !He  was  chief  councillor  and  speaker  of  he  old  sache?n 
a  man  of  i"'"'^'^""^';!^'^  Delavvares  at  Kaskaskunk,  (  n  €^"0,)  and  wa,' 


m  ih 


f  ,4. 


1 

S^^^H 

i 

H 

i 

BB 

i 

;  R^^^^l 

I 

■  i 

m 

B 

HI 

104 


JIVENT8    IN    INUIAN    HIBTORT. 


White-Eyc8  was  distinguished  as  much  for  his  milder  virtues  rh  for 
his  courage  and  energy ;  and  uh  to  his  friendly  disposition  towards  the 
Americans,  particularly,  on  which  sonio  imputations  were  industri- 
ously thrown  by  his  em^mics,  wc  could  drsiro  no  better  evidence  of 
its  sincerity  than  are  still  extant,  in  that  curious  document,  the 
Journal  of  Frederick  Post,*  who,  as  early  as  nftH,  was  sent  amonp; 
the  Ohio  Delawares  by  the  ^'ov  rrior  of  one  of  the  States,  for  the 
purpose  of  inducing  them  to  rcriouru^c  the  French  alliance,  is  rccordt^d 
the  "speech"  which  Post  carried  back,  and  the  closing  parajj;raph8  of 
which  were  as  follows  : — 

»'  Hrethrrri,  when  you  Imvo  settled  this  \)vnc(^  and  frituidship,  and 
fmishcd  it  well,  and  you  send  the  oreut  jieace-lKilt  to  me,  I  will  send 
it  to  all  the  nations  of  my  .-olor ;  they  will  all  join  it,  and  we  will  hold 

it  fast. 

"  Urethren,when  all  the  nations  join  to  this  frirnd.ship,  then  the  day 
will  begin  to  shine  clear  over  us.  Wluni  we  hear  once  more  of  you, 
and  wo'join  together,  then  \]w  day  will  be  slill,  and  no  wind  or  storm 
will  con\e  over  us,  to  disturb  us. 

"  Now,  brethren,  you  know  our  hearts,  tind  what  we  liav(!  to  say; 
he  strong,  if  you  do  wliaf  we  Unvr.  now  told  you,  and  in  this  peace 
all  the  nations  agree  to  join.  Now,  brethren,  let  the  kmg  of  England 
know  what  our  mind  is  as  soon  as  you  possibly  can." 

Among  tb(!  subscribers  to  this  speech  ap[)ears  th(!  name  of  VVhitr- 
Eyes,  umler  the  form  of  (he  Indian  term  Cocliuuacawkeghton ;  nor 
have  we  met  with  any  proof  that  he  ever  from  that  time  wavered  for 
a  moment  in  his  attaehmeiit  to  the  American  interest,  as  opposed  first 
to  the  French,  and  aik>rwards  to  the  Enjilish.  Post,  himself,  in  1762, 
was  permitted  to  build  a  house  on  the  banks  of  the  Muskingum,  where 
he  had  a  lot  of  land  given  him,  about  a  mile  distnnt  irom  the  village 
of  White-Eyes;  and  so,  when  lleckewekkT  (Irst  visited  that  country, 
during  the  same  season,  he  informs  us  that  "the  war  chief,  Koguc- 
thagechtan,"  kindly  entertained  nnd  supplied  biiii  and  his  party. 

About  the  beginning  of  the  revolutionary  wur,  when  some  of  tlv 


his  hut.  He  sfiw  some  of  thoin  berorc  long  from  a  wirulow,  and  instantly 
stepped  out,  and  called  tothcni.  "  Friends!"  said  he,  "  byyour  nv.moMivrcs 
1  conclude  you  are  come  for  me.  If  so,  why  do  yon  I.csitijte  ;-()bey  your 
ordeis;  1  am  ready  to  submit.  Yon  seem  to  fear  old  tTlieUkiean.  Ah! 
there  was  a  time  when  I  would  have  scorned  to  submit  to  such  cowardly 
slaves.  But  I  am  no  more  Gliekkican,  I  am  Isaac,  a  believer  m  tlie  trm 
God,  and  for  his  sake  1  will  suffer  any  thinner,  even  death."  Seeiii^r  ihcm 
still  hesitate,  he  stepped  up  to  them  with  his  hands  placed  upon  his  hack. 
"There!"  he  continued,  "you  would  tie  me  if  you  dared— tie  me  then,  ami 
take  me  with  you— I  am  ready."  They  now  mustered  courage  to  do  as  iir 
directed.  Soon  after,  Gliekkican  was  murdered,  with  a  lar^e  number  of 
his  Christian  countrymen,  by  a  banditti  of  American  rulTians  who  suspected 
or  pretended  to  suspect  them,  of  hostile  designs.  Prohnhly  the  result  nr.i:^ 
brought  about  by  the  macliinations  of  his  Indian  enemies. 
*  In  Proud's  History  of  Pennsylvania. 


INDIAN    BIOOBAPHir. — WII1TE-EYE». 


195 


Indmi..s  we«i  much  exasperated  by  murders  and  trespns«es  which 
c-ertam  cvhsed  ruH.ans  committed  on  the  frontiers,  an^)hio  trader 
was  met  and  massaered  in  the  w.mkJs  bv  a  party  of  Seneras   who 
mvang  m  the.r  rage  cut  up  the  body  and-g,,r,Iished  the  busS  12 
he  remams,  raised  thesealp.yell  and  n.arehedotrin  triun.ph      Wh^te 

^J;arch I' th  "i  "l"'"'/,^'  ""^  ''"""■'^  ""'  >"'"'  i-'«»tly  eonunen     I 
;  scaich  (oi    he  body,  the  remnants  of  which  he  collected  and  buried 
I  he  party  returne.    on  the  ibliowing  day,  and  observing  wh  t     ad 
been  done    privately  op,3ncd  the  grave,  and  scattered   Un-.  cc^  tents 
...ore.  wtdeiy  than  before.     But  White-Llves  was  this  tin.eTtt 
watch  for  them.     He  repaired  to  the  spot  a-gain  the  n.onu.-nt  they    ' 
it,  succeeded  m  findmg  eve.-y  part  of  th.^niaiiglod  bodv,  and^the 
ca  eful  y  interred  it  m  a  grave  dug  with  his  ownluud.s,  where  it     a" 
at  length  sufiei-tjd  to  i-epose  uninol(>sted. 

It  was  aboijt  the  same  time  when  this  afli.ir  liappencd,  that  the 
chieftain  savecl  the  li(h  of  one  Duriea.i,  an  AuiCiieari  pLecMic  cl-e 
uho„.  he  had  undertaken  to  escort  through  a  seetiLn  of  tlie  wilcC 
I  A  '<jstile  hhawaiieewas  upon  the  point  of  dischamin-r  his 
...usket  at  Duncan  fro.n  behiiid  a  tree,  when  \Vhit...t:vc.s  rusho  T  /  ! 
war,]   rega.-dless  ol  his  owi,  pe,-il,  and  eo.npell.d  the  lavage  to  desisl. 

IJ    W.  r      '"  '"  '"1  ""'•■•''''•"'  "'^^•""  '•'"'^^•"■"'■'v  Hhiiilar  kind- 

.C.-.SS.     Halhc-r  rashly,  as  he  acknowledges,  ho  that  year  uiiderto'.k  to 

mve,-.se  the   oi-ests  from  the  Muskingum  to  Pittsburg,  ^vishm-r  to  vis 

.is  bnghsh  inends  ii.  tbiU  quiirtci-.    White- Eyes  i-eJided  at  a^llistan  e 

el  seventeen  miles,  b.it  heariiig  ol"  his  inte,ided>,urnev,  he  immediatel v 

caiii,,.  to  see  him,  accoinpaiiied  by  another  chief,  na.iKjd  A\'in.rcinund  * 

and  by  several  oi'  liis  young  men.  '"o^'.'U'iu, 

o  Po!r'''J'H  '''"^'  '"'  -,°^^  '■'-'^'•'1  tl'^'  ...i^^-sionary  should  have  as  an 
escort.  And  moreover  he  must  needs  go  himself:  *'lIo  could  not 
.^«er  me  to  go,"  says  that  gentle.nan,  "while  the  Sandusky  warriors 

.rsid'!^"''"Vn,T'r'i;'''n'^'  '"''^r'''  I'''«P<''" '•«^"^-t  and  l.imself  at 

my  Side.       And  it  should  be  observed,  thai  besides  the  Sandusky 

.nages,    h^  i;e  were  sevei-al  other  tribes  who  had  ali-eady  engaged  on 

vhnl^'  r  ;.  'a''  ""^  '''f  ''•'■""^'"•"  ^'•'■'^'h  and  desolation  along  tlu. 
whole  of  the  American  fi-oiit.er.  The  party  sot  out  together,  and 
reached  their  destination  in  salety.  An  ahum  occurred  only  on  one 
occasion,  when  the  scouts  discovered  a  suspicious  track,  and  report 

itn^'?')    w"''^'"''^',.^^'^''"'^^'^'^^'  ^h^  ^^««    "dins  before  \is 
nend,  while  ;^y  .nge.m.nd  brought  up  the  rear,  turned  about  and  aske<l 

1.0  ielt  afraid?  "No!"  said  the  missionary,  "not  while  you  are  with 
'.ic.  "\ou  are  right,"  quickly  rejoined  White-Eyes.  "You  are 
light ;  no  man  shall  harm  you  till  I  am  laid  prostrate."  "  Nor  even 
then,  added  Wingemund,  "for  they  must  conquer  me  also— they 
must  lay  us  side  by  side."  Mr.  Heckewelder  certainly  did  them  biit 
justice  m  believing  that  both  would  have  redeemed  their  promises 

Ihe  other  Moravians,  and  the  Indian  congregation  under  their 
Charge  m  Ohio,  were  still  more  indebted  to  the  good  chieftain.     Los. 

*  A  noted  religious  impostor. 


-4U. — 4- 


m 

ill  ^^ 

if  "'1 

mm 

lii..4-.^t- 

INH 

M^m 

196 


KVFNTII    IN    INDIAN    IIUTORV. 


kiol  MtntM,*  that  in  1774,  tho  Christian  party  had  l)ecomn  obnoxious 
to  II  majority  of  tho  \m<^nn  ih^lawnrr  chiofn,  and  it  was  several  tintMs 
proposed  to  f'.\|)o|  them  l>y  loiro.  Hut  (lod  broiij^ht  their  rounsel  to 
nought,  he  adds,  "and  a|)p(iint(Ml  lor  this  purpose  the  tii-st  captoiu 
ttmonf;  the  Delawarcs,  railed  White-Eyes,"  who  kept  the  ehiels  and 
eouneTl  in  awe,  and  woiiM  not  suIUt  them  to  injure  the  uussiouaries. 
Finding  his  efforts  still  unavailing,  he  ct  length  went  so  far  is  to 
separate  himsc  If  wholly  iVom  his  o|)|)o!ients,  resolved  to  renounce- 
power,  eountry  and  kindred,  ii^)r  the  wake  ofthesf;  just  and  benevok'nt 
nien,  whom  he  could  not  U-ar  to  see  perseented. 

His  firmness  met  with  a  deserved  siiefcss.  b'-ven  th<'  old  ehief 
^f('tawatwe(>s,  who  bad  o|)pos<'d  him  most  lierecly,  aeknowU'dged  the 
iujustir(!  wbirb  had  been  dono  him,  a. id  not  only  ehanged  his  views 
ill"  rocvard  to  the  Christians,  h'lt  j  ul>lisb(Ml  his  reeaiifntioii  in  presence 
(tf  the  whole  eouiieil.  NVbite.b'.yfs  then  again  came  forward,  iiiui 
reiH'ated  a  proposal  lor  a  iialional  ivgulation  to  h'.  made,  whereby  th( 
('hristians  should  b((  Hvially  i)ut  under  the  Delaware  protection, 
which  bad  (iirmerlv  been  rejected.  It  was  promptly  agreed  to,  and 
tin-  iict  was  passed".  The  old  ehielbiin  expressed  great  joy  on  thai 
occasion: — "  I  am  an  old  man,"  said  he,  "and  know  iinf  bow  long  I 
may  live.  1  fhcrelore  rejoice  that  I  have  been  ai)le  to  make  this  act. 
Oui-  children  and  graiidciiildren  will  reap  the  beiielit  of  it,  and  now  I 
am  ready  to  die  wbeiuntn"  (Jod  pleases. "| 

LoskiJ^I  states,  (bat  Wbite-lOyes  was  in  bis  own  heart  c.(.nvinced  nf 
tlie  truth  of  th(!  gosp(>l;  that  this  was  evident  in  all  bis  speeches  in 
JMjhalf  of  the  Christians,  during  which  ho  was  frecpienily  so  moved 
that  tears  prevented  bis  words  ;  and  that  be  likewise  declared  with 
c.ontidence,  that  no  prosperity  would  attend  tlu;  Indian  afDiirs,  unless 
they  received  and  believed  the  saving  gospel  sent  tbeni  from  God  by 
means  of  the  Brethren.  Not  long  beiore  bis  death  b(^  took  publii' 
occasion  t(^  repeat  the  last  will  and  l(,'stament  of  Netawatwees,— 
"That  tb(!  J)elawares  should  hear  the  word  of  (iod."  He  held  tho 
l?ible  and  some  spelling-books  in  bis  band,  and  addressed  the  council 
in  a  strain  of  the  most  animated  and  moving  eloquence.  "  My 
friends,"  bo  concluded,  "  you  have  now  heard  the  dying  wish  of  our 
departed  chief  I  will  tlu'i-efore  gat  ben-  togefjier  my  young  men  and 
their  children — I  will  kn(?el  down  before  that  Great  Spirit  who  crentnl 
tbiMii  and  me — I  will  pray  unto  him,  that  be  may  have  inerey  upon 
us,  and  reveal  his  will  unto  us.  7\nd  as  we  cannot  declare-  it  to  those 
wlio  are  ;  et  unborn,  we  will  pray  unto  the  liord  our  C4od  to  make  il 
kr.ovo  !  '  our  childi  •    and  our  children's  children." 

*  History  of  the  Missions  of  the  United  Brethren,  Lc.    liOiidon,  1794. 

f  He  died  at  Pittsburg  in  t77G,  much  iiiinciited  by  the  Deiuwares  anu 
many  neighboring  nations.  "This  wise  man,"  s;'.ys  Loskiei,  "spared  w 
pains  to  conciliate  the  ntfection  of  all  his  neighbors.  He  sent  frequunl 
embassies  to  his  grandchildren,  admonishing lliein  to  keep  peace,  inil 
proved  in  truth  a  wise  grandfather  to  them."  Being  the  senior  chief  of  the 
nation,  his  opinion  was  of  great  weight,  and  he  declared  himselt  warmly 
in  favor  of  the  Christians,  and  first  invited  them  to  settle  on  the  Muskin- 
gum.    His  grandson,  nephew,  and  son  and  family  also  joined  them. 


INDIAN    HIOOUAPHV. — WHITI-BYU. 


191 


Still,  WhHcLyw  re«ardod  ChriHtinnity  more  as  a  civil  tlian  a  r«!i. 
mou.  HyH  cm.  II.  wu«  a  .nun  of  eniarfrcd  ,.olitic«l  viewB,  and  m7eL 
a  pa  no  than  a  ntnlemuuu  The  o.ul.  h«  /urucd  at  were  Var  uolZ 
coun  ry  8  than  h..s  own.  He  <,b.served  the  nuiK^riority  of  the  wW^ 
m«n  to  the  r,Hl,  and  nearer  home,  the  prosperity  and  hanninels  oT the 
'hrLstKU.  Dolawares,  mul  he  convinced  hinlself'thoroughly  eithe  t  ue 
eau«.s  ol  both.  He  therefore  earneBtly  de«ired  that  4  whole  nat  on 
m.jl.t  bo  cmhse^l  to  which  result  he  considered  Christianity,  ZZ 
had  ««n  .  taught  by  the  good  Moravians,  the  best  p,ssible  pro  notive 
as  undoubtedly  it  was.  M"'"onvt, 

Hut  in  this  noWe  solicitude  li.r  his  countrymen,  he  K.root  himself 
Henco  even  Lask.el  on  mentioning  his  de(...aso,  stmes,  with  an  alrr^  I 
reluctant  honesty,  that  ^. Captain  White-Eyes,  who  had  .o  oluTnl 
ns  d  other  Indmns  with  great  earnestness  to  believe  in  the  gospelof 
Jesus  Chnst,  but  had  always  postponed  joining  the  U-lievers  h  msel 
oa  account  ot  ben.g  yet  entangled  in  politicaf  concerns,  was  unlx 
fHxtedly  called  nUo  eternity;"  adding,  allectionately,  that  the  ul"dTa,. 
congregation    to  whom  h(,  had  n.ndered  verv  essential  services   was 
much  afleoted  at  the  news  of  his  death,  and  'could  not  but  ho  J  tha 
(.od  our  .Saviour  had  received  his  soul  in  mercy."    Mr.  Heckewelde 
jums  up  the  matttM-  by  saying,-MIis  ideas  were.   «hat  unless  £' 
Indians  changed   the.r  mode  of  living,  they  would  in  time  come  to 
nothing;  and  to  encourage;  them  towards  such  a  change,  he  told  then. 
.  take  the  example  of  the  Christian  In.lians,  who  by   heir  ind.  str 
liud  every  thing  thoy  could  wish  for."     In  a  word,  there  was  nil 
philanthropy  and  inore  philosophy  in  the  religion  of  White-Eyes  than 
here  was  piety.      Hence  his  eloquence,  his  energy,  his  stroma  atfec 
ion  for  the  missionaries,  and  his  sacrifices  and  services  ibr  them  and 
(or  his  countrynK3,5.     He  was  a  good  man,  we  believe,  by  the  force 
ol  native  consc.erjce,  as  he  was  a  great  man  by  the  (brce  of  native 
sense;  and  though  to  have  learned  Christianity,  "in  addition  to  lovino 
somo  ol  those  who  professed  it,  might  have  made  him  both  better  and 
jreater  than  he  was,  we  cannot  but  ho,,e.,  as  it  is,  with  the  Christian 
Ue awares   "that  (4od  our  Saviour  has  received  his  soul  in  mercy  " 
•    1  would  give  us  very  sincere  pleasure  to  Ui  able  to  say  as  inuch 
lo.  the  paganism  ol  Captain  Pipe,  who,  on  the  contrary,  was  opposed 
to  the  religu^n  of  the  whites  as  inveterately  as  any  of  the  x\ew  England 

sons  "f.'rJ  T'''''''T\'  ''^"'"'■>''  ""'^  'M>paVently  for  similar^rea- 
;  A^  ^J,^,"'^'"^*^"!"  "'  'hf^  country  were  generally  set  a"ainst  us  " 
wrote  Mr.  Elliot  m  1650,  u^nd  counter-woi-k  the.  Lord  by  keepTng 
oil  tl„,nr  men  from  praying  to  God  as  much  as  they  can;  and  the 
reason  of  U  is  this:  they  plainly  see  that  religion  will  make  a  -Ja 
rhan.ro  among  them,  and  cut  thein  off  from  their  former  tyranny 
■  ^yc.  1  ,pe,  too,  with  all  his  talent,  was  obnoxious  to  some  very  nlaiii 
•strictures  regarding  his  own  morality,  and  of  course  had  no  theoreti- 
( al  partiality  for  lectures  on  that  subject.*    He  was  inimical  to  White- 

^^::^^:k&S^^£^^r'  -We  wereobUged  to  wait  for  P.po's 

17' 


( 


lOB 


JBVENT8    Ijr    IITDIAJf    HT8T0HY. 


I 


Byes,  especially,  liei^ause  the  latter  supported  the  cause  of  reform, 
and  rather  than  stand  second  to  him,  and  at  the  same  time  surrender 
his  own  bad  habits,  he  determined  at  all  hazards  to  array  a  party  in 
opposition.  It  was  l)oth  a  jx;rsonal  and  a  political  movement,  the 
objects  being  self-defence  in  the  first  place,  and,  in  the  second,  distinc- 
tion. 

Such  being  the  character  of  the  scheme,  it  must  still  be  admitted 
that  he  exhibited  great  energy  and  great  ingenuity  in  promoting  it. 
Some  of  his  manaiuvrca  have  teen  noticed;  and  aller  his  rival's  de- 
'«ase,  his  own  declarations,  particularly,  wore  much  more  frequent 
.md  f(!arless,  and  therefore  more  cflcctual  than  they  had  been  before. 
■'Thus,"  says  Hockewclder,  "when  a  young  man  of  his  tribe,  who 
had  received  his  education  in  Virginia  under  the  influence  of  Dr. 
Walker,  on  his  return  into  the  Indian  country  in  1779,  spread  un- 
favorable reports  of  the  Virginian  people,  representing  them  as  exceed- 
ing the  Indians  in  vicious  acts — their  Ix-ating  the  negroes  so  unmerci- 
iiilly,  &.C.,  Pipe  would  mockingly  enumerate  such  vicious  and  cruel 
.icts  as  the  bcnelits  of  civilization."  He  could  at  the  same  time,  with 
truth,  set  (brth  the  poverty  of  the  United  States,  in  not  having  even  a 
i)lanket,  a  shirt,  or  any  other  article  of  Indian  clothing,  to  give  them 
in  exchange  for  their  peltry;  whereas,  (said  he)  were  it  not  for  the 
iinglish,  w(.  should  have  to  sutler,  and  perhaps  many  oi'uu  perish  for 
want.  Pipe  and  thi^  Monseys,  we  an;  told  elsewhere,  were  those  who 
were  most  dreaded,  and  the  ctlect  f)f  his  o|)erations  was  such,  but  one 
year  after  the  decease  of  White-biVcs,  in  the  midst  ol'  his  triumphs, 
that  in  1781  the  peace  chiefs  had  for  their  own  salety  to  withdraw 
themselves  from  their  own  nations,  and  take  refuge  at  Pittsburg. 

in  regard  to  the  [wrsonal  habits  of  Pipe,  it  may  te  doing  hiin,  a? 
well  as  several  other  Indians  of  distinction,  no  more  than  justice,  to 
allude  in  extenuation  to  tiie  well  known  nature  of  the  temptations  to 
which  they  have  sometimes  be^n  exposed,  and  es])ecially  on  the 
irontiers  during  war,  and  the  excitement  of  fui  attesnpt  by  one  civilised 
narty  to  engage  their  services  against  another.  The  peculiar  physical 
.■ircumstances  which,  together  with  the  character  of  their  education, 
go  to  diminish  their  power  of  self-control,  n(>ed  not  Ik>  enlargc^i  nn,- 
It  is  sullicienl  to  say,  that  it  would  te  a  task  more  easy  than  gratify- 
ing to  prov(;  that  their  niisl()rtmi(>  in  this  particular  has  only  thllowrd 
■iiior  tlu^  tbult  of  their  civilised  neighbors.  "WIki  are  you.  my 
fii^jnd?"  said  a  gentleman  in  Pipe'.s  timt^  to  an  Indian  at  Pittsburg, 
wln>  was  not  so  much  intoxicated  as  no*  to  Ik;  ashamed  of  his  situa- 
tion. 'My  name  is  Black-Fish,"  he  n-piied  ;  -'at  home  I  am  a  clcvur 
i.Mlow, — h"^',  I  am  a  hog."* 

♦  Mr.  HcckowclJer's  anecilote  ot*  the  indi'in  vvl.o  catiie  into  IJotliiilicm 
(Poiin.)  to  dispose  of  his  jjcltry,  tliron-s  light  on  a  proat  source  of  the  evil 
not  alliuied  to  in  tiie  t(^xt,  iind  tho  ctfects  of  which  ;iinong  the  wisturn 
tribes  to  this  dny  are  l)eyoiid  culculnticn.  "  WclI,Thoiniis,"  said  a  trader 
to  him,  "  1  believe  you  liavo  turtied  Moravian."  •'Moravian!"  answert'*! 
ihe  Indian,  '•what  makes  you  think  bo.-"'  "Because,"  replied  the  other, 
•'you  used  to  coaie  Ut  U9  to  aell  your  8kin«  and  peltry,  and  now  ycu  trade 


INDIAN    BIGORAPHY.— CAPTAIN    PIPB.  I99 

But  we  are  not  under  the  disag«)eable  necessity  of  apolo^nsina  for 
«very  th.ng  we  relate  of  Captain  Pipe.     He  gave  manTeScIs  of 
a  na  uml  honor  and  humanity,  even  amid  tho^loodiest^sS^S  oTthe 
revolution   and  contrary  to  the  dictation  of  those  who  wereTualified 
y  every  th.ng  but  fcel.ngs,  to  understand  his  duty  better  thLhh^seTf 
Under  strong  exctemont  ho  attached  himself  to  {he  British  intertt 
nn<  towards  the  close  of  the  war  scalpin-.partios  went  out  f^^?' 
.lfen..nt      He  was  also  prejudiced  IgahL  t      Sl'an  STian  ' 
and  molested  them  much.     But  none  of  these  thin-^s  were  done  in  Si.' 
cooler  moments;  and  what  is  more  creditable  to  hm  there "s  ^cj,d 
reason  to  behove  that  he  repented  of  all.     The  eviden^o?  thisTet 
appears  .n  a  f.-ansact,on  which  took  place  at  Detroit  in  Novemter 
1781,  with  the  particulars  of  which,  as  furnished  by  Lodderrnd 
others,  we  shall  conclude  this  narrative.  J^osKiei  and 

On  the  occasion  referred  to,  a  grand  Indian  council  was  convened 
at  Detroit  at  which  were  present  large  numbers  of  various  tXs 
mclnding  Cap.a.n  Pipe's  Wolf  warriors,  who  had  just  Sned  from' 
a  scalping  expedition.     Four  of  the  Moravian  mis  ionarfes  w^  dso 
t liere,  having  been  summoned  to  attend,  at  the  suggestion  of  PiS  and 
others     or  the  purpose  of  deciding  upon  seveml  charges  aCd 
aganis  them.     The  hall  was  filled  with  the  concourse,  thetribeslSiia 
.epuratc  y  seated  al   around  it,  on  the  right  and  left  hknd  of  the  eonf 
mandant,  while  the  i.)ela^vares,  with  Pipe  and  his  counciUors  at  Z 
hoad,  were  directly  in  front.     A  war-chief  c.f  each  of  the  two  d^i  ion 
"I  hidians  held  a  stick  in  his  hand,  of  three  or  four  feet  rien  X 
strung  with  scalps  which  th.y  had  taken  in  their  las    forly  on^he 
Ani(;rican  frontier.  ^        '"^ 

The  council  was  open(Hl  hy  the  commandant's  signifying  to  Captain 
I  .JK.  hat  he  might  make  his  report,  when  the  Imter^rose  from  his 
--•at,  holding  a  stick  in  his  lefl  hand  : 
••l*'af!or!"he  began;  and  here  he  paused,  turned  round  to  the 

ence  w,h  a  most  sarcastic  look,  and  then  proceeded  in  a  Yowr 
tone,  .xs  addressing  fhern,_.<  I  have  said  (iithe  ,  thoiK-h  inde^  I  do 
no  now  why  I  should  call  him  so-l  have  nev'er  known  any  fa  her 
hii  he  I'rench-I  haveconsulered  the  Knuli.honlv  as  brothers  B  ,• 
as  t.  name  is  imposed  upon  us,  I  shall  make  use'of  it  ail^  say, 

J  ather  -fixing  his  ,. yes  again  on  the  commandant-" some  time 
a^o  you  put  a  war-hatclun  info  my  hands,  sayino,  "take  thi.  weaZ 
m    ry  ,t  on  the  heads  of  my  enemies,  the  j/ong-'knives!    nd  ""^e 
K;i,)u  afterwards  if  It  was  sharp  and  good." 


iHftm  away  to  the  Moravians." 


b'oV 


rcjoiniul  tiie  Indian,  "now  I  unrler- 


•ttiil  vnnHM.n    or,  1  .  '     '*-.|u'"i'o  iiie  Indian,  "now  I  unrler- 

n  I  vou  well,  and  I  know  what  you  mean  to  say.     Now    hc'u  mo      Spp. 

'"V  i)Htrv        1  rail  to  ,  n   '  V'  -n        ''?  J  ''""""^  ^"  >'""''  P'^ce  witk 

■irunkcn  dog,  and  kick  me  out  of  the  room."      '  ""  '  ^   "  °^"  ''^'-  * 


200 


BTEim   IN   INDIAN   HI8TOBT. 


"  Father !  At  the  time  when  you  gave  me  this  weapon,  I  had  neither 
cause  nor  wish  to  go  to  war  against  a  foe  who  had  done  me  no  injury. 
But  you  say  you  are  my  father,  and  call  me  your  child,  and  in 
obedience  to'  you  I  received  the  hatchet.  I  l<new  that  if  I  did  not  obey 
vou,  you  would  withhold  from  me*  the  necessaries  of  life,  which  1 
could  procure  nowhc^re  but  here. 

"Father  1  You  may  perhaps  think  me  a  fool,  for  risking  my  life  at 
your  bidding,  and  that  in  a  cause  which  I  have  no  prospect  of  gaining 
any  thing.  For  it  is  your  cause,  and  not  mine — you  have  raised  a 
quarrel  among  yourselves,  and  you  ought  to  light  it  out — it  is  your 
concern  to  fight  "the  Long-knives — you  should  not  compel  your  chil- 
dren, the  Indians,  to  expose  themselves  to  danger  for  your  sake. 

"  Father !  Many  lives  have  already  been  lost  on  your  account — 
the  tribes  have  suffered,  and  been  weakened — children  have  lost 
parents  and  brothers — wives  have  lost  husbands — it  is  not  known  how 
many  more  may  j)erish  before  your  war  will  he  a*  an  end. 

"  Father  !  I  have  said,  you  may  perhaps  think  me  a  fool,  for  thuK 
thoughtlessly  rushing  on  your  enemy!  Do  not  believe  this,  father. 
Think  not  that  I  want  sense  to  convince  me,  that  although  you  now 
pretend  to  keep  up  a  perpetual  enmity  to  the  Long-knives,  you  may, 
befon;  long,  conclude  a  peace  with  them. 

"  Father  I  You  say  you  love  your  children,  the  Indians.  This  you 
have  oflen  told  them';  and  indeed  it  is  your  interest  to  say  so  to  them, 
that  vou  may  have  them  at  your  service. 

"But,  father!  Who  of  us  can  believe  that  you  can  love  a  people 
of  a  different  color  from  your  own,  better  than  those  who  have  a  white 
skin  like  yourselves  T 

"  Father  !  Pay  attention  to  what  I  am  going  to  say.  While  you, 
father,  are  setting  mcj  on  your  enemy,  much  in  the  same  manner  as 
a  hunter  sets  his  dog  on  the  game;  while  I  am  in  the  act  of  rushing 
on  that  enemy  ol' yours,  with  the  bloody  destructive  weapon  you  gave 
me,  I  may,  perchance,  happen  to  look  back  to  the  place  from  whence 
vou  started  me,  and  what  shall  I  see?  Perhaps,  I  may  see  my  father 
shaking  hands  with  the  Long-knives ;  yes,  with  those  very  people  he 
now  calls  his  enemies.  I  may  then  see  him  laugh  at  my  folly  ibr 
having  obeyed  his  orders ;  and  yet  I  am  now  risking  my  life  at  hi;; 
command  !     Father  !  keep  what  I  have  said  in  remembrance. 

"  Now,  father !  here  is  what  has  been  done  with  the  hatchet  you 
wave  me,"  (handing  the  stick  with  the  scalps  on  it).  "  I  have  done 
with  the  hatchet  what  you  ordered  mc  to  do,  and  found  it  sharp. 
Nevertheless,  I  did  not  do  all  that  1  might  have  done.  No,  I  did  not. 
My  heart  iliiled  within  me.  I  felt  compassion  for  your  enemy, 
(imocenco:}:  had  no  part  in  your  quarrels ;  therefore  I  distinguished— 
I  sj>ared.  I  took  some  live  flesh,§  which,  while  I  was  bringing  to  you, 
I  spied  one  of  your  large  canoes,  on  which  I  [)ut  it  ior  you.  In  a  few 
days  you  will  receive  this  flesh,  and  find  that  the  skin  is  the  same  color 
with  your  own. 

*  Meaning  his  tribe.  +  Meaning  his  nation. 

i  Meaning  women  and  children.         ?  Fmoiiera. 


XNDIAN   BIOGHAPHT. CAPTAIN   PIPE.  201 

"  Father !  I  hope  you  will  not  destroy  what  I  have  saved.     You, 

rfn  war  tyT'"'''-''^  '-''^^^^^"g  '^'^'  ^hich  would  perish  with  us 
from  want.  he  warrior  is  poor,and  his  cabin  is  always  empty;  but 
your  house,  iaflicr,  is  always  full."  "'F"-^'  ""t 

Dunng  the  delivery  of  this  harangue,  which  is  said  to  have  produced 
a  great  effect  on  all  present,  and  especially  on  those  who  understood 
the  language  m  winch  it  was  spoken,  the  orator  two  or  tKJee  times 
advanced  so  far  towards  the  commandant,  in  the  heat  of  his  excitem^t 
hat  one  of  the  oiicers  present  thought  proper  to  interfere  and  reques 
him  to  move  back.     The  other  war-chiefs  now  made  their  spee^he 
and  then  the  commandant  (an  honorable  and  humane  man,  notwith.' 
Stan  ling    he  orator's  strictures  on  his  father)  called  upon  him  to 
substantiate  his  charges  against  the  missionaries.     Pipe,  who  was  stiU 
sending,  was  unwilling  to  make  the  attempt,  but  iL^t  embanassed 
He  began    o  shirt  and  shurtle,  (says  Loskiel,   and  bending  towards 
his  councillors,  asked  them  what  he  should  say.     They  all  hun..  the  r 
heads  and  were  silent.     Suddenly,  recollecting  himself  and  risin.  up 
he  addressed  the  commandant.     ^^  I  said  before  that  some  such  thin  .' 
might  have  happened,  but  now  I  will  tell  you  the  plain  truth.     The 
miyionanes  are  innocent.    What  they  have  done,  they  were  compelled 
to  do,  (alluding  to  their  having  interpreted  letters  which  the  DelSo 
.hiet  receiv(^d  Irom  Pittsburg,  &c).     We  were  to  blame_we  forced 
them  to  1  ,  when  they  refused."     Arter  some  farther  conversation  the 
commandant  declared  the  missionaries  to  be  acquitted  of  all  the  accu^ 
sations  brought  against  them. 

Pipe  expressod~~liis  satisfaction  at  the  result,  and  on  returning  from 
the  coiincl-house,  he  asked  some  of  the  Delaware  chieftains  who  wer^ 
pi^sent  how  they  hked  what  he  said.  He  observed,  that  he  knew  J 
was  true  and  added  :  M  never  wished  your  teachers  any  harm 
knowing  that  they  ove  the  T^dians  ;  but  I  hnve  all  along  beenLposS 
:'"yH"l  nnportuned  to  do  what  I  did  by  tho^e  who  do  not  love  them' 
a  Id  now  when  these  were  to  speak,  they  hung  their  heads,  leaving 
me  to  extricate  myself,  after  telling  our  liither  things  they  had  dictated 
n  persuaded  me  to  tell  him."  This  declaration  has^decidedly  the  air  of 
m  or  and  truth ;  and  the  captain's  subsequent  conduct  was  much  more 

howe  ei  .distinguish  h.mselt  particularly  arter  tl,e  close  of  the  war,  and 

we  he  T  "'   ";'7''  '^r  ""'  ^"""'  ^''^^>'"  -"•  '^"°-l«dge,  although 

?W.    ■    ?""  '' ','''""'  "'"'  ^''  ^'^^^  ''^''"S'  «»d  able  to  vis  t  the  city 
•»  Washington,  as  late  as  1817.  "   "-  y 


202 


KVBNTS    IN    INDIAN   HI8T0BV. 


xNARRATIVES,  CAPTIVITIES  &  ANECDOTES, 

ILLUSTRATIVE    OF   MANNERS    AND    CUSTOMS. 


[The  following  extract*  are  taken  from  Drake's  History  of  the  Norlh  American  Ihdiatu. 

CHAPTER   1. 


DESTRUCTION  OF  SCHENECTADY.* 

This  was  an  event  of  great  distress  to  the  whole  country,  at  the 
time  it  happened,  and  we  are  able  to  give  some  new  facts  in  relation 
to  it  from  a  manuscript,  which,  we  believe,  has  never  before  been 
published.  These  facts  are  contained  in  a  letter  from  Governor 
Bradstreet,  of  Massachusetts,  to  Governor  Hinckley,  of  Plymouth, 
dated  about  a  month  ailcr  the  affair.  They  are  as  follow : — "  The' 
yon  cannot  but  have  heard  of  the  horrid  massacre  committed  by  tht- 
K  \ch  and  Indians  at  Senectada,  a  fortified  and  v/e!l  compacted  town 
iiO  miles  above  Albany,  (which  we  had  an  account  of  by  an  express,) 
yet  we  think  we  have  not  discharged  our  duty  till  you  hear  of  it  from 
us.  'Twas  upon  the  eighth  of  February,  (l(i69-90)  at  midnight,  when 
those  poor  insecure  wretches  were  surprised  by  the  enemy.  Their  gates 
were  open,  no  watch  kept,  and  hardly  any  order  observed  in  giving 
and  obeying  commands.  Sixty  of  them  were  butchered  in  the  place; 
of  whom  Lieut.  Talmage  and  four  more  were  of  Capt.  Bull's  company, 
besides  five  of  said  company  carried  captive.  By  this  action  the  French 
have  given  us  to  understand  what  we  may  expect  from  them  as  to  the 
frontier  towns  and  sea-ports  of  New  England.  We  are  not  so  well 
acquainted  what  number  of  convenient  havens  you  have  in  your 
colony,  besides  those  of  Plymouth  and  Bristol.  We  hope  your  pru- 
dence and  vigilance  will  lead  you  to  take  such  measures  as  to  prevent 
the  landing  of  the  enemy  at  either  of  those  or  any  such  like  place."t 

We  now  proceed  to  give  such  other  facts  as  can  be  gathered  from 
the  numerous  printed  accounts.  It  appears  that  the  government  of 
Canada  had  planned  several  expeditions,  previous  to  the  sefng  out  of 
this,  against  various  important  points  of  the  Erjglish  frontier, — as  much 
to  gain  the  warriors  of  the  Five  Nations  to  their  interest,  as  to  distress 
the  English.  Governor  Do  Nonville  had  sent  over  several  chief 
sachems  of  the  Iroquois  to  France,  where,  fis  usual  upon  such  embas- 

*  This  was  the  German  name  of  a  pine  barren,  such  as  stretches  itself 
between  Albany  and  Schenectady,  over  which  is  uov/  a  railroad. 

t  French  ships,  with  land  forces  and  munitions,  had;  but  a  short  time 
before,  hovered  upon  the  coast. 


DE8TBCCXI0N    OF   SCHENECTADY. 


203 


sift',  great  pains  were  taken  to  cause  them  to  entertain  (he  highest 
opinions  of  the  glory  and  greatness  of  the  French  nation.  Amona 
tliem  was  Tawerai<ct,  a  renowned  warrior,  and  two  others.  It  appears 
that,  during  tlieir  absence  in  France,  the  great  war  between  their 
countrymen  and  the  French  had  ended  in  the  destruction  of  Montreal 
and  other  places.  Hence,  when  Count  Fruntenac  arrived  in  Canada, 
in  the  lali  of  1689,  instead  of  fiudini;  the  Iroquois  ready  to  join  him' 
and  his  forces  which  hi;  had  brought  from  France  for  the  c-onquest  of 
New  York,  he  found  himself  obliged  to  set  about  a  reconciliation  of 
them.  He  therefore  wisely  d(!spatched  Taweraket,  and  the  two 
othcivs,  upon  that  design.  Tlie  Five  xNations,  on  being  called  upon 
uy  these  chiefs,  would  take  no  slep  wiUiout  first  notifying  the  En<dish 
at  Albany  that  a  councnl  was  to  be  called.  The  blow"  which^had 
been  so  lately  given  the  French  of  Canada  had  lulled  the  Enc^lish 
into  a  fatal  security,  mid  they  let  this  council  pass  with  too  Tittle 
attention  to  itg  proceedings.  On  the  other  hand,  the  French  were 
iiilly  and  ably  represented;  and  the  result  was,  the  existing  breach 
vas  set  in  a  lair  way  to  be  closc^d  up.  This  great  council  wa's  be^un 
m  January,  1(H)0,  and  consisted  of  eighty  sachems.  It  was  opened 
by  Sadekanaghfie,  a  great  (Jneida  chief. 

Meanwhile,  to  give  employment  to  the  Indians  who  yet  remained  their 
inends,  the  expedition  was  begun  which  ended  in  the  destruction  of 
.Schenectady.  Chief  Justice  Smith  wrote  his  account  of  that  aflliir  from 
a  manuscript  jetter  left  by  Colonel  Schuyler,  at  that  time  mayor  of 
Albany;  and  it  is  the  most  particular  of  any  account  yet  published. 
It  IS  as  follows,  and  hears  date  15th  February,  1C89:— 

After  two-and-twenty  days'  inarch,  the  enemy  Icll  in  with  Schen- 
■ctady,  February  8th.  There  were  about  200  French,  and  i)erhaps  50 
Caughnewaga  Mohawks,  and  they  iirst  intended  to  have  sur[)rised 
Albany;  but  their  march  had  been  so  long  and  tedious,  occasioned  bv 
!hc  deepness  of  the  snow  and  coldness  of  the  weather,  that,  instead  of 
attempting  any  thing  ofTensiv'e,  they  had  nr-arly  decided  to  surrender 
themselves  to  the  first  English  they  should  meet—such  was  their 
distressed  situation,  in  a  camp  of  snow,  l)ut  a  few  miles  from  the 
(levoied  settlement.  The  Indians,  however,  saved  tliein  from  the 
disgrace.  They  had  sent  out  a  small  scout  from  their  party,  who 
entered  Schenectady  without  even  (exciting  suspicion  of  their  errand. 
When  they  had  staid  as  long  as  the  nature  of  their  business  retiuired 
they  withdrew  to  their  fellows. 

Seeing  that  Schenectady  .iflered  such  an  easy  prey,  it  put  new 
courage  into  the  Fi-ench,  and  flu^y  cnme  upon  it  as  above  related, 
jhe  bloody  tragedy  coinmeiiwHl  between  11  and  12  o'clock,  on  Satur- 
day night;  and,  that  every  house  might  be  surprised  at  nearly  the 
!>ame  tune,  the  enemy  divided  themselves  into  parties  of  six  or  seven 
men  each.  Although  the  town  was  impaled,  no  one  ihouuht  it  neces- 
sary  to  close  the  gates,  even  at  night,  jjresuming  the  severity  of  the 
reason  was  a  sulficient  s.ecurity;  hence  the  first  news  of  the  approach 
of  the  enemy  was  at  every  door  offjvtiry  house,  which  doors  were  broken 
as  goon  as  the  profound  slumbers  of  those  thev  were  intended  to  Lntard. 


iiijm^m. 


204 


■VBNTS   IN   INDIAN   HISTORY. 


The  Mtne  inhuman  barbarities  now  followed,  that  were  afterwards 
perpetrated  upon  the  wretched  inhabitants  of  Montreal.  "No  tongue," 
said  Colonel  Schuyler,  "can  express  the  cruelties  that  were  commit- 
ted." Sixty-three  houses,  and  the  church,  were  immediately  in  a 
blaze.  Enciente  women,  in  their  expiring  agonies,  saw  their  infants 
cast  into  the  flames,  being  first  delivered  by  the  knife  of  the  midnight 
assassin !  Sixty -three  persons  were  put  to  death,  and  twenty-seven 
were  carried  into  captivity. 

A  few  persons  fled  towards  Albany,  with  no  other  covering  but 
their  night-clothes — the  horror  of  whose  condition  was  greatly  en- 
hanced by  a  great  fall  of  snow — twenty-five  of  whom  lost  their  limbs 
from  the  severity  of  the  frost.  With  these  poor  lugitives  came  the 
intelligence  to  Albany,  and  that  place  was  in  dismal  confusion,  having, 
as  usual  upon  such  occasions,  supposed  the  enemy  to  have  been  seven 
times  more  numerous  than  they  really  were.  About  noon,  the  next 
day,  the  enemy  set  off  from  Schenectady,  taking  all  the  plunder  they 
could  carry  with  them,  among  which  were  forty  of  the  best  horses. 
The  rest,  with  all  the  cattle  and  other  domestic  animals,  lay  slaugh- 
tered in  the  streets. 

One  of  the  most  considerable  men  of  Schenectady,  at  this  time, 
was  Captain  Alexander  Glen.  He  lived  on  the  opposite  side  of  the 
river,  and  was  suffered  to  escape,  because  he  had  delivered  man) 
French  prisoners  from  torture  and  slavery,  who  had  been  taken  by 
the  Indians  in  the  former  wars.  They  had  passed  his  house  in  the 
night,  and,  during  the  massacre,  he  had  taken  the  alarm,  and  in  the 
morning  he  was  found  ready  to  defend  himself.  Before  leaving  the 
village,  a  French  officer  summoned  him  to  a  council,  and  he  had  the 
great  satisfliction  of  having  all  his  captured  friends  and  relatives 
delivered  to  him;  and  the  enemy  departed,  keeping  good  their  promise 
that  no  injury  should  be  done  him. 

The  great  Mohawk  castle  was  about  seventeen  miles  from  Schenec- 
tady, and  they  did  not  hear  of  the  massacre  until  two  days  afier, 
owing  to  the  state  of  travelling.  On  receiving  the  news,  they  imme- 
diately joined  a  party  of  men  from  Albany,  and  pursued  the  enemy. 
After  a  tedious  pursuit,  they  fell  upon  their  rear,  killed  and  took 
twenty-five  of  them,  and  did  them  some  other  damage.  Several  chief 
sachems  soon  assembled  at  Albany,  to  condole  with  the  people,  and 
animate  them  against  leaving  the  place,  which,  it  seems,  they  were 
about  to  do.  From  a  speech  of  one  of  the  chiefs  on  this  occasion,  the 
following  extract  is  preserved  : — 

"Brethren,  we  do  not  think  that  what  the  French  have  done  can  be 
called  a  victory;  it  is  only  a  further  proof  of  (heir  cruel  deceit.  The 
Governor  of  Canada  sent  to  Onondaga,  and  talks  to  us  of  peace  with 
our  whole  house;  but  war  was  in  his  heart,  as  you  now  see  by  woful 
experience.  He  did  the  same  formerly  at  Cadaraqui,  and  in  the 
Senecas'  country.  This  is  the  third  time  he  has  acted  so  deceitfully. 
He  has  broken  open  our  house  at  both  ends ;  formerly  in  the  Senecas' 
country,  and  now  here.     We  hope  to  be  revenged  on  them." 

Accordingly,  when  messengers  came  to  renew  and  conclude  the 


iiHc,  that  Ik;  m 


:i)i'ce,  fui  aftnck 


DKSTRUCTION    OF   SCIIKNECTADV, 


205 

treaty  which  had  boon  beo-im  hv  T'lun.-.i.^f  i    ,• 

were  soizod  and  handed  ,C  ^  U^K;     sh       1'^  '"'T'^";"''  '^'^ 

scout.,  and  harassed  tho  French  in  tery  5     '  Hon  ^"^  '^'^  '''''  ''' 

.Wo  will  now  proceed  to  draw  frr-n  f'l.-.l       *  ' 
aflliir,  which  is  viyn.in.,te  a    itU    '      ,  ""''''"•^.    "^^•'^"'"  '^i' this 
a.ui  Indians.    Notwit  Sdin^  fl  ^  T     "'^^"l'"rat,onsof  tho  French 
of  the  sackin.  ol'  Su^  ' '    =  t^  !  ^l';''''"'"''.''"'!''  '^^-'^'^'^t  history 
.i^n  tho.se^es  tho  Ir^^Llotj^.a   n  1^  heL^  tlu  "r  r^ad^  "  '''^ 

'"«•'  'I'^'t  1'-  im.'l  t  a^  e  ^k:  In""  T'/T""''^''  ^'^  ^lichilir.w^cki. 
time  thov  would toT^-ci',r'.'''V"'"^^  "'  ^^  ^''"^^ 

prepared  at  the  same  n.;;;^'^ I  rS^n^o--'  o'n-  'r '"  "';;  '^'^^'•-  ^^^^ 
ii'.'  took  HK^asures  also  to  raise  iroe^"f,/'''^''''^'''*'^l'»«^  '''"^ 
thm-dilloront  routes  theconntryorn^^V;ry^!;;r^^^ 

M  iIk  Hto  comniaiKlors.     Mir,-  ,l,oV  1 .,  ',""'■'•■<!  liaJ  li'il  lliat 

■fcf»»k,.,i  ,1,';:^;: ;  :n;  ^;;::  ;;';;s:™;,:]>""'  ""'i  -  '•«>""' 

■■'.■iKKrl.-uly:  iirre  A -UIM     -.v  .    f  1        ,    ^  ^' ""''  ""=  olhor  to 


il 


306 


EVENTS    IN    INDIAN    HISTORY. 


of  them;  and  in  the  dose  added,  that  they  conld  not  doubt  of  the 
assistance;  of  Heaven  against  the  enemies  ofC.o.l,  m  a  enuse  so  just. 
'  Hardly  had  they  tak.'U  up  their  line  of  nuurh,  wiien  they  nu^t  lorty 
Indian  won>en,  who  ^av(,■  then,  all  the  necessary  information  lor  ai- 
nroachns  the  place 'in  safety.  A  Canadian  nmued  (.igu.ere  was 
detacheciinunediately  with  nine  Indians  upen^hscovery,  wlio  acciuitled 
himself  to  the  .-ntire  satisfaction  of  his  olhcers.  He  n.'connoitred 
Schenectady  at  his  leisure,  and  then  re.jouied  his  c.mirades. 

It  hnd  been  deterniinrd  by  the  pi-.rty  to  put  oil  the  attack  one  iia> 
longer;  but  on  the  iirrivid  of  the  scout  under  (Jiguierc,it  was  resolved 

to  iTroce(xl  without  delay.  ,         ,.       ,  i 

SclLMiectadv  was  then  in  form  like  that  ol  a  long  s(inare,  and 
entered  by  two  gati^s,  one  at  ea.d.  md.  One  op.-n(vl  towards  Albany, 
the  other  upon  the  grent  road  l.>ading  into  th.;  back  country,  and  which 
was  now  possess.^tl  bv  the  French  and  Indians.  .Alanlet  and  bt. 
Heienechnr.rod  at  the  "second  gale,  which  the  Indian  women  be[on« 
mention.Ml  had  assured  them  was  always  open,  and  they  found  it  so. 
D'lbcrviUe  ;nid  llepenti-nv  passed  to  the  l<ft,  m  order  to  enter  by  the 
other  gate,  but,  after  losing  some  time  in  vainly  eiulciivoring  to  imd  it. 
were  obliged  to  return  ami  enter  with  their  comrad(^s. 

The  "ale  was  nc^t  onlv  open  Init  uui;iiiU(l<;d,  and  tlie  whole  parlv 
entcred'^vithout  being  discovered.  IJividing  themselves  into  several 
parties,  tlu-v  waviaid  every  portal,  and  then  the  war-whoop  was  raised. 
Mantet  formed  and  attacked  a  garrison,  wh(>re  the  .,nly  resistance  o 
any  account  was  made.  Tlu;  gate  of  it  was  soon  iorccd,  and  a  I  ol 
the  En.dish  fell  bv  the  sword,  and  the  garrison  was  burned.  Mon  igni 
was  wounded,  in  forcing  a  house;,  in  his  arm  and  b.idy,  by  two  blow. 
of  a  halberd,  which  put  him  hors  du  combat;  but  ;-,t.  Helene  having 
come  to  his  assistance^,  the  house  was  taken,  and  tin;  wounds  ol 
Montigni  revenged  by  the  d(-ath  of  all  \\lio  had  shut  themselves  up 

in  it.  1     -11         • 

Nothing  was  now  to  be  seen  br.l  massacre  and  i)illage  m  mciy 

place       \t  the  end  of  about  twc  iiours,  the  chiefs,  Ix'lieving  it  due  \u 

their 'safety,  nosted  bodie-  -'' miards  at  all  the  avenues,  to  prevent 

surprise,  and  the  xv.t  of ,-.  '  ^■p.cnt  In  refreshing  themselves. 

Mantet  had  given  orders  luustcr  of  the  place  should  k 

snared,  whom  he  had  iiifnuled  -u  prisoner;  but  he  was  found 

among  the  promiscuous  dead,  ai  one  knew  wh(;n  he  was  killed, 

and  afl  his  papers  were  burned.  ,     „  *v,         i     ,r 

After  the  place  was  destroyed,  the  chiefs  ordered  all  the  casks  ol 

intoxicating  liquors  to  be  staved,  to  prevent  their  men  from  getting 

drunk,     they  next  set  all  tlie  houses  on  fire,  excerpting  that  ol  a  widow. 

into  which  Montigni  had  been  carried,  and  another  belonging  to  Maj.H- 

Coudre:  they  were  in  number  about  lbrty,all  w^ell  built  and  iurinslunl: 

no  booty  but  that  which  could  be  easily  transported  was  saved.     1  1k| 

lives  of  about  sixty  persons  were  spareel ;  chiefly  womem,duIelren,  and 

old  men,  who  had  escaped  the  fury  of  the  onset  and  thirty    ndians 

who  happened  to  be  then  in  the  place.     Ihc    ives  of  the  Indians 

were  spared,  that  they  might  carry  the  news  ol  what  had  happened  to 


Ml'RDRR    OF    MISS    M'CREA. 


20; 


tlieir  countrymon,  whom  thoy  w(r(>  rptiucslcd  to  iiiforin,  thnt  it  was 
not  against  thorn  that  thoy  intond  jd  any  harm,  hut  to  th.;  Jmi^HsIi  only, 
whom  fh<>y  had  now  dcspoilod  of  property  to  the  amount  of  four 
hundred  tliousand  |)ounds. 

Thoy  wen;  too  near  Alhany  to  remain  hnifi,  among  the  ruins,  and 
they  decamped  ahout  noon.  Tlie  i)lunder— Montiyni,  whom  it  was 
necessary  to  carry — Uk;  i)risorjers,  whcj  were  to  (he  numlxn-  of  Ibrty, 
and  the  want  of  pnn'isions,  witli  wiiich  tiiev  had  in  tiieir  hurry 
iiei,'I(rted  to  provide;  themselves,  re-tarded  mueir  their  retreat.  Many- 
would  liave  even  died  oi"  famine,  liad  they  not  hud  filly  liorses,  of 
which  there  reniained  hut  six  wlieu  ihey  ai  rived  at  Monlreal,  (i|)(m  th<' 
'JTth  of  March  fullowiuy. *  Tiieir  waiit  ol'  [irovisions  ohiigr-d  thetn  to 
separate,  and  ill  ;m  attack  which  was  made  upon  one  party,  thre<' 
hidiaiis  and  six  FreiKdinuMi  were  lulK'd  (jr  taken  ;  an  attacif,  which, 
lor  want  of  proper  caution,  cost  the  army  mon;  lives  than  the  capture 
ol'  .Schenectady;  in  which  they  lost  hut'two  men,  a  Frenchman  and 
ail  hidian. 


(HIAPTER  II. 


MUKDER  OP  MISS  M'CREA-lIKUOIglM  OF  MUS.  MKRRIF. 

Murdvr  of  Miss  Jam:  McCrai. 

This  young  lady  "  was  thr;  se<-ond  daughter  of  James  McCnJu. 
iiMiiistcr  of  Lamington,  New  Jersey,  wlio  died  helbro  the  revolution. 
After  his  death,  she  resided  with  her  brother,  Colonel  John  McCrea. 
of  Albany,  who  removed  in  177;J  to  the  Jieighborhood  of  Fort  Ed- 
ward. His  house  was  in  what  is  now  Northumberland,  on  the  west 
.side  of  the  Ihidson,  three  miles  north  of  l\Iiller  Falls.  In  July  or 
August,  1777,  being  on  a  visit  to  the  family  of  Mrs.  IMcNeil,  near 
Fort  Fdward,  at  the  close  of  tlio  week,  she  was  aslced  to  remain  until 
Moiuiiiy.  On  Siindny  morning,  when  the  Indians  caiiK!  to  the  house, 
she  (■oiicc^aled  hersell"  in  the  cellar,  but'  they  dragged  her  out  by  the 
hair,  and  placing  heron  a  horse,  proceeded  on  the  road  towards 
Sandy  Hill.  Thoy  soon  met  another  partv  of  Indians,  returninn- 
irom  Argyle,  where  they  Iiad  killcMl  the  lliniily  of  I\!r.  Bains;  these 
hidiaiis  disapjiroved  tlie  purpose  of  taking  the'captive  to  the  British 
<.'ami),  and  one  of  them  struck  her  with  a  tomakawk,  and  tore  off  her 
scalp.  This  is  the  account  given  by  her  nepliew.  Tlio  account  of 
Mrs.  McNeil  is,  that  her  lover,  anxious  ibr  lier  salety,  employed  two 
Indians,  with  the  promise  of  a  band  of  rum,  to  bring  her  to  him; 
and  that,  in  consequence  of  their  dis[)ute  lijr  the  riuht  of  conducting 
lier,  0111;  of  th(!m  murdered  her.     (ien.  Cbites,  in  liis  letter  to  Gem 


*  Tiicre  is  no  doubt  but  that  they  were  obliged  to  subsist  chicn 


their  horses 


y  upon 


yo8 


EVENTS    IN    INDIAN    IIISTOIIY. 


Bur»;o\n(>  of  2d  SopUunlicr,  says,  'slio  vvus  tiix'sttcd  to  receive  lui 
proinisi'd  lnishaiul.' 

'•  (Icr  l)n)tlicr.  on  licariiiii;  of  Ikt  liitc,  sent  his  friniily  tlic  next  day  ti. 
All)aiiv,  and,  rc|)ui ri n-j-  to  the  Aiiifi'icaii  canii),  buried  his  sister,  wit)] 
one  Li(Mitcnaiil  Van  N'echteii,  three  miles  south  ol'JM)rt  I'.dward.  She 
was  twenty-llu'ee  years  old,  ot"  an  amiable  and  virluous  (diaraetcr, 
and  hiuidv  esteemed  by  all  her  aecinaintanee.  It  is  said,  atui  was 
Ix'licved,  that  she  was  engaj^ed  in  marriage  to  ('ajilain  David  Jones, 
of  tJKi  15ritisii  army,  a  loytdist,  who  survived  her  only  a  liw  years, 
and  died,  as  was  suj)iiosed,  of  <.'riel"  for  her  loss.  Her  nephew,  Col. 
James  MeCrea,  livcil  at  Saratoga  in  1M^;J."* 

Und(^r  the  iiam<'  ol"  TiUcinda,  |{arIow  has  dwelt  upf)n  this  murder 
in  u  strain  that  may  be  imitated,  but  not  surpassed.  We  select  Iron, 
liim  as  follows : 

"  One  deed  sliail  toll  what  fiUTu;  great  Albion  draws 
Froiri  these  auxiliars  in  lier  l)arl)'rous  caune, — 
l.aciiulu's  late.    Tlie  tale,  yc  nations  licar; 
Eternal  ages  trace  it  willi  a  tear." 

The  poet  then  )nakes  Lueinda,  diu'ing  a  battle,  wander  from  hii 
home  to  wateh  her  iov(.'r,  whom  he  ealls  Heartly.  She  distinguishes 
him  in  the  conlliet,  and,  when  his  scpiadron  is  routed  by  the  Ameri- 
(;ans,  sh(^  proeeeds  to  the  eontested  ground,  Ismeying  she  had  seei; 
him  fall  at  a  certain  point.     But 

"  IT<j  liurrics  to  Ilia  tent ;     ()h,rnf5o!   despair! 
No  glimpse,  no  titlings  ol' the  I'rantic  fair; 
Save  that  some  caniien,  as  a-camp  they  drove, 
Had  seen  licr  couraing  lor  the  western  grove, 
faint  witli  fatigue,  aiui  ehoked  with  burning  thirst. 
Forth  iVom  his  iVioiuis  with  bounding  leap  he  burst, 
S'aults  o'er  the  palisade,  with  eyes  on  flame. 
And  fdls  the  welkin  willi  Lucinda's  name. 
The  lair  one,  too,  of  every  aid  forlorn, 
Had  raved  and  wandered  till  ofiitious  morn 
Awaked  the  jMohawks  iVoiii  their  short  repose, 
To  glean  the  plundei'  ei'o  their  eoiiiratles  rose. 
Two  Mohawks  met  the  maid — historian  hold  ! — 
She  starts,  witli  eyes  upturned  and  flct'ting  breath, 
In  their  raised  axes  views  her  instant  death. 
Her  hair,  half  lost  along  the  shnd)s  she  ])assed, 
Roils,  in  loose  tangles,  round  iier  lovely  waist; 
Her  kerchief  torn  betrays  tiie  globes  of  snow 
That  heave  responsive  to  her  weight  of  wo. 
With  calculating  pause  and  demon  grin 
They  seize  her  liands,  and  througli  her  face  divine 
Drive  the  descending  axe  ! — the  shriek  she  sent 
Attained  her  lover's  ear;  be  thither  bent 
With  all  the  speed  his  wearied  limbs  could  yield. 
Whirled  his  keen  blade  a-id  slrelehed  upon  the  licld 
The  yelling  fiends,  who  there  disputing  stood 
Her  gory  scalp,  their  iiorrid  prize  of  blood! 
«  He  siudt.  delirious,  on  her  lifeless  clay, 

And  passed,  in  starts  of  sense,  the  dreadful  day." 

*  President  Allen's  Am.(?rican  Biographical  Dictionary,  574. 


REROISM    OF    MH8.    MERRII,. 


300 


•^Exlraordinary  instance  of  female  heroivn,  erfrartcl  from  a  letter 
wnten  by  Col  James  Perry  to  the  Rev.  Jordan  LTae  dated 
Nelson  Co.,  Ky.,  20fh  April,  1788.  ^^  ' 

"On  the  first  of  April  inst.,  u  niinibcr  of  Indians  surrounded  tho 
iiousc  ol  on,.  John  Mrrril,  which  wa.s  discov.rod  hy  the  L    C  o  -l 
dog,    Mernl  stepped  to  th...  door  to  .s.o  what  ho  .L  d  .litov' t    an 
rocoivcd    hroc  muskot-halls,  whid.  ransod  hi.,,  to  tidi  had"    n^o  th 
ouse  w.  h  a  hn.kon  lo.  and  ann.     Tho  ln.ha..s  n.sh...    on  to    he 
'';-'•;    "f  't  ho.ng  .nstantly  lasfoncd  hy  his  uili,  who,  with  a  -  i,-l  c^' 

nn>\i,xUAy  cuUn.      1  hoy  hroko  one  part  of  tho  door,  and  one  of  the... 
.rowdcd  pa,-t  y  th.-o„oh.     The  horni.   ...nMu.-,   in 'u.o  ...i  st  of     " 

'■  '^1  '>'"^v  to  the  savage,  and  he  laliin.  hoadlo..n.  into  th  -  houi      he 
'  liH-s    supposino.  thoy  had  gained  their  ond,  ,.,shed  an(.-i       until 

ir,  lost  retreated   wh.eh  gave  opportunity  again  to  seeure  the  door 

l.o.,con,pan>     hit  their  expectations  were  soon  dashed  hy  frndin- 

lK'dooraga.na  tacked,  which  the  hold  .nother  endeavored  one     no^ 

U>  seeure  w.th   he  assistance  of  the  young  won.an.     Their  1  bars  now 

;a..,e  o..  the.n   d<c  a  floo.i,-  a..d  the/soon^hea..!  a  t.oise       the  op  of 

!'v     Ml,:;"^    m'V"'"^  ''"  I"<li-.-vere  c.nnh.g  down  ;  e  d^^: 

r.^  i:  l'  '  '''^''\f^"':    ^'^  tumble  u  coud.,  that  was  filled  with 
IM    and  leathers,  on  the  fn-e,  whid,  n.ade  such  a  sn.oke  that  two 
.Mt    ndians  can.e  tu.nhling  ,lown  into  it.     The  wounded  man    t   his 
;;'''"<-l  .noiuent  seized  a  billet  of  wood,  wounded  as  ho  wa  "  ■  nd  v 
U  succeeded  ni  despatching  the  hulf-s.no.henr.d  Indians.     A   tl  e  sa.r. 
noment  the  door  was  attempted  by  another,  but  the  hero,  ds  a     , 
M  l.eeo,ne  too  c.feebled  by  hor  over-exerfio.^  to  deal  a  dea    ^  Wow 
Mu-,  however,  caused  hi.n  to  retreat  wounded.     They  the.i  a-Jii,  s e 
■work  to  nnke  their  house  more  secure,  .,ot  kno^^^„,  bu   a  o  [^ 
''^•'^-ould   bo  .nade,  but  they  w,.,-e  not  further  disturbed.     T^ 
u  l,appene,    ,n  the  evening,  and  the  victo.-s  carefully  watched 
^v'tl.  their  new  fa....ly  until  .norning.     A  prisoner,  that  escaped  im 
■ne  .aelyaner,  said  the  India.,  last  .ue..tLed  w^  the  o.d  ^'^n    t  ml 

Se   '    'T        i     r'  ^"'- 1 '^  «^^'="^-«  iight  worse  than  the  Lon-.- 

•0. .  S-Mwlv  P       '"'    ;'•''''"':'  ''\  ^^'^^''^="-d'^town,  about  fifteen  niil^^ 

■  o.n  Saiidy  Creek,  a..d  may  be  dc.^pen.led  upon,  as  I  had  the  pleasure 

o  assist  .n  tumb  ir,g  the...  into  a  hole,  aller  they'  were  str  p  X S 

l't"ad.d.-esses  and  about  twenty  dollars'  worth  of  silver  fun.iture!" 

18* 


Jl:j^« 


>J10  KVENT8    ly    INDIAN   IIWTOKT. 


CIIAI'TF.R  III. 
WELSH  OR  vviriTi:  Indians. 

^^^'nrrnttrc  of  Captain  Isaac  Stuart,  of  the  Provincial  Camlry  of 
South  Carolina,  talrn  frovi  kin  own  mouth,  by  I.  C,  Ksq., 
March,  I7w:i. 

■"  I  was  taken  |)risniipr,  nluuit  filly  iiiilos  to  the  wpstward  of  Fort 
I'ilt,  al)uiit  ("iglitc'cii  years  airn,   by  tlie   Indians,  and  carried  to  thi 
W'ahusli,  wilirotlier  wiiite  men.     Tlioy  worn  exec.iled  with  cireiini- 
stances  of  Imrrid  I)arl)arity,  hut  it  was  my  uood  fortune  !o  call  l()rtli 
the  sympathy  of  .'i  yood  wouuw  of  the  village,  who  was  permitted  to 
redeem  me  from  those  who  h(!Ul  me  prisoner,  hy  j^iving-  them  a  hors. 
as  a  ransom.     A(ler  remaiiiin;L!;  two  years  in  h(iiKia;L..e,  a  Spaniard 
cami^  to  the  nation,  liaviii^'  hfcn  sent  from  Ah'xieo  on  discoveries,    lie 
made  application  to  tlie  chiefs  of  I  li<-  Indians  for  hiriny-ine,  and  an- 
oth<'r  while  man  who  was  in  a  Hke  situation,  a  native  of  \V  ales,  ami 
named  John  Davey,  which  was  eomprieil  with.  V. C  took  our  departun 
and  traveUed  to  the  westward,  crossing  the  Mississippi  near  lied  Rivor, 
u\)  which  we  trav(>lled  upwards  of  seven   liiiU(h'cd   miles.      Hero  we 
c-ime  to  a  nation  oi'  Indians  lemarkahly  \\hile,  and  whose  liair  wu- 
of  a  reddish  color,  at  least  mostly  so.  'They  lived  en  a  sinall  river 
\\hi<'h  emptied  itself  into  Red  River,  whidi  they  called  the  River  Post; 
and  in  the  morning,  the  day  alhr  our  arrival,  the  Welshman  hilbrind 
mi!  that  he  was  deiermiiied  to  remain  with  the  nation  of  Indians,  giviiip 
as  a  reason  that   he  understood  tlieir  language,   it   1j(  ing  very  little 
diiR-rent  from  the  Welsh.     Aly  curiosity  was  excited  very  iiiuch  by 
this  information,  and  I  went  with  my  companion  to  the  chief  men  of 
thi-  town,  who  in!i>rm(Nl  Iiini,  in  a  language  that  I  had  no  knowledjn 
of,  and  wliich  had  no  allinity  witli  that  of  any  other  Judiaii  tongm 
tluit   F  ever  heard,  that  the; 'foreliithers  of  this  nation  came  from  u 
foreign  country,  and  landed  on  the  east  sidi'  of  the  Pd!ssissi[)pi  (ilc- 
scril)in?  particularly  the  country  now  called  West  Florida),  and  that. 
on  the  Spaniards  taking  possession  of  tlie  country,  they  lied  to  their 
then  abode;  and,  as  a  proof  of  what  tiiey  advanced,  they  brought  oui 
rolls  of  parchment  wrote:  with  blue  ink,  at  least  it  had  a  bluish  casl. 
Tlie  characters  I  did  not  understand,  and  tlie  Welshiuan  being  un- 
acquainted with  letters  of  any  language,  1  was  not  able  to  know  wlial 
the  meaning  of  the  writing  was.     They  were  a  bold,  hardy,  intrepid 
iKJople,  very  warlike,  and  their  women  were  beautiful  compared  with 
other  Indians." 

There  seem  to  have  been  a  good  many  accounts  concerning  thn 
White  Indians  in  circulation  about  the  above  period,  and  the  next  wo 
shall  notice  is  found  in  Mr.  Charles  Realty's  journal,  the  substance  of 
wliigh  is  as  follows: 

At  the  foot  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  in  Pennsylvania,  Mr. 
Reatty  stopped  at  the  house  of  a  Mr.  John  Miller,  where  he  "inet 
witti  one  Benjamin  Sutton,  who  had  been  taken  captive  by  the  [ndiauj. 


WBLail    OK   WHITE    INDIANA  yij 

,0  a„  hul,a„  „.w„,  „  v..y  ...si.irNo'l     rfi  S  0°,:™' 

whoso  iiiliabilui.ls  «',.|o  of  dillori'i.t  ,■.,„ xioii,    „?.,        ,  ' 

.l...»o  of  .1,0  olhor  I„Ji„„H,  „,„|  „,,„  „  2  w      ;        „"'  '"""?  "r 

now  l,.o;,,,  ,„o  wo»t  .,ido  „r  .,,„  A,,„„„',,, „,,•,  IJ^^^ 

wa,  onco  aUondi,,!,  „„  o,„l,„«y  ^Tl  T         ,     .'ril. ,'  t:'')!];: 

of  the   iVli.ssissii.ni,  wi.Tf  the  iii,i.'ilnc,..f  .     ,    i      .,"  ^'"  """  ^^^*'  ■'''uo 

■old,  lo,-  lu,  ,i,d'  '„:„  o„do,.,,uu     '"  ,r;^  "  *  ,• """  '■"  ™» 

whoio  „o  i,-,;,»o„  .oTl:,".;:'!  :'  ni;  :ir;„,rd  u';Ti''*ir 

was  sure  tlidv  tulkctl  Wflsh    ioi-  1,,.  I..„l   l  f"  '^'^i'  "  •■Isli.     Ih, 

,.eopie,  and  4ow  so.no  wonJlJ^u"!."'  '"'^""''"'  "'"'  '''^'«»' 
To  tlie  above  I\Ir.  Hwittv  adds-  "I   I......    i         •  ,• 

years  ago.  a  cler,y.nan  i^M K...  H  "     ,  'l^  v|"  "  r'  "T^."'"^ 
lived  some  tini,  tl.e-ro,  wn.t  ln,„.  tl,,..  ■         s    ,.l   r       '         .    '''^'"° 

uccordi.u?lv  set  out  bv  land    ac-co.Z  ,  I    l     •  .  V  iruami,  and 

I"  travelbn,  through  nXck\S:t  11^1^7  "T^' 
very  tiiinlv  inhabited,  he  fbll  i.  vvilh  ■  ,  .L  '  '  ^''""''.^^'''«  '^^en 
to  attack -tlu.  inhal>it;uus  o  '  ^  l^  ' "  n^^' ^;''"^"'''7^^«  g""'S 
'"a".  ^UKl  finding  he  uas  goin.  u^V  r  Mui^Tv  f  l"!"^  "'^  "'^''^y- 
his  companions  as  bclunT.ii,.°to  tl-u  l'.  /  ''?'  "^T"  '"'" ''^"'^ 
IH'isoneri,  and  told  then/ h>ntd  '  Th  ct:'''  ""'•  ^''''"  ^" 
lion  Ibr  another  uorld,  uvnt  I  pray^  nd  bein^^^Tl  '  '"  ''''^'''''!; 
"1  tl.o  VV,-lsh  lanoua,e.  One  ir  nKj  ^  f  .bo  "i  *  '^''""^'"'  P''«y^'d 
priced  to  hear  him  pn.v  in  tLh- o^n  h  u  '  If ''  7-'  T'^'  ''"^' 
.>  ..i.n,  and  hadinl  he  could'^X^^^'-'^,^^;;;  ^  .1  ^^r^ 
death  reversed,  ami  his  lile  was  saved      'I'l,..,  f  ^      i       ''  '^^"^'^  «' 

VVeUh,  thou  d>  th  .  d  deet   V-  s        in  .^''"'^""''^'^  '""="^^^0  was 

ibund  to  be  a  Bil>k,  but  vS.  tli^y  c^>  r  ^^  Z  "  'T'^'  T''"''  ^" 
ingand  explainin^r  it,  Hd,  ,v  S   r       •  '  '^"f' «» '^'^  I'ead- 

AUer  son,c\i.ne  tlL  nlin!^  ^1' 1';;::;J::  :;:''^  '  ''^'^''^^-f ' 
own  conn,  ry,  and  promised  t.!  relun^  !.  ^i  t:^C  i  h  Xr"  ^  f" 
inends,  who  would  instruct  them  iii  Christi  m         i  ,       °'  '"" 

h.  return  to  England  he  died,  whi:h  ^^l^^Z  ,.  h"    S-  ^  ^^"^^ 

^1  lH:ZC;;!nr,;i^JZ^;r  '^-.ghf  ended 

at  .hich  the  Welsh  nait  l.av^'e^J^:  1^  ,n  "  w-'ln"  KT' 
F.nt.s  was  discovered,  o.  that  any  wntu!^^::;^^  tt^lb^f^- 


mi:  I 

ll^HRffifl 

Hpi 

ill 

9jl 

ip"' 

'  f '  f 

iffi  «l 

ill 

hI 

212 


EVKNTS  IN  INDIAN  HISTORY. 


!.■; 


books  as  wc  now  have  thorn.   It  shouM  be  here  noted  that  Mr.  Bcatty 
travelled  in  the  autumn  of  1766. 

Major  Rogers,  in  his  "Concise  Account  of  North  America,"  puh- 
lishod  in  1765,  nolicos  the  White;  Indians,  but  the  geography  of  their 
country  ho  leaves  any  when;  on  the  v/v.st  of  the  Mississippi;  probably 
never  having  visited  them  himself,  although  Iw.  tells  us  he  had  travelled 
very  extensively  in  thc^  int(;rior.  "This  fruilfid  country,"  he  says. 
"is  at  present  inhabited  by  a  nation  (jf  Indians,  called  by  the  others 
the  White  Indians,  on  account  of  their  complexion,  they  beting  much 
the  I'airest  Indians  on  the  continent.  They  have,  however,  Indian 
eyes,  and  a  certain  guilty  .lewish  cast  with  them.  This  nation  is  very 
numerous,  being  able  to  raise  between  20  and  ;30,0()()  fighting  men. 
Thev  have  no  weapons  but  bows  and  arrows,  tomahawks,  and  a  kind 
of  vvoodeu  pikes,  l()r  which  reason  they  oflen  sutler  greatly  from  tlu 
eastern  Indian.,,  who  have  the  use  of  fire-arms,  and  frcxpiently  visii 
the  White  Indians  on  tli(!  banks  of  the  easterly  branch,  (ol'  Muddy 
River.')  and  kill  or  ca))tivate  them  in  great  nundx-rs.  Such  as  (all 
alive  into  tlu'ir  hands  they  generally  scdl  for  slaves.  These  Indians 
live  in  large  towns,  and  have  commodious  hou.ses;  they  raise  corn, 
tame  tb(>  wild  cows,  and  use  both  their  milk  and  flesh;  tlujy  keep  great 
nund)ers  of  dogs,  and  an;  very  dexterous  in  hunting;  they  have  little 
or  no  commerce  with  any  nation  that  wo  at  present  are  acquainted 
with." 

In  the  account  of  Kentucky,  written!  in  1784,  by  an  excellent  writer, 
Mr.  .Tolrn  Filson,  wv  liyd  as  follows: — After  noticing  the  voy^age  ol 
Madoc,  who,  with  bis  ten  .•^liips  with  emigrants,  sailed  west  about 
1170,  and  wlio  wen;,  according  to  the  Welsh  historians,  nciver  heard 
of  afler,  he  proceeds,  "This  account  has  at  s(!veral  times  drawn  the 
attention  of  the  world;  but  as  no  vestiges  of  them  had  then  been  found, 
it  was  concluded,  perhfijis- too  rashly,  to  be  a  l'al)l(^  or  at  least  that  nc 
remains  of  the  colony  existed.  Of  late  years,  however,  the;  western 
settk'rs  have;  re'e'edve-d  f|-e(|uent  ae-conufs  of  a  nation,  inhabiting  at  :i 
(rre;at  distane'e>  upfhe^  i\liss(nn'i,  in  manners  and  a|ipearance  resemblini: 
thcMitber  Indians,  but  speaking  Welsh,  and  re'taining  sejme;  ceremonies 
of  the  Christian  worship;  and  at  len!Uh  this  is  univeM'sally  believe'd 
there  to  be  a  fact.  Capt.  Abraliam  (,'bnplain,  of  Kentucky,  a  gentlf- 
man  whose  veracity  may  be  entirely  ele-peiided  upon,  assured  thn 
author  that  in  the  late;  war,  (revolution,)  beingwitli  his  company  in 
garrison  at  Kaskaskia,  some  Indians  came  there,  and,  sjje'akiug  the 
Welsh  eiialect,  were;  j)e-rlLctly  uneiersfoeid  and  conver.seel  with  by  two 
Welshmen  in  his  company,  and  that  the-y  informed  them  of  the;  situa- 
tion of  their  nation,  as  me'ulione'd  above." 

Henry  Ki'r,  who  travelled  junong  the  tliirtcen  tribes  of  Inelians  in 
1810,  &i('.,  names  one  near  a  great  mountain  which  he;  calls  Mnace- 
dcus.  lie  said  Dr.  Sibley  had  fold  him,  when  at  Natchitexdies,  tliul 
a  nmnber  of  travellers  had  assiu'ed  him  that  tlie;re  was  a  strong  simi- 
larity between  the  Indian  language  and  many  words  of  the  Welsh. 
Mr=  Ker  fitund  notbimi  aniony;  any  of  the  Indians  to  indicate  a  Welsh 
origin  until  he  arrived  among  the  Mnae-edeus.     Here  he  found  many 


JOSKI'II    BHANT. 


213 


nistoins  wliicli  wore  Wcl«I.    r>>. 

■'I  .iid  not  unde'u  d   t'AVcIir       ''-'^'T"'!^^^  ""'  '^ '^^'^^ 

"-y  '-1  "pnnt.d  i:^d.ru:.Str  ^iSr;;:"^^'''^'^'''- 

grmt  care,  they  Imvincr ;,  ti-HlitlT,,       ?'.i  '  piT'sorvcid  with 

ll...'n:  hull  h,-,.n  v,.r?  1      '.         ,  ^  '"  '","'""'>■  '"•""^■''  ^^  a  time\vhci. 

ti"-»n  lif^Lt  on  'iH^^^^hi. ;.,;;'"        ''"  f'''"'^'  ""^"^'^'"t  '•>  '^v. 
Indians  flost  th    u  'll         '"  !">•  ■^"''-n"-'". 'lisputo.s  with  th. 

„,,.,.,„_.,,_„  '"'  •'"•'  <^ll  iu)  eiKl,.avor.s  t.,  ,.btain  mow  w.-rc  in- 

think  It  iiiav  he  nivttv  vifi^u,      ■  >   li        ,  •    "  ""'  ^^''u'o,  we 

Welsh  aboJ  tt  Sn^'S  heti^r'  'T  '"^'^"^^  "'"  '^  '-^  ^'■ 
authority  as  that  ^^h\:^Zs\J!^2^\^"7u"\  T  '^"  ^"  ^^"'^ 
the  sea-serpent.  adduced  to  estabhsli  the  existence  ol' 


i^H 


i 


:^i 


CHAPTEJi  IV. 

BATTLE  or  ORiSKAiVA-lJESTUUCTIO^  OV  WYOMING 

t^nglish  education  uf '^  Moofs  e  ar  "  ;d.  !^  "77h    '  "'^  J^"' 

^i.-  Willi,,;:  tL!^;i; t;:"  '':"^; '™'',."«"'"»' .•''"  <»""'■■>•.  <:.-„,! 


^as  ayenl  ol"  Indian  alii 


urs,  and  had  yreath 


214 


EVENTS    IN    INDIAN    HISTORY. 


ingratiated  himself  into  the  esteem  of  the  Six  Nations.  He  lived  at 
tlie  place  since  named  from  him,  upon  the  north  bank  of  the  Mohawk, 
uhoiit  forty  miles  from  Albany.  Here  he  had  an  elegant  scat,  and 
would  often  entertain  several  hundreds  of  his  red  friends,  and  siiaro 
all  in  common  with  tlwm.  Thi'y  so  much  respected  him,  that,  not- 
withstanding :lK'y  had  the  (Idl  liberty  of  his  house,  yet  they  would 
take  nothing  tiiat  did  not  belong  to  them.  The  better  to  rivet  their 
(!stecm,  he  would,  at  certain  seasons,  accommodate  himself  to  their 
mode  of  dress,  and,  being  a  widower,  took  as  a  kind  oi'  companion  a 
sister  of  liranl,  b}'  the  nauK!  of  Molley.  Ho  had  received  honors  and 
emoluments  from  the  Ih'itish  government,  and  the  Indians  received 
also,  tiu'ough  his  agency,  (n'cry  thing  which,  in  their  oi)inion,  con- 
duced to  tliidr  ha|)])incss,  J  [encc  it  is  not  strange  that  thoy  should 
hold  in  the  ureatcst  reverence  the  name  of  their  "  yreat  father,"'  tJK 
king,  and  think  the  lew  rebels  who  opposed  his  authority,  when  tli( 
revolution  began,  most  ungratefully  kicked,  and  unworthy  all  mercy. 
Sir  William  died  in  1774,  about  a  year  before  the  battle  of  BunkcrV 
Hill. 

The  Butlers,  .lohn  and  Waller,  whose  names  arc  associated  with 
the  recollecticni  of  t\\v.  horrid  barbarities  upon  Cherry-valley  and 
Wyoming,  lived  at  Caughnewaga,  fbiu*  miles  southeasterly  from  the 
village  of  Johnson,  and  ui)on  the  same  side  of  the  Mohawk. 

In  177-"),  in  a  letter  to  the  Oneidas,  our  chief  subscribes  himself 
"secretary  to  Guy  Johnson."  This  was  early  in  the  summer  of  that 
year,  and  henc<!  he  was  immediately  from  I'iiigland.  ('oloncl  (!ny 
Johnson  was  son-in-law  of  Sir  William.  The  letter  was  found  in  uii 
Indian  path,  and  was  supposed  to  have  been  lost  by  the  person  who 
was  intrusted  with  it.  It  was  in  the  .Mohawk  language,  the  Iranslatiun 
of  which  commences  thus  :  "  Written  at  Cuiy  Johnson's,  May,  1775. 
This  is  your  letter,  you  great  (jiies  or  sachems,  (nuy  Johnson  say.s 
he  will  be  glad  if  you  gel  this  Intelligence,  you  Oneidas,  how  it  go« 
with  him  now,  and  he  is  now  more  certain  concerning  the  intention  o!' 
the  Boston  people.  Guy  Johnson  is  in  great  lear  of  being  taken 
prisoner  by  tin;  Bostonians.  VV'e  Mohawks  are  obliged  to  watch  hiin 
<!onslantly,"  &c. 

After  this,  IJrant  accomi)anied  (!uy  Johnson  when  lie  fled  to  Canada. 
The  two  Butlers  were  also  in  the  train.  Being  now  in  a  place  oi 
safety,  and  the  means  in  their  hands,  ])Iots  of  destruction  were  put  in 
execution  in  rapid  succession. 

Having  had  some  disagreement  with  Johnson,  Brant  came  again  Id 
the  frontiers.  Some  of  the  [jeaceable  Mohawks  had  been  confined,  tc 
prevent  their  doing  mischief,  as  were  some  of  the  Massachuselt- 
Indians  in  Phili|)'s  war.  Brant  was  displeased  at  this,  for  lu;  said,  li 
the  distant  Indians  should  come  down,  they  would  destroy  them 
indiscriminately  with  tiio  whites.  He  was  accompanied  by  a  baiuloi 
seventy  or  eighty  warriors,  who  in  their  rambles  visited  UnadiHa,  when 
they  as.sembled  th(>  inhabitants,  and  told  them  that  they  stood  in  necdol 
provisions,  and  if  they  did  not  give  them  some,  they  should  ta!  it  by 
force;  a   refusal,  therefore,  would   have   been  worse   thai    tisclesis. 


BRANT BATTLE    OP    ORISKANA. 


ai5 


Brant  fi.r  her  observed,  '<  that  their  agreement  ^vith  the  kinc.  was 
strong,  and  that  they  were  not  such  villafns  as  to  break  their  ^v°.mnt 
with  Inm.         ,eneral  Herkimer  n.arehed  up  to  Unadilla,  n  J^dy  wiS 
three  hundred  and  e.ghty  men,  where  he  found  Brant  with  om  kmdTc 
and  lurty  of  h,s  warnors.     Hero  he  had  an  interview  wi.h     in   i 
which  he  hold  the  followmo.  language:-^^  TJ,at  the  Indians  ^  "  "' 
;-'•'-;•  -;ll>    he  kmg,  as  their  Jalhers  and  grand fi,tl,er.s  ha     bee 
Ihat  the  kmg's  belts  were  yet  lodo-cd  with  tluMH   -nwl  fh,..      "'  '"^"- 
.alsify  their  pledge.     '1  hat  I^enerd  1/;! -^llllat  t   1^  piS 
he  ]i.s  o,j  people  aganist  their  king.   That  the  Boston  people  w^j^^f 
lutcla,   the  k.ng  would  humble  them.    That  Mr.  Schuvler.  o  '  e  n  tu 
or  what  you  please  to  call  him,  was  very  smart  on  the  I,  Ihn'J'^t  n 
-rcaly  at  German  Fiatts ;  but  was  not,  at  the  san>e  ,      v       '     ^  lb ^ 
'!!!" '^^J^!!'!'^!^:^;:^:'^'^*^'  ';''^^'^!''^-.    '^^^-^  ^he  Indians  lKuri!n.maJ[; 


..Kule  war  on  the  Mhi,o  per-plo  aH  united  ;  and  nou^^tji^:  ^^m  divided 
the  Indians  were  not  fr  <>■  btened  "     (V,l,,..ni  rv         i     "*-"- "'^'"cu, 
Mcrkirner  siid   if  w-,,.  .  .     i      V  .  Lox,  who  aecon)panied 

iciknnei,  said,  it  war  was  ins  determination,  the  matter  was  ended 
t-rant  t  len  spoke  to  his  wari-iors,  and  they  shouted,  and  ran  to   he  r 
place  0^  encampment,  seized  ll.ir  arms,  fi,cd  soveml  .unj^"  n        W 
-ivuig  the  war-whoop,  returned  in  Avarlike  a rrav      ( Jenernl  uZl 
|hon  told  Brant  ].  did  not  come  to  fight,  and  tL  erf    ^  Sli: 

is  men  to  be  cpud.     Perhaps,  as  a  worthy  author  observed    men    , 
ti.nsaetK,n  m  Hnlip's  war,  it  is  better  to  omit  the  cause  of  t^  SiJ 
«t  Ifcrkimer,  than  too  crUically  to  inquire  into  it.     His  n  m  va    K 
outi.undjcre.1  the  Indians,  and  bis  authority  Mas  ample-  bin  Z 
iivcs  were  no  doubt  pure,  and  bis  oonrage^nus^r  ^^ t^i'm 
ucst.on,  as  wdl  appear  iVom  what  is  to  bo  velat<,.,i.     To  put   1  o  Is 
layorable  construction  upon  liis  neglecting  to  break  down  Uie  po^ 
1  brant,  is  to  suppose  that  be  was  impressed  witli  the  belie    tlmTk 
ndians  would  not  join  with  the  JOnglisb  in  committing  bos  il  S  •  7f 
ihis  were  ,bo  case,  ho  too  late  discovered  the  error  of  Ws  judll      nn 

AlK.r  he  general  bad  sead  that  he  did  not  come  toii«ht  Brant  with 

VOL.      A  te  npest,  which  came  up  sialdeulv,  separated  the  mriipt 
and  each  reUred  peaceably.     This  is  said  to^li  tl  k't  U     l5  ^ 

dirocZ'ni'r''  "";"S"i"^''"''  y<^-'r,  (1777,)  Brant  was  under  the 

lir  ction  ol  General  .St.  Leger,  who  detached  him  with  a  considerable 

ody  of  warriors  lor  thoinvestment  of  Fort  Htanwix.     ( V;E  S ' 

as  commander.m-ch.ef,  with  a  band  of  tories.     The  in  abTt  .ntsin 

he  valley  of  the  Mohawk  determined  to  march  for  tleS.  rfoi'  C    ^n 

Ganesvoort,  who  commanded  the  fort,  wldch  they  did  in  /„-^ 

ments,  wiM.  General  fierkimer  at  their  hej     A.  i    iZ;  wi  b  nV  Jtf " 

S^^mt^h  'r  ^'r^^'"-'^^-^-  theg^ei^i'^di^iitr :; 

r    S;      y 'T'"''^  ^''"^'1'.*^  cowardice,  which,  most  unwarrnnt- 
«bl,,  had  mure  innuence  upon  his  mind  than  the  safety  of  his  army. 


llil 


Vft 


.^iP 


216 


EVENTS    IN    INDIAN    IIISTOHV. 


A  catastro})lK  ensued,  which,  though  not  so  momentous  in  that  dav. 
as  was  that  of'Lothrop  in  167(5,  nor  so  complete  a  victory  on  the  part 
of  the  Indians,  yet  it  was  a  .severe  fiaht,  in  wliich  two  liundrcfi 
Americans  were  slain.  The  i)lace  of  attaclv  was  selected  hy  Brant  or 
Butler,  and  was  a  ravine  of  a  broad  bottom,  nearly  iin{)assa"blc,  except 
a  rough  track  covered  with  logs  of  from  twelve  to  iDleen  (e(;t  in  length, 
laid  tran;  /ersely,  ■  which  extended  acnjss  it.  (leiieral  Herkimer'ar- 
rived  at  vnis  place  about  two  hours  before  mid-day,  August  6th.  Ih 
might  reasonably  have  expected  an  amjjush,  but  his  first  intimations 
of  the  vicinity  of  in  f uemy  wen?  the  terrifying  yells  of  liie  Indians. 
and  the  still  mon;  lasting  impressions  of  their"  rifles.  The  advanced 
guard  were  all  cut  oil".  Such  as  .survived  the  fir.st  fire  were  iiewn 
down  with  the  tcmahawk.  The  fatal  causeway  was  .semicircular,  and 
IJrant  and  his  forces  occupied  the  surrounding  heights.  These  an 
the  principal  events  in  the  battle  of  Oriskana.  A  surgeon.  Dr.  Mosc- 
Younglove,  was  taken  prisoner  in  this  battle,  and  after  his  return  Irom 
oaplivily,  he  wrote  a  poem  upon  the  affair,  from  whiclnve  extract  th( 
Ibllowing: — ■ 

t 
"  The    imc  nrul  place  of  onr  luiliappy  fight, 
'I'o  \  ou  at  lari^o  were  needless  to  recite: 
VVIicti  in  the  wood  imr  iicrcc  inhuinan  foes,    , 
'With  piercing  Vidi  iVoiu  circling  arnbush  rose. 
A  sudden  volley  rends  the  vaniicd  sky; 
Tlic'ir  painted  in)di(!s  hideons  to  the  eye — 
Tfiey  rii  di  Hke  heliisii  I'uries  (jn  (jiir  hands, 
Their  slaughter  weapons  hrandish'd  in  their  liands.'' 

Running  down  from  every  direciion,  they  prevented  the  two  re"!- 
rnents  from  forming  a  junction,  one  ol"  them  not  having  entenxl  th' 
causeway;  and  a  part  of  the  assailants  li'll  upon  tho.se  without,  aii:; 
iic  remainder  upon  those  within  it.  The;  former  iiired  wor.se  thai! 
the  latter,  for  in  such  c.-ises  a  flight  has  almost  always  been  a  disnia; 
deleat.  it  was  now  the  case.  'J'he  other  regiment,  hemmed  in  u. 
they  were,  saw,  in  a  nioment,  that 

To  fight,  or  not  to  fight,  was  death. 

They  therelbrc,  back  to  back,  forming  a  front  in  every  direction, 
fought  like  men  in  despair.  This,  Dr.  Younglove  thus  forciblv 
depicts : — 

"  Now,  hand  to  hand,  the  contest  is  for  life. 
With  bay 'net,  toni'hawk,  sword,  and  scalping  knife: 
Now  more  remote  the  work  of  (li;ath  we  ply. 
And  thick  as  hail  tlie  show'ring  bullets  fly; 
Full  many  a  hardy  warrior  sinks  supine; 
Yolls, shrieks, groans, shouts  and  thund'riiig  volleys  join: 
The  dismal  din  the  ringing  forest  fills, 
The  sounding  echo  roars  along  the  hills." 


*  All  who  have  travelled, even  within  a  fcwyeavs,in  this  part  of  the  State 
of  New  York,  cannot  but  well  remember  the  "  Corduroy"  roads.  Such  wa« 
the  road  o?er  the  memorablu  ravi' 


•lUC. 


217 


BRANT BATTIE   OP   ORISKANA. 

^        The  poet  thus  presents  to  our  view  the  attacking  parties  :~ 

"  Wiu°  '^eP.art'nents  were  the  assailing  foes  • 
WJd  savage  natives  lead  the  first  of  tfose  ' 
Their  almost  naked  frames,  of  various  dve's  • 

Oni""^'.  "^..^''^^'^  ^"*^  red'surround   heir  eves  • 
Onone  side  they  present  a  shaven  headf 
The  naked  half  of  the  Vermillion  red ; 
In  spots  the  party-color'd  face  they  drew 
Beyond  description  horrible  to  vieJ;         ' 
Their  ebon  locks  in  braid,  with  paint  o'ersoread- 

ThPir  I'.'i^^  '"'''  depending  from  the  headf         ' 
Iheir  gaudry  my  descriptive  power  exceeds 
In  pxumes  of  feathers,  g/itfrin^g  plates  and  b^ads." 
He  thus  speaks  of  the  tories  :— 

"  These  for  the  first  attack  their  force  unite 
And  most  sustain  the  fury  of  the  fight;' 
Their  rule  of  warfare,  devastation,  dire 
By  undistinguish'd  plunder,  death  'and  fi're  • 

NSenSerTnSn?  '""^  ^'^^*'  ^'^^>  ^-^ar-is  rage, 
i>or  lender  infant  spare,  nor  rev'rend  sage." 

And  Butler  is  noticed  as  follows  : 

"  wtL"'^™  ""  *'°''l^'^  monster  bore  command 
Whose  mauspicicus  birth  disgrac'd  our  land  • 
By  malice  urg'd  to  ev'ry  barb^'rous  art •  ' 

Of  cruel  temper,  but  of  coward  heart  •' 

ln2  SnrS:/;^f^;!!'ti?  ^hjs^rlorn  condition,  that  the 
.nder  Majc;^-  Watson,  the7woutha:;^  b^L^eSy^ed ':.  ^ t i ' 
reinforcement  is  thus  characterised  by  the  surgeom-!^^  ^ '"' 

"  wrf  ^^^""'^  T^^  ^  renegado  crew, 
SVv"?  ^^.^/^T \^'  Christian  nations  do, 
A  i&-    ""^l^^  who  bore  the  first  command- 
A  bold  invader  of  his  native  land." 

The  sight  of  this  reinforcement  greatly  increased  thp  r«„,     <• ». 
Amoncans.     It  was  composed  of  the  very  meTwho  hid  left  rh./  ''^! 
0   the  country  at  the  commencement  of^thTwIr  and  w*p  h    f'^ 
abhorrence  for  their  loyalty  to  the  kin-      Thp  S  t  ^^^  •'" 

vigor,  and  the  reinforc'emL  fough?;,so  wh '^^^^^^^^^ 
thirty  oftheir  number  were  killed:     Maio^  wlon  thS  S    ^^°"' 
woun  ed  and  taken  prisoner,  but  lefl  upl  th7b:^;Xr^^'''  ''''^ 

In  the  meantmie,  General  Herkimer  nad  ^ot  forward  to  tbo  Tn... 
express,  which  informed  Colonel  Ganesvoo'rt  o?  Ws  sifuatbn      n" 

ful''n:;StughTSietoth^^^^^^ 

a  plot  of  the  whites  on  bX sides  to  Lit  fhlm  ''"."lu^V*?*'  ^'^^"g^^t  't  was 

'"'ght  cut  them  off.  '^  ^''^  '^"^  '"^^  ^^^t  situationtthat  they 


F  ^um 


.n-ii; 


ImM-.^ 


mmf^M^: 


218 


■VENTS   IN    INDIAN   HISTORY. 


General  Herkimer  died  of  a  wound  which  he  received  in  this  fiwht. 
Near  its  commencement,  he  was  severely  wounded  in  the  leg,  and  his 
horse  was  killed.  He  directed  his  saddle  to  be  placed  upon  a  little 
knoll,  and  ]^sting  himself  upon  it,  continued  to  issue  his  orders.  On 
l)eing  advised  to  remove  to  a  place  of  greater  safety,  he  said,  "  No — 
1  will  face  the  enemy;"  and,  adds  the  historian  of  Tryon  county,  "in 
this  situation,  and  in  the  heat  of  the  battle,  he  very  deliberately  took 
from  his  pocket  his  tinder-box,  and  lit  his  pipe,  which  he  smoked  with 
;Treat  composure." 

The  Indians,  as  well  as  the  Americans,  suffered  dreadfully  in  this 
tight.     And  our  poet  writes, 

"  Such  was  the  bloody  fight— and  such  the  foe — 
Our  smaller  force  return'd  them  blow  for  blow; 
By  turns  successfully  their  force  defy'd, 
And  conquest  wav'ring  seem'd  from  side  to  side." 

Brant's  loss  being  about  one  hundred  men  ;  we  are  inclined  to  think 
the  loss  of  the  Indians  exaggerated  in  these  lines  : — 

"Not  half  the  savages  return'd  from  fight; 
They  to  their  native  wilds  had  sped  tneir  flight." 

The  Senecas  alone  lost  thirty,  and  the  tories  about  one  hundred. 
The  regiment  which  fled  suffered  severely,  but  would  have  suffered 
still  more,  had  not  their  pursuers  been  apprised  of  the  desperate  case 
of  their  fellows  engaged  in  the  ravine,  which  caused  them  to  abandon 
the  pursuit.  The  commanding  officer.  Colonel  Cox,  was  killed,  and 
the  command  devolved  upon  Lieutenant  Colonel  Campbell  and  Major 
(/lyde,  who  conducted  the  retreat. 

The  scene  in  the  night  following  the  battle  is  thus  strikingly  pre- 
sented by  Dr.  Younglove,  the  eye-witness : — 

"  Those  that  remained  a  long  encampment  made, 
And  rising  fires  illumin'd  all  the  shade : 
In  vengeance  for  their  num'rous  brothers  slain, 
Epr  torture  sundry  prisoners  they  retain; 
And  three  fell  monsters,  horrible  to  view, 
A  fellow  pris'ncr  from  the  sentries  drew ; 
The  guards  before  received  their  chief's  command, 
To  not  withhold  him  from  the  slaught'ring  band; 
But  now  the  sufferer's  fate  they  sympathise, 
And  for  him  supplicate  with  earnest  cries. 
I  saw  the  general  slowly  passing  by; 
The  sergeant  on  his  knees,  with  tearful  eyo, 
Implor'd  the  guards  might  wrest  him  from  their  hands, 
Since  now  the  troops  could  awe  their  lessen'd  bands. 
With  lifted  cane  the  gen'ral  thus  replies, 
While  indignation  sparkles  from  his  e^es: — 
'Go!  sirrah!  mind  your  orders  giv'n  before  ! 
And  for  infernal  rebels  plead  no  more!' 
For  help  the  wretched  victim  vainly  cries, 
With  supplicating  voice  and  ardent  eyes ; 
With  horror  chill'd,  I  turn  away  my  face. 
While  instantly  they  bear  him  from  the  place. 
Dread  scene! — with  anguish  stung  I  inly  groan. 
To  think  the  next  hard  lot  may  be  my  own," 


BRANT— DB8TRUCTI0N    OF   CHBRKV-VALttV.  219 

Tiie  poet  next  describes  his  dream  in  whir-!,  Ur.  >.  ■    > 

i>attle.ground;  and  then  thus  ope^:]::^:;^^^^^::^'''''  '''  ""• 

"When  savages,  for  horrid  sport  prei.iir'd 
Demand  another  pris'nar  from  t  ,o  iuard 
Sfei^Tcatil'^""-''  '^^r*^^'^'''  -'t^' "portal  fn.Uu 
ueside  the  guard  they  sat  them  on  the  ground 
And  v.eWd,  vv.th  piercing  eyes,  th.prifoners  round." 

"At  length,  one  rising  seized  me  bv  the  hand  • 

JJ^ar  in  the  gloomy  bosom  of  Hie  wood  ; 

«fay.     Brant  intonJcJ  toT    w   l,^  '  "    '""""^  "''•'^'"•''"My  h.- 
I.<«J  lor  tho  purpose.     I,  h,u,|»    -J      u'  •,  i,n",'i""  T"  ""  '"■«''''"'■■ 

folio'winc.  n"ht    bu   o  'tl.ilr'     '    1'="  ^^''^^'^^'^^J'-tlK- attack  th.. 
.     a  .'-''"'-"•""  ^'•'s<J'«covGrv,  lie  tmvpiiD  rbp  floe;,. n       ir     .-., 

m^mm 

om  Peter  SitJ,  tho  bearer  of  son  o  d  .n  tcho        U        '  "^^'^"'l^^"'''^'!  »'>■ 

Sre  thp  wT     1    .r^  ''?  acquainted  witii  Lieutenant  Wormwood 
th    ttk'i-rtot'r^'t '-''"T'i  ^^'-^■^^  ^^  '^i^  fi^te,pretendm' 

in  June,  the  same  sunime'"  ^vnt  n-^ma  -.r  ,   a    ■     "is     ... 

— ii.i.it..,  ..r,.nt  came  upon  bpnngneid,  which  he 


"*•■*■ 


2i0 


SVKKTS    IN    INDIAN   HISTORY. 


burned,  and  carried  of}'  a  nurnter  of  prisoners.  The  women  and 
children  were  not  maltreated,  but  were  IvAt  in  one  house  unmolesfod. 
About  this  tiiTK!,  <^i-(  ;i\.  pains  were  taken  to  eize  the  wary  chief,  but 
tlKM'O  was  no  C!aplaiii  (Hiurch,  or,  unlike  I'Ldip  of  Pokanoket,  Branl 
had  the  remote  niitions  to  fly  to  without  fear  of  beini,'  killed  by  them. 
<  'aptain  M'Kean  hunted  him  for  some  time;,  and,  not  being  able  to  find 
him,  wrote  an  insidiiii^-  letlc.r  Gn-  him,  and  left  it  in  an  Indian  path. 
Anionir  oth(T  thinps  he  r-hallenged  him  to  siiij^le  combat,  or  to  meet 
jiim  with  an  ((lual  number  of  men;  and  "that  if  he  would  cirne  ti> 
Cherry-valley,  and  liave  a  fair  fight,  they  would  ciianm;  him  from  n 
I'rant  into  fi  Goos."  'J'liis  letter,  it  is  su[)posed.  Brant  recei\-ed.  from 
;in  intimation  confaiued  in  one  which  he  wrote  about  the  same  time  to 
it  tory.  'J'o  this  man  (rarcifer  Carr  ,of  Edmeston,)  he  writes  from  Tuna- 
■1i!la,"(l'na(lilla)  under  date  of  July  Oth,  1778, — ".Sir:  I  understand  by 
the  Indians  that  was  at  your  house  last  week,  that  one  Smith  lives  neii' 
with  you,  has  little  more  corn  to  spare.  1  should  be  much  oblig(xi  to 
voti,  if  you  would  be  so  kind  as  to  try  to  get  as  much  corn  as  Smith 
i-nn  spared;  he  has  sent  me  five  skijiples  already,  of  which  I  am  much 

lili<ied  to  him,  and  will  see  him  paid,  and  would  Ix!  very  glad  if  you 
'■onldspari'oueor  two  your  men  to  join  us,  especially  Elltts.   I  would  ]¥■ 

;lad  to  see  him,  and  1  wish  you  could  sent  me  as  mnny  guns  you  have. 
;is  1  know  you  have  no  use  i;)r  them,  if  you  any;  as  \  metm  now  to  fight 
ihe  cruel  rebels  as  well  as  T  can;  whales'er  you  will  be  able  to  sent'd 
me,  you  must  seutM  'by  the  beiu'cr.  1  am  your  sinctu'c  friend  and 
.'lumbleser't.  Josejdi  Ihaiit. — P.  S.  I  heard  that  ('berry-valley  peopL 
is  very  hold,  and  intended  to  make  nothing  of  us;  they  called  us  wild 
?j;eesc,  but  I  know  the  contrary."  This  wesup))ose  to  be  a  fair  speci- 
:uen  of  the  composition  of  the;  chief  who  aiierwards  translated  tli!' 
(.  iospel  according  to  John  into  the  Mohawk  language,  also  the  l)ook  nt' 
'/ommon  Prayer,  eopies  of  which  ar(>  in  the  library  of  Harvard  college, 
'i'lu;  next  e\ent  of  importance  in  which  Prant  was  engagiul,  ^^^il^! 
the  destruction  of  Wyoming,  one  of  the  most  heart-rending  records 
■n  the  annals  of  the  revolulionary  war.  In  that  horrid  affair,  aboiil 
:)iree  hundred  settlers  were  killed  or  carried  into  v-aptivity,  from  tht 
greater  part  of  whom  no  intelligence  was  ever  obtained. 

It  was  known  early  in  the  spring  of  1778,  that  a  large  Icu'ce  wa?; 
i-ol!(3cting  at  Niagara  for  tlu!  object  of  laving  wastes  the  frontiers  of 
i'ennsylvania,  Virginia  and  INcav  York;  and  even  as  early  as  Februa- 
ry, General  Schuyler  wrote  to(^)ngress  to  inform  them  that  such  wa.s 
Ids  belief.  In  March  he  wrote  again  lO  Congress,  saying,  "A  nuniter 
of  Mohawks,  and  many  of  the  Onondagoes,  Cayugas,  and  Senccas, 
will  commence  hostilities  against  us  as  soon  as  thev  can  ;  it  would  he 
prudent,  therefore,  early  to  take  measures  to  carry  the  war  into  their 
country;  it  would  require  no  greater  body  of  troops  to  destroy  their 
Towns  than  to  protect  the  frontier  iidiabitanfs."  I3ut  Congress  had 
more  than  their  hands  full  in  other  directions,  and  nothing  was  done, 
jn  the  beginning  of  July,  the  tory  and  Indian  force,  amounting  to- 
gt>ihor  to  about  sixteen  hundred  men,  were  discovered  in  possession 
of  Fort  Wintormoot,  a  short  distance  from  the  village  of  Wyomitii;. 


BSAlfT. DESTRUCTION   OP   WYOMING.  Jf] 

Here  wa^  also  a  fort,  at  which  wore  collected  near  four  hundred  men 
for  the  defence  ot  the  country,  who  were  under  the  immedinTe  com" 
mand  of  Colonel  Zebulon  Butler.     On  the  3d  of  July,  a  counciUf 
war  was  held  upon  the  propriety  of  marching  out  and^attack  n^  the 
toryand  hidmn  ar.ny,  and  .t  was  finally  agreed  that  theenemy  sho  dd 
be  sought.     Accorrlmg  y  the  Americans  marched  out  upon  thl  ex^ 
dition  the  same  ,lay      Having  sent  forward  spies,  they 'had  not  pK 
ceedod  fi,r,  whcij  they  were  discovered  by  two  Indians,  who  were 
doubtless   u,x.n  the  same  b.Ksiness.     The  scouts  fired  each  upon  the' 
other,  and  then   hastened   to  their  respective  head-quarters.^    Both 
parties  were  .min.-du.tely  in  motion,  and  joined  batt  e  near  a  thick 
swamp.     1  he  tnchaus  and  tories,  being  the  more  numerous,  outranked 
he  Amencans,  and  Brant,  at  the  head  of  his  furious  ^/arri;rs,  iss"S 
Irom  the  swamp,  turned  their  led  flank,  and  creating  thereby  ;  coS 
..on  wh.ch  greatly  favored  his  kind  of  warfare,  and  enable^him    o 
make  dreadful  havoc  among  fhem. 

The  Americans  were  in  two  lin^s,  and  it  was  the  line  commanded 
by  Colonel  Denn.son  that  Brant  successfully  encountered.     Butler  a 
he  same  t.m.e,  was  gam.ng  some  advantage  over  the  other  line  under 
.s  cousin  /ebulon,  which,  added  to  the  mging  disaster  in  the    ert 
)ocame  unmed.ately  a  flight.     Colcnel  Dennlson's  order  to  fall  back 
by  which  ho  ..esioned  to  make  an  advantageous  evolution,  wL  dis-' 
torted,  by  the  teniticd  troops,  into  un  order  ibr  flight;  atul  ^iTwasTn 
a  few  moments  losf .     And  from  Judge  Marshall  w°  add  as  follows  -^ 
"The  troops  fled  towards  the  river,  which  thoy  endeavored  :o  pass 
in  order  to  enter  Fort  VVilkesbarre,  (in  the  village  of  that  nal;  on  the 
opposie  side  ol  the  Susquehanna).'    The  enemy  pursued  'with  the 
uryof  devds;'andof  the  four  hundred  who  had  marched  out  on 
this  unfortunate  ptrley,  only  about  twei.ty  escaped,"  amon^  whom 
were  the  commanding  oflicers.  aujuii^  wnom 

The  fort  at  Wyoming  was  now  closely  besiemi,  and  sceino-  no 
.hance  of  escape  Colonel  Butler  proposed  a  parley  with  SfHend 
and  namesake,  wh  ch  was  assented  to.     The  place  of  mee  in.  was 

I     'V    fr     "^  ''^  ^T'''^''  ^''""''^"^  treachery. to  che  place  appointed- 
but  when  they  arnyed  there,  they  found  nobody  with  whom  toVuley! 
i     command.^-  of  the  torios  has  been  branded  with  gross  infamy 
or  this  piece  of  treac-hery  with  his  kinsman ;  for  he  feigned  fear  S 

the  lag  of  ruce.  The  unwary  Americans  wnre,  by  his  treacherous 
stratagemjedinto^  i„  „ea.ly  the  sa,;e'manneras  we^e 

I  l^chinsoM  and  Wheeler  at  Wickabaug  Pond,  in  Philip's  war.  The^ 
«ore  m  a  moment  nearly  surrounded  by  Brant's  warriors,  and  the 
work  of  death  raged  in  all  its  fury.*     The  tories  "were  not  a  w^k 

(•hJm7^^'^•""^i''  '"co»g':»ity  in  relation  to  the  affairs  of  Wv^minir 
!rmv?^n^ '''ll'".^^'^ 'V^'^'  '^^t  ^'•ant  commanded  the  rijjlit  wini  0711?; 
St^S•  KrhJl'^.^^^'^"'^^  by  the  forces  that 'marched  out'Jo 
during  Ss'e'^ffa'f„         ^  ^  ^*''"  ''^"'"^  ^"^^^  ^"'"^  **»  «''«"  ^t  Wyoming 

19* 


^wKm 

'       iff        ; 

'  B 1 1 

222 


■VENTS    IN    INDIAN    III8TORY. 


Pi     ': 


behind  tlie  very  (^hiefest"  of  them  in  ihin  l)loo«ly  dny.  A  remnant 
only  roguinod  the  Ibrt,  out  of  Htivernl  hnndn-ds  tlmt  went  forth.  Thoy 
wero  now  more  closely  boHieged  thnn  Iwifore;  and  the  mons  to  insult 
rhc  vamjuiHlied,  a  (l(;mand  was  K<uit  in  to  them  to  surrender,  "  accom- 
;(a«»ied  by  one  hundred  and  nintity-six  bloody  s<'alps,  taken  from  those 
who  had  just  been  slain."  When  the  best  terms  \V(!re  ask(>d  of  tho 
liesiegers,  the  "  infamous  l^itli-r"  replied  in  thes(!  two  words, — "the 
hate.hot."  This  was  the  only  truth  we  hcai  of  his  utterinj^.  It  was 
ih»!  hutehet,  indeed — a  few  only  lied  to  the  surroundinji  wildernesn, 
fhero  to  meet  a  nn)re  lingerini;  death  by  famine.  Th(!se  were  ehietiy 
women  aild  children. 

Thus  passed  the  fourth  ol'  .Inly,  177H,  in  the  before  Hourishinj; 
iclilcment  of  Wyoming,  on  the  eastern  branidi  of  the  Susquehanna. 
Marlow  knew  well,  in  his  early  day,  who  was  foitncr  to  hv  branded 
with  infamy  for  the  acts  ol'  tliis  m(;monil)le  tragedy,     lie  says, — 

"  His  Hiivai^c^  lionics  IIjo  nuinioroiis  .lolinson  loads, 
FiloH  through  ttie  wooiIh  and  trc;iils  tlie  tanylcd  weeds. 
Shuns  open  c()iiil);it,  toiiclics  wlu're  Id  run, 
>SUiilk,  coucli  the  uiiiImihIi,  nini  the  liiuiler's  gun, 
Whirl  liic  sly  toiiiiihawk,  liic  u;ir-whoo|»  siiii;, 
Divide  the  spoils,  and  pack  the  scalps  tnoy  bring." 

Cohimbind,  vi.  3Hf),  &r. 

Hiivmg  now  ^ot  full  ptissession  of  Wyoming,  and,  olxserves  I)r, 
Diacher,  "aller  selecting  a  lew  prison(>rs,  the  remainder  of  the  people, 

ijcludinfr  women  and  children,  were  enclosed  in  the  houses  and  bar- 
racks, which  w(>re  innniidiately  set  on  lire,  and  the  whole  (Consumed 
'ogether.  Another  fort  was  near  at  hand,  in  whi<'h  wen;  seventy 
continental  Koldi(>rs ;  on  surr<'U(lcrin<!;  without  conditions,  tliesci  wen, 
?i>  a  man,  butchered  in  a  barbarous  manner;  when  the  remainder  of 
♦he  men,  woni(>n  and  childr<-n  were  shut  up  in  tlu;  houses,  and  tin; 

lemons  ol'  hell  olutted  thi'ir  venp-anee  in  l«di()i<liny  their  destructien 

n  one  general  conflagration."     'V\\v.  houscisof  the  tori(\s  were  spared. 

\s  though  they  could  not  exercise  their  crucdty  enough  upon  hunuiii 
Iw'ings,  they  loll  \ipon  the  beasts  of  the  field — shooting  some,  woundin;^ 

uid  mangling  oth(>rs,  by  cutting  out  their  tongues,  &c.,  and  leaviiii; 
them  alive.  Well  does  Campbell  make  his  Oneida  chief  to  say,(wlii 
'•ome«s  as  a  friend  to  warn  the  settlement  of  th(>  a|)proach  of  the  com- 
i»ined  army  of  lories  ajid  Indians,) 

••'  Hut  tiiis  is  not  a  time.' — lie  started  ii[), 

And  SMUJte  liis  breast  with  woc-<l<'«onnciiig  hand — 

'  This  is  iKj  time  to. fill  thy  joyous  cuj): 

The  mninmolh  comes — the  foe— l!ie  monster  Hrandt, 

With  all  his  howliui^,  desolalincj  hsuid  ; — 

Tliese  eyes  have  se«n  their  blade,  dud  b\iriiing  puie. 

Awake  at  once  a»ul  silence  half  your  land. 

Red  is  (ho  cup  they  drink,  l)iit  not  with  wine : 

Awake  and  watch  to-night !  or  sec  no  morning  shuie 

''*  Seorninsjf  to  wield  the  batt^het  for  his  bribe, 
'Gainst  Brandt  himbclf  I  went  to  battle  forth 
Accursed  Brandt!  he  left  of  all  my  tribe 
JNor  man,  nor  child,  uor  tbmg  of  living  birth  ; 


BRAWT.— CBirRLTIM   At  WYOMINO.  223 

NTo !  not  tho  «log,  that  watchnd  my  housnhold  hearth, 
Escaped,  (hat  night  o|  blood,  upon  our  plains! 
All  pernhfd  !— 1  alone  am  left  on  earth  ! 
To  whofu  nor  relative  nor  hlood  reniiiins. 
No!— not  a  kindred  drop  that  runs  in  human  veins !'  " 

Gertrude  of  fFi/ominff. 

Tfw;  tories,  ns  was  odon  thncnsfi,  woroattirod  like  Indians,  luui  from 
pvpry  account  it  appears  timf  thry  exceeded  thorn  in  (crocity. 

])r.  Thachcr  uivoH  us  fh(!  li)ilowin,'r  cxamiilosof  horror,  which  v/crc 
of  notoriety  at  tho  tinnn,  and  "  promulgat.'d  from  auth(;iitic  sources 
One  of  tho  prisoners,  a  ('nptdin   Hadl(K-l{,  was  c/mimitted  to  torture 
hy  havinj,'  his  body  stuck  Hill  of  splinters  of  pim;  knots,  and  a  fire  of* 
dry  wood  made  round  him,  wfien  his  two  companions,  Captains  Ran- 
son  and  Durke(^  were  thrown  into  the  same  fire,  and  held  down  with 
pitchforks,  till  consumed.     i)no  I'artial  Terry,  the  son  of  a  man  of 
Kfppecfai)le  character,  havinjr  joined  the  Indian  party,  several  times 
Ncnt  Ins  father  word  that  h(>  hoped  t(.  wash  his  hands  in  his  heart's 
blood.     The   monster,  with    his  own    hands,  murdered    his  father 
mother,  brothers  and  sisters,  stripped  otF  their  scalps,  and  cut  off  his 
father  s  head !" 

it  was  upon  such  scenes  as  these,  that  the  inind  of  the  poet  just  cited 
had  dwelt,  which  caused  him  to  wield  the  pen  of  denunciation  with  such 
(>tii!c.l  upon  the  memory  of  Riant.  That  Kutler  was  the  far  .rreater 
Hiivao-e,  none  can  disj)ute,  and  Mr.  Campbell  has  Ion<r  since  aoknow- 
li'Hi>cd  his  too  great  severity  upon  the  (diaratrter  of  ffu;  former.  We 
should  explain  here,  that  a  son  of  Colonel  Hiant,  a  chief  Mohawk,  of 
the  na:ne  of  Ahyonwae<rhs,  (billed  by  the  Knulish  John  Hrant,  was  in 
London  in  1822,  and  fiirnished  Mr.  (Campbell  with  documents,  which, 
in  the  poet's  own  words,  "changed  his  opinion  of  his  father."  This 
passage  was  contained  in  a  long  and  interesting  letter  upon  the  sub- 
joct,  to  Ahyonwaeghs,  which  appeared  at  tliat  time  in  (he  newspapers. 

Witii  Wvomingwere  destroyed  Wilkesbarre  and  Kingston,  upon 
tho  orher  side  of  the  Sus(iuehanna.  Though  Wyoming  is  generally 
iiiidersto.  '  to  he  the  place  destroyed,  it  should  be  remembered  that  iii 
ih'^  valle\  t)earing  that  *nan>e,  there  were  three  other  towns,  which 
were  all  destroyed,  as  well  as  Wyoimng.  Thfse  towns  were  settled 
by  emigrimts  from  Clonnecticut,  and,  when  destn^yed,  contained  more 
than  one  thousand  families,  and  had  furnished  the  continental  army 
with  more  than  one  thousand  nien,  who  wenj  generally  the  vountf  and 
nctive  part  of  the  population.  The  opposite  sides  which  (he  inhabit- 
fiiits  took  in  the  great  revolutionary  question,  created  the  most  violent 
runcor  in  the  bosoms  of  fj«th  partiiw,  and  hence  the  barbarities  which 
ensued. 

In  November  following,  Cherry-valley  met  witli  a  fate  similar  to 
Wyoming.  At  this  time,  Hrnnt  was  returning  to  wintor-quarters, 
^vllon  ho  was  met  by  a  torv  captain,  and  persuad(^(l  to  enaaa(>in  one 
wpedition  more.  This  was  Walter  Butler,  son  of  John,  the  hero  of 
^  yommg.  He  went  to  Canada  with  Guy  Johnson,  in  1775^  as-  has 
oeon  mentioned ;  and  now  some  circumstances  brought  him  among 


334 


■VBNT8   IN    INDIAN    HIBTORV. 


tho  frontier  settlemeutH  of  New  York.  Whut  hiH  object  wa«,  we  are 
not  informed  ;  but  it  wu.s,  «l«)ubtit-N»,  tbat  of  a  spy.  However,  he  was 
tak(!n  up  on  Hiispicion,  at  least,  and  confitied  in  jail  at  Albany;  falling 
sick,  he  was  romovod  to  a  private  dwelling,  from  wh<'ncc  he  soon  found 
means  to  o.s<;upe.  Joiuiiii,'  liis  liitber  at  Niaj^ara,  ho  succeeded  in 
detaching  a  part  of  his  rc^iniriit  upon  an  iiieursion.  Meelinj^  with 
Brant,  us  was  just  nu'ntioned,  they  niturncd  to  tlie  frontier.  It  is  said 
that  Hrant  was  at  first  ilis|»leased  with  the  project,  understandinjf  that 
Captain  Walter  hail  iteen  put  in  otlicci  over  him  by  his  old  {general, 
Walter's  fatlu'r,  but  stifled  his  rescmtment.  Their  whole  force  was 
8(!ven  himdred  men,  live  hundred  of  whom  were  the  warriors  of 
Branl. 

Coloncil  lehahod  A  Idea,  of  iMassachusetts,  was  in  cornniund  at 
Cherry-valloy,  and  to  his  iriis«T;uided  judii;ment  is  t»)  Ik;  attributed  the 
disast«!r  whiih  ensued.  Hut,  like  Waldnm  of  (Jotdieeho,  he  was 
doomed  to  escape  the  disgrace.  He  was  early  ap|)rised  of  the  march 
of  Brant,  and  when  ur«i;e(l  to  receive  th<!  inhabitants  into  the  Ibrl, 
observed  that  there  was  no  danjicr,  as  Iv  woulu  keep  out  scouts  who 
would  apprise  them  ol'tlu;  ajjproach  of  an  enemy  in  season  to  remove. 
Scouts  wer(!  aceonlinj^ly  sent  out;  one  of  which, cither  lbr<i;etting  the 
business  they  were  upon,  or,  what  was  <;(|ually  re[)rehensible,  made  a 
large  fnc  and  lay  down  to  sleep.  Ikant's  warriors  were  not  misled 
by  so  luminous  a  beacon,  and  the  whole  were  made  prisoners.  This 
was  on  the  niuht  of  the  'Jth  of  iNovemher,  1778.  The  prisoners  now 
in  th(>  hands  of  Brant  were  obliji;eil  to  give  the  most  exact  intellif^encc 
conccrninjj;  the  oarrison.  On  the  nujrning  of  ihc  11th,  favored  by  a 
thick  and  hazy  atiriosjihere,  they  approached  the  fort.  Colonels  Alden 
and  Staeia  (piartercd  at  tlu;  house  of  a  iVir.  Wells.  A  Mr.  Hanible 
was  fired  upon  as  he  was  coniin«;f  from  h's  house  to  the  fort,  by  a  scout, 
which  oave  the  firf^t  notice  ol'  the  enemy.  He  escaped,  and  gave  the 
alarm  to  Coloiu^  Alden,  who,  strange  as  it  may  appear,  was  still 
incredulous,  and  said  that  it  was  nothing  more  than  some  strugglini; 
Indians,  Tlu>  last  space  of  lime  was  thus  lost! — and,  in  less  than 
half  an  hour,  all  parts  of  tho  place  were  invested  at  once.  Such  ol' 
the  soldiers  as  were  collected  being  immediatf*ly  all  killed  or  taken, 
the  poor  inhabiumfs  fell  an  easy  prey.  Colonel  Alden  was  among 
the  first  victims.  Like  Chopart,  in  the  massacre  at  Natchez,  he  fled 
from  his  house,  and  was  pursued  by  an  Iniliaii  with  his  hatchet,  at 
whom  the  colonel  endeavored  several  times  to  discharge  his  pistol; 
but  it  missing  tire,  and  losing  time  in  litcing  about  lor  this  purpose, 
the  Tndian  was  sulliciently  near  to  throw  his  tomahawk  with  deadly 
cflect.  He  did  so.  (,'olonel  Alden  l);ll  upon  his  face,  and  his  scalp 
was  in  a  moment  borne  olf  in  triumph.  "A  tory  boasted  that  ho 
killed  Mr.  Wells  while  at  prayer."  His  daughter,  a  young  lady  ol' 
gi-eat  amiablcness,  fled  from  the  house  to  a  pile  of  wood  (or  shelter; 
but  an  Indian  pursued  her,  who,  com.ing  near,  composedly  wiped  his 
long  knife,  already  bloody,  upon  his  leggins,  then  returning  it  to  his 
belt,  seized  her  by  the  arm,  and  with  n  blow  of  his  tomahawk,  ended 
her  existence.   She  could  speak  some  Indian,  and  begged  her  murderer 


BRANT. — DHPBATRD    BY   COLONEL   WILLKT. 


3!2A 


to  spare  lier  lifti,  nnd  n  tory  intorceded,  who  Htood  iirar,  urging  that  Hho 


w«.s  nis  sister;  hut  ho  would  hear  to  neithor.     Other  tran.su<;tion8  in 
this  uflhir,  of  still  grcati-r  horror,  we  must  puHs  in  silence. 

B(.'fwe«!n  thirty  nnd  forty  priaoner.-!  wore  carried  off;  but  the  fort, 
mntninin^'  about  two  hundred  soldiers,  was  no»  taken,  althouidi  sovpral 
trials  wore  nuul(!  uj)on  it. 

Brant  was  the  only  jHirson  engair(^d  in  'his  tratjedy  of  whom  we 
hf-nr  any  acts  of  cleniency;  one  ol'  which  was  the  preservation  of  a 
()()or  woman  and  her  rhildreii,  who,  but  for  him,  would  have  met  the 
tomrihawlv.  Me  in(|uir(!d  for  Captain  M'Kean,  (who  wrote  him  the 
iijtter  bei:)re  mcntioruid,)  sayin^r  he  had  now  come  to  accept  his  ehal- 
Ir.wjrc.  Beinir  ansu(;red  tliut  "Captain  M'Kean  would  not  turn  hi.s 
Imck  upon  an  enemy,"  he  replied,  "  I  luiow  it.  He  is  a  brave  man, 
md  I  would  have  uiven  more  to  have  taluni  him  than  any  othtT  man 
II)  (■li(!rry-valley ;  but  I  would  not  have;  hurt  a  hair  oi'his  lieud." 

Brant  had  seen  and  heard  so  much  of  what  is  called  civilised  war- 
laro,  that  he  was  al'raid  of  tin?  traduction  of  his  character,  and  always 
>nu\  that,  in  his  councils,  he  had  tried  to  )nal«;  his  warriors  humane; 
nnd  to  his  .louor  it  is  said,  (but  in  proportion  as  his  character  is  raised, 
that  of  the  wiiile  man  must  sink,)  that  where  he  had  the  chief  com- 
MiaiKJ,  few  barl)ariti('s  were  comuiitti^d. 

The  niulit  before  Mraiit  and  JiutNir  lell  upon  (Jherry-vallt'y,  some  of 
the  tories  who  had  friends  there  requested  lib(!rty  (o  go  in  secretly 
and  advise  tluMn  lo  retire.  Butler.  th^)Uoh  some  (jf  his  own  friends 
wereamouu  the  inhabitants,  refiis'-d,  suyinL',  "that  there  wen;  so  many 
liiiailics  cimnected,  that  the  onewotdd  iniorm  the  others,  and  all  would 
escape.  He  thus  sacrificed  his  friends,  for  the;  sake  of  punishing  his 
ciiomies."  This,  whether  r(;portcd  by  Brant  to  magniiy  his'^own 
humanity,  by  a  contrast  with  the  depravity  of  his  associate,  is  not 
known,  but  it  may  have  bc!en  the  fact. 

But  this  midnight  assassin  did  not  escape  his  retribution;  lie  was 
killed  by  an  Oneida  Indian  on  ;U)th  October,  1781,  under  the  follow- 
ir.i,' circumstances: — Colonel  VVillet  having  been  ordered  with  about 
tour  hundred  men  to  mak(>  an  expedition  into  the  country  ol'  the  Mo- 
hawks, lie  surprised  a  party  of  six  hundred  tories  and  one  bundled 
and  thirty  Indians  at  .Johnston,  and  drove  tlicm  into  the  woods,  and 
neveroly  distressed  them  by  cutting  off  fheir  retreat  to  their  boats. 
About  this  time  Colonel  VVillet  was  joined  by  sixty  Oneida  Indians, 
and  ho  shortly  alien-  (;ame  up  with  a  party  which  lormcd  the  rear  of 
the  British  and  Indians,  and  killed  and  took  prisoners  the  most  of 
them.  Walter  Butler  was  among  the  vanquished,  and  being  wounded 
by  one  of  Wil let's  Indians,  cried  for  quarter;  upon  which  the  Indian 
screamed  out  with  a  dreadful  voice,  "Sherry  Valley  I"  at  the  same  time 
cleaving  his  head  with  his  tomahawk. 

Whether  the  following  interesting  affair  belongs  to  Walter  or  John 
Butler,  or  whether  it  happened  at  Wyoming  or  at  Cherry-valley,  it 
equally  affects  the  character  of  Brant.  It  is  said  that  Butler^i  on 
entering  a  house,  ordered  a  woman  and  child  to  be  killed,  whom  they 
found  in  a  bed;  but  Brant  said,  "What!  kill  a  woman  atid  child'! 


226 


KVENT8   IN    INDIAN    HISTORY. 


No !  that  child  is  not  an  enemy  to  the  king,  nor  a  friend  to  the  con- 
gress.  Long  before  he  will  be  big  enough  to  do  any  mischief  the 
dispute  will  be  settled." 

The  depredations  of  the  Indians  and  tories  at  Wyoming  and  o^er 
places  in  that  region,  caused  General  Washington  to  order  General 
Sullivan  with  two  thousand  live  hundred  men  into  the  Indian  country. 
Considerable  delay  was  experienced,  and  the  forces  were  not  concen- 
trated at  Wyoming  until  a  year  after  it  was  destroyed.  On  22d  July, 
a  company  of  Pennsylvania  militia,  who  had  marched  from  this  place 
to  Lackawaxcn  to  protect  the  settlers  there,  were  attacked  by  one 
liundred  and  forty,  and  forty  or  fifty  of  them  were  killed  or  made 
prisoners. 

It  is  said  that  this  summer,  (1779,)  160,000  bushels  of  their  com 
was  destroyed.  As  soon  ns  it  was  known  that  Sullivan  was  advancing 
into  the  country,  Brant  and  Butler,  with  six  hundred  Indians,  ami 
Johnson,  with  two  hundred  tories,  took  a  position  on  his  route  to  cut 
him  off.  Sullivan  came  upon  them,  August  29th,  at  a  place  called 
Newtown,  on  Tioga  river,  where  they  had  entrenched  themselveti. 
and  immediately  attacked  them.  The  battle  lasted  about  two  hours, 
when,  by  a  successful  movement  of  General  Poor,  at  the  head  of  his 
New  Ilamjjshire  regiment,  Brant's  warriors  were  thrown  into  confu- 
sion, and  the  whole  were  put  to  flight.  Few  were  killed,  and  the} 
made  no  other  stand  against  the  Americans  during  the  expedition. 
The  historian  adds,  "They  utterly  destroyed  forty  villages,  and  left 
no  single  trace  of  vegetation  upon  the  surface  of  the  ground."  All 
their  cattle  were  cither  killed  or  brought  off,  many  of  which  they  had 
before  taken  from  the  Americans.  "None  of  the  bounties  of  nature, 
none  of  the  products  of  human  industry,  escaped  the  fury  of  the  Ame- 
ricans." Upon  this  business  the  same  author  writes,  that  "the  officers 
charged  with  the  execution  of  these  devastations  were  themselves 
ashamed  of  them;  some  even  ventured  to  remonstrate  that  they  were 
not  accustonied  to  exercise  the  vocation  of  banditti."  General  Poor, 
doubtless,  was  the  eilicient  man  in  this  expedition,  but  the  ostentation 
of  Sullivan  gained  him  the  honor!  of  it.  Thus  were  the  Five  Nations 
chastised  for  acting  as  they  had  been 
yea,  by  the  Americans  themselves. 

The  following  summer,  (2;^d  July, 
sixty  of  his  warriors  and  twenty-seven  white  men,  came  suddenly 
upon  Minisink,  in  Orange  county.  New  York,  where  they  killed  sun- 
dry of  the  inhabitants  and  made  others  captives.  They  burnt  ten 
houses,  twelve  barns,  a  garrison,  and  two  mills,  and  then  commenced 
their  retreat.  The  militia  from  Goshen  and  places  adjacent,  to  the 
number  of  one  hundred  and  fbrty-nine,  collected,  pursued,  and  came 
up  with  them,  when  a  most  bloody  battle  was  fought.  The  Indians 
were  finally  victorious,  and  thirty  only  out  of  the  one  hundred  and 
ibrty-nino  whites  escaped.  Some  were  carried  into  captivity,  and  the 
rest  were  killed.  Not  being  sufficiently  cautious,  they  fell  into  an 
ambush,  and  so  fought  at  great  disadvantage. 

In  1821,  a  county  meeting  was  held,  by  which  it  was  voted  thfti 


taught  by  die  white  people; 
1779,)  Colonel  Brant,  with 


BHANT.—DESTRUCTION   OP   MINISINK.  327 

four  persons,  which  were  wirh  ZJtr  '     ,■      '°''°''  '*""^  "f  fo«y- 

In'the  spring  of  nTore^m  r;,S^;£Xir^^^ 
of  his  warriors  and  a  iew  toriP«      Ho  *  narpcrsneid  with  a  company 

killed  several  others.     On  2d  Aumi.^  fn  ^  •  "'"?'"  Prisoners,  and 

harrie  with  about  four  hundred  S  w  S'  kilJf  "f"  ^'^"^J^" 
took  about  fifty.five  Drisonor*,  rhlT.     '^'^'^"^'■^'/  "ed  sixteen  people, 

and  drove  away  at  Tsam;  tif  ^rT?,:'"^'u'^''^^^"'  ^''^^  ^iUed 
horses,  burnt  fiftythreehouTes  and  n  '^'''  ^"""^''^  ^^"^^  «nd 

a  new 'and  elegant  churchra  ^rlfrn'  land^    '"''  '^''•^'^  °"^-^«"^««' 

Doubtless  there  were  manf  n/h^    '     n     '"^  g^'-'-'«0"s. 
was  engaged  perronallv  ^wehavp^r^i"  TT  "^  ^^^'^^^  B'-^«t 
than  we  intended.       ^'        ^  '"''""  ^''""^^  ^^^<^^^  l«»g«r  upon  them 

ca^  iSn:  Iir^^;^;^  ;^---^  ^Jat^e  North  Wi. 

19th  April,  1783._TheLn  of  the  sfvS  r  '"^^^'y-'r^-^'^g^r^' 
nature,  as  have  likewise  all  o/h-T'i  """'  ^^''^  ^"  ^^^^^'^^  by 

which  I  have  seen.  So  ndians  i^^^^^^^^^  "''^'"r  f  ^°^'^  America 
chin  and  upper  lip  to  grotv  "aTatjof  ^  It^kTlr  "^f 
razors  m  the  same  manner  n«  Pn-^r.^  [  ™awk3  shave  with 
out  the  hairs  of  the  bca  d  bv  fZ7'T''  ''"'  '^'  ^^"^'^^^y  P'^^k 
apFar;  and  as  they  con W  fhL  pr  cS  a^H  tt"  .''  ^'^  ''^^^'^  ^° 
to  have  no  beards,  or  at  most  on  v'i  r  .  .  ^^'"^  ^'''^''  **^^y  '-^PP^ar 
have  neglected  to  phLic  oT,"  Til  u  ''''"^'''"^  ^^''^'  ^hich  they 
Indians  were  to  sh  we  they  ii  n°'''T'  «^«P'"i°»'  that  if  thJ 
thick  as  the  Europeans  •  an  J  tZri  n  ^''''",  ^^''^^  ^'^^g^^^er  so 

actually  very  Httle'  beard  ^  '''"  Z^ZZ'^T  '^''  '^'^'^  ""^^  '^^- 

A  daughter  of  Colonel  Brant  mari^ed  a  F,on  T"^'"''''?''^*'^-" 
1789,  was  killed  by  a  party  of  fnZ        i  V^^^^man,  who  in  June, 
the  Wabash  river      He  wn«  i  ^^ile  peaceably  travelling  up 

whoui  were  k^d  and  thrrwou„S:r^W^"'^.''r  t''^^  ^^^  ^' 
up  to  them  and  discovered  the  "onl  l.wof  R  M'''  ^""''^  ^^^^^^ 
dra^iig  the  arrows  from  the  :::::ZZ^l^^^  ^^^^^  - 

.hl^t^mSlE^^ -to^^^^  ~^^        - 

boundarTline  between  {hXt^.f^r^^^^^^  i^T  ^--  ^he 
not  been  satisfactorily  established  whth  *''^,/"^'^"  "^tions  had 
trouble.  A  aentleman  in  pi^  '  ?  ''''''  ^^'^  ^^"^'^  ^^  "i«ch 
New  York,  uS  Z  o?2dTutst  T^^^  «^ 

•«  thus  mentioned:  "Capt  Joseph  BmJ.'(>r'"  ^^'°""'  ^'^""^ 
^ome  time  the  councik  nf  tK?    '  .       rl  ''^^''  having  attended  for 
offa  few  dfvs4otrOu--    ^^^ ^/^^'^^^  ^^  the  Miami  river,  set 
'     "go  .orauc«c;c,  attended  with  several  of  the  chieA 


►  JPSH 


liij 


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Mh! 


Illl 

II 

p 

in 


228 


KVENTS   IN   INDIAN   HISTORY. 


from  that  quarter;  as  they  avowedly  go  to  ask  Lord  Dorchester s 
advice,  and  as  we  well  know  his  and  government  s  strong  desire  for 
peace,  we  would  gladly  hope  that  it  may  be  the  means  of  brmging  on 
an  accommodation."  .•    j  •     .. 

In  1792,  his  arrival  in  Philadelphia  is  thus  publicly  noticed  in  the 
Gazette  of  that  city :-» Captain  Joseph  Brunt,  the  principal  warrior 
chief  of  the  Six  Nations,  arrived  in  this  city  on  Wednesday  evening 
last,  (June  20th.)  It  is  said  his  errand  is  a  visit  to  a  number  oi  his 
acquaintances  residing  here,  and  to  pay  his  respects  to  the  President 
of  the  United  States."  He  left  there  about  the  beginning  of  July 
upon  another  peace  excursion  among  the  western  tribes,  which  still 

remained  hostile.  .        ,     t    i-  *      • 

When  General  Wayne  was  marchiP"  mto  the  Indian  country,  in 
1793  many  of  the  tribes  were  alarm,',  having  heard  that  his  army 
consisted  of  ei^ht  thousand  men.  Learning,  also,  that  .commissioners 
accompanied  t^he  army,  authorised  to  treat  of  peace  and  wis  iing  to 
know  the  strength  of  the  Americans,  thirty  chiels  of  different  tribes 
were  despatched  upon  this  important  business.  Colonel  Brant  was 
one  of  these  thirty  Indian  ambassadors.  If  the  Americans  would 
make  the  Ohio  the  boundary,  they  wished  peace.  The  who  e  cause 
of  General  Wayne's  war  appears  to  have  been  about  the  lands  lying 
west  of  the  Ohio  and  Alleghany  rivers.  We  have  no  doubt  Brant 
secretly,  if  not  openly,  advocated  the  establishment  of  this  boundary; 
yes,  and  wc  must  acknowledge  that  if  he  did,  it  was  from  the  best  ol 
reasons.  We  know  that  Tecumseh  labored  incessantly  for  this 
boundary.  Rightly  did  they  conceive  of  the  mighty  wave  of  popula- 
tion  roUina  westward,  southward  and  northward,  i  ruly,  they  must 
have  been°blind  not  to  have  seen  that  it  was  about  to  engull  them 
forever '  When  they  had  met  the  commissioners,  and  iound  them 
inflexible  in  their  determination.  Brant,  with  most  of  the  chiefs  of  the 
Six  Nations,  gave  up  the  point  as  hopeless,  preferring  pcace,  on  any 
terms,  to  war.   But  the  Wyandots,  Delawares,  Shawanecs  and  Miamies 

would  not  agree  to  it.  ,     .i         r  , 

Mention  will  be  found,  in  the  account  of  Farmers-brother,  of  a  great 
council  held  by  the  chiefs  of  most  of  the  western  nations  at  Niagara, 
in  April  1793.  In  this  council  it  was  agreed  that  peace  should  be 
maintained;  and  "they  unanimously  agreed  to  meet  the  Americans 
in  a  "rand  council,  to  be  holdcn  the  June  following,  upon  the  south 
side  of  Lake  Erie;  and  for  the  purpose  of  making  the  peace  more 
permanent  and  extensive,  they  have  appointed  Brant,  who  is  now  their 
kin«T  of  kings,  to  go  mv\  convene  all  those  tribes  who  live  to  the 
northwest  of  Lake  Ontario.  He  accordingly,  the  day  after  set  out 
for  that  purpose."  The  Indians  did  not  assemble  until  July,  from  the 
difficulty  of  their  journeys  and  other  causes,  which  is  generally  he 
case  with  meetings  of  this  kind.  The  council  was  held  at  Sandusky, 
and  Colonel  Brant  set  out  from  Niagara  for  that  place  in  May.  Belorc 
leaving,  he  had  frequent  conversations  with  a  gentleman  ot  respeca. 
bility,to  whom  he  gave  it  as  his  opinion,  that  no  peace  could  take 
place  until  the  Ohio  and  Muskingum  should  make  the  boundary 


BRANT.— CONTENDS  FOR  THE  OHIO  BOUNDAHV. 


229 


iHJlween  the  Americans  and  tlio  red  men.  tJo  stili  expressed  -ood 
iee  uigs  towards  tlie  Lulled  States,  and  hoped  that  tliey  would  .see  it 
to  be  their  interest  to  agree  to  lliat  boundarv,  as  he  hrinly  behoved 
«ar  would  ensue  should  they  rellise.  He  even  said,  that,  in  case  thcv 
ivould  not  consent  to  inak.;  these  rivers  the  houndarv,  he  should  take 
part  against  them.  It  was  not  agreed  to;  luit  wo  do' nut  hear  that  the 
old  cliiel  was  actually  engaged  in  the  liostilities  that  followed 

llow  naich  the  English  ol"  Canada  iuniunccd  the  measures  of  the 
fn.iians,itisdillieulttode!ernuiie;  hut  n;en  like  Ponliac,  Brant  and 
Iccuniseh  could  easily  sec;  ti.rougli  such  duplicity  as  was  practised 
)y  a  k'.w  impnncipled  speculators,  as  M'Kee,  Clirtv  and  !■  lliot.    Thev 
had,  douhlloss,  conceivrd  that  if  the  Ohio  and  Muskingum  were  made 
the  boundary,  it  would  he  an  easy  matter  for  them  to  possess  tliem- 
.sclv(;s  ol  th..>  eountrv  from  iheiicc  to  the  lakes,  and  thus  ( nlaroo  the 
.■xtcmt  of  Canada.      I  hey  knew  well  Ihat  ii'  the  Indians  posscssc^i  this 
tract  oi  country,  it  would  be  no  dillicult  matter  to  purchase  it  from 
tlien.  by  means  of  a  few  trifling  articles,  comparalively  of  no  consid- 
craliun,  and  that  worst  of  calamities,  ardent  spirits!     In  this  ihev 
were  disap[)ointed,  and,  with  the  battle  of  Prc^squ'lsle,  rcsi-ncd  their 
hopes,  at  k'ust  Jor  a  season.     Tliey  urin  d  upon  llie  Indians  what  thev 
must  liav(!  becMi  well  a^-.sured  of— tl;cir  destruction  ! 

Much  has  been  said  and  written  of  the  cold-blooded  atrocities  of 
brunt,  but  which,  m  or,r  opinion,  will  he.  much  lessened  on  bcin^r  able 
to  coim^  prc^tty   near    ihe  truth  of  his    history.     I-A.-ry  successful 
warrior,  at  least  in  his  day,  is  den<ameed  by  the  ^•al)(■,uished  as  a 
barbarian.     Aap<,leon  was  thus  brr.nd.;d  bv  all  Ihe  world— wc  ask 
110  .^vcuse  lor  our  chief  on  this  score— all  wars  are  barbarous,  and 
hence  tliose  who  wage  them  are  barbarians !    This  w(.-  kii,  ,w  to  be  stronrr 
lunpjiage;  but  u<-are  prepared  to  prove  our  assertion.    Wiun  mankind 
•sliall  have  been  cultivated  and  improved  to  that  vxUnt  which  human 
nature  is  capable  of  atiainiug,— uhc*  ihe  causes  of  avarice  and  dis- 
sension an,,  driven  out  of  the  human  mind,  ])v  taking  awav  the  means 
winch  oxcite  them,— then,  and  not  till  then,  will  Mai's  aud'a  multiludo 
ol  attending  calamities  cease. 

As^i  sample  of  th(.>  stories  circulating  about  Colonel  Brant,  while 
the  abairs  ol  Wy.jmlng  and  Cherry-vallev  were  fresh  in  the-  rccollcc- 

tionsol  all,  we  extract  ihnn  WvUW  travels  the  (iillowing: 

"With  a  considerable  body  of  his  troops  he  joined  thc^forecs  under 
the  cou.miuid  oi  .Sir  .h,hn  Johnston."     "A  skirmish  took  place  with 
a  bodyol  American  tronps;  the  acliuii  was  warm,  and  Brant  was 
shot  by  a  musket  ball  hi  his  heel;  but  the  Americans,  in  the  end,  were 
deleated,  ami  an  olilcer  with  about  sixty  men  were  taken  prisoner^, 
ihe  olhcer,  ail(;r  having  deli\ered  uji  liis  sword,  had  entered  info 
conversation   with   Colonel   ,h)hnston,  wiio  commanded   the  British 
troops,  and  they  were  talking  together  in  (he  most  friendly  manner 
when  Brant  having  stolen  slily  behind  Hum,  laid  the  American  officer 
lileiess  on  the  ground  with  a  blow  of  his  tomahawk.     'J'lic  indignation 
<Jl  bir  John  Johnston,  as  may  be  readily  supposed,  was  roused  by 
iuch  an  act  of  treachery,  and  he  resented  it  in  the  warmest  terms. 


"280 


BVKNTS    IN    INDIAN    HISTORY. 


T   I 


m 
mi 


Brant  listened  to  him  unconcernedly,  and  when  he  had  finished,  told 
him  tiiat  he  was  sorry  (or  his  displeasure,  but  that,  indeed,  his  heel 
was  extremely  painful  at  the  moment,  and  Ik;  could  not  help  revenging 
himself  on  the  only  chief  of  tin;  party  that  ho  saw  taken." 

Upon  this  passage  the  author  of  the  Annals  of  Tryon  county  ob- 
serves :  "  I  have  heard  a  story  somewhat  similar  told  of  liim,  but  it 
was  said  that  the  ollicer  was  killed  to  prevent  his  being  retaken  by 
the  Americans,  who  were  in  pursuit."  This  we  should  pronounce 
very  dissimilar  to  the  story  told  by  Mr.  Weld.  But  there  was,  no 
doubt,  some  circumstance  out  of  which  a  story  has  grown,  the  truth 
of  which,  we  apprehend,  is  now  past  finding  out. 

Colonel  Brant  was  married,  in  the  winter  of  1779,  to  a  daughter 
of  (Colonel  Cro^han  by  an  Ti:(lian  woman.  He  had  lived  with  her 
some  time  Of/ /j/>i<«/n,  according  to  the  Indian  manner,  but  at  this 
time  being  present  at  th(j  wedding  of  a  Miss  Moore,  at  Niagara,  (one 
of  the  captives  taken  from  Cherry-valley,)  insisted  on  being  married 
hiniself;  and  thus  his  consort's  name  was  no  longer  Miss  Cmghan, 
but  Mrs.  Brant.  The  cerc.'inony  was  lieriormed  by  his  companion-in- 
arms, Colonel  John  Butler,  who,  although  he  had  left  his  country,  yet 
carried  so  much  of  his  magistrate's  commission  with  him,  as  to 
solemnise  marriages  according  to  law. 

Kino-  George  conferred  on  his  famous  ally  a  valuable  tract  of  land 
situated  upoiillu;  west  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  Vviu -re  he  finally  settled 
and  lived  after  the  English  ia^hion.     Tlis  wile;,  however,  would  never 
conform  to  this  mode'of  life,  but  would  adhere  to  the  custom  of  thu 
Indians;  and  on  the  death  of  her  husband,  which  happened  November 
24th,  1807,  she  repaired  to  Grand  river,  there  to  spend  her  days  in  a 
wigwam,  with  some  of  her  children,  while  she  left  behind  others  in  a 
commodious  dwelling.     A  son,  of  whom  we  have  spoken,  with  a  sister, 
lately  occupied  this  mansionof  their  liither,  and  constituted  an  amiable 
and  hospitable  family.     This  son,  whose  name  is  John,  is  a  man  ol' 
note,  and  is  the  same  wIkj  was  in  England  in  1822,  as  lias  been 
mentiont.'d;  and  the  sam;;,  we  conclud(\  who  has  been  returned  a 
member  of  the  colonial  assembly  of  Upper  Canada.^    I  lis  pla(;e  of 
residence;  was  in  the  coiuity  of  Mnldiman,  in  Ih'antford,  so  called, 
probably,  in  honor  of  the  old  chief.     Several  other  places  are  men- 
tioned as  having  been  tlK>  residence  of  Brant — Unaditla,  or  Anaquaqua. 
(which  is  aboiJt  thirty-six  miles  soulliW(;st  from  the  present  site  of 
Cooperstown,)  and  Niagara,     lie  resided  at  these  places  before  the 
Mohawks  removed  to  Canada,  which  was  soon  after  the  war  of  the 
revolution  was  ended.     They  made  their  principal   residence  upon 
Grand  river,  which  falls  into  Lake  Erie  on  the  north  side,  about  sixty 
jnilcs  from  the  town  of  Newark,  or  Niagara.     At  one  time,  he  had  no 
less  than  thirty  or  forty  negroes,  who  took  cani  of  his  horses  and 
lands.     « These  poor  creatures,"  says  Mr.  Weld,  "are  kept  in  the 
greatest  subjection,  and  they  dare  not  attempt  to  make  their  escape. 
for  he  has  assured  them,  that  if  they  did  so,  he  would  follow  them 
himself,  though  it  were  to  the  confines  of  Georgia,  and  would  torna- 
kavrk  them  wherever  ho  met  them.     They  knew  his  disposition  too 


BKANT. — HIS    DEATH. 


well  not  to  think  that  h 


0  woiilfl  strictly  adhere  to  hi 


s  word. 


231 

.,  ,  ^.....  on  11.1,1  V  iiuiiure  lo  nis  Word  "     'VUn 

same  uuthor  says  that  JJrant  received  (Wnts,  which,  t  Je  i,er  with 
h.s  hal/.pay  as  capta.r,,  amounle<l  to  £500  per  annun..      ' 

Anideaot  the  nnporlanco  of  this  chief,  in  1705,  may  be  formed 
ro.n  the  orcimstance,  that  a  iventloman  considered  himself  a  loseM 
the  amount  of  £100,  at  lea.st,:by  not  bein.  able  to  arri"    u  Niaja  a 
iu  season   o  atter.l  to  some  law  case  for  him.     Contrary   vindXd 

U  Kievcn   the    ,lln,rs  o(  his  nation  shall  permit  him  to  do  so 
hrant  declares  n  to  be  Ins  intention  to  sit  down  to  the  ihrthe    study  of 
tl';^  <'n.ek    an.ua.e    of  nhieh  he  professors  himself  tote  TZjt 
admn^e^  and  to  ,  rmislute  Iron,  the  original,  into  the  Mohaw!  U^:;^'; 
more  ol  the  New  Testa meiii  •   \-ft  tt,:  """ a  i.iuguagc, 

arrived  at  Ni-nr  r.   1-;        i     '  "  •^''''""  ""''-'  •^''"''''y  '^'-''""re  we 

arri\cd  at  i\Mgaia    Khl.d  his  on  n  son,  with  his  own  hand.    The  son 

It  s'.ems    was   a   drunken,  .uood-for-nofhino-   fellow,  wh     had  Jen 

avowed    lus   mtention  of  destroying   his    lather.     (U     v™m<"  ho 

absolutely  .nered   the  apartment  of  his   iixther,  and   had   Si   to 

s  Jorwiin'^m^'r^  ^"'^  v'"^- ''  '"'^  "'^^'--^'^  ^^^  ^ 

exccut  on,  when  Brant  drew  a  short  s\\oi-d,  raid  Iblled  him  to  thf 
ground.     He  sp.;aks  of  this  atfl.ir  will,  re-nv^.  but  at  the  snmr  f! 
wi.  out  any  of  that  c.motion  which  another  pe  1    1^  Th  S 
imir  t    bo  supposed   to  ieel.     He  consoles  himself  lor    1^  ac     bv 
.lur^un^  that  he  has  ben.Htted  the  tiation  by  riddin.  it  of  a  mS  '^^^ 

i-  i..ur  in  the  indimi  ^u:!:^^\!^o  m  ^ziz:^l:^::^'^ 
n?^erttt:':;=,th:;;i:- 

ue  ,av<?o.vr.u  son.e  spc.e,m,.ns  of  these,  we  will  add  one  mo  e  _  ° 

thr.  |),.      1  '''7  /"*,*^'^>  '^'  I  niiadclphia,  and  i)av  hs  resneets  to 

ho  1  r  sKlent  oi   the  United  States,"  (General  Wasllin-non  ^^ch  h 

<JkI.  _   We  have  before  mentioned  his  visit  to  that  eit"  "      '  '" 

H.i^''A7tweT'r''*'"  'Tr'''  ^"«hefbucauld,-thus  notices  our 
"Id      A'  ^^^•^'i^^-'"'"' milf'«  from  1  hs  nlaee  ClVewM-I.    I'  r  \ 

tet  tl„t,:'™1  It!,?,';  ^..^'IL'.^^P"'",-'  -'  ""J-g  at  home,  a„d 


fliat  I  should  see  little  else  than  what  I  had  alretidy 


seen 


fl 


ii;. 


sds 


EVENTS    IN    INDIAN    niSTORr. 


among  fhoao  people,  I  gcavc  over  my  intention.  Colonel  Brant  is  an 
Indian  who  took  part  with  the  English,  and  having  been  in  England, 
was  commissioned  by  the  king,  and  politely  treated  by  every  one. 
His  manners  are  half  l'iUro[)ean.  Ho  is  accompanied  by  two  negrr* 
servants,  and  is  in  a[)pearance  like  an  Englishman.  H(!  has  a  garden 
and  farm  under  cultivation;  dresses  ahnost  entirely  like  an  European. 
and  has  great  influence  over  the  Indians.  He  is  at  present  (1795)  at 
Miami,  holding  a  treaty  with  the  Unit(>d  States,  in  company  with  the 
Indians  of  tho  west,  lie  is  equally  respected  by  the  Americans,  who 
c.\tol  so  much  his  charact(^r,  that  I  regret  much  not  to  have  seen  him." 

Tho  great  respect  in  which  Brant  was  held  in  England  m\\  be  very 
apparent  from  a  perusal  of  tho  following  letter,  dated  December  12th, 
1785  :  "  IMonday  last,  ColoncH  .Toseph  Hrant,  the  celebrated  king  of 
tho  Mohawks,  aVived  in  tliis  city,  (Salisbury,)  from  America,  and 
after  dining  with  (Jolonel  de  Peister,  at  the  head-(|uarters  here,  pro- 
ceeded immediately  on  his  journey  to  London.  This  extraordinary 
personage  is  said  to  have  presided  at  the  lat(i  grand  congress  ol" 
Confcdcrato  chiefs  of  the  Indian  nation  in  America,  and  to  be  by 
them  appointed  to  the  conduct  and  chi(^f  command  in  the  war  which 
they  now  meditate  against  the  Unit(;d  States-  of  America.  He  took 
his  departure  for  England  immediately  as  that  assembly  broke  up: 
and  it  is  conjectured  that  his  embassy  to  the  British  court  is  of  greaf 
importance.  This  country  owes  much  to  the  services  of  Colonel 
Brant  durir  ,-  the  late  war  in  America.  He  was  educated  at  Philadel- 
phia, (at  the  Moor's  charity  school  in  Lebanon,  Connecticut,)  is  a  very 
shrewd,  intelligent  ])ersou,  possesses  great  courage  and  abilities  as  a 
warrior,  and  is  inviolably  attacherl  to  the  lOnglish  nation." 

It  has  been  denied  that  IJrant  was  in  any  way  engaged  in  tlif^ 
massacres  at  Wyoming,  but  it  seems  liardly  possible  that  so  many 
should  have  Ix'cn  ileceived  at  ihat  time;  and,  moreover,  we  do  no! 
find  that  it  was  denied  until  almost  every  one  of  that  age  had  left  the 
stage  of  action.  Those  who  deny  that  he  was  at  Wyoming  should  at 
least  prove  an  alibi,  or  they  cannot  expect  to  be  believed. 

Brant  was  said  to  have  been  sixty-five  years  old  at  his  ddath.  A 
daughter  of  his  married  William.!.  Ker,  Esq.,  of  Niagara,  and  he  had 
several  other  children  besides  those  we  have  mentioned.  The  son 
who  visited  England  in  18'22,  iuid  another  named  .lacob,  entcreci 
Moor's  school,  at  Hanover,  N.  IT.,  in  1801,  under  the  the  care  of  Dr. 
Wheelock.     'Phc  former  son,  .fohn,  died  in  tl>e  winter  of  1831. 


CHAPTER  V. 

TFCIJMSEII-HIS  GKEAT  EXGllTlOra  TO  I'REVENT  THE  WIIITKS  FROM  OVEI! 
BUNNINU  HIS  COtN'J'KV-IJATri.E  OF  Tll'rECANUE-liATTLC  OF  Till 
THAIVIES,    AND    DEATH   OF  TECUMSEIl. 

Tocumseh,  by  birth  a  Shawanee,  and  brigadier-general  in  the  army 
of  Great  Britain  in  tho  war  of  18l:i,  was  born  about  1770,  and,  likt- 


'■^m 


rant  is  an 


TKCUMSEII.  233 

h^c^""  J'K!Si.::rSr^:,'"«  ^^^-»P--^'  --  always  to 
character;  and  it  h t^  to^Z^T""'  ^f';-r^«'  trait  i^  his 
receive.,!  the  red  sa.1,  and  oX  ^  s  o;-'';;""' '"'  '^'■"'^''  '""^•^'  ^"^ 
of  i,nilutiu<.  tJK.  whites    b,ro,nf        f ""'  '''■"-''"^'^  '"-■  ''''^  ^ond 

.neans  of  in.,>ir;4S\,,'tSft!  ':;''''  """  ''''t^^'^^'  ^^  « 
Ibr  ].iiasel|-u  hich  was  so  ,':'."',  '?''"'^^  '""'  ^''■"^■™tion 

heh.d  undertak...  '■^''"'^  "^  ^'"^  ^^'^"•'^  of  expulsion  which 

branch  of  Hacker's  Cm^  i  j  ^  !  '  ^^^;™^^^  -:"gagod  was  upon  a 
warriors,   he  can.e  uix^tlle    ,,  J^'     '  'f'    .^^h  a  small  band  of 

a  10^,  -tinghi^ii'i^;;;  ;S;:-^       !;?-^'  -f y.  upon 


poller.    1\)  make;  sure  work"  i'le  t* 


n)k  (I 


lihiTate  aim  with  his  riilo,  but 


i'is  ini;,ht.  and  l^cun,:'d  Sr  ed  1 1  ^  '^"'  'r^'  T^  '""''  ^^'^''  "" 
accurate  kuowled^c  of  the  <  .;  j'  u-/''""^  "'■  "''^^-"''^^.^^  ^f'  «" 
Meanwhile  IHs  nl en     uc^ed' d    n  '  ^^ '^-^'^'"^V!'"'^^ -'"^'"^i^  ^^^ape. 

who,n  thev  barl.u"u  ^m  ;!  ","''?;:r^1^'"  '"""^'  «^'-<^  «^ 
goner  and  two  of  her  Id  11  er  iv-  ^^'"^^^'V^'T  ^''^'^  ^^''-  ^^S' 
Ion.  time  with  the  Indiia'r  ''  "^  '^''  "^'''^''^"  ren>ained1x 

andS,^r  •;^;:^tj::;-fS--/7^  -^^^  hlmself  noted 
ville,  in  1795.  He  was  b  oU  r  'T'^T'^  *>>'  '^'^  ti^eafy  of  Green- 
by  the  name  of  t  e  '^nh  t  and  s  en.  TT  "^^°^^"'  "^"'^  '^"-^« 
just  in  .season  to  pre  .•  J  is  ,;  .T '  u  ^/-^^^'^J^'^^^^  ^^  ^''^  views 
own  ibllowers.  H  s  nrincio  It  ^r  T''""  '^"'''^I^"^^  '-^'^^^S  ^^is 
flucnce  of  the  TippecSnx  h'  h'  V^^  rendezvou.s  was  near  the  con- 
tbo  latter.      Tiiis  tn'r  f  r    ,        "^''  "''""  '^"^  ""^^h  bank  of 

pos-sed  by].;r^;si;'t  rp:i,:rinTS,8''i^'  '"^  v^'  ^-^ 

of  about  one  thousand  youno-  v-  •    '  ,  .      /^^^' ^"t^^-^ '^"«tley  band 
Delaware.,  Wvandots  Pm^^'^       1,      ""  ''T"-  ^^^^  Shawanese, 

their  country,  but  ^vc  re  noTnown/r  "^V"^  '"  ^'^'^  *"^"'«'«»  "^i^' 

their  chiel.s';ere   n  t  to  .S'  f  1?"""''/^  ''f''  '''  ^''"^'  '"^^"J'  o^' 

-rnonstrating  a.^ains    t     i    i     t  "iCtr''^'''  "^.^""^'-  ^«^ 

Pi'0[)hot,  however    in  -i  si  o.^f    I  mal-administration  of  the 

«otLi;wvbou  V;a;ht  lo  "'"'""r  '  i:^^"'^^^'  hi^  "'^bers, 
'Ired,  and  these  i.^  he  .^  t  "  ^T"'^  ''^.^''  ^^^^^"^  '''^^«  J^""' 
had  l^en  such  as  t(  b   no  f:       i  'T  "'  ''-^'^'tence.    Tlieir  habits 

^ionsllu-nislJbnc^S  C^-;r   r'  '"''  ^"^  ^"^^^^  p^«-'- 

'ioubtless  hav(>  ensued       vi  '^"'^,)  '"^^^"nncs,  starvation  would 

'">-  amon,  thci^^a^d  th  ou-^h  inXdl^rt  "f ''  'l  'T'' 
chiol,  vet  it  was  knov/n  thot   i        •      i  '^^"^^■^'^^^'^r  o(  a  .subordinate 

uithough  in  the  narnTf    ^MV  pi  ri  i:'"^•*''"°  •'^"™^^^^' 

"nmense  to  cn.ra^e  every   L.  , In  * '     "'^^-^^«'«ns  now  became 

c  =0  everj  tribe  upon  the  continent  in  a  confederacy, 


a 


1 

S 

B  ' 

1 

iflf 

234 


KVEATS    IPr   INUIAR    UI9T0RT. 


i- 


with  the  open  aud  avowed  object  of  anesting  the  progress  ©f  tht- 
whites. 

Agreeably  to  the  direction  of  frovernment,  GoveriK)r  Harrison  pur- 
chased t)f  the  Dehiwaves,  Mifiriiifs,  Jind  I'otlJiwiUornies,  lar^rc  tract 
of  country  on  bot}i  siil(!s  ol'  tlie  Wubash,  and  extciuitng  u\)  .he  riv(:r 
aixty  niitfrs  above  Vincoiuiics.  Tliis  wtis  in  IHOi),  about  a  ycair  after 
the  Prophet  settled  willi  his  colony  upon  tin;  VN'ubasb,  as  before  stated. 
Teeumseh  was  absent  at  this  time,  and  his  brollier,  the  ProjilK-t,  was 
not  considered  as  having  any  claim  to  the  eomitry,  being  there  with- 
out  the  consent  of  the  Miainies.  Tecuniseh  did  not  view  it  in  this 
light,  and  at  his  return  was  cxceediiigly  vexc-d  with  those  chiefs  who 
had  made  the  conveyance,  many  oi'wlioni,  it  is  asserted,  helhrealeiied 
with  death.  Tecumseh's  displeasure  and  dissatislacli()n  reached  Go- 
vernor Harrison,  who  despatched  a  messenger  to  him  to  state,  "that 
any  claims  Ik;  might  have  to  the  lantls  which  had  been  ceded  wen- 
not  aflected  by  the  treaty:  tliat  he  might  come  to  Vincennes  and 
exhibit  his  pretensions,  and  if  they  wen;  fosind  to  be  solid,  that  the 
land  would  eitlier  be  given  iij),  or  an  ample  compensation  made  for 
it."  This,  it  must  be  confl-ssed,  >sas  not  in  a  strain  calculated  to 
soothe  a  mighty  mind  when  once  justly  irritated,  as  was  that  of  Te- 
cuniseh. However,  vipon  the  l:;2lh  of  August,  1810,  (a  day  which  can- 
not fail  to  remind  the  reader  of  the  iatc  of  his  great  archetype,  Philip. 
of  Pokanoket,)  he  met  the  governor  in  council  at  Vincennes,  with 
many  of  his  warriors,  at  which  time  he  sj)oke  to  him  as  follows: 

"It  is  true  I  am  a  Shawance.  JMy  ibrelathers  were  warriors. 
Their  son  is  a  warrior.  From  them  1  only  take  my  existence;  from  my 
tribe  1  take  notliing.  I  am  the  maker  of  my  own  fortune;  and  oh! 
that  I  could  mak(,  that  of  my  red  people,  and  of  my  country,  as.  great 
as  the  conccjitions  of  my  mind,  when  1  tiiink  of  the  Spirit  that  rules 
the  universe.  I  would  not  then  come  to  Clovernor  Harrison  to  ask 
him  to  tear  the  treaty,  and  to  obliterate  l)>e  landmark;  but  I  would 
say  to  him.  Sir,  you  have  liberty  to  return  to  your  own  country.  The 
being  within,  communing  with  {)ast  ages,  tells  me  that  once,  nor  until 
lately,  there  wrs  no  white  man  on  this  continent.  That  it  then  al) 
belonged  to  red  n)en,  children  of  tht;  same  parents,  placed  on  it  by 
the  Great  Spirit  that  made  tliem,  to  keep  it,  to  traverse  it,  to  enjoy 
its  productions,  and  to  fdl  it  with  the  same  race.  Once  a  happy  race, 
since  made  miserable  by  the;  white  p(;ople,  who  are  never  contented, 
but  always  encroaching.  The  way,  and  the  only  way,  to  check  and 
to  stop  this  evil  is,  for  all  tiie  red  irH-n  to  unite  in  claiming  a  commoii 
and  equal  right  in  the  land,  as  it  was  at  first,  and  should  be  yet;  for 
it  never  was  divided,  but  belongs  to  all,  ibr  t)»e  use  of  each.  That  no 
part  lias  a  right  to  sell,  even  to  each  other,  much  less  to  strangers,— 
those  who  want  all,  and  will  not  do  with  less.  The  white  people  have- 
no  right  to  take  the  land  irom  the  Indians;  because  they  had  it  first, 
ii  is  theirs.  They  may  sell,  but  all  must  join.  Any  sale  not  made 
by  all  is  not  valid.  The  late  sale  is  bad.  It  was  made  by  a  part 
only.     Part  do  not  know  how  to  sell.     It  requires  all  to  make  a  bar- 


TECUMSKII. 


335 


Samforull.     All  red  men  have  equal  rights  to  (he  unoccupird  Innd 
Iho  n.rht  of  occu,,..u.r.y  is  as  .ood  in  oiurplaco  as  in  anZ    Thon': 
.^;.  umt  he  two  ocrt.pat.ons  in  the  same  phlce.     The  ffr"t  excimle    a  I 
others.    It  IS  not  so  ni  huntin-  or  travclli  ..r   Ihr  thr.     H.V  "^-^"^^""''^^  '^' 
will  serve  niuny,  as  they  .naWI.Ho:"     ^^  '      ^^^  h^uLr""'' 
H  statH.uary    and  that  is  oeJnpaney.      It  hei;:i;:^  o  ^^  ^^^^'Z 
down  on  Ins  blanket  or  skins  whi.h  he  has  thrown  noon  t  e      onnd 
and  till  he  leaves  it  no  other  lias  a  rinht."  '  ^'onncl, 

liow  near  this  is  to  the  ori,unnal  i;- nnknown  to  us,  hnt  it  annears 
too  much  Ameneanised  to  eorresp<,nd  with  our  notions  ol'lVeu S 
noverfh((less  it  may  ii  ve  thf  true  inr.-n;>.,r    o      •     ""' '^'  ■^^^•^""^en, 

.H.,ht  to  he  added:.;].Lh'wer  nl    ii     t  ,     '^ilZr^n,^; -r"' 

uve  extracted  the  above,  whieh  was,  .  that  t.  A        c  r.:  'Ss^: 

oin  from  the  sea-eoasts,  and  that  they  would  shortly  push  U.em  int 

^e  hd<es    and  that  they  were  determirnxl  to  make  a  2  d  w  k^t  u  v 

wo  e.      1  his  lanouao-e  imvil,|y  reminds  us  of  what  the  ancien  tri  fns 

iwiba   an.s  (.vud  they)  drive  us  to  the  sea,  and  the  sea  beats  us  bad 
..pon   hem;  between  thes,-  extremes  we  are  exposed  either  to  be    hi 
with  the  sword  or  drowned  in  the  waves." 

Teeumseh,  having  thus  explained  his  reasons  a-minst  the  validitv 
of  the  purchase,  took  his  seat  amidst  his  warriors,  (^ye  nL  Hairf 
•«on,  in  h,s  reply,  said,  "that  the  white  people,  when  they  ar^ed  ton 
this  eonlinent  had  found  the  Miamies  in  possession  o^^Yu  t  e  courv 
ontheV\^abash,  and  at  that  time  the  sVawanese  were  esi.lent"  of 
Gcoroia,  from  which  they  were  driven  by  the  Creeks     Thnt   t^^  i     ? 

ad  ^:n  p^ch^ed  from  the  Miamies,  .L'™^^;^^  tS 
own(,r.of  It.      I  hat  ,t  was  ridiculous  to  assert  that  all  the  Indian. 
were  one  nation;  for  if  such  had  been  the  intention  of  the  G^a 
|Sinn,  he  would  not  have  put  six  diflerent  tongues  into  the  r  heads 

Shi"'t  'I'^h'  "r"""  ^'  ^•"••^'^'■^  l-^Suage^thatall  cSunS 

£     i-n,  I  f  ^^'"'™''.  ^''""^'  ''  ^"'-  ^''^''''  ^^'^^'^^  'o  soil  a  r  of 

0     1  ncis    and   receive  for  them  a  further  annuity,  the  benefit  of 

w  11  they  had  ong  experienced,  from  the  punetualitV  u-ith  which  the 

mcnts,  and  that  the  .Sha«'anc>sc  had  no  right  to  come  from  a  drstfnt 
..nntry  and  corjtrol  the  iMiamies  m  the  disposal  of  their  own  prot  er  ty"' 
rho  governor  then  took  his  seat,  and  the  interpreter  proceeded  to  e; 
P  ain  to  recumseh  what  he  had  said,  who,  when  he  had  nearly  fin.hed" 
uddenly  interrupted  him,  and  exclaimed,  "It  is  all  falser' at^teS 
'mie  giving  to  his  ^varriors  a  signal,  they  seized  their  war-clubs   and 
J-ang  upon  their  feet  from  the  green  g'rass  on  which  tffey  Id  'blf 
Jtling.     1  he  governor  now  thought  himself  in  imminent  danc^er  am 
reeing  nmsel    from  his  ann-ehair,  drew  his  sword,  and  pr"trcrto 
iofcnd  himse  I.    He  was  attended  by  some  officers  of  l"is  o^nmen 
dm,,,,     ,  .^,„^^.  ^^,,^,^.^.^^^,^  ,j^^^^^  ^j^^  Indians,  but  airun  u  med  : 

a  el  u:  "tc'  ''""h"'  -'-d  upon  some  weapon,  such  as  tones 
ai.a  clubs,  lecumsch  continued  to  make  gestures  and  sneak  with 
great  emotion,  and  a  guard  of  t^velve  armed  men  sta?4ied  t-  the 


S36 


EVENTS  IN  INDIAN  lUSTOUV. 


govpi'nnr  in  the  rear  wore  ordered  up.  l-'or  >•  fi'w  minutes  it  wus 
«;xpe(;ii(i  blood  would  Imj  .-ilied.  Major  (J.  U.  J"'luyd(',  who  slood  iK.'ur 
th(!  {fovcuiior,  drew  his  (hrk,  and  VVinnc'iiiuek  cocked  iiis  pi.stol,  m  hicli 
lie  had  ready  primed;  lie  said  Tectunsch  had  ihrcatencd  his  lit!;  Iljr 
haviiiL!,-  sij^ucd  iIk;  Iri'aty  and  sale  of  the  disputid  laud.  A  Mr.  W  iuas, 
the  Methodist  minister,  run  to  the  <j;avernur"s  house,  und  tukiuy  a  gun, 
stood  in  llie  door  to  ddi-ud  ihc  liuMJiy. 

On  hcini;'  iuroniird  wlrif  'rrcuuiscli  had  said,  ih  ■  ti;overnor  re[)li('(l 
to  him,  that  "lu^  \\'as  a  had  niau — thai  ho  would  have  no  iurther  talk 
witli  him — that  ho  musl  rctuin  lo  Ills  camp,  and  sol.  out  for  his  ]inm 
immediately."  Thus  endc;!  the  coullToncc.  Tocumscli  did  not  loavc 
the  nei!:;hborhc).)d,  hut  tiie  next  morning-,  havjn;   redcete'd  on  iIm;  iin- 


jjropru'ly  ol 


his  conduct,  .--eiit  to  the  iinvcrno'  to  hav<:  llu;  council 


renewed,  and  apoloi^iscd  lor  the  ullVont  ollen'd,  to  which  the  governor 
aCler  some  time  cons(;nted,  havinj.^  taken  the  precaution  to  have  two 
addiiicjual  (;om[)anies  ol'aruiL'd  men  in  readiness  in  ca-<'  ofiusull. 

UavinL!;  met  a  second  time,  Tccumseh  was  asked  wlietiier  lie  iiad 
any  otlier  grounds  than  those  he  had  stated,  by  which  he  could  lay 
claim  to  the  hmd  in  ([ucsliou;  to  which  ho  repiii'd,  "No  other."' 
Here,  tlien,  was  an  end  to  all  argument.  Tiie  indignant  soul  of  Tc- 
cumseh could  not  hut  he  enraged  at  tlie  idea  of  an  "etpnvalent  for  a 
country,"  or,  what  meant  the  same  tiling,  a  compensation  lijr  land, 
which,  oiten  repeated,  as  it  liad  been,  would  soon  amount  to  a  country! 
"The  hehavicjur  (jf  Tecumseh  at  tliis  int(,'rview  was  very  dillerent  from 
wiuit  it  had  been  the  day  before.  His  deportment  was  dignilied  and 
collected,  and  he  sliowcd  not  the  least  disposition  to  be  insolent.  He 
denied  having  any  iutenlif)n  of  attacking  the  governor,  hut  said  lie  had 
been  advised  by  wliite  men"  to  do  as  he  liad  done;  that  two  white 
men  had  visited  liim  at  his  place  of  residence,  and  told  him  that  half 
th<  wliite  people  were  opposed  to  Governor  Harrison,  and  willing  to 
relinquish  the  land,  and  told  him  to  advise  the  tribes  not  to  receive 
pay  for  it;  for  that  llie  governor  woidd  be  soon  put  out  of  olllcc",  and 
a  "good  man"  sent  in  his  place,  who  would  give  u[)  tlu;  land  to  the 
Indians.  The  governor  asked  him  whether  he  would  prevent  the  sur- 
vey of  the  land;  he  replied  that  he  was  determinc'd  to  adhere  to  the 
old  boundary.  Then  arose  a  Wyandot,  a  Kikkapoo,  a  Pottawatomie, 
an  Ottowas,  and  a  VVinnehago  chief,  each  declaring  his  determinatiftn 
to  stand  by  Tecumseh,  whom  they  had  chosen  their  chief.  After  the 
governor  had  informed  Tecumseh  that  his  words  should  be  trulv 
reported  to  the  president,  alleging,  at  the  same  time,  that  he  knew  the 
iand  would  not  be  relinquished,  and  Ihat  it  woulikbe  maintained  by 
the  sword,  the  council  closed. 

The  governor  wished  yet  to  prolong  the  interview,  and  thoujilit 
tliat  possibly  Tecumseh  might  iqipear  more  submissive  should  he 
meet  him  in  his  own  tent.  Accordingly  he  took  with  him  an  inter- 
preter, and  visited  the  chief  in  his  camp  the  next  day.  The  governor 
was  received  with  kindness  and  attention,  and  'lecuinseh  conversed 
with  him  a  considerable  lime.  On  being  asked  by  the  governor  if 
his  determination  really  was  as  he  had  expressed   himself  in  the 


lanrls,  and  co 


TBCPMflEII. 


237 


round  ho  said  "Yes,"  nnd  addend,  "that  it  was  with  «rcat  rol„ctanc« 
he  would  mak-  war  with  the  li.iifod  Slates,  ajr„i„st  whom  he  had  no 
(.thor  complaint  but  their  purchasing  the  Indians' land;  that  he  was 
..xtremely  anxious  to  bo  their  IViend,  and  if  ho  (tho  governor)  would 
prevail  upon  the  president  to  ojvo  up  the  lands  lately  purchase.!,  and 
af,'ree  never  to  make  another  treaty  without  fhr,  eonsont  oCall  the  trilx-s, 
ho  woukl^be  their  faithful  ally,  and  assist  them  in  all  then-  wars  with  the 
English,    whom  he  knew  were  always  treatinjv  the  Indians  like  do.rs, 
dnppin<r  their  hands  and   hallooinjr  .v/„./;oy,.   that   he  would   much 
rather  join  the  seventeen  ^ln^s;    but  if  they  would  not  oive  up  said 
an.s,  and  com,.Iy  with  his  n>quest  in  other  respects,  he  would  join 
theLn-lish.     When  the  governor  told  hinnlvro  was  no  probability 
that  the  president  would  comply,  he  said,  "  Well,  as  the  areat  chief 
IS  to  determine  the  matter,   1   hope  the  Orcat  Spirit  wilfput  sense 
enough  into  his  head  to  mduc<>  him  to  direct  you  to  give  up  Ihis  land. 
It  IS  true,  he  is  so  (ar  off  he  will  not  I.e  ii,jur(>d  by  the  war.    He  may 
mt  sfi I   in  his  town   and  drink  his  wine,  whilst  v  n  and  I  will  have  to 
fight  it  out.       Me  had  said  before,  when  asked  .'  it  were  his  det.^rmi- 
nation  to  make  war  unless  his  terms  were  complied  with,  "It  is  mv 
determination;  nor  will  I  give  rest  to  my  feet  until  I  have  united  Jl 
the  red  men  in  tho  like  resolution." 

Thus  is  exhibited  the  determined  character  of  Tecumseh,  in  which 
noQiipiicity  appears,  and  whose  resentment  might  have  been  expected, 
when  questioned,  again  and  again,  upon  th-  same  subject.  Most  reli- 
giouslydid  ho  prosecute  this  plan;  and  could  his  extraordinary  and 
wonderful  exertions  be  known,  no  fiction,  it  is  beli..ved,  could  scarcely 
surpass  the  realty  The  tribes  to  the  west  of  the  Mississippi,  and 
those  about  Lakes  Superior  and  IIur,.n,  were  visited  and  revisited  by 
him  previous  to  the  year  1811.  He  had  raised  in  these  tribes  the 
high  expectation  that  they  should  be  able  to  drive  the  Americans  to 
the  east  of  the  Ohio  The  famous  Mluo-Jackot  was  as  sanguine  as 
lecumseh,  and  was  his  abettor  in  uniting  distant  tribes. 

The  lollow-ing  characteristic  circumstance  occurred  at  one  of  the 
meetings  at  Vinrennes.  After  Tecumseh  had  made  a  speech  to 
Uvernor  Harrison,  and  was  about  to  seat  himself  in  a  chair,  he 
observed  that  none-  had  been  plated  for  him.  One  was  immediately 
ordered  by  the  governor,  and,  as  the  interpreter  handed  it  to  him,  lie 
said,  »  Your  father  requests  you  to  take  a  chair."  "  My  father '"  says 
lecumseh,  with  great  indi-nity  of  expression;  "the  sun  is  mv  liither, 
and  the  earth  is  my  moth<-r,  and  on  her  bosom  I  will  repose;"  and 
anmndiatey  seated  himself,  in  the  liulian  manner,  upon  the  ground. 

1  he  fight  at  Tippecanoe  followed  soon  after.  This  allair  took  place 
m  1:-^  night  of  November  6,  181 1 .  in  which  sixfy-two  Americans  were 
lul led  ,-md  one  hundred  and  tw<ai(  v-six  wounded.  Tecumseh  was  not 
mlhisno^it,  but  his  brother,  the  Prophet,  c^onducted  or  ordered  tho 
attack.  During  the  action,  he  was  performing  conjuralions  on  an 
Imminence  not  far  off,  but  out  of  danger.  His  men' displayed  -reat 
ravery,  and  the  fight  was  long  and  bloody.  Harrison  lost  some  ot^ 
his  bravest  ofhcers.     The  late  Colonel  Snelling.  of  Boston,  then  u 


1:, 


m~ 


238 


RVKNT8    IN    INDIAN    MIHTORY. 


' 


■I 


-I 


captiiin,  was  in  this  fif(ht,  and  took  prisoner  with  his  own  hands  an 
Jndian  chiof,  Iho  only  Indian  taken  l)y  tiie  AnMiricunn.  Tiio  namo  of 
tho  captured  chief  \v(!  do  not  karn,  hut  I'rom  his  (car  of  hcin;^  talion 
for  a  iShawnnco,  it  is  rvidciit  h<'  was  not.  ol'tlmt  liihc,  VV  lion  ho  was 
neizod  hy  ('apt.  Snollin^f,  he  ojaoidatcd,  with  hnrriod  accents,  "Good 
man,  inc  no  Shawancc"  'i'hc^  chi<!l"s  WhilcLion  (\V,i()anianuwa,) 
Stonc-I'latcr  (SanamalioMna,)  and  Wiiiucniack,  wen;  (•oll^[licuoll.^  at 
this  time.  The  hitter  had  JK^cn  tho  protended  friend  of  the  fjovcrnor, 
hut  now  appe.'ircd  his  enciiiN.  lie  was  klHcd  tiie  next  year  by  thu 
lamented  Lo^an. 

Just  l)elor(!  hostilities  eomnienced,  in  a  talk  (Jovernor  IJarrisou  hud 
with  Tcc'Uiiisch,  the  loriiur  (expressed  a  wish,  if  war  must  Hdlow,  thm 
cruelty  to  prisoners  should  not  be  allowi.'d  on  either  side,  '['(xu'nsf.'h 
assured  him  that  ho  would  do  all  in  his  power  to  prevent  it;  and  it  is 
l)eli(iv(;d  he  strictly  adhered  tf)  this  n^oiution.  Indeed,  we  have  ono 
example,  which  has  nev(;r  lj(,'en  calli.'d  in  (|U('slion,  and  is  Wdrihy  the 
jfreat  mind  of  this  chief.  Wlieu  Colonel  Dudley  was  cut  oil",  and  near 
tour  liunilr(!(l  of  his  men,  not  liir  froui  I'ort  Meius,  hv  ihllinu,'  into  un 
ambush,  Tricumseh  arrived  at  the  scene  of  action  when  the  AmericaiLs 
could  resist  no  lonf^er.  He  exerted  himself  to  put  a  stop  to  the  mas- 
sacre! of  the  soldiers  which  was  then  ffoin<i'  on,  and  meetinii,  with  a 
Chippewa  chief  who  W(juld  not  desist  by  persuasion  nor  threats,  he 
buried  his  tomahawk  in  his  licad. 

It  is  said  that  Tecumseh  had  been  in  almost  ev(M\y  important  battle 
with  the  Americans,  from  the  d(^■^lructi(lU  of  (ienc.'ral  I  iarmer's  army 
till  liis  death  upon  the  Tluunes.  Ih'  w;is  under  the  dire(;tion  of  (:lcne. 
ral  I'roctor  in  this  last  ijreat  act  of  his  life,  but  was  ijreatly  dissatislipti 
with  his  course  of  proceedinirs,  and  is  said  to  have  renionstrated 
against  rctreatinj^f  belore  tlu;  vVmerieans  in  very  pointed  terms.  I'erry's 
victory  had'just  <iiven  the  Americans  the  command  ol'l^ake  Erie;  and 
immediately  alUM",  Proctor  abandini(>d  J)etroit,  and  marched  his  ma- 
jesty's army  up  tlie  river  TlianKw,  accompanied  by  (Jeneral  Tec-uni- 
seh,  with  aboi't  iifleen  hundred  warriors.  Harrison  overtook  thcni 
near  the  Moravian  town,  Oct.  .5,  181;^,  and,  after  a  bloody  batdo 
with  the  Indians,  routed  and  look  prisoners  nciarly  the  whoi<-'  Urilish 
army,  Proctor  savino,'  himself  only  by  (li^ht.  After  withstanding 
almost  the  whole  l'oVc(!  of  the  Americans  l()r  some  time,  Teciun.seh 
received  a  severe  wound  in  the  arm,  but  continued  to  liidit  with  des- 
peration, until  a  shot  in  the  head  from  an  unknown  hand  laid  liiin 
pi>,otrate  in  the  thickest  of  the  ii<iht.  Of  his  warriors  one  hundred 
and  twenty  were  lell  upon  the  fi(dd  of  battle. 

Thus  fell  Tecums(di,  in  the  forty-f()urth  year  of  his  age.  He  was 
about  live  feet  ten  imdies  in  heiiiht,  of  a  noble  appearance,  and  a  per- 
fectly symmetrical  form.  "His  carriatje  was  eiect  and  lofty — his 
motions  quick — Ids  cjyes  pcnetratinir — his  visage  stern,  with  an  air  ol' 
hauteur  in  his  countenance  winch  arose  from  an  elevated  pride  of  soul. 
It  did  not  leave  him  even  in  death."  He  is  tims  spoken  of  by  one 
tvho  knew  him. 

At  the  battle  of  the  Thames,  a  chief  by  the  name  of  Shane  served 


TBCUMSEir. 


Shane  served 


330 


knew  Ton.msoh  wp!I   an  i  Z"  h     ?     ?  ,  ,"«  '"fi'i-m^  '«  that  ho 
.1   •  "Will,  una  mat   h.;  ..tici;  had  ins  lhi"h  hrokr-ii    wliirh 

Ihis  was  |.ti(,li.shp<l  ii,  a  K.-ntu.-kv  nr-wsnanrr  lafHv    .  1      ^ 

prove  M.at  tho  ,..,ian  I..,,.,,  ,,y  ( vl-norC.:,':  ^^C.Zr  F^^ 

<T.n,-al  nwi,,.>st  was  hnld  ovor  his  hndv;  and  alfhonlX  t  wn     K^^^^^^^^^^ 
tobp  hn,  yot  (.,  fho  ihrt  flw.f  tl.c  .•..loiu-l  killed  |,i„.    .li  r  .  Jn        i 
:■-..  il.rn.     n„t  no  <lnnl„  ,nnnv  wor.!  v       .*;;!"' '  ^7 

most  dr,.a<|od  n,.n.y,  was  ar-,„all I  slai,  •     n     .;;  '    ^      ^^^^  *^"'" 

th.  pent,  many  i,M  a  delloa-y  i-Mliss;:;;!,; " 2  ^  i:!  ^^cT 

ol  Johnson's  Inonds;    hut  wh.-n  ti.nc-   hadclisn,.||o  |  sn  '      c^  |  ,n     ' 

Ho  ,s  said  to  Imvo  homo  a  fuavonal  -■nniily  to  Conrral  Ilarrkm   .t 
tliislm.o,  (or  havinu-   usf  iK-fo.v  dostrovrd  his  fhmilv     ri  ,  "'  '^ 

todoneml  Proctor,  Ix-iforo  the  Ir.ttl .  „r  t .    'n     "'t^v.'K.sf  wairior 
1 '  :  1  MiiiiK.     It  niay  t)o  seon  in  overv  i  storv  offtio  w.^ 

™l  .•v;t.v  ,„..,-,o,l,,.al  ,,r  ,|,at  ,l.ny,  „„,i  „,„  „  frw^.i    ,.  ","    , "    h  , 

'Izz  :;.:r" ;',;;;;:;  ;,?:,;,r"-"-  "'■  '-"""• '""- "  i^-  - 
I*i:'r;;s;'„;,!;",,':,.r'"-'-"  "'™>--  ■'■-""-^  -<'  ''^^  s:' 

Maldon,  sitiiatfd  at  th(«  junction  of  Dotroit  rjvor  with  I  -.ko  P  • 

movoment  that  way,  Colonol  M'Ar.hur  'anic  vonnca    beinc:  cat  ofl' 
by  a  party  of  Indians  lod  hv  Tofumsol,       Ahlli  r  F    }  ^^ 

efetin,  which,  cloven  of  tho  cnon.y  wore  killcr/ot  it    o  1  S  .n 


i" 


"I,t; 


'?* 


|*ii:r-pi 


A 


<Al 


340 


KVENTS    IN    INDIAN    IIISTOnV. 


attempt  to  reconnoitre,  that  Colonel  M' Arthur  "advanced  too  near  the 
enemy,  and  narrowly  escaped  being  cut  oil"  IVcm  his  men"  by  several 
Indians  who  had  nearly  prevented  his  retreat. 

Major  Vanhorn  was  detached  on  the  4th  of  August  from  Aux 
Canards,  with  two  hundi'ed  men,  to  c-onvoy  one  hundred  and  iifly 
Ohio  militia  and  some  provisions  from  the  river  Raisin.  In  his  second 
day's  mar(;h,  near  Brownslown,  he  fijll  into  an  ambush  of  seventy 
Indians  under  Tccumseh,  who,  firing  u[)on  him,  killed  twenty  men; 
among  whom  wci-e  Captains  M'Culloch,  Bostler,  Gilcrease,  and  Ubry: 
nine  more  were  woundf'd.     The  rest  nuuk;  a  precipitate  rc;treat. 


Major  Vanhoru 


liiiled  in  his  attempt.  Colonel  Miller  was 


sent  on  the  8th  of  August,  with  six  hundred  men  to  protect  !he  same 
provisions  and  transports.  The  next  day,  August  9th,  about  four 
o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  the  vanguard,  conmianded  by  Captain 
Snelling,  was  lired  uj)un  by  an  extensive  line  of  British  and  Indians, 
at  th(!  "lower  end  of  the  village  ol"  Magaugo,  fourteen  miles  from 
Detroit.  The  main  body  was  half  a  mile  in  the  rear  when  tlie  attack 
began.  Captain  .SncUing  maintained  his  position  in  a  most  gallant 
manner,  under  a  heavy  lire,  until  the  line  vvas  formed  and  advanced 
to  his  relief  The  force  against  \\  hicli  the  Americans  were  now  eon- 
tending  was  made  up  of  a  body  of  five  hundred  Indians  under 
Tccumseh,  Walk-in-lhe-watcr,  Marpot,  and  the  since  famous  Black- 
hawk,  and  a  considerable  number  of  whites  under  Major  Muir.  They 
were  formfid  behind  a  breastwork  of  felled  trees.  When  Colonel 
Miller  had  brought  his  men  into  line,  the  enemy  sprang  from  their 
hiding-places,  and  formed  in  line-of-battle,  and  a  fierce  and  appallinir 
stile  ensued.  The  British  and  Indian  lijrce  was  one-third  greater 
than  the  American,  but  nothing  could  withstand  them,  when  led  on  by 
such  officers  as  Miller  and  !Suelling,and  the  ground  was  disputed  incli 
by  inch  for  near  two  miles,  ;n  the  village  of  Brownstown.  Here  the 
British  took  to  their  boats,  and  (he  Indians  to  the  woods,  and  thus  the 
battle  closed.  It  was  owing  to  a  disoliedience  of  orders  on  the  par; 
of  the  cavalry,  that  the  British  escaped  entire  destruction  ;  for  Colonel 
Miller  ordered  them  to  rush  upon  them  and  cut  them  up  when  their 
guns  were  unloaded,  and  their  ranks  were  in  confusion,  but  they 
would  not,  although  Captain  Snelling  offered  to  lead  them  in  person. 
In  this  affair  the  Indians  and  British  lost  one  hundred  killed  and  two 
hundred  wounded,  and  the  Americans  had  cighleeu  killed  and  filly- 
eight  wounded. 

A  British  writer  upon  the  late  war,  after  having  related  the  battic 
■of  the  Thames,  in  which  Tecumsch  fell,  says :  "  It  seems  extraordi- 
nary that  General  Harrison  should  have  omitted  to  mention,  in  liis- 
letter,  the  death  of  a  chief,  whose  fall  contributed  so  largely  to  break 
down  the  Indian  spirit,  and  to  give  peace  and  security  to  the  whole 
northwestern  frontier  of  the  IJ.  Kiales.  Tecumsch,  although  he  had 
received  a  musket-ball  in  th(!  left  arm,  was  still  seeking  the  hottest  of 
the  tire,"  when  he  received  the  mortal  wound  in  the  head,  of  which 
he  in  a   few  moments  expired.     The  error,  which  for  some  time 


TECOMSEHi. 


241 


prevailed,  of  his  being  shot  by  Colonel  Johnson,  is  copied  into  this 
authors  worK.  The  lollovving  descriptions,  though  in  some  "especte 
erroneous,  are  of  uulHcicnt  value  to  be  preserved  -aspects 

Teeum.c.h  was  endowed  "with   more  than  'the  usual  stoutnese 
possessed  all  the  a^;.l,ty  and  perseverance,  of  tho  Indian  charaeS' 
His  carnage  was  d.gn.f.od  ;  ],is  eye  penetrating;  J,i.s  countenan^ 
which,  even  m  death,  belrayed  the  indications  of  a  lolly  spiritr mUier' 
of  the  sterner  cast.     Had   ho  not   possessed  a  certain  Lsterhy  S" 
manners,  he  could  never  have  controlled  the  wayward  passic  ns  of 
those  who  followed  him  to  battle.     Me  was  of  a^sileut  habi      bu" 
when    h.s  eloquence    became  roused    into  action    by   the  reiterated  ' 
encroachments  o    the  Americans,  bis  strong  inteiki  coul.l  sup^K 
,m  wuh  a  flow  c>    oratory,  that  enable<l  him^.s  he  governed  i7Z 
held  so  to  prescribe  m  the  council.     Those  who  consider  that,  in  all 
terntonal  questions,  the  ablest  diplomatists  of  the  U.  States  are  sen 
0  negotiate  wifh  the  Indians,  will  readily  approcinle  ,he  loss  sullaS 
by  the  latter  in  the  dea'!,  of  their  .diampion)     The  Indians,  n'enemt 
are  full  as    ond  as  other  savages  of  the  gaudy  decoration  of" "hS 
persons;  but  i  ecumseh  was  an  exception.     Clothes  and  other  valuabL 
articles  of  spod  had  olten  been  his:  yet  he  invariably  wore  a  dee  "skin 
coat  and  panialoans.     Me  had  freriuenrly  levied  subsidies  to,  compu 

ratm;ly,a  large  aniount:  yet  he  pn^served  little  or  iKMhing  for  hiZu- 
was  no    wealth   but  glory,  that  was  Tecum.s.-h's  ruHn-r  So n 
Pa^alday^  wh-.i  U,e  ; Christian  people'  first  penHraled  li^-'S' 
0  teach  the  arts  o    'civilisation'  to  the  poor  Indian.     Till  then  wS 
had  been  h.s  only  beverage,  and  himself  and  his  r^ce  oossessed  al 
t  e  vigor  of  hardy  .avages.     Now,  no  Indian  opens  his  lips  '^  the 
stream   hat  ripples  by  his  wigwam,  while  he  has  a  rao-  of  dothes  on 
his  back,  wherewith  to  purchase-  nun;  and  he  and  his';quaw  and  h"s 
children  wallow  through  the  rlay  in    beastly  drunkennesJ^   '  lnst^'a<lS' 
the  sturdy  warnov,  with  a   heail  to  plan,  and  an  arm  to  <;o  ufc 
vengeance  upon  the  oppressors  of  his  country,  we  behold  tlie  nunv 
^sotU3d  wretch,  squatting  on  his  hains,  ready  to  barter  lis  comS' 
children,  or  hm.el(    lor  a  few  ^ulps  of  that  deleterious  com,3; 
«liich,  iarinore  than  the  arm?  ol  the  United  .States.  fCr  at  Hritai. 
andFmnce,)  IS  hastening  to  extinguish  all  tra.es  of\;^  ^^J^'^n^ 


;|lmracter.     Tecum.eh.  himseli;  in" early  life,  had  beeiraddiciij'to 
ntemperanee;  but  no  sooner  did  his  judamcit  decide  against  than 
|s  resolution  enabled  him  toquis  so  vii.a-habit.     Boyo.K  e  o^^^ 
glasses  of  wine,  h(>  never  aftc>rv,ards  indubred  " 
It  wassaid  not  to  be  from  good  will  to  tl'u;  Americans,  that  he  would 
pernnt  Ins  wa  mors  to  exercise  any  cruelty  upon  them,  when  fal'n 
into  ih,),r  power,  but  from  principle  alone.     When  DeJro  t  was  taken 
by  ho  British  aiu    Indian.,  Tecinn  :eh  was  in  the  action  at      eht^J 
of     e  la  ter.     Alter  the  surrender.  General  Brock  requested  bun  not 
oaHo.  his  Indians  to  ,11-treat  the  prisoners;  to  which  he  repli^ 
"No!  I  despise  them  loo  much  to  meddle  with  them  '» 

Wof  the  English  have  said  that  there  were  few  ofliccrs  in  the 
U.  States  service  so  able  to  command  in  the  field  as  Tecumseh.    This 


242 


EVENTS    IN    INDIAIH   HISTORy. 


it  will  not  behoove  us  to  question ;  but  it  would  better  have  become  such 
speechmakers,  if  they  had  added,  "  in  his  peculiar  mode  of  warfare." 
That  he  was  a  more  wily  chief  than  Mishikinakwa,  may  be  doubted  ; 
that  either  had  natural  abilities  inferior  to  those  of  General  Wayne, 
or  General  Brock,  we  sec  no  reason  to  believe.  But  this  is  no  argu- 
ment  that  they  could  practise  European  warfare  as  well  as  those 
generals.  It  is  obvious,  from  his  intercourse  with  the  whites,  that 
Tecumsch  must  have  been  better  skilled  in  their  military  tactics  than 
most,  if  not  all,  of  his  countrymen,  whether  predecessors  or  contem- 
poraries. 

A  military  man,*  as  we  apprehend,  says,  "  He  (Tecumseh)  was  an 
excellent  judge  of  position,  and  not  only  knew,  but  could  point  out 
the  localities  of  the  whole  country  through  which  he  hud  passed." 
"  His  facility  of  communicating  the  information  he  had  acquired,  was 
thus  displayed  before  a  concourse  of  spectators.  Previous  to  General 
Brock's  crossing  over  to  Detroit,  he  asked  Tecumseh  what  sort  of  a 
country  he  should  have  to  pass  through  in  case  of  his  proceeding 
farther.  Tecumseh,  taking  a  roll  of  elm-bark,  and  extending  it  on 
the  ground  by  means  of  ibur  stones,  drew  forth  his  scalping-knife, 
and  with  the  point  presently  etched  upon  the  bark  a  plan  of  the 
country,  its  hills,  woods,  rivers,  morasses,  and  roads ;  a  plan  which, 
if  not  as  neat,  was,  !br  the  purpose  required,  fully  as  intelligible  as  if 
Vrrowsmith  hinisell'  had  jjrepared  it.  Pleased  with  this  unexpected 
talent  in  Tecumseh,  also  with  his  having,  by  his  characteristic  bold- 
ness, induced  the  Indians,  not  of  his  immediate  party,  iO  cross  the 
Detroit,  prior  to  the  embarkation  of  the  regulars  and  militia,  General 
Brock,  as  soon  as  the  business  was  over,  publicly  took  off  his  sash, 
and  placed  it  round  the  body  of  the  chief.  Tecumseh  received,  the 
honor  with  evident  gratification,  but  was,  the  next  day,  seen  without 
his  sash.  General  Brock,  fearing  something  had  displeased  the 
Indian,  sent  his  intcrpreti-r  lor  an  explanation.  The  latter  soon 
returned  with  an  ac(;our)t  that  Tecumseh,  not  wishing  to  wear  such  a 
mark  of  distinction,  when  an  older,  and,  as  he  said,  abler  warrior 
than  himself  was  jn-esent,  had  transferred  the  sash  to  the  Wyandot 
I'-hief,  Bound-head."'' 

The  place  of  this  renowned  warrior's  birth  was  upon  the  banks  of 
the  Scioto  river,  near  what  is  now  Chillicothe.  His  father's  name  was 
Pukeesheno,  which  means,  1  light  from  flying.  He  was  killed  in  the 
battle  of  Kanhawa,  in  1774.  Mis  moth(!r's  name  was  Meetheetashc, 
which  signiiies,  a  turtle  laying  her  eggs  in  the  sand.  She  died  among 
the  Cherokees.  She  had,  at  one  birth,  three  sons : — Ellskwatawa, 
which  signifies,  a  door  opened,  was  called  the  Prophet ;  Tecuni.seh, 
which  is  a  tiger  crouching  for  his  prey;  and  Kumskaka,  a  tiger  that 
Hies  in  the  air. 

We  will  here  present  the  reader  with  a  specimen  of  the  Shawana; 
language,  in  the  Lord's  prayer: — 

Goe-thin-a,  spim-i-key  yea-taw-yan-oe,  o-w<v;-sa-yeg  yey-sey-tho- 


*  Mr.  James,  ut  supra. 


RED-JACKET. 


243 


van-ae:  Day.pale.i.tum.any.pay.itch  tha-key,  vea-issi-tav-hav-von  ar 
Kss..nock.i.key  yoe.ma.assis.key.kiepi.seys^pm.i.keyV    MS-nTke^ 

I  tnw  o  t.,   thw.l.  ,•  u      '"^y-^^ay-      iCH-se-piick.i.tLim-a  ma-chil- 

Oho  10  seltic  beyond  iho  Mississippi!    This  sr  TvJ  en  l^is  f ,'        w 
slam  was  fl,.h.i,,g  by  his  side.    Jl^he  print  ^e^n  .'™,y  %'"    „„r 
"in  1814,  out  ol  rcspoct  to  the  memoi v  lo  iho  old   «eni  o      „      1 
,cn.  .0  .ho  young  Tecumsoh  a  ha„dson,o  sword-" 'aiid,?  ,  do.',     i 

lyci.loi  tic  Indian  cause  and  country,  faint  are  the  nrosnect    th-u 


I 


CHAPTER  Vl. 

ACCOUNT  '^P   rnW-VVnT'lirRlVp    At.L..,n^'^^'^^^-^"J^KUNOR  (;!,I\'TO\B 

™oT,,l.lt^^,.„«,rt'A^y,|--«,!;;-«^^^^^^^^ 

Xagoyewatha,  called  by  the  whites,  Rcd-Jaeliet.     Hi.,  pi„ce  ofrfs, 

fz^'^itiS^ur  "7'°"^ :"  "'■»  *-''■•  ("I'i'h  "t  F„  rt 

Januaij  .U  I,,  18,10,  at  his  own  house,)  about  lijnr  m  les  fr.-m  B,  (P,lo 

.:™nr  •"the's",""'  ""'  ''"''r.  """^"'-  "-  '"nd"  "f 
ui  uic  icmn.int  ol  the  hencca  nation,  ra Cd  the  Itosfrvitln,.      T4; 


»ear  his  place  of  -sidenc^^ho  ,;„       '  i^tl^./'o  r:w::v';r::e' 
V„  i     ,  >™'  •**'«.  "council  was  held  at  BuBiilo,  in  tjie  Stale  of  New 

.       nor6  at  length,  and  correctly;  as  some  omissions  and  errors 


344 


BVKNT8    m   INDIAN   HISTORY. 


■«■" 


: 


wnre  contained  in  it  as  published  at  the  time.  It  may  be  taken  na 
genuine,  at  least  as  nearly  so  as  the  Indian  language  can  be  translated, 
in  which  it  was  delivered,  lor  Red-Jacket  would  not  speak  in  English, 
although  he  understood  it.  The  missionary  first  made  a  speech  to 
the  Indians,  in  which  he  explained  the  object  for  which  he  had  called 
them  together;  namely,  to  inform  them  that  he  was  sent  by  the 
missionary  so(-ic(y  of  Boston  to  instruct  them  "  how  to  worship  the 
Great  Spirit,"  and  not  to  get  away  their  lands  and  money;  that  there 
was  but  one  rolijiion,  and  unless  they  embraced  it  they  could  not  be 
happy;  that  tlK-y  had  lived  in  darkness  and  great  errors  all  their 
lives";  he  wished" that,  if  they  had  any  objections  to  his  religion,  they 
would  state  them;  th:it  he  had  visited  some  smaller  tribes,  who  waited 
their  decision  before  they  would  eoiisent  to  reroive  liim,  as  they  were 
their  "older  brothers." 

After  the  missionary  had  done  spc'iiking,  the  Indians  conferred 
together  about  two  hour--,  by  themselvc;s,  v.'ben  they  ^av.i  an  answer 
by  Red-Jacket,  which  ibllows  : — 

'"Friend  and  brothei',  il  was  the  will  of  the  Great  Si)irit  that  wc 
should  meet  to;j:e:her  this  day.  llo  'orders  ali  things,  and  he  has 
given  us  a  fine  day  f  )r  our  council.  I  h;  has  taken  his  garment  from 
ixifore  the  sniu  anil  ciUbod  it  to  shine  with  brightness  upon  us;  our 
eyes  are  opentd,  thai  wc  see  ckarly;  our  ears  are  unstopped,  that  we 
have  lx?en  able  to  hear  distinctly  the  words  that  you  have  spoken;  for 
all  tiiese  liu-ors  v.e  thank  tlic  Gs'cnt  Sjiiril,  and  him  oidy. 

"Brotlier,  this  council  lire  was  kindled  by  you;  il  was  at  your 
request  that  we  came  together  at  this  time;  we  have  listened  with 
attention  to  what  you  have  suid;  you  have  recpiested  us  to  speak  our 
mind.-s  freely ;  this"  gives  us  great  joy,  for  we  now  consider  that  we 
stand  upright  l)efore  yov,  and  can  speak  what  we  think  ;  all  have 
hoard  your  voice,  and" all  s,)eak  to  you  as  one  man;  our  minds  arc 
agreed. 

"Brother,  you  :?iiv  you  want  an  answer  to  your  talk  helbre  yon 
l«3uvc  this  rtlu'rc.  \\  is  ri^-ht  you  shoidd  have  one,  as  you  are  a  great 
distanc(^  from  h'lme,  and  we  do  not  wish  to  dcl;\in  you;  but  we  will 
first  look  jjack  a  little,  and  tell  you  what  our  fathers  have  Sold  us,  and 
what  we  liave  heard  from  the  while  people. 

"Brother,  listen  to  what  W(^  say.  'i'here  was  a  time  when  our 
forefathers  owned  this  gre;il,  island.*  Their  seats  extended  from  the 
rising  to  the  setting  sun.  Tin;  Greiit  Spirit  had  made  it  for  the  use 
of  Indians.  IIo  liad  created  the  bidliilo,  the  deer,  and  other  animals 
for  food.  He  made  the  bear  and  the  beaver,  and  their  skins  served 
us  for  clothing.  Ho  had  scattered  them  over  the  country,  and  taught 
us  how  to  take  thcnn.  He  had  caused  the  earlh  to  produce  corn  for 
bread.  Ali  this  he  had  done  for  his  red  children  because  he  loved 
them.  If  we  had  any  disputes  about  hunting-grounds  they  were 
generally  settled  without  the  shedding  of  much  blood  :  but  an  evil  day 
came  among  us ;  your  forefathers  crossed  the  great  waters,  and  landed 


«  A  genera!  opinion  among  all  the  Indians^that  this  country  waa  an  island. 


HED-JACKET SPEECH   TO   A   MISSIONARY.  246 

on  this  island.  Their  numbers  were  small ;  they  found  friends  and 
not  enem.es  •  they  told  us  they  had  fled  from  tL  r  own  cTunt  y  for 
fear  of  wicked  men,  and  eome  here  to 'enjoy  their  religion  Thev 
asked  for  a  small  seat ;  we  took  pity  on  them,  granted  the!"  reouest 
and  they  sat  down  amongst  us;  wegave  ther^^corn  and  mea '-^thev 
gave  us  pmson*  m  return.  The  whUe  people  had  now  found  our 
country,  tidmgs  were  eanied  back,  and  more  came  amongst  us  vet 
we  d,d  not  fear  them,-we  took  them  to  be  iriends;  they  caled^us 
brothers ;  we  believed  them,  and  gave  them  a  larger  Jeat.  ^  Iuena"h 
their  numbers  had  greatly  increased ;  they  wanted  more  land  thev 
wanted  oljt  country.  Our  eyes  were  opened,  and  our  minds  b^camJ 
uneasy.  Wars  took  place ;  Indians  were  hired  to  fio ht  against  2^ 
and  many  of  our  people  were  destroyed.     Thev  also  bC^ht  st  on.; 

'"  Brothr'our"  '  r"  ^'""=  ^"?  P''""-^"''  ^"^»  h-  «1-"  ^h-stnds! 
.       Biother,  our  seats  were  once  large,  and  yours  were  very  small  • 

you  have  now  become  a  great  people,  and  w'e  have  scarcel/a  place 
left  to  spread  our  blankets,-  you  have  got  our  country,  but  are^  no 
satisfied;  you  want  to  force  your  religion  upon  us.       ' 

"Brother,  continue  to  listen.  You  say  that  vou  are  sent  to  instruct 
us  how  to  worship  the  Great  Spirit  agreeably  to  his  m  nd  and  if  we 
do  not  take  hold  of  the  religion  winch  you' white  peo^;  telh  :e 
shall  be  unhappy  hereafter;  you  say  vou  are  ri<.ht,  and  we  are  lort 
how  do  we  kiuw  this  to  be  true?  k  understand  tharyJur Telilio n' 
s  written  in  a  book;  if  u  was  intended  for  us  as  well  as  /ou,  whyl^^ 
no  the  Great  Spirit  given  it  to  us,  and  not  only  to  us,  but  why  dMhe 
not  give  to  our  forefathers  the  knowledge  of  that  book  with  the  mean' 
ot  understanding  it  rightly?     We  only^know  what  you  tell  usTbout 

Grea%"niS'.  T^}^^^  "^'u!'  ^"'  T  ^'"^  '"^  ^^^'^^ip  and  serve  the 
breat  Spiut,  if  there  is  but  one  religion,  why  do  you  white  neoole 
differ^so  much  about  It;  why  not  all  ^i-ee,  as'you'andltaTtt 

"  Brother,  we  do  not  understand  these  things ;  we  are  told  that  your 

mSrto'r  VT'T'^^'"^',  ""^^^«  b-"  handed  down 
horn  ather  to  son.  We  also  have  a  religion  which  was  given  to  our 
torefathers,  and  has  been  handed  down  to  us,  their  chifdren  We 
worship  that  way.  It  teacheth  us  to  be  tliankllil  for  all  the  favors  we 
™;  to  love  each  other,  and  to  be  united;  we  never  qua^Ubout 

''Brother,  the  Great  Spirit  has  made  us  all,  but  he  has  made  a 
great  difference  between  his  white  and  red  children;  he  has  cj^en  us 
a    neront  complexion,  and  different  customs;  to  yoi  he  has  giten  the 

b  ;.  Sin  .r  ,''  »«S«P«"«^«»'-«yes;  we  know  these  Things  to 
he  true.  Smcc  he  has  made  so  great  a  ditibrence  between  us  in  r  '-  r 
th.ngs,  why  may  we  not  conclude  that  he  has  given  us  a  iSfemU 

*  Spirituous  liquor  is  alluded  So.  it  is  supposed. 
21- 


WWII 


2t0 


KVENTS    IN    INDIAN    HISTORY. 


religion  according  to  our  understanding ;.  the  Great  Spirit  does  right; 
he  knows  what  is  best  for  his  children;  we  are  satisfied. 

"  Brother,  we  do  not  wish  to  destroy  your  reHgion,  or  take  it  from 
you ;  we  only  want  to  enjoy  our  own. 

"  Brother,  you  say  you  have  not  come  to  get  our  lands  or  our 
money,  but  to  enlighten  our  minds.  I  will  now  tell  you  that  I  have 
been  at  your  meetings,  and  saw  you  collecting  money  from  the  mcet- 
ing.  I  cannot  toll  what  this  money  was  intended  for,  but  suppose  it 
was  for  your  minister;  and  if  we  should  conform  to  your  way  of 
thinking,  pciiiaps  you  may  want  some  iVoin  us. 

"  Brother,  we  ar(>  told  that  you  have  be(m  preaching  to  white  people 
in  this  place;  these  pef)ple  are  our  neiuhhors;  we  arc  acquainted  with 
them;  we  will  wait  a  little  while  and  see  what  effect  your  preaching 
has  upon  them,  (f  wo  iind  it  does  tliein  good,  makes  them  honest, 
and  less  disposed  to  <"li('nt  Indians,  w(;  will  then  consider  again  what 
you  liave  said. 

"  Brother,  you  have  now  heard  our  answer  to  your  talk,  and  this 
is  all  we  have  to  say  at  present.  As  we  are  going  to  part,  we  will 
come  and  iJike  you  by  the  hand,  and  hope  the  Great  Spiri*  will  pro- 
tect you  o!i  vour  iournev,  and  return  vou  safe  to  vour  iri(,'n  Is." 

The  chiefs  and  others  then  drew  near  the  missionary  to  lake  him 
by  the  hand ;  but  he  would  not  receive  them,  and  hastily  rising  from 
his  seat,  said,  "that  tliere  was  no  I'ellowship  between  the  reHgion  of 
God  and  the  works  of  the  Devil,  and,  therefore,  could  not  join  hands 
with  them."  Upon  this  being  interpreted  to  them,  "they  smiled,  ami 
retired  in  a  peaceable  manner." 

The  Indians  cannot  well  conceive  how  they  have  any  participation 
in  the  guilt  of  the  crucifixion,  inasmuch  as  they  do  not  helicve  them- 
selves of  the  same  origin  as  the  whites,  and  there  being  no  dispute  but 
that  thev  committed  this  act.  Red-Jacket  once  said  to  a  cicrsvuian 
who  was  importuning  him  on  this  subject, 

"  Brother,  if  you  while  men  murdered  the  Son  of  the  Great  Spirit. 
wo  Indians  had  nothing  to  do  with  it,  and  it  is  none  of  our  affair.  If 
he  had  come  among  us,  we  would  not  have  killed  him;  we  would 
have  treated  him  well.  You  must  make  amends  fbr  that  crime  your- 
selves."* 

Red-Jacket  took  part  with  the  Americans  in  the  war  of  181i2,  but 
was  not  distinguished  for  that  prodigality  of  lite  which  marked  the 
character  of  Tecumseh,  and  rminy  others,  but  on  all  occasions  was 
•tx)l  and  collected.  He  had  become  attached  to  Colonel  Snellinj;' 
during  the  war,  and  when  he  heard  that  that  officer  was  ordered  to  a 
di.stant  station,  he  went  to  take  his  farewell  of  him.  At  that  interview 
he  said, 

"  Brother,  I  hear  yon  are  going  to  a  place  called  Governor's  Island. 

*  "This  occurred  in  a  conversation  between  Red-J?tcket  nnd  the  Rev. 
Mi^  Brackt'tu-idire;  Tomniy-.Jcmmy,  .Jack-Horry,  and  myself  were  pre- 
sent.   I  heard  the  remark,  and  will  vouch  lor  it."— W.  J.Snclling. 


^t^J' 


■•^mH»imm 


RED-JACKET. 


347 


1  hope  you  will  be 


•|„  ;w  1     I  -u     S^v^,'"""'"  yourself.     I  understand  that  you  white 
people  thmk  children  a  blessing.     I  hope  you  may  have  a  thournd 
And,  above  all,     hope,  wherever  you  go,  you  nmyLver  fiL  wSey 
more  than  two  shillings  a  quart."  wuisKey 

Grand  Island,  in  Niagara  rivr>r,  just  above  the  famous  Niagara 

alls  IS  owned  by  the  Seneeas.    When  it  was  rumored  that  the  KS 

ad  taken  possession  of  ,t   „.  their  las,  war  wi,h  the  Americans,  Red- 

Jacket^ass,.,nbled  h.s  people  to  cor.su't  with  Mr.  (iranger,  their  L^cnt 

A  or  havmg  stated  to  him  the  in.brn.arion,  the  old  chief  m.deth* 

followmg  profound  speech: 

"  Brorher  you  have  told  us  that  we  bnd  nothing  to  do  with  the  war 
that  has  taken  place  between  you  and  the  British.     But  we  find  The 

bv  the  B ntish  and  then  Indian  /nen,!..  It  is  necessary  now  for  us  to 
ake  up  he  tisiness,  defend  our  property,  and  drive  L  enem;  torn 
J.  I  v<"  sit  still  upon  our  seats,  and  take  no  means  of  redress  the 
British  (according  to  the  customs  of  you  white  people)  will  hold  tbv 
conquest.  And  shoukl  you  conque,-  rhe  Canadas  yiu  11  cla  m  t 
upon  he  same  principles,  as_  (though)  conquered  from  the  Br  tTsl 
\Vo  thereiore  request  permission  to  .,o  with  our  warriors,  and  S 
off  those  bad  people,  and  tnko  possessi-n,  of  our  lands."  Whc^upon 
such  of  the  henecas  as  had  an  inctina'lon  were  permitted  to  Z  Ac 
Americnn  aim  v.  '  •'        "^ 

In  one  action  Red-Jacket  acted  ,,  .vnspicuous  part,  and  is  most 
honorably  mentioned  by  the  commanding  general.'    The  action "ook 
place  near  iMTt  (  eorge  o.  the  17th  of  August,  18i:3,  betvveen  about 
throe  hundred  volunteers  ,-md   India,,.,    supported    by  two  hundred 
regu  ars.        hese  surprised  iIk-  Brin-.h  and'  Indian  camp  at  dayM^ 
killed  seventy-five  and  l.^ol:  sixter-n  pr--.oners.     The  success  of  the 
oxpedmnnwas  aln  ost  eniir-ly  owing'to  a  stratagem  oft  endLns 
who  whcrj  they  h.d  formed  their  plan  ofaUack,  decoyed  their  brethren 
on  he  British  sale  u,,o  an  ambnsb,  by  giving  a  war-vvhoop  whid,  they 
mistook  lor  that  of  the  r  iViends.     (ienenr  Bnv.l    «•], .     '""^"  ^"e> 
here.savs.  "The  nri,..;,..!  ....;',...,  J '^   '     »">'•'.  ^v ho  commanded 


,    ,      /   V  •;"-  ^..['uuu  ^.)Hi.  t-niei  oi  unonca"a,  who  wns 

wounded.     Tn  a  counni  ^.l■,icb  w..  held  with  them  yesterday    the v 
oveiKU.  ed  not  to  sc.lp  or  murdr.-;  ai.d  I  nm  happy  U,  sa    tTa't   hey 

cios  iipoi,  tlie  </ad.       "  Iheir  bran^rv  .-nid  humanity  were  ecu-illv 

ronsp,cuous._    Al.v.,dy  the  cpiietness  in  wliLd.  our  pickets  a  e  sXed 

to  mnain  evmces  the  benefit  arising  fhan  iheir  asiistanc^."  '^ 

(.over„or])e  Witt  (   inton,  in  his  mo.t  valuable  discourse  before 

.Historical  Sociefyof  New  York,  tluis  notices  Red-Jacke    '  <  Wkh 

s  n"!  ;Z:  ^"^^'"-f  "-y --^-  1-^  risen  among  the  Sen^s; 
'IS  real  name  is  Saguoaha.     V^  itliout  the  advanta<.es  of  ilIustrin„J 


first  distiui  tiong  in  the 


iMi,liJ^ 


i  P.tl 


nation 


die  fc 


or 


ee  of  his  eloquencv 


348 


EVENTS  IN  INDIAN  UISTORY. 


t! 


Red-Jacket  having  by  some  means  lost  the  confidence  of  his  country, 
men,  in  order,  as  it  is  reported,  to  retrieve  it,  prevailed  upon  his 
brother  to  announce  himself  a  prophet,  commissioned  by  the  Great 
Spirit  to  redeem  the  miserable  condition  of  his  countrymen.  It  re. 
quired  nothing  but  an  adroit  and  skillul  reasoner  to  persuade  the 
ignorant  multitude,  given  to  the  grossest  superstition,  of  his  infalli- 
bility  in  the  pretended  art  or  mystery.  If  good  ever  came  out  of 
evil,  it  (lid  at  this  time.  The  Onondagas  were,  at  that  period,  the 
most  drunken  and  profligate  of  all  the  Iroquois.  They  were  now  so 
far  prevailed  upon  as  almost  entirely  to  abstain  from  ardent  spirits, 
became  sober  and  industrious,  and  observed  and  respected  the  laws 
of  morality.  This  good  effect  was  not  confined  to  the  Onondagas, 
but  shed  its  benign  influence  through  the  nations  adjacent.  But  as 
this  reform  was  begun  in  hypocrisy,  it  necessarily  ended  with  its 
hypocritical  author.  The  greatest  check,  perhaps,  which  can  be 
thrown  in  the  way  of  imposture  is  its  own  exposition.  In  this  case, 
like  witchcraft  among  us  in  former  times,  it  was  stayed  by  its  own 
operations.  Many  were  denounced  as  witches,  and  some  would  have 
been  executed  but  for  the  interference  of  their  white  neighbors.  Red- 
Jacket  was  denounced  in  a  great  council  of  Indians,  held  at  Butlalo 
creek,  as  the  chief  author  of  their  troubles.  He  was  aceordinclv 
brought  to  trial,  and  his  ekxjuence  saved  his  life,  and  greatly  increased 
his  reputation.  His  defence  was  near  three  hours  long.  And,  in  the 
language  of  Governor  Clinton,  "the  iron  brow  of  superstition  relented 
under  the  magic  of  his  eloquence :  he  declared  the  prophet  (his  brother) 
an  impostor  and  a  cheat;  he  prevailed;  the  Indians  divided,  and  a  small 
majority  appeared  in  his  favor.  Perhaj)s  the  annals  of  history  cannot 
furnisli  a  more  conspicuous  instance  of  the  triumph  and  power  of 
oratory,  in  a  barbarous  nation,  devoted  to  superstition,  and  lookint; 
up  to  the  accuser  as  a  delegated  minister  of  the  Almighty.  I  am  weil 
aware  that  the  speech  of  Logan  will  be  triumphantly  quoted  against 
me,  and  it  will  be  said,  that  the  most  splendid  exhibition  of  Indian 
eloquence  may  be  found  out  of  the  pale  of  the  Six  Nations.  I  fully 
subscribe  to  the  culogium  of  Mr.  Jeflerson,  when  he  says,  '  I  mav 
challer.rre  the  whole  orations  of  Demosthenes  and  Cicero,  and  of  any 
more  eminent  orator,  if  Europe  has  furnished  more  eminent,  to  produce 
a  single  passage  superior  to  the  speech  ol"  Logan.'  But  let  it  be 
remembered  that  Logan  was  a  Mingo  chief,"  that  is,  an  Iro(jUois. 

The  time  is  not  far  distant,  if  not  already  arrived,  when  the  name 
of  Red-Jacket  will  be  heard,  in  the  most  august  assemblies,  to  give 
weight  to  the  mightiest  ellbrts  of  eloquence.  In  the  debate  on  the 
Indian  bill,  in  1830,  in  Congress,  Mr.  Crockett,*  of  Teimessee,  said, 
"  I  am  forcibly  reminded  of  the  reniai-k  made  by  the  famous  Red. 
Jacket,  in  the  rotunda  of  this  building,  when  he  was  shown  the  panel 

*  The  pitiful  crusade  in  which  tiiis  bruve  man  lost  his  life,  will  as  long 
be  remembered  for  its  unjustifiable  origin,  as  the  many  valuable  but  rnis- 

f aided  men  who  have  been  sacrificed  in  it.    Having  joined  the  army  of 
'exas.  Colonel  Crockett  was  there  murdered  with  the  rest  of  a  garrison 
which  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Mexicans  in  183ti. 


BBD-JACKBT. 


249 


which  represented  m  sculpture  the  first  landing  of  the  Pilgrims,  with 
an  Indian  cluot  p.c-s.ntino  to  them  an  ear  of  corn,  in  token  of  friendly 
welcome.  1  h,  a^cd  Jndiun  said,  «That  was  good.'  He  said  he  knew 
thoy  came  from  the  Great  Spirit,  and  he  was  willing  to  share  the  soil 
with  his  brothers.  But  when  ho  turned  round  to  view  another  panel, 
reproscf.  ing  lonu  s  treaty,  ho  said,  '  Ah !  alls  uonc  now.'  There  was 
a  great  deal  of  truth  in  this  short  saying." 

Ucd-Jacket  ami  his  c-.)uncil,  in  IH^irmadc  a  formal  complaint  to 
the  Covernor  o  Ncvv-i  orl<,of  the  arbitrary  conduct  of  some  teachers 
among  his  people,  and  of  their  undue  innucncc  generally.  Considering 
It  to  contain  a  most  important  and  valuable  piece  of  information,  we 
will  give  It  entire: — 

"Brother  Parish,  I  address  myself  to  you,  and  through  you  to  the 
governor.    I  he  chiefs  of  (Jnondaga  have  accompanied  you  to  Albany, 
tod(.  business  with  the  governor;  I  also  was  to  have  been  with  you 
but      am  sorry  to  say  that  Lad  he-alth  has  put  it  out  of  my  power 
Hr  lh,s  yon  must  not  think  hard  of  me.     1  am  not  to  blame  for  it. 
IS  he  will  01  the  Great  Spirit  that  it  should  be  so.     The  object  of 
the  Onoiulagas  is  to  purchase  our  lands  at  Tonnewanta.     This  and 
all  other   business   that  they  may  have  to  do  at  Albany  must    be 
ransaced    in  the  presence  of  the  governor.     He  will  sec  that  the 
bargain  is    airly  mnde,  so  that  all   parties  may  have  reason  to  be 
satisfied  with  what  sha''  be  done;  and  when  our  sanction  shall  bo 
wanted    o  the  lraasac=lion,  it  will   be  freely  given.     1   much  regret 
hat,  a.  this  lime,  the  .slate  of  my  health  should  have  prevented  mc 
roin  accompanying  you  to  Albany,  as  it  was  the  wish  of  the  nation 
itia       sfiould  state  to  the  governor  some  circumstances  which  show 
ihut  the  chain  ol  iriendship  between  us  and  the  white  iieople  is  wear- 
ingout  and  wants  brigl.N.ning.     I  proceed  now,  however,  to  lay  them 
before  you  by  leister,  that  you  may  mention  them  to  the  oovernor,  and 
sohcit  redress.       le  is  appoinferl  to  do  jiisiife  to  all,  and  the  Indians 
fully  confide  that  he  will  not  sutler  them  t(,  be  wronged  with  impunity 
Iho  hrst  subject  to  which  we  would  call  the  attention  of  the  irovcrnor, 
Ks  the  depredations  that  are  daily  committed  by  the  white  people  upon 
the  most  va  ual.l,;  timber  on  our  reservations."    This  has  been  a  sub- 
joc toi  complaint  with  us  Ibr  i:,any  years;  but  now,  and  particularly 
at  this  season  of  iho  year,  it  has  become  an  alarming  evil,  and  calls 
lor  tlie  inimediafe  interposition  of  the  -overnor  in  our  behalf     Our 
next  subject  ol  complaint  is,  the  frequc^nt  ihefls  of  our  horses  and  cattle 
by  llio  white  peopie,  and  their  habit  of  taking  and  using  them  when- 
ever  they  please  and  without  our  leave.     These  are  evils  which  seem 
to  increase  ui)on  us  with  the  increase  of  our  white  neighbors,  and  they 
call  loudly  lor  redress.     Another  evil  arisino-  from  the  pressure  of  the 
wtutc.^  upon  u",,  .Ind  our  unavoidable  communication  with  them,  is  the 
requency  with   which  our  chiefs,  and  warriors,   and  Indians,  are 
thrown  into  jail,  and  that,  too,  for  the  most  trifling  cause.     This  is 
very  galling- to  our  leclin-s,  and  ought  not  to  bo  permitted  to  the 
extent  to  which,  to  gratify  their  bad  passions,  our  white  neighbors 
now  carry  this  practice.     In  our  Imitincr  and  f  " " 


'o» 


we  are 


m- 


- 


\m 


360 


BVKNT»   IIV    INDIAN    HISTOHV. 


greatly  interrupted  by  the  whites.  Our  venison  is  stolen  from  thf 
trnes  where  wc  iiave  hung  it  to  be  retlaiined  ai^iT  the  chase.  Our 
hunting  camps  have  U^en  lircd  into,  and  wc  have  Ix'en  warned  that 
we  shall  no  longer  be  permitted  to  pursue  the  deer  in  those  forests 
which  were  so  lately  all  our  own.  The  fish  which,  in  the  Baflalo  nnd 
Tonnewanta  creeks,  used  to  supply  us  with  food,  are  nt)W,  by  ih* 
dams  and  other  obstructi(jns  of  the  whites,  prevented  from  multiply, 
ing,  and  wo  are  almost  entirely  deprived  of  that  accustomed  suste- 
nance.  Our  great  (iithcT,  the  president,  has  reccinimended  to  our 
young  m<!n  to  be  industrious,  to  ploui'h,  and  to  sow.  This  we  have 
done,  and  we  are  thanld'ul  for  the  au\iee,  and  lor  the  means  he  has 
aflbrdcd  us  of  carrying  it  into  eflect.  Wc  arc  happier  in  consequent 
of  it.  Hut  another  thing  recommended  to  us  has  created  great  con- 
fusion among  us,  and  is  making  us  a  quarrelsome  and  divided  people, 
and  that  is,  the  introduction  of  preachers  into  our  nation.  These 
black-coats  contrive  to  get  the  consent  of  some  of  the  Indians  to 
preach  among  us,  and  wh(;rever  this  is  the  case,  confusion  iid  dis- 
order are  sure  to  l()llow,  and  the  em  roachiricnts  of  the  whites  upon 
our  lands  arc  the  invariable  conse(piences.  The  governor  must  not 
think  hard  of  rne  for  speaking  thus  of  the  preachers.  I  have  observed 
their  progress,  and  when  1  look  back  to  sec  what  has  taken  place  of 
old,  I  perceive  that  whenever  they  came  among  the  Indians  they  were 
the  forerunners  of  their  dispersion;  that  they  always  excited  enmities 
and  quarrels  among  them;  that  they  introduced  the  white  people  on 
their  lands,  by  whom  they  were  robbed  and  plundered  of  their  pro- 
perty ;  and  that  the  Indians  were  sure  to  dwindle,  and  decrease,  and 
1)0  driven  back,  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  preachei  that  came 
among  them.  Each  nation  has  its  own  customs  and  its  own  religion. 
The  Indians  have  theirs,  given  to  tliem  by  the  (ireaL  Spirit,  under 
which  they  were  haj)|'y.  It  was  not  int(Muled  that  they  should  em- 
brace the  J'cligion  of  the  whites,  and  be  destroyed  by  the  attempt  to 
make  them  think  differently  on  that  subject  from  their  fathers.  It  is 
true,  these  preachers  have  got  the  consent  of  some  of  the  chiefs  to 
stay  and  preach  among  us,  but  I  and  my  friends  know  this  to  be 
wrong,  and  that  they  oiight  to  be  removed;  besides,  we  have  beeti 
threatened  by  Mr.  Hyde,  who  came  among  us  as  a  school-masttr  and 
a  teacher  of  our  ctiildren,  hut  has  now  become  a  black-coat,  and 
refused  (o  teach  them  any  nmre,  that  unless  we  listen  to  his  preaching 
and  become  (Christians,  we  will  be  turned  off  our  lands.  We  wish  to 
know  from  the  governor  if  this  is  to  be  so,  and  if  he  has  no  right  to 
say  so,  wc  think  he  ought  to  be  turned  off  our  lands,  and  not  allowed 
to  plague  us  any  more.  We  shall  never  h-  at  peace  while  he  is 
among  us.  Let  them  be  removed,  and  wc  >  ill  be  happy  and  eon- 
tented  among  ourselves.  We  now  cry  to  the  governor  lor  helj),  and 
hope  that  he  will  attend  to  our  complaints,  and  speedily  give  u» 
redress. 

Red-Jacket." 


*'  This  letter  was  dictated  by  Red-Jacket   ind  interpreted  by  Henry 


RED-JACKET. 


Obeal,*  in  the 


Ml 


son,  Marcus,  Big-firo,  Cupfaii-jSy."     ^^  ''^'  •'•'"'"^y-J^hn- 

riie  success  this  petition  mci  will,    it  ; 
.satislhctory  to  hi.n,  il.  rcs.nlc  "  «  k   '     i.    1,^^'^'  "'"•  '""  «"^' 

.a.guil.i;r^j^^^:^S;i;r;4^.«t;^^ck.t's  tm. «,,  in^o  a 

circuM.slancrs  attended  his  ilh.    /X^hvu^n-^T'']'''^   ^"'"e 
that  he  was  bewitched.    Thowo.na    1 1    n  "f  .''•"'"'J'^  ^  bc-lieve 

Hs  the  witch,  and  by  the-  liw  o.   ^  ,^",-nded  hu„  was  (ix<ui  upon 

'       ro  suffer  dealh.     Z  c'h^-  "^  ^t  r'  *]!  ^  "^^-"'  «h<^  ^as  doorLed 

own  people,  ^oo-non^'^i  e,  ex  cut ed   h^^^^  "'^^"'^  ''^  ^^^ 

The  Americans  took  untiie  n^n, ,       f''",'^/,'^' «''•>•  ^^"tti",:;-  her  tliroat. 
mto  prisun.f     Some    nrX     '  V     '',''  ^'l'"  •l«"""y>  '^"•i  'I'rcnv  him 

^wofedini;o.n.n^,:;^:id;t:  To ::::;: n;;'H"^ '"' ^^^^^-^^^^^ 

that  the  court  had  any  jurisdiction  oJn.  f  i  V'"'  P'"'«'»"«'-  df^nied 

through  three  termsf  C  .!;^::"  '^Sv"^  "'T'^  ^^^""'^^ 
Hnd  the  other  witnesses  testiiie'c  hat  the  u  ''  '''''^'  '^"'-f^^^'^ot 
that  she  had  been  tried  S  >  n  f  n  T  "''"  ^^^'  '"  ^^'^^^''  '^"^ 
thoir  laws,  whicln,ad  Len  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^  '''':^^''^'.'  '"  P^"-«"'»'«--«  of 

^lore  the  English  ca.^  nto   h  '^^,!^"'Vr  '---rial-long 

Was  v.as  mueh  ridicc.l.nl  i;yZV)f  the  %''•'''''"' "^''^'^ 
Rod-Jackct  thus  uptly  alludes  i/Tnno  ^''.^^V'"-'''^^"''  '«  ^•'"■'^'' 
ri„  stand :_         '    *  "^  "^'^'^^  ^'  "'h'^''  ''^^  '"ade  while  upon 

two  centuries  acro7     Your     v^ne       '^"T  T  TJ"'<^"'^Iv  inculcated 

^he  pu,,t,  your  j.c£  ^.a;'^.!;  I^n^rif  ■^.^tt^'T^'  ^^"'" 
'■"urts  of  justice  have  sanctioned  it  with  the  L.     l  7','^''  >'"^'' 

you  would  now  punish  our  unfb  iu.  are  I  rotLr  n'  '''  '"^'  '^"^ 

superstitions  of  his  fatlu-rs  '     Go  tr  sl  r      f  '^'"'«»'^'"''«  to  the 

your  government,  and  you  wil    Ld  t  n  11  d    ^"^     'S'*^'^  '''''''^'  ^^ 
^riine  which  has  called^lI.rtlTtk  s" nte n^^c^,^^^^^^    "T""'"'^-  ^"''  ^'"^^  ^^^^ 
«'o.rmn,and  drawn  down    he  arm  of"  v?  n     ^^'"'''^'""^^'O"  '^i-n  this 
'"«vo .  .r  brothers  don.    more  th      t  "^'"f «»";  "l"'"  L^r.      What 
'lone'   md  what  cri,       I>T    l  '"''-'''  ''^  y""*"  I'^op'^'  l»ave 

-mmo  >  wrv  tn'  laws  ot'  his'  ""'!  '''""'  "^[^  '^^^  '^■^' '^"^'"^^  i"  a 
'-J?"  Belbr;!  dZU  was  -Zhe^'t:"'  '''  .'"."-^i--  of  his 
'-  was  asked  if  he  belie.:  rib"ni;£";,;ir''"^V"  ''''  --' 
"le  existence  of  God.     VVirh   n      Z  '''''y\  '"'^  punishments,  and 

-^^^rrogator,  and  with  no  I  tlln      ^r"    '^'^   '"'"  '^'^  '«^^''  ^^  ^is 
"  Vesl^nuch  rnore  t'rt  o  wl    e'^S'-t^'P'f  ""'/'^  ^^=P''-'  = 
--"     Upon  the  appearancr^r'Slr;:^^^:!-: 
*  J'on  ot  Corn-planter,  or  Corn-plant. 

i  -rhi;;;rought"ro"Bs:/'Vh.;'"^^    ^^^'^■'^  -^^  --  -  the  spot 

and  the  blood  was^et  upon  his  hamls.   '""'  ""'  "^^^  '^^>'^'"'«''  ^'^e  murler,' 


•  I 


;ii 


BVENTU    IN    INDIAN   IIWTORV. 


n 


one  observes:  "Tliere  is  not,  perhaps,  in  nixturn,  a  more  oxprossivc 
eye  than  that  of  Ked-Jftokct ;  whoa  liieii  hy  in(Hj;niiti(in  or  revenge,  it 
is  terrible;  and  when  he  cIjool^cs  to  display  his  mirivulled  talent  for 
irony,  his  keen  sarcastic  glance  is  irresistible." 

When  Lalayctte,  in  lfS:J5,  was  at  Mutliilo,  ainon;r  the  persons  of 
distinction  who  cnlled  upt)n  him,  was  llcd-.lackct.  (Jl'  the  old  ijiior, 
M.  Levasseur  observes:  This  extraordinary  man,  «lth()Ut!,h  much 
worn  down  by  tiino  and  intemperance,  preserves  y;,  in  a  snrprisiiii; 
degree,  the  exercise  oC  all  his  (iiculties.  Ih;  had  (^vcr  remembered 
Laliiyette,  since  17H4,  at  which  time  he,  with  others,  met  a  great 
council  of  all  the  Indian  n;iti(nis  at  Fort  Srhiiylfi'.  \vlicn  the  interest 
of  all  those  naticn.-i,  friends  and  enemies,  was  re^'ulated  with  the  U. 
States.  lie  asked  tlu;  general  if  he  recollected  that  meeting.  l|f 
replied  that  he  had  i5ot  fori^otlen  that  great  event,  and  asked  Red- 
Jacket  if  he  knew  what  had  become  of  the;  ymniir  chief,  who,  in  that 
council,  opposed  with  such  (jloqiicnct!  the  "  burying  ol'  the  tomahawk." 
Ivcd-Jacket  replied,  "lie  is  helore  yon."  His  sihocIi  was  a  master- 
piece, and  every  warrior  who  heard  him  was  carried  away  with  his 
eloquence.  He  urged  a  conlinuation  of  the  war  against  the  Ameri- 
cans, having  joined  against  them  in  tin-  revohilion.  The  general 
observed  to  him  that  time  had  m;uh  changed  thcni  sinc(;  that  meeting, 
*'Ah!"  said  Ued-.hicket,  "timj  lias  not  been  so  severe  upon  you  as  i: 
has  upon  me.  It  has  led  to  you  a  fresh  countenance,  and  hair  to 
cover  your  head;  while  to  mc,  behold !"' and  tak.ng  a  handkerchioi" 
from  his  head,  with  an  air  of  injch  leeling,  show.d  iiis  heati,  which 
was  almost  entirely  bald. 

At  this  interview,  was  fully  confirmed  what  we  havi;  b'-fore  stated. 
Levasseur  ctmlinucs:  lled-jackel  obstinaiely  reluyes  to  speak  any 
language  but  that  of  his  own  country,  nnd  afFccts  a  great  dislike  fd 
all  others ;  althouah  it  is  easy  to  discern  that  he  perli'ctly  under.stands 
the  English;  and  reiused,  nov  n'lheless,  to  reply  to  the  general  before 
his  interpreter  had  translated  his  questions  into  the  fcleneca  languaifo. 
The  "enoral  spoke  a  few  word-;  in  Indiiiii,  which  he  liad  learned  iii 
his  youth,  at  which  Ued-Jacket  was  highly  pU;ased,  and  which  aii^;- 
mented  much  his  high  o[)inion  oi"  Lafayette. 

The  author  of  the  following  pa-. , age  is  unknown  to  us;  bus  pre- 
suming it  to  be  amhcntic,  we  quote;  it.  "More  thaii  thirty  years  have 
rolled  away  since  a  treaty  was  held  on  the  beauiiful  acclivity  thai 
overlooks  the  Canandaigua  lak(\  The  wihK- ;si,'s  of  the  scene  will 
never  forget  the  powers  of  iuitiv(!  oratory.  Two  days  had  [laHsnl 
away  in  negotiation  with  the  Inilian.'.  fir  a  cession  of  their  lands, 
The  contract  was  supposed  to  b;^  nearly  com[)leted,  whfu  Red-lackot 
arose.  With  the  grace  and  dignily  of  a  Iloinan  .senator,  he  drew  his 
blanket  around  him,  and,  wi:h  a  [.:  n'cing-  eye,  surveyed  the  multitude. 
All  was  hushed.  Noihing  infer:;03.;d  to  break  the  silence,  save  the 
gentle  rustling  of  the  tree  1f.[is  undei  ,]ioj;e  shade  they  wen;  gntlioit'd. 
After  a  long  and  solemn,  but  not  unaieanhig  pause,  hf.;  commcnood 
his  speech  "in  a  low  voice  and  sententious  stylo.  Rising  gradually 
with  his  subject,  he  depicted  the  primitive  simplicity  and  liappiness  ci' 


RI3D.JACKF,T. 


his  nnlinn,  nnd  tho 


253 


was  soon  roused  to  vc.,,..;,  k'    o    m      '    '  •;'";"'''  '''"'  '^^^'y  ""'''''"r 

s.bsidr.1,  the  white  .nen  U C  i;  ,  ' ''"  ri ''''  '^"''  ^^"^''"^''^  ''"^' 
"'■""''"''••"  ^'H'l.lrv,  s,.rr...u,rd     V  .^ '"■>■  wr-re  ,n  thr-  hnart 

nxcitod  to  i..di.ruHio„  |.v  L '  '  n  '  ^  ' r'^T  ''^ "'":':  'lli"r-«.  and 
nnd  terri/lcd,  (hevhifcwnr,,  r  a  I.  '.-^  "'"''''-"  "''''''•  ^I'l'"""'^ 
"'•'"""'  ""''n.     A  i.od  (Von.  t  ■,  H  I,  r  '  T  "?''''  "1'^^"  "«'  ''"rdes 

tion.     At  this  porterl  u^  ,  oi  ,, .     r^.n''^''  ,  "  '"'  "''''  "''  ^'''«'r"^- 

'-"J-^  "'"  Hncueuce  of' I  ..'';;  7'';^'-,^-^  cheer,  «>„,: 
.'.ssomi.lc.1.  with  th.^  ai^/  of  oth.  d  '  .',  ;  '"T  ""  7'"""-  '"■'"'  '•^■ 
lury  of  his  nation  to  u  ,no •    I  '''''  ''P  '''''''  '"<«l'-r.-i"il  the 

then..  SulVu-r  it  to  ,av  (  <'  ,  ;  'r*'''' "V',  ^ ''"^'•^^'■""  "^'''o^^ 
distrid,  at  this  dav,  o;^^u  s,n  I  Iw  '  T''"'"'"''  ''"''  "'^'  ''■''^'^'^ 
<o  the  com.sels  oV  a  sava  e  h  ,  '  '  "'  "•  j"'^^"'- ""<1  i"/l"onco 
li'^roism.  virtue,  or  any  o  hi'  -'on  r""""  "'"  ^^'T  ^^  y"'»'«. 
Worn,  r.ot  oniy(;eorae    he     Vurtl.         I'T  "    'V  ■""  '^^^"'''^  ^'''''^ 

Gonnanen-pero^and  tli^'c'zar  o' M  X      v  ^n"  ^  ^"i^"'  ^'"^  ""^ 
nificance.-'  iMu.^rc.N^,  (dike  dwindle  into  iusig. 

'lio  couneii-ehaniber.     The  Vol    u-    ,  "    ""'  ''"'"'"""^^'^'al'li,  in 

j;ovornor\s  speech:  '']5ro,l         7,^^^  ;     ''"  f'"?'"  P^'^M^'ld.  of  tho 
<-t  the  stringers  that  vilillcw        ,  ^  ^;^:^'r ;  ""'  ^^''T''  ^ 

mrm  l„„l  ,l„„i.r„,,|  „    .,  „„",',','     '  •;  ■  ■;■  -"rd  ,l,„t  ,1,0  ,,ov.,.„. 

«"fc^^lofAp,.il«!lWi„,^t;^.  tr  t^^ 

♦Onaswas  the  name  the  Indians  eaveVVillinT,  TJ  ,   . 

'he  .ame  name  to  all  the  governrs  irPenDsyTvTnfa      '  '""^  "^'^  ""^'""« 


254 


EVENTS    IN    INDIAN    HISTORY. 


Struck  our  !it1cntion  very  forcibly.  When  you  fold  us  this  was  thr 
place  in  which  our  fovclathers  often  met  on  peaceable  terms,  it  gavr 
us  sensible  pleasure,  and  more  joy  than  we  could  express.  Though 
wo  have  no  writings  like  you,  yet  we  renieniher  olten  to  have  heard 
of  the  friendship  that  existed  between  our  lathers  and  yours.  Tho 
picture*  to  which  you  dniw  our  attention  bronj^ht  fresh  to  our  minds 
ihe  friendly  eonlirTcnees  that  used  to  le  held  between  tl;e  I'ornH  r 
governors  of  l\'nnsylvania  and  our  tribes,  and  showed  tlie  love?  whirl; 
your  forefather:::  hful  of  peace,  and  the  iriendly  disposition  of  our 
people.  It  is  still  our  wish,  as  w^ell  as  yours,  to  preserve  peace  bo- 
tween  our  tribes  and  you,  and  it  would  be  well  if  the  same  spirit 
existed  among  the  Indians  to  the  westward,  and  ihrough  every  part  of 
the  United  .States.  You  jiarticularly  expressed  that  you  w'crc  wol! 
pleased  to  find  that  we  diilered  in  disposition  freni  tho  Indians  west- 
ward. Your  disposition  is  that  for  which  the  auci(  nt  Onas  governors 
were  rtmarkable.  As  you  love  peac(>,  so  do  we  also;  and  we  wish 
it  could  be  extended  to"^  the  most  distant  part  of  this  great  country 
We  agreed  in  council,  tbi:-  morning,  that  the  sentiments  I  havf-  ex- 
pressed should  be  eommuiiiealed  to  you,  beliirc  the  delegates  (if  the 
Five  Nations,  anil  to  tell  you  that  your  cordial  welcome  to  this  city. 
and  tho  good  sentiments  coi.'tained  in  your  address,  have  made  a  dcq. 
impre;-5sion  on  (uir  hearts,  have  given  us  great  joy,  and  from  the  hear! 
I  tell  vou  so.     This  is  all  I  ba\e  to  say." 

When  Red-Jacket  had  finished,  inioiher  chief,  called  AgAvclondoiii;. 
was,  (and  sometimes  Cood-Peter,-})  addressed  the  assembly.  His 
speech  is  much  in  the  style  of  Red-.lac!.:el's,  and  was  chiefly  a  repeti- 
tion, in  othei*  words,  of  it.  It  was  short,  and  contained  this  passage: 
"What  is  there  more  desirable  then  that  wi',  who  live  within  hearing! 
of  each  other,  should  unite  for  the  common  good  '.  This  is  my  wish. 
It  is  the  wish  of  my  nation,  although  I  am  sorry  I  can't  say  so  of 
every  individual  in  it;  l()r  there  arc  diflcrences  of  opinion  among  us, 
as  well  as  among  our  white  brethren." 

Since  wc  have  here  introduced  Dominie-Peter,  we  will  so  far  digros? 
as  to  relate  what  follows  concerning  him.  He  was  one  of  those  whe 
took  part  against  the  v^niericans  in  the  revolutionary  war,  and  when 
hostiliticH  commenced,  he  retired  and  joint  d  the  remote  tribes  towanh 
Canada.  Colonel  .lohr.  Harper,  (one  (d'  llie  family  from  whom  Hur- 
persfield,  New  York,  takes  its  name,)  was  stationed  at  the  Ibrt ;;: 
Schorrie,  in  the  State  of  New  York.  Early  in  tho  spring  ol'  1777. 
in  th(5  season  ol'  making  mapk;  sugar,  when  all  were  on  the  look-on: 
to  avoid  surprise  by  the  Indians,  Colonel  Harper  left  the  garrison  am! 
proceeded  through  the  woods  to  Harpersiield,  tlumcc  by  an  Indian 
l)atl)  to  Cherry-valley.  In  his  way,  iv.,  he  was  turning  the  point  of  a 
hill,  he  saw  a  company  of  Indians,  who  at  the  same  time  saw  hini. 
He  dared  not  attempt  flight,  as  Jie  could  expect  no  other  than  to  lo 
shot  down  in  such  attempt.     He  therefore  determined  to  advance  and 

*  A  fine  picture  representing  Penn's  trcatv  with  the  Indians. 
+  And  often  Dominic-Pcter.    2  Coll.  N.  Y-  Hist.  Soc.  74. 


DOMINIE-PETER. 


255 


meet  them  without  discovf>rin(r  fm..      n  ^■       ■  • 

11         I  "••  ^'5>^uvLnng  tear.     Loncca  inw  his  rofr  mpnKlc  ., . 

well  as  he  could  with  his  "roat.r-n-.f    J.o  i...  f  °  V      '^"'"f  "''^'s  as 

i.r.tl. ,.,...?"     Ti  •■'-I'-uiuon.     AiKi  wlui'h  Wiiv  are  vou    jonnrl 

miluslci-'s  iiiiinc  «„,,  .li,lm,si,.ii,.    I,,.,,,,.  ,|,,.  „,„„.;■'    .?,     "     ' 
:>ia  iiin,  "At  llio  ,„„u,l,  orsdic-iiovu'.  C,-,,.|-''     ?i  '   1     '■  '?■' 

•m..    W  i,.u  hey  armed  at  i.:vaa-s  i^mco,  upok  the  Ch  Sft     H^  o 
-no  into  thc=  niiolloorhoi       -^  :td  w'^;''",r'  "'""^ 

'iiiq-oi-  and  his  eoinpanions  ea.di  r.vi)rsil,..,<lv  im   ulM^i  ' 

1"  '  ^^'"J'     il'i!  ("..lu'l  Harper!     \ow  I  Icnow  vou  '     \Vi,v  did 

;;:,»■«.  !•..>  tots  iv./;;;;- 5:^  vi  r  ;,;^':  i;:!;^?: 

^aiTil.  ■       ■*  '"!'""'  ''"I''""  ""  'J""'"  many  livos  wo,-,. 

unuuison  o(  his  was  chosen  ehiefofthe  8en<^a^  '  '^'  ^' 


-«««♦*- 


25R 


EVENTS    IN    INDIAN    HISTOKY. 


V»4i| 


In  179i!,  Farmcrs-Brotlicr  was  in  Philiuhjlpliia,  and  was  amoiiu 
those  who  attended  the  burial  ol"  Mr.  i'eter  .laqiiotte,  and  is  thus 
noticed  in  tlie  Pennsylvania  Ciazetle  ol' :28th  March,  ol"  thai  year: 
"On  Monday  last,  tiie  eliiels  and  warriors  of  the  Five  Nations 
assembled  at  tlu;  state-jionse,  and  wen;  welcomed  lo  ihe  city  ofPliila- 
(leliihia  in  an  addrc'ss  delivered  Ijv  the  liovernor.  Three  ofthe  chicl's 
made  a  general  ackno\\'led;ini(  iit'lbr  llie  cordial  reception  which  they 
had  experienced,  but  jiostponed  their  Ibrmal  answer  ant il  another 
opporlunily.  The  room  in  which  ihey  assembled  was  nunitioned  as 
tlie  ancient  council-chaUiiie,',  in  which  tlunr  ane<'stors  and  ours  had 
oiten  met  t(j  hridil-'U  the  chain  of  iriendshi[»;  and  this  circumstance. 
toi>eth(ir  with  the  presence  of  a  a  real  part  oi'  the;  beauty  of  the  city. 
had  an  evident  (Mli'ct  upon  ^h^  ii-^elin^s  oi'  the  Indians,  and  seemed 
particularly  to  embarra.ss  the  elocution 'oi'  llu-  i'armers-BrotlRT." 
This  last  clause  do(>s  not  correspond  with  our  i(k'as  of  the  great  chief. 

ThroUii,h  his  whole  hie,  Farmers- 15  rot  her  seems  to  liave  been  ;, 
peace-maker.  In  rhe  sprin--  of  ihe  next  year,  ihere  was  a  ^reai 
coancil  lield  a!  Niaiinra,  consistin;;  ni'  tl;e  chiels  of  a  great  nuinv 
nations,  dwelhng  upon  the  shores  of  die  western  lakes.  At  this  lime. 
many  long  and  laborious  speeclie.-;  \\\-n-  made,  some  i!>r  and  other.- 
against  ihe  con(hict  of  ihe  United  .States.  ["aruiers-Drothev  slioiic 
conspicuous  at  this  time,  ilis  speech  w;is  nearly  three  Jiours  long. 
and  tiie  final  determination ol'lhe  c()iincii  v\as  pe;tce.  We  know  of  um 
.speeches  being  j)reserved  at  this  time,  hut  if  tlien^  could  have  been, 
doubtless  much  true  history  might  have  been  collected  fn^m  them. 
lie  seems  not  only  to  have  hcen  csteemcxl  by  the  Americans,  but  uisu 
by  the  English. 

"  Of  Peter  .laquctte,  whom  we  liavc  several  times  iiicitlentally  men- 
tioned, we  will  !iive  some  account,  before  proceeding  with  Monayawiis. 
He  was  one  of  the  principal  sachems  oi'tiio  Oneidas.  This  chief  died 
in  Philadelphia,  March  lOih,  17tJ2.  Ih;  had  been  taken  to  Fi'aiio 
hy  General  Jialiiyette,  at  tlu;  close  of  the  revolutionary  war,  where  Ik 
received  an  education.  i\Ir.  Jacjuette,  having  died  on  Monday,  \\h> 
interred  on  the  l()llowing  ^Vednc^sday.  "  His  luntn-al  was  attendnl 
from  Oder's  Jiotel  to  the  Presbyterian  be.rying-ground  in  Mulberry 
strc(!t.  The  corjise  was  |)receded  b;,-  a  detachment  of  the  light  inlantrv 
of  the  city,  with  arms  reversed,  driiins  muliled,  music  playing  v 
solemn  dirue.  The  corpse  was  lidlowed  by  six  of  ihci  chiefs  tis 
mourners,  succeeded  by  all  the  warrioi-s:  ihe  reveri'ud  clergy  of  ;di 
denominations;  secn^tary  (.1'  w'tw,  and  ihe  genlleuien  of  the  war 
department;  ofiicers  of  th(!  li'deral  army,  and  of  the  militia;  and  a 
number  of  citizens." 

One  of  the  mo-,t  celebrated  speeches  of  Farmers-Mrother  M'as  de- 
livered in  a  council  at  (icnesee  rivi'r,  in  IVDS,  and,  after  being  inter- 
preted, was  signed  by  the  chiefs  ])resenf,  and  sent  to  the  Legislatiiir 
of  New  York.'     1 1  follows:— 

"  lirothers,  as  you  ai.,  once  nion;  assembled  in  council  for  ftn 
purpose  of  doing  iionor  to  youi'selves  and  justice  to  your  country. 
we,  your  brothers,  the  sachems,  chiefs  and  warriors  of  the  Seneca 


FARMKRS.imOTnER.-HIS   ACCOrNT   OF  THE    MOIXDS.         257 

nation,  request  vou  to  open  voiir  ffir«  n.i.l  ,r:„„  ,  .*     .• 

and  wishcL-Yoi.  will  rocolC  tlw      ^       i      f "''"''''"  ^"  "^^'  ^'^'^'^ 

rtrlmnd  which  te       I  S  ,ir      n"!''"';''""'';''!.'  *?  ="  ™Si"S 

lull— il u«  whirlwind  was  so  rliroctcHl  l.v  ii„.  Gro-it  Sni,- 1  .     ^ 

IIS  many  years.     At  Iciiofli  tN,.  r>.,>  f  c  •  •.         ,        ^"^y  uvea  with 

-lurncl,  and  have  W  ^^^em  ta  ,'°  3 '  ii:,"   ■'■'""•-Tl-y  have 
iiif(.rr.iv.frM'«       w  >    rn   p    i        -^T        ^         "^^"  sGrviceah  (•  to  lis  as 

to  give  them  a  so^of  t^  ^;e' S^^l^-^ii  T  •"""  "'"1^^ 
outlets  of  Lake  Erie,  about  three  nilolHov  Si  "  f  T  '•''' 
mng  at  the  mouth  of  u  c.-eek  known  hv  t  e  .  ,.  r  ^  ''  ^'^"'■ 
cs  creek,  ruuning  one  mile  from  Z  WVe  N^a^",fSf "'""?'" 
ihenro  northerly  us  the  river  r,m«  f»-^  i  ,, '^'S^'^^  "P  «'^'«  creek, 
to  tlK.  nv,,.r,  thcLt'u     the  live     ,      ^  '  """'"  westerly  one  mile 

A  gentleman,!  who  visited  Buffalo  in  1810,  observer  thnt  Pn.. 


^: 


iU 


22* 


■1 


Md.! 


R'Ki 


:i58' 


EVENT3    IN   IXDIAW    JlUTOUt. 


incui-sion.s  of  the  French,  and  that  tho  iniplnnents  (laind  in  tl'ienTworr' 
lakcn  iVoni  them;  n  "n-caf  iH'iii\-  of  !^' roach  havinu;  In'on  overthrown  and 
mostly  cut  ofl',  iho  Jndians  hcjcnmo  j)o.sHc,ssed  ol"  their  accoutrements, 
wliicli,  beiii'j;  of  no  ust;  to  tliein.  wore  hiiricd  with  their  owners. 

1  le  was  a  j;reat  warrior,  and  altiioiijdi  "eiiihty  snows  in  years" 
when  the  war  of  IHl^i  ho^an,  ye!  he  enwged  in  it,  and  lought  with 
the  Anii'i'icans.  1  le  did  not  live  till  its  dose,  but  died  at  >Seni>c;i 
village,  just  aller  the  battle  ol"  Bridgewater,  and  was  interred  Mith 
military  honors  by  the  filth  regiment  of  (^nitc-l  .Stales  Infantry,  [fc 
usually  woi-e  n  medal  ])reseiiled  hiin  by  (lonend  A\'as!iington.  In  ihc 
revolution,  he  Ibught  suecessliilly  against  the  Amei'icans.  Perhaps 
there  never  .''owed  from  the  lips  of  man  a  rnon;  fiublinie  )netapli()r 
than  that  made  use  of  by  this  chief,  in  the  speech  givqn  above,  when 
alluding  to  th(>  revolutionary  contest.  It  is  \\orth  repeating:  "The 
(jreat  Spirit  spoke  to  the  whirlwind,  and  it  \\  as  still."' 

This  celebrated  <'hief  was  engaged  in  the  cause  of  the  French,  m 
the  old  French  war,  as  it  is  teiiiied,  and  he  once  pointed  out  the  spot 
to  a  traveller,  wliere,  at  the  hca(i  of  a  band  oi"  his  warriors,  he  am- 
bushed   a   guard    that   acconii)anied    the   hlngiish    tenuis,   employed' 
between  the  Falls  of  Niagara  and  Fort  ?S'iagava,  which  had  their 
reccntlv  surrendered  to  the  i^nglish  under  Sir  William  Johnson*.    TIk 
place  of  the  ambush  is  now  called   the  Devil's  I  lo!e,  and  is  a  ven 
noted  i)lace  to  in((uisitive  visiters  (.['  that  romantic  region,  as  it  is  hm 
three  and  a  lialf  miles  below  the  gvea.t  Falls,  and  upon  the  Americmt 
shore.     It  is  said  of  this  p/lace,  that  *'  the  mind  can  scarcely  conceive 
of  a  more  dismal-looking  den,     A   large  ravine,  made  by  the  lidlini' 
in  of  the  ])erpeiidicular  i)ank,  darkened  by  the  spreading  branches  of 
the  birch  and  cedar,  which  h;id  taken  root  Ik'Iow,  and  the  low  mur- 
muring  of  the  rapids  ii>  the  cliasm,  added  to  the  solemn  tli'uidoror 
the  cataract  itsell",  coulribule  to  render  the  scene  truly  tiwful.     TIk 
English  parfv  were  not  aware  of  the  dreailful  liite  that  avaitod  them 
Unconscious  of  danger,  the  dr;\'M's  W(>re  'jjuly  whist  ling  to  (heir  dull 
ox-teums.     Farmers-Brother  and   his  band,  on    their  aniva'   at  this 
spot,  rushed  from  the  thick(  t  ^\lli<■h  had  concealed  them,  and  com- 
menced a  horrid  biifch(M'y."     So  unexpected  was  the  attack,  that  n!i 
presence  of  mind  ilirsoolc  the  Fngiish,  and  they  made  little  or  no 
resistance.     The  guard,  the  teamsters,  the  oxen,  and  the  wagons  were 
y)recipitate(l  do^\■n  into  the  gulf.     But  two  of  the  men  escaped  ;  a  Mr. 
Sjedman,  who  lived  at;Sclosser,  above  the  falls,  who,  being  mounted 
on  a  fleet /hotse,  eiloc'ted  his  C'capc;  and  one  of  the  soldiers,  whe 
was  caught  on  the  ]irojecting  root  of  a  cedar,  whitdi  sustained  him 
until  th(;  Indians  had  left  the  place.      He  snoir  after  got  to  Fort  Psia- 
ifara,  and  there  gav(!  an  accomit  of  what  had-'Hapjiened.     The  sni!il! 
rivulet  that  runs  into  the  Niagara  through  tlje  'I  Icvil's  f  iole,  was,  it  is 
9aid,  colored  with  the  blood  of  the  slain  on  that  Uuisirtunate  day,  and 
1)1  now  hears  the  name  of  Bloody-llun. 

Farmers-Brother  fought  against  the  Americ;Ui-i  ir'  die  revolntion. 
and  was  no  inconsiderable  foe;  but  his  acts  were  -a-ol.'ably  mostly  in 
eouncil,  as  we  hear  of  no  important  achievenieiits  by  him  in  the  field 


PAn.uKns.nrtoTnRH. 


250 


"  To  the  Honorabic  VVrr,T.i.vM  Ersrrs, 

Si'cretary  at  War. 
"The  .sachnms  and  chioC  «cuTiors  of  the  Senocn  nation  of  Indian, 
nndcrsfanding  you  aro  tho  person  appoh^ted  bv  the  .r^  tS  of 
ym.r  nation  to  n.ana,,e  and  coiuU.et  the  afTuirs^f  tl^c^Ic^erS  n.  i^^^^^ 
of  huHans  uuh  ^v horn  you  are  at  peace  and  on  tc.™    of  nlnu  T 

"Hrother  we  do  not  think   it  best  to  nndtiplv  words-   we  will 
.relore    dl  you  wluu  our  eon,,h,int  is.     n,.otl[er,  U,^u.  wha      e 
,       oo,K^ ours  since,  we  hdd  u  trc  aty  at  Big-tree,  near  the  Gene^  ! 

;i      -niteJ  St^'^!  ^' r '" '"'   '^y  our  .real    father,  the  PresiS  S' 
'     lu  ed  btates.     II,,  .sent  an  agent,  Col.  Wadsworth,  to  attend  this 


I'cd  children,  and  would  take  care  of  our  moiu-    .,,,,1     i    \  ■:'"•  "' 

(r 


waters  run      Our  .noncy  has  lunvtofbre  b^^nof^  ^t  ^^^iSI'," 

'  !ias  helped  us  to  support  our  ohi  people,  and  our  wonu       ,nd  c  il" 

';en?  but  we  are  told  the  field  wlJere^xK  mone^^^s      an^ti 

omo  ba^;ren.     Brother,  wc=  do  not  understand  ^our    v^  f^do  n^ 

!'iiM"o.s«.     Has  tlnng  ,s  very  heavvon  our  niinds;    \Vc  UK'^n  to  hnU 

"Ih  :;;   "^Hrr'"''"  ""t'  ^'''^  V  the  hand;  1^^^ 
'■'•^  icu  \     \\o  hope  you  M'lll  reniovi;  it.      We  have  heard  of  thr.  F?- 

'■'""'"'y'i  our  brothers  tpwards  the  .ettin-r  sun    N  V '    e  so  rv  r 

o  1,;;:;';:;;^'"  '"^^ '""  '''"•,  ^^'^  '^^-^-^^  ^^ '- '^-'  o  a^.^  ; 

'rtive  nils  talk  to  vour  <n'eat  cnnnf        lTr>  i,, ,.,.  ■       ■    •" 

«ill  speuk  oar  minds.  "e  knows  our  situations,  and 


if 


ti'-.t 


'■i'*\ 


^ 


260 


KVHNT8    IN    INDIAN    HISTORY. 


(Subscribed  with  the  marks  of) 


b'armers-Brother,  (Honoyawus,) 
Little  Billy,  (Gishkaka,) 
Youtifr  King,  (Koyiri<r(iiiautah,) 
Pollard,  {KaounduuwaiiiK) 
(Jhief- Warrior,  (Lunuchshewa,) 
Two-Guns, 
John  Sky, 

J'arrot-Nosc,  (Soocoowa,) 
John  Pierce,  (Teskaiy,) 


Wheelbarrow, 

Jack-Berry, 

Tw(;nty  (."atioes,  (Cachaunwasse,) 

liig-Kcttle,  (Hcsscvva  ?) 

Hair-Town.  (Achiout,) 

Kcyandcunde, 

raptain-Cold, 

K.sc|.  JMinUley, 

Capt.  Johnson,  (Talwinaha,; 


Strong,  (Kahalsta.j 

"  N.  B.  The  forc'gcjlag  spcccli  was  delivered  in  eouncil  by  Farmers- 
Brother,  at  Buffalo  creek,  Dee.  19th,  1811,  and  subscribed  to  in  my 
presence  by  the  chiels  whose  names  are  annexed. 

EkASTUS  *t)KANOER." 

Eight  th(jusand  dollars*  was  appropriated  innnediately  upon  receipt 
(jf  the  above. 

We  find  among  the  acts  of  the  Pennsylvania  Legislature  of  1791, 
one  "  for  granting  eight  hundred  dollars  to  Corn-Planter,  Ilalf-Towu 
and  Big-Tree,  Seneca  chiefs,  in  trust  for  the  Seneca  nation."  At  this 
time  much  was  apprchcn(l(,>d  fnjm  an  Indian  war.  Settlers  were 
intruding  themselves  upon  their  country,  and  all  experience  has  shown 
that  whenever  the  whites  have  gone  among  them,  trouble  was  sure  to 
follow.  Every  movement  of  tlie  Indians  was  looked  upon  with  jea- 
lousy by  them  at  this  period.  Half-Town  was  the  "white  man's 
friend,"  and  conmiunicated  to  the  garrisons  in  his  country  every 
suspicious  movement  of  tribes  of  whom  doubts  were  entertained.  It 
is  evident  that  hostile  bands,  for  a  long  time,  hovered  about  the  post 
at  V<  nango,  and,  but  for  the  vigilancr  of  Half-Town,  and  oth(n-  friendly 
chiefs,  it  would  have  been  cut  off.  In  April  this  year,  (1791,)  Corn- 
Plant  and  Half-Town  had  upwards  of  one  hundrcid  warriors  in  and 
about  the  garrison,  and  kept  runners  out  continually,  "  being  deter- 
mined to  protect  it  at  all  events."  Their  s])ies  madc^  frequent  disco- 
veries of  war-parties.  On  the  12th  of  August,  1791,  Half-Town  anJ 
N(nv-Arrow  gave  information  at  Fort  Franklin,  tiiat  a  sloop  full  of 
Indians  had  been  seen  on  Lake  Erie,  sailing  for  Presqu'Isle;  and  their 
object  was  supposed  to  be  Fort  Fraiddin ;  but  the  conjecture  proved 
groundless. 

The  Indian  name  of  Half-Town  was  Achiout.  We  hear  of  him  at 
Fort  Harmer,  in  1789,  where,  with  twenty-three  others,  he  executed 
a  treaty  with  the  United  States,  The  commissioners  on  the  part  of 
the  latter  were  General  Arthur  St.  Clair,  Oliver  Wolcut,  Richard 
Butler  and  Arthur  Lee.  Among  the  signers  on  the  part  of  the 
Senocas  were  also  Big-Tree,  or  Kiandogewa,  Corn-Planter,  or  Gyim- 
twaia,  besides  several  others  whose  names  arc  familiar  in  history. 
Big-Tree  was  often  called  Great-Tree,  which,  in  the  language  of  the 


*  "  In  lieu  of  the  dividend  on  the  bank  shares,  held  by  the  President  of 
the  U.  States,  in  trust  for  the  Seneca  nation,  in  the  bank  of  the  V.  States.' 


CORN.PLAIVTBR HKAUDOCK's    DfiFKAT. 


a6i 


i-ivo  Nations,  was  Nihoroatagovva,  which  also  was  thr-  na.iir.  of  thr 
OixM.la  ivmnn.  Big-Treo  was  with  U,-noral  VVasIuni.ton  durin-  Uir 
su.,.m<,T  ol  Y  /S  hat  nUum.d  to  th..-  Indiru.  nations  in  tho  autmnn. 
Ih  i.mcoodod  to  th,«  ^nn(.:as,  and  ,,...1  his  oloqu.nro  tocHssua.l.  Ihnn 
iro.n  iii-iitniir  „„dc;r  Brant  ai-iiinst  fho  Amoricans.  The  Oncidas  wmv 
tncndlvat  this  tun..,  and  Bi^.Tivo  was  roroivd  .•unon<.'  th^'in  with 
hospitahly,  in  his  way  upon  this  niissi,,,,.  I  liivin-  stai.flon.r.n-  than 
was  ox|KH;t.,.d  amouir  tho  «cnccas,  lh<.  Oncidas  sont  a  messim.rc,  „, 
know  tho  roason.  do  rolun...!  aiHsver  that  ^y\u•n  h(-  arrived  anion- 
his  nation,  ho  lound  thoin  all  in  arms,  and  their  villa-os,  Kanadasoaoo 
and  Jennessoe,  crowded  with  warriors  from  remote  trihes ;  that  thev 
at  lirst  seeined  incline.!  (,.  juvirken  to  his  widies.bnt  soon  learnin-' bv 
;i  spy  that  ih.,.  Anra-icaiis  were  about  to  invade  their  country,  all  'flew 
..J  arms,^^and  Big-lree  put  himself  at  their  hca.l,  "  .l,.tern.in..<l  to 
rha<tis()  he  said,  "the  .ai..my  that  .laivd  presume  to  think  ef  peno- 
■ratiiii  their  country."  But  we  do  not  learn  that  he  was  obli'il  i„ 
iiriiiitam  (hat  hostile  attitud<>,  and  doubtless  re'lurncl  so„n  alicr" 

C.n.-Planler  was  a  warri.,r  at  Braddock's  defeat,  but  whether  a  chief 
I  .lo  uotj.'arn  ;  we  will,  h.nvever,  aceordinn-  to  our  desion,  cdve  an  ac 
roiint  ol  that  signal  disaster,  in  this  coiuL^ction.    The  Freud,  havinrv 
establish. Ml  .h,.ms.dves  upon  the  Ohio,  within  the  territory  claimed  by  the 
i^-uglish,  an.    ])uiit  a  li.rt  upon  it,  as  low  down  as  the  cnnfiu.,.nceof^hat 
river  with  th..  Mon..ngahela,  the  laN.rr  were  <l..t.,.rnu,KMl  to  .lispossess 
rhoin.     1  h's  was  un.lr.rtaken  by  a  loivo  of  about  twenty-two  hundred 
nicii,  ua.ler  tlie  eominand  of  General  hMwar.l  IJraddofk".     With  about 
tlurtaMi  hundred  of  these  lie  pnxveded  oi;the  ..xpr.dition.  l.>avin.r  the 
rest  to    o  low  under  Colonel   Dunbar.     Throuuh  n.'arly  the  wholr. 
(^mrs..  ol   Ills  m^mdi,  he  was  wat.-hed  by  soi.-s  iVoin  F..rt   Durpiesno, 
,  the  name  of  the  1^ , ■end,  i.^rt  on  th.H  )hio,)aud  the  earli.st  intellioence 
.|1  Ins  movements  was  carried  then,  by  In.lian  runners  with  the  uTmosi 
despatch.     When  it  was  tol.l  amoiin-  ,be   lu.lians  that  the  army  was 
marching  upon  them  in  solid  columns,  thev  laughe.i  with  sumriso, 
an.  said  one  to  another,  "We'll  shoi.t  'em 'down,  all  one  pi<rcon  I" 
and  it  will  always  be  acknowledged  that,  in  this,  the  Indians  wx^re  not 
inisiakcn. 

TlK^Frcnch  it  seems,  lormed  but  a  small  part  of  the  ibrce  that 
'lu..>at(;d  Bradd..cks  army;  tlu;  Indians  piaun.xl  and  .executed  the 
oDoruiions  cine'!.,-  th.nnselv..s,  an.l  ih.ir  whole  Ibrce  is  said  not  to 
nave  <m-eeded  lour  hundre.l  m.'u;  but  from  the  accounts  of  the 
J-raich  thems..|v(;s,  it  isevi.l..ni  there  were  about  six  hundred  Indians, 
■iii.i  not  lar  lr..m  two  hui,.h-<-d  and  fiity  French,  who  marched  out  to 
ni('(!t  Hraddock. 

Ktu-Iy  in  tlje  morning  of  the  9th  of  July,  1775,  the  English  armv 
arnve.1  at  a  lordmg-place  on  the  Afonoiigahela,  at  th.-  junction  of  tk- 
Voughiogany,  which  it  passed  in  line  or.ler,  and  pursued  its  march 
'•iw'i  die  south.-rn  margin  of  the  river,  to  av.^id  the  high  and  ru-acd 
ground  on  the  north,  which  they  ^vouTd  hav.,  liad  to  encounter  imon 
Uie  other  side.  Washington  often  said  allerwards,  "thai  the  most 
leaufilul  spectacle  which  he  had  ever  hdield  was  the  disniay  of  the 


;    .J  i-lhM\ 


hu 


.i?< 


'■h 


262 


RVENTS    IN    INDIAN    niSTORY. 


Uritisli  troops  on  this  eventful  morning."  They  were  in  full  uniform, 
and  inarched  in  the  most  perfect  order,  and  dreamed  of  nothing'  hut 
an  easy  con(|iiest.  About  noon  they  arrived  at  their  second  crossin<r 
|)lace,  which  was  distant  only  ten  miles  from  Fort  l)u{|uesne.  It  was 
here  that  the  Indians  and  h'ninch  had  intended  to  commence  their 
attack  ;  hut  owing  to  sonu-  drlay,  they  did  not  arrive  in  season,  and 
lhen'l()re  took  a  position  iiirihcr  in  advance,  and  awaited  the  approacli 
of  the  Entfjish. 

The  French  were  commanded  by  1\1.  de  Beaujeu,  who  had  for  liis 
liculenruit,  M.  Duinas.  The  place  chosen  il)r  the  arnbusli  was  tin 
iiest  possibli',  and  tlic  Indians  never  showed  lun'eafer  courage  and 
lirmness.  It  is  said  ijy  tii"  Fiviicii,  that  tiiey  W(;re  for  some  tinir 
opposed  to  goin<!,  out  to  light  tlie  English,  but  that  after  several  solicl. 
lations  Irom  M.  Beaujeu,  they  consented;  i)Ut  the  Indian  account  is  as 
we  have  before  stated. 

ImmtMliatidy  on  crossing  tli<>  ri\(M-  the  army  were  formed  in  thrcr 
divisions,  which  was  the  order  uf  march.  A  plain,  or  kind  «if  prairie 
which  the  army  iiad  to  cross,  extended  from  the  river  ;ibout  half  a 
mih;,  and  thenits  route  lay  over  an  ascending  ground,  of  very  geatk 
asc(nit,  covered  with  trees  and  high  prairie  grass.  At  the  comuHaico 
incnt  ol"  this  elevation,  began  a  ravine,  which,  as  it  extended  n\)  tin 
risiuL!,-  nroinid,  formed  a  ligure  resembling  nearly  that  of  a  horse-shoe, 
and  about  one  jmndrcd  and  til'ty  yards  in  extent.  Into  this  inclosurc 
two  divisions  of  th(i  army  had  passed  when  tlio  attack  l)egan. 

Notwitiisljuiding  VVashinuton  had  urged  upon  the  general  the  pro- 
priety of  k(!eping  out  scouiing-  jiarties  to  avoid  surprise,  yet  he  would 
take  no  advice,  and  it  is  said,  that  on  one  occasion,  he  boisteroush 
replied,  "  that  it  was  high  times  ibr  a  young  buckskin  to  teach  n 
British  general  iiow  to  light!"  Such  was  his  contempt  for  scoutin::- 
})artics,"that  he  accepted  with  cold  indiilerence  thr;  services  of  l!cor<jc 
Croghan,  wiio  had  oliered  himstdl  with  one  hundred  Indians  for  the 
important  business  of  scouring  the  woods.  Theconse(pience  was,tlic 
Indians,  one  after  another,  left  tlu;  army  in  its  march,  mucdi  to  tlif 
regret  of  Washington  and  other  provincial  officers,  who  knew  how  to 
appreciate  their  value. 

When  the  lirst  division  of  th-  army  had  nearly  ascended  the  hill. 
as  the  rising  ground  was  called,  th(!  Indians  broke  the  silence  ol"  the 
morning  with  a  most  appalling  yi'll,  and  at  the  .same  moment  poured 
a  most  deadly  tire  from  their  coverts  upon  the  devoted  column.  The 
lirst  shocks  were  sustained  with  firmness,  and  the  fire  was  returned. 
by  which  a  few  Indians  were  killed,  and  the  French  conunaiider-in- 
chiei;  M.  Beaujeu,  mortally  wounded.  It  is  said  that  the  Indians  now 
began  to  waver,  and  but  for  the  good  conduct  of  M.  Dumas,  second 
in  command,  would  have  fled  ;  but  by  his  exertions  order  was  restored. 
and  the  firing,  which  had  not  ceased,  was  redoubled. 

The  advanced  column  was  commanded  by  Lieutenant-Colonel  Gage, 
since  so  well  known  as  Governor  of  Massachusetts,  in  1775.  Thi.s 
column  was  about  one  hundred  yards  in  advance  of  the  second,  which 
had  just  began  to  ascend  the  hill  when  the  attack  began,  and  the  main 


COUN-PLANT. HIS   SPEECH   TO    WASHINOTON. 


26?. 


Itody,  under  the  general  in  person,  was  but  a  few  rods  in  tlic  roar  of 
this,  and  on  hearing  the  firing  he  pressed  Ibrward  to  support  the 
rngafjed  party. 

Mrnnwhil(!  the  extensive  line  of  Indians  upon  the  rit;ht  fliuik  jnadi^ 
;in  onset  from  their  section  of  the  ravine,  and  from  theii^snperior  num- 
bers, Ihc  shock  could  not  he  withstood,  and  the  coliimii  was  imniediatelv 
l.rnkcn,  and  i)'ooan  to  n-treat  in  disorder  down  theliill — conliision  and 
(jisaiay  ensued— no  exertions  of  the  officers  eoidd  prevent  the  panie 
iVoni  spreadiufT  among  the  rrgidar  troops,  and  Ihe  litrlit  was  alh-rwards 
contimied  in  tliontniost  irn^giilarity.  lOmholdcncd  hy  ihe  confusion  of 
the  English,  the  Indians  now  rushed  upou  them  with  iheir  tomaliawks. 
whii'li,  allcr  near  two  linurs,  (erminatcd  the  hattle,  and  the  field  was 
left  in  their  possession.  N(.t  only  tlie  field  of  hatMe,  hut  -dl  tlie  killed 
.•111(1  many  of  the  wounded,  all  the  artillery,  (eleven  pieces  of  cannon,) 
•ill  tlif!  general's  baggage,  and  even  [)rivu!e  i)ai)ers,  and  all  the  ammu- 
nition and  provisions,  li'll  into  the;  harirls  of  the  victors. 
^  All  i)Ut  the  Virginians  i()ught  lor  some  time  in  the  most  wretched  con- 
liision; hut  the  officers  were  mourn iidly  sacrificed — sotnetimes  charoino- 
the  enemy  in  a  body  by  themselves, "hoping  by  their  example  to  d°aw 
nut  their  nien  in  a  manner  to  repel  fjieir  adversaries  ;  but  all  to  no  pur- 
pose: and  it  is  not  ;'oubted  but  that  the  eonliised  multitude  of  re<iuiars 
killed  many  of  their  companions,  as  they  f.den  fired,  filly  or  a  lumdred 
in  a  huddle  together,  seemingly  for  iio"oth<u- Mbjeet  hut  to  get  rid  of 
their  ammunition.  The  Virginians  fiaight  in'  the  Indian'^manner. 
Iichind  trees  and  coverts  ;  and  it  was  owing  to  their  good  conduct  that 
iiiiy  of  the  wretched  army  escaped. 

After  having  five  horses  shot  under  him,  Gen.  Braddo(<k  received 
a  wound  in  his  lungs,  of  which  he  dir'd  on  tlu'  i:?th  of  July,  four  days 
iit'tcr  the  battle,  at  Fort  Cumberland,  whither  he  had  arrived  with  a 
part  of  his  shattered  army.  Washington  had  b(!cn  sufli-ring,  for  some 
time  before  arriving  at  the  fatal  baftte-field,  from  ;i  fever  T  and  in  a 
letter  which  he  wrot.-  to  his  mother,  dated  July  IHfh,  he  thus  speaks 
of  himself: — "Thc!  Virginia  troops  showed  a  good  deal  of  bravery, 
and  were  nearly  all  killed ;  for  I  believe,  on  t  of  thnx;  companies  that 
were  there,  scarcely  thirty  men  are  leif  alivo  .  Captain  Pevrouny,  and 
all  his  officers  down  to  a  corporal,  were  kilh  x\.  Captain  Poison  had 
nearly  as  hard  a  flite,  for  only  one  of  his  were  Icfh  In  short,  the 
dastardly  behaviour  of  those  they  call  rcguls  rs  exposed  all  others,  that 
were  inchned  to  do  their  duty,  to  almost  co: rtain  death;  and  at  last,  in 
despite  of  all  the  efforts  of  the  offices  to  the  contrary,  they  ran,  as 
sheep  pursued  by  dogs,  and  it  was  imposs  ibie  to  rally  them."  "  Sir 
Peter  flalket  was  killed  in  the  field,  whf  're  died  many  other  brave 
officers.  I  luckily  escaped  without  a  woun^  d,  though  I  had  fotir  bullets 
through  my  coat,  and  two  horses  shot  iiiidc  r  me.  "  Captains  Ormeand 
Morris,  two  of  the  aids-de-camp,  were  wo  unded  early  in  the  engage- 
ment, which  rendered  the  duty  harder  uf  ion  me,  as'  I  was  the'^only 
person  left  to  distribute  the  general's  ore  lers,  whtch  I  was  scarceiv 
■tble  to  do,  as  I  was  not  half  recovered  fro  m  a  violent  illness,  that  had 
confined  me  to  my  bed  and  wagon  for  ab(  )ve  ten  days,." 


■■HillMM 

m^B' 

8k 

1 

iW/ 

im^ 


M4 


KVKNTR    IN    INDIAN    IIIBTOB' 


Wo  l<now  of  no  hnltl<>  in  wliich  so  jrmil  u  iMoporti-^n  of  offirors 
fril.  TluTo  were  rijility-six  en;'  ^y^'d  in  it,  iin.l  siMy-tlircr:  won;  k.lN 
ntiil  woiiiidcd,  of  wlmm  \m  ciity-s  x  were  hilled.  I!csid(s  those  alicady 
imrricd,  there  were  imoiii!,-  ihe  wnunded  (  (.ioiiel  Hurteii.  Sir  Johli  St. 
Clair,  lui;  ,  '  1  Orim  ,  and  Mujor  vS|iarl<^  Oflh'- private  Mpldi<'rs  there 
were  killed  and  wounded  seven  hnndreil  and  lijurteen,  half  of  whom 
were  killed,  or  l!  II  int..  iIk;  hand  i"  the  Indian.s  and  snfli'red  a  cruel 
death  aHerwanls.  Mr.  John  l"ield,lh<n  a  lieiitetiant,  and  Mr.  Ch;.  !es 
Lewis,  two  (lislinunished  oHiecrs  nO'Twards,  eseaped  the  earnaj;e()r 
Mraddiic-k".  I'.eld  to  liill  in  a  more  fornniafe  place.  'I'liey  were  cnloneih 
under  C  aeral  Andrew  Lewis,  and  were  kdled  in  tlie  hatil<  I'ein! 
Pleasant,  as  will  he  iimnd  nieniioned  ui  Ihe  life  ol'Louan. 

In  tlie  year  1','M),  15in;-'rn .  ,  Corn-I'lant  and  Half-'l'nwn  appeared 
at  I'hiladelphia,  ami,  i)y  their  interpn'ter,  conniinn'catod  to  President 
VVashin!i,ton  as  t'ollows: — 

"  Fatiier:  The  voice  of  tlie  Seneca  nation  spetiks  to  yon,  thn  jrroal 
connsellor,  in  whose  heart  the  wise  men  (d'  till  the  thirleea  furs 
(thirteen  Lniled  States)  iiave  iilaeed  their  wisdom.  It  may  he  very 
small  in  yonr  ears,  ami  we,  therefore,  entreat  you  to  hearken  with 
attention;  for  we  are      le  to  speak  of  thinjis  which  an;  to  ns  very 


great. 


"When  your  armv<'ntored  tiu>  eountry  of  the  Six  Nations,  wo 
called  yon  tlie  town  destrover;  to  this  day,  when  your  name  is  heard, 
our  women  k^ok  helii'id  llicni  and  turn  pale,  and  our  children  clinj; 
close  to  the  neeks  of  their  mothers." 

"When  our  chiefs  returned  from  Fort  Stanwix,  and  laid  liefore  our 
council  what  hail  heeii  done  there-,  our  nation  was  surjirised  to  hear 
how  fireat  a  country  you  had  compelled  them  to  yive  up  to  you, 
without  your  payinj;  to  us  any  thing  lor  it.  livery  one  said,  tliu: 
your  hearts  were  yet  swelled  with  resentment  agiiinst  us  for  wliat  liati 
Iwppened  during  the  wtir,  hut  that  one  day  you  would  consider  it  with 
more  kindness.  W'c  iisked  each  other,  What  have;  wc  done  to  deserve 
such  scvciv  ehastisemeut? 

"  Futlier:  when  you  kindled  your  thirteen  fires  separately,  the  wise 
men  assemhk'xl  at  tJiem  told  us  that  you  wen-  all  hrothers,  the  e.hildnm 
of  one  oroat  father,  who  regank.'d  the  red  jieople  as  his  childnui,  'ilicy 
called  us  hrothers,  and  invited  us  to  his  protection.  They  told  us  that 
he  resided  heyond  the  great  water,  w'.ku'o  the  sun  first  rises;  and  liiat 
he  was  a  king  whose  power  no  people  could  resist,  and  that  his  good- 
ness was  as  hriiiht  as  the  sun.  What  they  said  went  lo  our  hearts. 
We  accepted  the  invitation,  and  ])romised  to  olx-y  him.  What  the 
Seneca  nation  promises,  they  fiuthi'uHy  iierlbrm.  When  you  refused 
obedience  to  tlr;f  king,  he  eonmianded  us  to  assist  his  lioloved  men  in 
making  you  sober,  'in  olniving  him,  we  did  no  more  than  yourselves 
had  led  us  to  premise."  "VVe  were  deceived,  but  your  people  teach- 
ing us  to  confide  in  that  king,  had  helped  to  Jeccive  us,  and  wc  now 
appeal  to  your  breast.     Is  all  the  blame  ours? 

"Father:  when  wc  saw  that  wc  had  been  deceived,  and  heard  the 
invitation  which  you  gave  us  to  draw  near  to  the  fire  you  had  kindled, 


coil 

and  talk  with  y 

told  U.S  you  coil 

j{ruut  country  a 

as  if  oil  I  want  ( 

lolt  your  power 

tlicrellire  gave  i 

nation,   i)ul  yoii 

ilthoiigh  our  sii 

wo  ask    \oii  to 

your  cnniniissioi 

Tliey  also  rei 

iiiissioiiers,  that 

uliat  was  lelt  li 

And  that  no  soi 

t'oniniissioners   I 

was  included  wil 

they  did  not  wis 

part.     Ihit  the  ci 

liir  ii  was  alread 

li)llovving  the  rev 

the  Indians  lor  ji 

abk;  to  contend, 

a  person  to  lot  o 

liini  iJir  (he  purp( 

instead  of  a  poi 

rlaiiningall  tiiiir 

iiif,'  that  he  had  ji 

•J(),()l»(l  dollars  t, 

now  deinaiided  lli 

ivar.     Knowing  i 

the  advice  of  u  \ 

who,  as  it  proved 

"I"  the  land  |i)r  h 

ply.     "Astonishe 

"with  hearts  uclii 

wen;  thus  compe 

(V'linsylvauia,  an 

;uKi  east  of  u  souf 

sylvania."     F»ji-  t 

"i«I  l.Ol'i)  dollars 

ilollurs,  and  sojiio 

:hat  was  all  ho  v 

add. 


'Father; 


you 


"losing  it  you  coi 
'•rush  us?  'if  you 
tteconieyourciiild 
"0  do.  In  this  cas 
*Hit  of  his  pain.     J 


^%I 


«;oR\.if,ANT.— III8  m-KBiii  To  wA8hin(;ton.  aeO 

an.l  talk  with  >ou  coiicoruiiiy  ,,ca..,.,  wc  uuulr  hmtv.  UmnnU  i(      Y,,,, 

K'rcut  ...,.uu:y  US  ih.,  ,,ruT  of  (|,at  pea,,,  wl.i.-l,  you  lia.l  oHf-ml  to  us 
;i;"  -  vvaa,  o,  .st.vn,,h  l.a.l  .Ictroy..!  our  ri,is.     <' ,n    ■      f    |S 
■If  v.mr,.,.w,.r,  ami  w.nM.na!,!,,  to  ..onUn.l  u^ain.t  you.  an.i  t    -y 

.ltluH.,h  our  surnirth  ..s  no,   iu..n.as.  .1,  ..,     your  powor  l.c^.u  o  lo " 
wo  ask  you  to  .•on.s..l,.r  ,.al,Mly,--VVc.ro  .1.,  tonus  dictuto.1  to  u     'y' 
your  ••ouiuussioucr.s  ria,sonal)|c  ami  just  "  ^ 

They  also  rcu.iud  tin,  pr.si.l.-ni  ..f  f|„!  solon.i.  prou.iso  of  tho  com- 
in,s.on..rs   . hat  ,|.,.y  .houl.1  I.  ..-uro,!  in  th.  p,.i.,.ah!c.  po  s  .sio  "  f 
^;l"|t  was  iHt  to  thou,  a.   1  thou  a  J<,  H)ooh  ,1, is  prouns,'  hin.l  yo  ,  I'' 
.Vn.1  that  uo  so,au-r  wus  ilio  tn.ity  of  Fort  .Stauwix  cou.;lu,l..,l,  thau 
.■o,n,n.s.s.on,.rs   irou.   I>,.uusy!vauia  rn,ur  to  purchaso  of  tho,      v 
ms  ■...■u.l.-.l  wil  MU  tho  luios  ol-ihrir  Slalr.    Th-so  ,h,.y  iulorn     1      • 
.  u.y  d,.    uu  vvsh  to  soil,  hut  hoiu,  lurthor  ur,c.l,  ..iout^.d  ti;  sHU 
i;'"';     •«'"    I"'  'joMwuissiouors  said  that  -thoy  must  havo  tho  who!,.  " 
n-n  was  ainady  .-odcd  t<.  thou,  hy  tho  Kino  of  KnyUuul  at  l|,.,  p.ace 
ollowm.  tho  r.voh.t,on;   hu.  .,il|,  as  ,h,:,r  ana.to.;:  ha.l  alway     S 
to  iad.ans  lor  laud,  thoy  w.-ro  uillin.  to  pay  th.Mu  li.r  it.     H.^.-'not 
^''^''-'  '"  <'<;'"<;"'l'  'I'-  '■•i'"l  was  sold.     Soon  altor  this  ihoy  c.upovu-r U 
|t  person  to  lot  out  u  part  of  (h.-ir  lan.l,  who  sni.l  (Jou-rL  I  a.l  sou 
Inn.  lor  tho  purpos.,.,  huL  who,  it  soon.s,  irauclulondy  pVo.Muvd  a  dZ 
'■«!  ol   a  /.,„vr  to  loas.,    ,:„■  ,h....  „o,.„  ,.u.h, 'an,.thor    k     o 
'■'"""'"f  "";'","•  '-"•'"•>•  '-tl.wanl  ofih,.  liuo  olTo.u.svlvani,.  ,  say" 

-(),()l(l  dollars  t„  hun  and  •:(),.M)()  u.oro  lo  tho  li.dt,.!  States.  No 
7  ''7."""'V''  "';^  I;""''  •••"•''.  "-'  '"-'"li-  n^ruso,l,  ihroatonod  inunrdiato 
.u.  Knownimhon- w..ak  siluaiion,  thoy  hold  a  coum-il,  and  took 
ilmadvi,;,-  ol  awlul,-  man,  wl,n,n  tli<,.y  look  t,.  ho  thoir  Iriond,  InU 
wh.>,  as  ,t  provn  ,  had  ploUod  w.th  tho  other,  and  was  to  roc.ivo  o  e 
dK'  .m,  lor  lus  agonoy.  j  .  thoroforo  told  tho.n  they  n.ust  oonw 
pl\.  'Ast.m.sh.d  at  what  wo  hoard  Iron,  ovory  quarto/,"  thoy  say, 
•  with  hearts  uclnno.  w.th  ...aupassion  lbr  our  wo.nou  and  c-hildn.,,  wo 
m:w  thus  ooiupol  od  to  -,v,:  Up  all  our  r:o,u.try  north  of  the  lino  of 

S'!?  '7 "'  ";     r'  ;•'  ""  '^''''''^  '•'^^'■'  ^-l^  '^^  ^^e  gm.t  Ibrks, 

X.  ni    "  V''  .       r  '''■■''"•  ,"•'  '•""'"  '^•''  '^"''^  ^"  'f'^"  I''^'-'  "''  '''-nn' 

1    .0(>.)  ,  ullars  a  yoar  lorov,.,-.    Instc-ad  of  that,  ho  paid  th..rn  2,ooJ 

:  !  :.:  "";  T'""  ^'"/^'•''^^''"  ^\"«''''<'  •'^^O  '1-1'ars  more,  lusisling  that 
aiat  was  all  ho  owed  thco,  whicd,  ho  allovved  to  he  yearly.     They 

"Father:  you  have  said  that  we  were  in  your  hand,  and  that  by 

m.s  i     'u  "i'lt  '"  '"  ,""''''""•     '^'^  y""  determined  to 

ml,  ub?     If  you  ans  tell  us  so,  that  those  of  our  nation  who  have 

ol"  f:;^'^^"''^'--'  ->V'7^  '^'^'"'"'""'^ '''  '^'^^  -'  '-y  know  what 
0  do.  in  tins  case,  oiie  chid  has  said  he  would  ask  you  to  put  him 
'Hit  of  his  pam.     Another,  who  will  not  think  of  dying  by  the  hand  of 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


A 


<- 

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% 


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1.0 


I.I 


.25 


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1^    12.2 


2.0 


U    11.6 


6"     - 


%/'   A 


7^ 


cf^ 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


#^ 


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s 


h 


^Z^"^ 

^V.^ 


?3  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  '4580 

(716)  8/!2-4i03 


^ 


<^ 


s 


-^ 


<^ 


iV 


BVENT8    IN    INDIAN    HISTORY. 

his  father  or  his  brother,  says  he  will  retire  to  (he  Chataughque,  eat  of 
the  fatal  root,  and  sleep  with  his  fathers  in  peace. 

'<  All  the  land  we  have  been  speaking  of  belonged  to  the  Six  Na- 
tions. No  part  of  it  ever  belonged  to  the  King  of  England,  and  he 
could  not  give  it  to  you. 

»  Hear  us  once  more.  At  Fort  Stanwix  we  agreed  to  deliver  up 
those  of  our  people  who  should  do  you  any  wrong,  and  that  you  might 
try  them  and  punish  them  according  to  your  law.  We  delivered  up 
two  men  accordingly.  But  instead  of  trying  them  according  to  your 
law,  the  lowest  of  your  people  took  them  from  your  magistrate,  and 
put  them  immediately  to  death.  It  is  just  to  punish  the  murderer  with 
death,  but  the  Senecas  will  not  deliver  up  their  people  to  men  who 
disregard  the  treaties  of  their  own  nation." 

There  were  many  other  grievances  enumerated,  and  all  in  a.  strain 
which,  we  should  think,  would  have  drawn  forth  immediate  relief.  In 
his  answer.  President  Washington  said  all,  perhaps,  which  could  be 
said  in  his  situation,  and  his  good  feelings  are  manifest  throughout; 
still  then;  is  something  like  evasion  in  answering  some  of  their  griev- 
ances, and  an  omission  of  notice  to  others.  His  answer,  nevertheless, 
gave  them  much  encouragement.  He  assured  them  that  the  lands 
obtained  from  them  by  fraud  was  not  sanctioned  by  the  government, 
and  that  the  whole  transaction  was  declared  null  and  void;  and  that 
the  persons  who  murdered  their  people  should  be  dealt  with  as  though 
they  had  murdered  white  men,  and  that  all  possible  means  would  be 
used  for  their  apprc'hension,  and  rewards  should  continue  to  be  offered 
to  cflect  it.  But  we  have  not  learned  that  they  were  ever  appre- 
hendtni.  The  land  conveyed  by  treaty,  the  president  informed  them, 
ho  had  no  authority  to  concern  with,  as  that  act  was  before  his  ad- 
ministration. 

The  above  speech,  although  appearing  to  be  a  joint  production,  is 
believed  to  have  been  dictated  by  Corn-Planter.  It  however  was  no 
doubt  the  sentiments  of  the  whole  nation,  as  well  as  those  of  himself, 
Half-Town,  and  Big-Tree.  Of  this  last  named  chief  we  will  here 
speak  as  follows: — In  1791,  an  act  passed  the  legislature  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, "to  empower  the  governor  to  grant  a  patent  to  Big-Tree,  a 
Seneca  chief,  for  a  certain  island  in  the  Alleghany  river."  He 
lamented  the  disaster  of  St.  Clair's  army,  and  was  heard  to  say  after- 
wards that  he  would  have  two  scalps  for  General  Butler's,  who  fell 
and  was  scalped  in  that  fight.  John  Deckard.  another  Seneca  chief, 
repeated  the  same  words.  Being  on  a  mission  to  Philadelphia  in 
April,  1792,  he  was  taken  sick  at  his  lodgin<;;s,  and  died  after  aboiii 
twenty  hours'  illness.  Three  days  after,  being  Sunday,  the  2'2d,  he 
was  buried  with  all  requisite  attention.  The  rivcT  Big-Tree  was  pro- 
bably named  from  the  circumstance  of  this  chief  having  lived  upon  ii, 
His  name  still  exists  among  some  of  his  descendants,  or  others  of  his 
tribe,  as  we  have  seen  it  subscribed  to  several  instruments  within  a 
few  years.     To  return  to  Corn-Planter. 

His  Indian  name,  as  we  have  before  noted,  v/as  Gyantwaia,  and 
most  of  our  knowledge  ooucerning  him  is  derived  from  himself^  and 


jefbre  his  ad- 


I.S  contained  in  a  lettpi-  «r.nt  r        l  • 

and,  although  written  bj  anrtert'ItlV''  S^'^^"-^  o^' ^-"-Vlvanm ; 

18J2     and  IS  as  follows;  Alleghany  nvor,  yd  mo.  2d 

P  ay  with  the  Indian  bovs  in  tS^'„  -i^hf ", '"  n'  "^'"^  ^'tentioxS 
:>'  "•>•  fn  being  a  diffbrent  clr  V=m^u^^^^      ^V^^  ^"^^X  ^ook  no" 
inquired  of  r„y  ,no,hor  the  cause  ■  'T,        fl  ''"^  'l'^'^^  ^^^out  it      | 
;'  residenter  in  Albany.  1  s'l^.tnn  '''?'''  ^  '^'''  '">'  ^'^t'-r  wa 
grew  up  to  be  a  young  niun  '  'd    "7  ^T'^'  ""^  "'"  ''^  'mrk  dish 
ottle  or  ,uu^     j  ,f,,„  I°k^^,  I^  ^"^^  '-  ^-i«^  ^-1  i  had     i 
hin>,  and  luund  he  wa«  a  white   nan  7J'^''[  ''\''^'  ''''"'  ^^^^'t  to  so. 
"0  gave  me  victuals  whil/t     ,  as  uT     ?''"''"  "^"  ^"^'''"'^'^  J''^^^^^- 
I'cJurn  home,  he  <ravc  m-     ,^  ^'"^  ''''"^'^•'  ^ut  wiien  I  sta^fr  rW  ' 

"'0  neither  i.:..trle,ro;g„rn:2"rH'r  ^^^  "^^  ^'^  --  •"   He  "aJ  ! 
were  a^ut  to  rebel  agan Lt  t^J^-^::   :?y'^1  ^"?  ^^'^^^  ^U^:! 

"i  U'lll  now  (el  you    brofhp.-.  V  i  ^  -i^^gland. 

f  Pennsylvania,  tL;^;!^^^:^'^  I^^-  ^"  ^TT  "^'^'"^  ''^^'«'^^"- 
JiUVD  been  wicked,  anc'  the  f^n.> '  ?■'  '"'''^'^'  ''"o^^'"  fo  rne  that  ] 

^"  America.  The  cause  of  Ind"  ,  '^"^  T  '^''  -'-''"tionary  wa 
'-e,  was  that  many  of  tl  em  tl^  ^7^  ^V  '"^^  «^"'  ^  '^- 
i'etting  iiito.Ku.atod.     Gre-jt  K,.;  "^   Practice  of  drinkin-  •„>,! 

;'- conflict  against  theXn  rS^"' l'?"^^'^^  "1  '^  -l-^^  -ith   h;^!^ 
^"1"«''-     i  mvscirvas  011,1;'   -  •'"'"'"'■^''''  ^'"'  '"^lians  land™,  d 
"f-gtodowiththeclllSv^f^vS''!  '''''  -""->  -  ;  h!^^ 
i  licive  now  mfbrined  you  hovV  if  1 ...  H''''''''"  f'"^"  f^o  parties 
P-f  -|'-'--o!ution,^udS^,^,J    ';;:7;^  ^''^'^  ^^c  /ndiansU: 

n-y  then  said  that  it  had  or  ^tued  2T'^  '"'7  '^  ^^°  "-hL". 

''^'t  had  been  imposed  upon  tS  h    ti     1?°"'!'  "^^  ^^^  ^eavv  taxi 

;:    f-n  Tor  fifty%.ars'^n  r  a  l'>,    ::^^^ 

idd  grown  weary  thereof   in,!       r  '"^'"'  ^^^^t  the  Amerimn* 

^'"g.     There  had  likent  ^  diffi  ^'i;'^  /°,  f^'^^"'  ^^'''^^^  afTron ted    ie 
-hich  they  wished  me  not  to  ue    "  %  f 'T  f  ^'^  ^''°"^  -"^ «  t  ^ 
hat  many  people  had  lost    heHve     '  t}  ^^^'^  «^  ^'-  cauS 

2  ;r"°  '^'""'^^'  ^''«  ^^'^'-  commenced    and  H  ^''"'^  government 
roar  „,  our  country.     General  P..  n        u'     ^  ''^^  ^^annons  be.ran  to 

Fort  Stanwix.  that  by  the  late  w-^r  n  ^J"  ^°'-^  '"^'  ^'  ^^e  counc    It 

objects:  they  had  established  ttni^el^'  "^'"''T'"^  ^'^^^  g«"'ed    wi 

^-----landto;!v?-X--P^^ 


IP 


wmm 


mmm 


268 


EVENTS    IN   INDIAN   HISTORY. 


Great  Britain,  run  through  the  lakes.  I  then  spoke,  and  said  that  J 
wanted  some  land  for  the  Indians  to  live  on,  and  General  Putnam 
said  that  it  should  be  granted,  and  I  should  have  land  in  the  State  ol 
New  York  for  the  Indians,  (iencrnl  Putnam  then  encouraged  me  to 
use  my  endeavors  to  paeiiy  the  Indians  genr-rally,  and,  as'  he  con- 
sidered  it  an  arduous  task  to  perform,  wisjied  to  know  what  I  wanted 
for  pay  therefo)-.  I  replied  to  him,  that  I  would  use  my  endeavors  to 
do  as  lie  had  re<iuested  with  the  Indians,  ;m<i  for  pay  thereof  I  would 
take  land.  I  told  him  not  to  ]iay  mo  money  or  dry  goods,  but  land. 
And  for  having  attended  thereto  I  received  the  tract  of  land  on  which 
I  now  live,  wliir-h  was  presented  (o  me  by  (xovernor  Midlin.  I  told 
General  Putnam  that  I  wished  the  Indians  to  have  the  exchisive  privi- 
lege of  the  deer  and  wild  game,  which  he  assented  to.  I  also  wished 
the  Indians  to  have  the  privilego  of  hunting  in  the  woods,  and  makin« 
lires,  which  he  likewise  asscuited  to. 

"The  treaty  that  was  made  at  tlie  afore-mentioned  council  has 
been  broken  by  some  of  the  white  people,  which  I  now  intend  acquaint- 
ing the  governor  with.  Some  white  people  are  not  willing  th^t  Indians 
should  hunt  anymore,  whilst  others  are  satisfied  therewith,  and  those 
white  peo])le  who  reside  near  our  reserv;ition  tell  us  that  the  woods 
are  theirs,  and  tlu^y  have  obtained  tliem  ii-om  the  governor.  The 
treaty  ha;-,  been  also  hrol^en  by  the  white  people  using  thc>ir  endeavors 
to  destroy  all  the  wolves,  \vhich  was  not  spoken  about  in  the  council 
at  Fort  Stanwix  b\  General  Putnam,  but  has  oriidnaled  lately. 

"  It  has  been  broken  again,  which  is  of  recent  origin.  White  peoplo 
wish  to  get  credit  from  Indians,  and  do  not  pay  them  honestly  according 
to  their  agreement.  In  another  respect  it  has  also  been  broken  bv 
white  people  wlio  reside  neav  my  dwelling;  l!)r  when  1  plant  melons 
and  vines  in  my  field,  iliey  take  them  as  their  own.  It  has  been 
broken  again  by  white  people  using  their  endeavors  to  obtain  our  pine- 
tr(;cs  iVom  us.  We  liave  \cry  feu-  pine-trees  on  our  land,  in  the  State 
of  New  York,  and  white  peopl(>  and  Indians  often  get  into  dispuU 
respecting  them.  There  is  also  a  great  (pinntitv  of  whiskey  broualii 
near  our  reservation  by  white  iicoi)le,  and  the  Indians  obtain  it  and 
l)ecome  drunken.  Another  circumstance  has  taken  place  which  is 
very  trying  to  me,  and  I  wish  the  interference  of  the  governor. 

"The  white  pt^ople,  who  live  at  Warren,  called  upon  me,  sometime 
ago,  to  pay  taxes  ibr  my  land  ;  which  I  objected  to,  as  I  had  never 
been  eall(Ml  upon  for  that  pur[)ose  before;  and  having  refiised  to  pav. 
the  white  people  became  irritated,  called  upon  me  frequently,  and  at 
length  bn/,^glit  four  guns  with  them  and  seized  our  cattle.  I  still 
refiised  to  pay,  and  was  not  willing  to  let  the  cattle  go.  vVller  a  time 
of  dispute,  they  returned  home,  and  I  understood  the  militia  was 
ordered  out  to  enforce  th:;  collection  of  the  tax.  I  went  to  Warren, 
and,  to  avert  the  im])onding  difficulty,  was  obliged  to  give  my  note  for 
the  tax,  the  amount  of  which  was  forty-three  dollars  and  seventy-nine 
cents.  It  is  my  desire  that  the  governor  will  exempt  me  from  paying 
taxes  for  my  land  to  white  people;  and  also  cause  that  the  money  I  am 
now  obliged  to  pay,  may  be  refunded  to  me,  as  I  am  very  poor.    The 


CORN-PLA^T. 


869 


the  particulars  of  our'^s Siln  all  t  7'  'K  ^  -"^^^  ^"^^^"^  ^'"^  «^ 
white  people  in  what  manner' ^  ^^'^  ^"'honsed  to  instruct  the 
Indians  "^'   '^  ^^^^^'^^  themselves  towards   the 

pasture.  ^^^^  "^^  ='rown  big  enough  for 

.br  Ihc  vox.lio„  aL  dama  J  °'''  '""  "  '''"'"""o.ion  granW 

Imn,  a„<l  even  tlueio ,   U.i,  ifc  ''fii^  r,'™'  Z'  'T)-  ''°'"°"*'"' 

'■*1  "s  t  at  tl,c  i;  ;  ,1  a  ™  frl  I   '  rvl  '"■°  '"  '"; ''?""  "P°" '    You 
mark  it  forever  .,.J«  Z  ,    ""^y'™"'»  '<-'  ^"ks  Ontario  would 

pou„,v,va„ia  «:,;,":„S'i;i^  i!;:.  :t:rr;?e'r,?arri;Tf  "> 
:^:^:^^sri::;£,e;^t™ET^^-"- 

^'f>oa  the  hills  ho  givas  thanks  ^r  hi    nrn  'T  ^PP^^'"^'  «g^'« 

'V  her.,,  ..at  wire..  ^'L^'^;:T^tt;!ZX 


i'.fo  'iiJ 


•J70 


EVJBNT«    IN    INPIAN    HISTORY. 


suatain,  it  is  God  only  that  can  prcsen-o  him.  Ko  loves  peace,  and 
all  ho  had  in  store  he  has  irivon  to  those  who  have  been  robbed  by 
your  people,  lest  th(>y  should  jjlundcr  the  innocent  to  repay  them- 
selves. The  whole  season,  which  others  have  employed  in  providinj/ 
tor  their  faniiliey,  he  has  spent  in  endeavors  to  preserve  peace;  and 
this  moment  his  wife  and  children  arc  lying  on  the  ground,  and  in 
want  of  food." 

In  President  Washington's  answer,  we  are  gratified  by  his  particu- 
lar notice  of  ihis  chief,  lie  says,  "The  merits  of  the  Corn-Plant,  and 
his  friendship  for  the  United  States,  are  well  known  to  me,  and  shall 
not  l)c  Ibrjiotten ;  and,  as  a  mark  of  esteem  of  the  United  States,  I 
have  directed  the  secretary  of  war  to  make  him  a  j)resent  of  l.vc 
hHndred  and  tiftv  dollars,  either  in  money  or  goods,  as  the  Corn-Plant 
shall  like  l)est." ' 

There  was,  in  17RJ),  a  treaty  held  at  Marietta,  between  the  Indians 
and  Americans,  which  terminated  "to  the  entire  satisfiiction  of  all 
concerned.  On  this  occa^sion,  an  elegant  entertaimiicnt  was  provided. 
The  Indian  chiefs  behaved  with  the  greatest  decorum  throughout  tho 
day.  After  dinner,  we  were  served  with  good  wine,  and  Corn-Planter, 
OHO  of  the  first  chiefs  of  th(;  Five  Nations,  and  a  very  great  warrior, 
took  up  his  glass  and  said,  '  I  thank  the  Great  Spirit  for  this  oppor- 
tunity of  smoking  the  pipe  ol'  I'riendship  and  love.  May  we  plant 
our  own  vines — in  the  iiithers  of  our  t)Wn  children — and  maintain 
the^n.'" 

In  17i)(>,an  act  passed  the  Legislature  of  Pennsylvania,  for  "grant- 
ing eight  hundred  dollars  to  Corn-I'lanter,  Half-Town  and  Big-Treo, 
in  trust  for  the  Seneca  nation,  and  other  purposes  therein  mentioned." 
In  February,  1791,  Corn-Plant  was  in  Philadelphia,  and  was employci! 
in  an  extremely  hazardous  exjiedificn  to  undertake  the  ))acification  of 
the  western  tribes,  that  had  already  shown  themselves  hostile.  Thr 
mission  tfrminat(^d  unliivorably,  Irom  insurrnDuntable  difficultic?. 
There  were  many,  at  this  timt^  as  in  all  Indian  wars,  who  entertained 
doubts  of  th(!  fidelity  of  such  Indians  a-,  pretended  friendship.  Corn- 
Plant  did  not  escai)e  suspicion  ;  but,  as  his  afler-conduct  showed,  ii 
was  entirely  without  foundation.  In  the  midst  of  these  imputati(ii',.s.  .1 
ietttir  written  at  I'ort  Franklin  says,  '^  I  -lavc  only  to  observe  thtit  tlio 
Corn-Plant  has  been  here,  and,  in  my  -  tiicn,  he  is  as  friendly  nanv 
of  our  own  people.  He  has  advised  me  10  take  care;  '  for,'  said  lie, 
'  you  wili  soon  have  a  cl;ance  to  Id  the  world  know  whether  you  arc 
M  soldier  or  not.'  When  he;  went  off,  he  ordered  two  cliiel's  and  lei; 
•warriors  to  remain  here,  and  scor.t  about  the  garrison,  and  let  m 
know  if  the  bad  Jndians  should  either  advance  against  me,  or  any  ol 
:the  frontiers  ol"  the  United  States.  He  thinks  the  i)eopl(>  at  Pittsburg 
should  keep  out  sjiios  towards  the  salt  licks,  for  lie  says,  by  and  by, 
he  thinks,  the  bad  Indians  will  comci  from  that  M-ay." 

In  1772,  the  following  advertisement  appeared,  signed  by  C'Orn- 
Plant:  "My  people  having  been  charged  with  committing  depredations 
<m  tlie  frontier  in'habitauts  near  Pittsburg,  1  hereby  contradict  the 
assertion,  as  it  is  certainly  >vithout  foundation,  and  pledge  myself  1 1 


CORN-PLANT.— NATION    OP   CIVILIZATION.  271 

fir  iho's'lnolf '  '^'"'  -I'^y  '""y  ''''  f^^^^^'^'y  ^'^^'^  f-rom  any  danger 
from  tho  Senoca.s  residing  on  tho,  Allo^hany  waters,  and  thaT  mv 
people  Imve  been  and  still  .-tre  fnY-ndly  to  the  U  States  "  ^ 

About  the  tnne  Corn-Plant  Inrt  his  l.ation  tc,  proceld  on  his  mission 
to  .e  hostile  tr.bos  as  three  of  his  people  weri  travellin"  hrroh  a 
sou  cment  upon  the  (l.-rjcsce,  they  stop K:d  at  a  house  to  I'h  Their 
ppes.  Ihere  happened  to  be  several  men  within,  one  of  vvhori  as 
tho  foremost  |nd.an  stooped  down  to  li.ht  his  pipe,  killed  1^13' an 
axe  One  of  the  others  was  badly  wounded  witi;  the  same  v~ 
while  eseaping  from  the  house-.  7'hcy  were  not  pursuT  andT,! 
other,  a  boy,  eseaped  .u.hurt.     (The  poo'r  wourul  "d  man.  wtrneaHv 

rol  eVe    n  '  ^J^'^^'p   ^""?'''>'.^'^':>''  '^en  president  of  Alleghany 

hi    time    A^n  P      ;  ^''"'ry'^''^"'"'  ^''^it^d  the  Seneca  natioiK     At 

his  tmie,  Co.n.Plant  lived  seven   miles   below  the  junction  of  the 

(.onuewango  with  the  Alh-ghany,  upon  the  b.nks  of  the  la tte       on  a 

,eceof  first. --ate  bottom  land,  a  lit'tle  within  the  limits  of  P^na"' 

mtiauitants      lie  lh(;n  owned  thirtren   hundred  acres  of  land    six 
hundred  of  whieh  comprehended    his  town.     Mf  was    Jat^fuf  n 

7^'^uT  ^■''••^'^^-'"/h^p— t  agricu!tu.:n.ji;^';^'t^ 

ealil   "vv  .  ;;,';j'-""^/-^l-^'"'--^  -^  buckwheat,  com  and  oats. 

^e  also  saw  a  rKunber  of  oxen,  cows  uiid  horses;  and  manv  Iocs 
signed  for  the  savv-inill  and  the  Pittsburg  market.''     CornVlan 

j.  for  .ome  time,  b,  en  very  much  in  favor  of  the  Christian  reli-  on 
.  nd  ha.  ed  with  joy  s,;H,  as  professed  it.  When  he  was  am  ri  ed^of' 
irr  Aldon's  arrival,  he  hastened  to  welcome  him  toTis  vXe  and 
Ha.t  upon  hun.  And  iiotuithstanding  his  high  stutio^  a  a  c£ 
»';mng  .nany  men  und  n-  his  command,  he  chose  mher  iri  he 
«  patnarchal  style,"  to  serve  his  visiters  him^l  t  Uie  dc^ 
rook  o^e  of  their  horses,  and  went  into  the  field,  cut  a.'id  b;ought  o"ts 

The  Western   Missionary  Society  had,  in   1815,  at  Oorn-PIant'. 

,!rri'''r  .'.rr:!..''"  rryf"><-  'fc  unua  s,a,«  „f,w„ 


fi!Iy  dollars,  bcai-' 


his  proportion  of  nine  thousand 


liuiidrcd  an( 

(ic)Ilir^  ,i;„-i    1   "•'  •"■;""'"'  '^^-^^^•■^   ■"«  I'roporiion  ol  nine 

Uo..Kuk-ke-wa-aa-kon-nc-di-yu,  commonly  called  the  Prophet,  was 


mm 


272 


BVBVTS   ITf   INDIAN    HISTOBY. 


brother  to  Corn-Plant,  and  resided  in  his  village.  He  was  of  little  note, 
and  died  previous  to  1816,  Corn-Plant,  wc  believe,  was,  when  living, 
like  all  other  unenlightened  ptiople,  very  superstitious.  Not  long  since, 
he  said  the  Good  Spirit  hud  told  him  not  to  have  any  thing  to  do  with 
the  whites,  or  even  to  preserve  any  mementos  or  relics  they  had  from 
time  to  time  given  him ;  whereupon,  n'nong  other  things,  he  burnt  up 
his  belt  and  broke  his  elegant  sword.  He  often  mentions  his  having 
been  at  Braddock's  dcleat.  Henry  0[)eal,  his  son,  he  sent  to  be 
educated  among  the  whites.  He  b(!cume  a  drunkard  on  returning  to 
his  home,  and  is  now  discarded  by  his  lather.  Corn-Plant  has  other 
sons ;  but  he  says  no  mure  of  them  shiill  bo  educated  among  the 
whites,  for  he  says,  "  It  entirely  spoil  Indian."  And  although  he 
countenances  Chrislianity,  he  does  nut  do  it,  it  is  thought,  from  a 
belief  of  it,  but  probably  from  the  same  motives  as  too  many  whites 
do. 

The  following  story,  M.  Bayard  says,  was  told  him  by  Corn- 
Planter.  We  have  ollen  heard  a  similar  one,  and  as  often  a  new 
origin ;  but  never  before  that  it  originated  with  William  Penn.  How- 
ever, as  our  author  observes,  as  we  have  more  respect  for  truth  than 
great  names,  wc  will  relate  it.  Penn  proposed  to  the  Indians  to  sell 
him  as  much  land  as  he  could  encompass  with  the  hide  of  a  bullock. 
They,  supposing  ho  meant  only  what  ground  would  be  covered  by  it, 
when  it  was  spread  out,  and  looking  upon  what  was  offered  as  a  good 
price,  consented  to  the  proposition.  Penn,  like  Didon,  cut  the  skin 
into  a  line  of  immense  length,  to  the  astonishment  of  the  vender*, 
who,  in  silent  indignation,  religiously  observed  their  contract.  Tlw 
quantity  of  land  encompassed  by  the  line  is  nut  mentioned;  but,  more 
or  less,  the  Indians  hutl  passed  their  wcjrd,  and  they  scorned  to  break 
it,  even  though  they  would  have  been  justilied  by  tlie  discovery  of  the 
fraud.  Wc.  do  nut  vouch  for  the  trulh  of  this  matter,  nor  do  we 
believe  William  Penn  ever  practised  a  trick  of  the  kind.  No  doubt 
some  person  did ;  and  perhaps  Corn-Planter  had  been  told  that  it  wa^s 
Penn. 

We  have  now  to  record  the  death  of  the  venerable  Corn-Plant. 
He  died  iit  his  residence  ou  the  Seneca  reservation,  on  the  7th  of 
March  last,  188(5,  aged  upwards  of  one  hundred  years. 

Teaslaegcc,  or  Charles  Corn-Planter,  was  a  party  of  the  treaty  d' 
Moscow,  \.  Y.,  in  1823.  He  was  probably  a  son  of  Koeentwalil;, 
Gvantwaia. 


CAPTAIN   PIPE. 


278 


CHAPTER  VII. 

CIDKNTri    IN    THAT    AITAl  {-VNIVI  I  V^•s"^M■,M^•,  f   .-     .','^'«'*^   ARMY-IIV- 

I'il^c,  or  Captain  Pipe-,*  us  l,c  is  usually  called,  from  his  havinc^ 
boon  a  DiosU.onsp.c.,o,,s  war-rapfai.,  among  the  Dnlawaros,  dur  n? 

ho  pcT.od  of  the  revolution,  in  particular,  wa°  chief  of  the  W  If  t    b" 
Fhs  character  is  a  very  pro.nincnt    >nc,  in  the  n,oniorabln    ro  Wc 
among   the  frontier   settlements,  at   the  breaking  out  of  t le  war 
Situated  as  were  the  Dciauares  befuven  the  E„,.Iish  of  Canada  and 
tho  Anriencans,  it  was  hardly  to  be  expected  but'^tha    they  lou  d  be 

rawn  into  that  war.  They  could  not  well  wci^h  it^  erits  or 
<ion  onts  upon  either  side.  A  spoc-ch  of  the  renowned  C  rn  P  ant 
contains  the  best  co,nu..,.ntary  upon  this  matter.  The  En-di^h  to^d 
much  the  best  chance  of  gaining  the  Indians  to  their  intere  tTinLn  u"h 
as  hey  were  profuse  m  their  pn-sonts  of  what  was  useful  to   herTi 

;:t";r  r;;'r'r^  ''^  ^"-'^^^^"^  -^"•'■^^  ^"  ^'^  ^--i^e: 

flnMlr^A^      •  r     "^  commanding  ofRcer  at  Detroit,  believincr 

ml  tden  mT"     "  "'"T  "'"'V""  '^'"^'inHianna  favored  ti,o  AmerH 

t  0    oiJ'tl^n        1    ■"'''"''  '='"""'  '''''•'  ''  ^'""''^'  '"^  clone,  but,  unwil- 
ling to  .  o  t  themselves,  sent  messengers  to  the  (Jhippewas  and  Otta 

make  soup  of.       These  two  tribf-s,  Iioucvcr,  refused,  and  the  Half- 

lunllyto  the  believing  In.lians,  and  now  pretended  tint  he  only 
cone  uded  to  seizo  upon  them,  to  save  them  from  destructio  and, 
Mr.Loskiel  adds,  "even  the  Malf-King  would  certainly  never  have 
a  reed  to  commit  this  act  of  injustice,  had  not  the  DelawaTo  Cai'a  n 
Pipe  a  noted  enemy  of  the  gospel  and  of  the  believin-^  Indians  si 
gated  „m  to  do  it."  Pipe  and  his  company  of  Dela.^  es  oincd  by 
"S''?^^  ''"  ""^r"' ^?'  ^'"^"  Shawanese,  held  aiar-flLsi 
on  ;  '\'''^'Vf-"'"''  '■'•"'■"^•^  "P""  "'"  "^="1'"^'-  ol-procecdincr.  The 
o?e  "did  fhev'"  ^^-^T  f'T '^-r  '•^•"7  i^«  destination.  With  such 
sec  ce  did  they  proceed,  hat  the  Moravian  settlements  knew  nothing 
of  their  approach,  mit.l  they  wc-re  in  their  vicinity.  They  bore  an 
English  flag,  and  an  English  officcM'  Mas  amon-  them      It  was  now 

ihoTnf  f  ?''  ''''•    ''^'^"^"^  ^'^'^  -  -  message loS    em  .^q'esZ 
ZttTr'  '"l  '"  •'^l"'"''™^''  ^"'-  '^''y  ^'-^''-^  receive'no'in  ,   y^ 
wl     1    t. ;      ^H^'  T^'  J'  '^'''^  ^^  *'^'^'^'  ^"d  ^^'«'>«d  to  know  a 
winch  of  the  settlements   they  might   hold   a  council  with   them. 

*  For  a  description  of  this  chief,  see  Chapter  XVI.  of  Indian  Biography. 


1 


1 

1 

1 

f 

J 

" 

i 

J 

1 

1 

II 

374 


BVSNT8    IN    INDIAN    HISTORY. 


Onadenhuetten  being  fixed  upon^all  assembled  there  upon  the  11th 
of  August. 

Meanwhile,  the  numlx^-rs  oC  Pipe's  i-xpcdition  liad  increased  from 
one  hundnul  and  forty  to  three  hundred,  and  about  ten  days  afU'r, 
Half-King  made  a  s|)ecch  to  the  believing  Indians  and  their  teachers. 

One  circumstance,  illustrative  of  savage  superstition,  we  will  notice 
here.  When  Pijxi's  warriors  were  about  to  force  the  brethren  to  leave 
their  dwellings,  it  was  almost  unanimously  concluded  at  one  time  by 
the  chiefs  that  the  white  brethren  should  be  put  to  death.  They, 
however,  woidd  not  adventure  upon  such  a  deed  without  tht;  advict- 
of  one  of  their  common  warriors,  who  was  considered  a  great  sorcerer. 
His  answer  was,  "ho  could  not  understand  what  e;.d  it  would  answer 
to  kill  them."  Upon  this  the  chiefs  held  a  council,  in  which  it  wa.s 
resolved  to  kill  not  only  the  white  brethren  and  their  wives,  but  the 
Indian  assistants  also.  When  they  uvmIv.  this  resolution  known  to  the 
.sorcerer,  he  said  to  them,  "TIkui  you  have  resolvf:d  to  kill  my  friends, 
for  most  of  their  chief  people  are  my  friends;  but  this  1  tell  you,  thai 
if  you  hurt  any  one  of  them,  I  know  what  I  will  do!"  This  threat 
deterred  them ;  thus  were  the  missionaries  as  well  as  many  others 
saved. 

Blood  having  now  begun  to  flow,  barbarities  folUtwed  in  quick  siio- 
ej.\ssion.  Early  in  the  spring  of  1781,*  Colonel  Broadhead  arrived 
near  the  Moravian  town  of  Sideni,  and  notified  the  inhabitants  that  he 
was  on  an  expedition  against  the  hostile  Indians,  and  gave  them  that 
timely  notice  that  they  i-.l^jht  collect  their  people,  if  any  were  abroad, 
that  they  might  not  bo  token  fi)r  enemies.  "  However,"  says  Mr. 
lleckewelder,  "whilst  the  colonel  was  assuring  me  that  our  Indian.s 
had  nothing  to  fear,  an  officer  came  with  great  speed  from  one  quarter 
of  the  camp,  and  report(;d  that  a  particular  division  of  the  militia 
"were  pre[)aring  to  brc;ak  off  for  the  purpose  of  destroying  the  Mora- 
vian settlements  up  the  river,  and  he  feared  they  could  not  be  re- 
strained from  so  doing."  They  were,  however,  by  the  exertions  of 
the  communder-in-chief,  aided  by  Colonel  Shepherd,  of  Wheelinj.'. 
partially  prevented  from  their  murderous  design.  Thus  those  Christian 
Indiajis  were  situated  precisely  like  many  of  those  of  New  England 
in  Philip's  war.  But  we  have  no  instance  to  record  of  the  latter, 
equal  in  extent  for  diabolical  atrocity,  to  that  of  the  massacre  of  Gna- 
denhucttcn,  elsewhere  mentioned. 

Meanwhile  Colonel  Broadhead  proceeded  to  Coshocton,  a  hostile 
settlement  near  the  forks  of  the  Muskingum,  and  with  such  secrecy 
did  he  proceed  that  not  a  person  escaped.  How  many  fell  into  tin- 
hands  of  the  army  is  not  mentioned,  but  not  long  after,  sixteen  war- 
riors were  put  to  death  with  shocking  manifestations  of  depravity. 
There  accompanied  Col.  Broadhead's  army  a  Delaware  chief  named 
Pekillon.f     Sixteen  of  the  captive  warriors  were  designated  by  him 

*  Doddridge,  Notes,  291,  says  this  "campaign"  was  in  the  sumnierot 
1780. 

f  Tlie  same  who,  afterwards,  as  I  conclude,  was  a  party  to  Wayne's 
treaty. 


MASBACRB   OF    INDIAN    PRISONERS.  ^75 

'TS''%T  "'''""•■^^^«'  «"J  they  were  forthwith  tomahawked  and 
maS:  ^'^'  """'"  ''''^"''^*  ''"''^"""'  '•^  ^he  decree  of  a  court- 

Some  extenuation  had  been  urged  f..r  this  revoltin.Mrnnsaction  and 
that  alone  in  wh.ch,  p.rhap.s,  the  n.iad  can  find  any  rrlid'     R. 
short  tune  botore  Broadhead's  expedition,  a  large  fiL  toe  cd I'd 
by  the  whites  an  army,  collected,  and  set  out^ibr  the  do  trmCr  of 
northwestern  V.rginm.     This  army  was  divided  into  two    art^  a,"d 
thcr  expecta  .ons  were  wrought  up  to  a  very  high  d.crcc,  wh.ch 
when  suddenly  blasted,  werechangcd  into  rage  and  fury.     HavTnri' 
thnr  march   taken  a  large  nu.ubor  of  captives,  they  ^retrealdfo" 
p  ace  o(  safety,  and  there  tied  them  to  trees  and  put  fhemTo  kath  in 
heir  barbarous  manner.     This  massacre  was,  i  owcver,  con  ined 
her  male  prisoners.     Fathers,  in  presence  of  their  fami  ieTwe^  lo 
lorth  to  execution,  am,d  tears  and  lamentn.ir.ns,  which  no  cCaTurTbu 
m  unated  man  could  withstand.     This  barbarity  was  the  more  a^ra 
vat,ng  vvhen  it  w^s  contemplated  that  those  who  fell  into  thdr  halid; 
a    made  no  resistance  I     Nothing,  therefbro,  like  just  retribut  on  wa. 
;Lt?ru-ir  ^"  ^"-'"^  "'  ''-'-  -''^'«'  ^^i-  vengeane^r 

whth'thr  A '^ '*•'"=  ''T'  ^""  '^'■'^'"y''^  '■"  the  Indian  country  throucrh 
hich  the  Americans  had  passed,  they  returned  to  Pittsburcr!  Befm-e 
leaving  Coshocton,  a  shocking  circumstance  occurred,  which  alone 
was  sufhcient  to  have  tarnished  the  most  brilliant  exploits  Tn[ndian 
came  to  the  side  of  the  river  over  against  the  encampment,  ^nd  caTled 
to  the  sentinels,  who  asked  him  what  he  wanted.     L  an  -^ered  tha 

™I  lesi  m^  T  "  ''"'  "^•'?"''  ('';^  "'"^'  'y  ^^'-^  Indians  dm! 
monlydesgnato    he  commander-in-chief).     Colonel  Broadhead  an- 

ineri,  said  tiie  colonel,  send  over  some  of  vour  chiefs  The  Fn^tinr. 
.nterrogatively  said,  ^;  May  be  you  kilH"  'n!:,  said  u/e  colonel  " 
shall  come  and  go  in  safety.  Hereupon  a  chief  of  most  cleLam 
3"thrcb>r"^  ^°  the  encampment, 'and-[  hesitate  to  ^latd- 

vhiethe  chief  was  conversing  with  the  colonel,  a  monster,  of  the 

'il'""^?  "fV'"^  ;'''i^  "  '""^h^"'^''  -hich  1.;  had  conc^  ed  in 
i  n  1:  w';  ^^^^r^  "''^  ''  ■'^'""'•^^  ■^^^^^'^^•'  '^^he  name  of  th^^ 
Rrn  r  l^^^  ^''-  ^''^  ^'■'^>'  ^««"  ^^^^^'"  't-^  «''t'-«*t,  and  Colonel 
Rroadhcad  kiving  put  his  prisoners,  (about  twenty  in  numbed  )  into 

ept"  ?ew':  ""'"'^'  i^'^y ;;"-«^-ti:ly  began  to  fnassacr^Lii    aH 
S  JT'"  ''"^  '^^''^'■^"  -^'•^  '^■'"^^-     These  were  taken  to 

P    one"^'  ^^A?  T"''  ''""^Tf^  '"'•  '-'"  ^'^"^^  ""-^-'-  «^  "I'ite 

rrnlv  V)'  PTT  ''^''^  "^'S'^^  h*^^  ^'^'^  ^«"«l"ded  was 

unhappily  suspended,  and  the  war  afterwards  might  well  have  been 
•^x^K^cted  to  exhibit  scenes  no  less  bloody  than  before, 
l-rnni;.       '  ''''"!.'^  Pachgantschihilas,  distinguished  himself  upon  the 

ontos,  immediately  upon  the  retreat  of  Colonel  BroadheadWrmy! 
uleouenUv\f  I"'  ^"''  ^"'  ^^  -^-^gn-i-ity  and  address.     And 

n?  runtd  ^?r'  r'  '"u  '"  ."'""y  ''''''''''  between  his  nation 
and  the  United  States,  from  that  of  General  Wayne  at  Greenville  to 


976 


■VBNTa    IN    INUIAN    HISTORY. 


that  of  St.  Mary's  in  1H18:  il",  indtrd,  I'otclnnaniilas,  nokoiig(ilM!lus, 
and  Hcvcml  otlicr  viiriiitions,  stiuid  lor  IIk;  siiim?  person.  His  name, 
according  to  I Ieci<ow(!l(lcr,  signified  a  I'liHiiii-r,  or  one  wlio  succeeds 
in  all  ho  undertakes.  He  was  a  son  ol"  a  ;,'reat  eliiel',  whose;  name  is 
written  Wewandueliwidiritl,  wliieh  siynilied  one  employed  on  important 
njcssages ;  and  who  in  the  l''reneh  war  was  a  ^reat  captain,  and  in 
peace  a  great  <'ounsell(>r.  I  le  had  upon  liLs  under  lip  .-ind  chin  tatt(K)C(l 
the  figure  of  a  water  li/ard,  on  which  accdiiut  Ik;  was  ol'len  called 
Tweegachscha.su.  llokdUf^ahelas  was  head  warrior  of  all  the  Delu- 
wares  who  lived  on  the  Miami  and  White  rivers. 

Petchenanalas,  at  the  head  of  eighty  warriors,  appeared  suddenly  at 
Gnadenhuetten,  surrfiunding  it  belitre  day,  allowing  no  one  a  chance 
for  escape.  Not  knowing  his  olijcet,  the  people  were  tilled  with  terror. 
But  he  soon  dispelled  their  tears,  by  ttilling  tliem  that  he  came  to  take 
the  chief  Gelelemend,  and  n  few  other  head  men,  whom  he  would 
have,  either  dead  or  alivi;.  As  it  happened,  not  one  of  those  he  sought 
oiler  was  then;  at  the  time,  i laving  satisfied  himself  uf  this  iaet,  the 
chief  demanded  that  de[)utie3  from  the  three  Christian  towns  should 
meet  to  h(;ar  what  h(;  had  to  say  to  them,  ^\'hen  the  deputies  and 
others  had  met,  hi;  spoke  to  thi'in  as  lidlows: — 

"  Friends  and  kinsmen,  listen  to  what  I  say  to  you.  You  see  a 
great  and  jjowerful  nation  divided.  Yon  seethe  fa'lieriig.  ing  against 
the  son,  and  the  son  against  the  fatlnT. — 'l"he  tiitlier  has  called  on  hiu 
Indian  (diiUhxai  to  assist  him  in  punishing  hischildren,  the  Americans, 
who  havn  become  refractory,  l  took  time  to  consider  what  i  should 
do;  whether  or  not  f  should  receive  the  hatchet  of  my  father,  to  assist 
him.  At  fu'st  I  looked  upon  it  as  a  liimiiy  (piarrel,  in  which  I  wasnot 
interested.  At  length  it  appeiu'ed  to  hk;,  that  the  father  was  in  tlit; 
right,  and  his  children  deserved  to  be  ])unislied  a  little. — That  this 
must  be  the  case,  I  concluded  Irom  the  many  cruel  acts  his  olispring 
had  committed,  from  time  to  time,  on  his  Indian  children — in  en- 
croaching on  their  lands,  stealing  their  property — shooting  at  and 
murdering,  without  cause,  men,  women,  and  cliildren : — yes,  even 
inurdt;ring  those,  who  at  all  times  had  been  friendly  to  them,  and  were 

idaced  for  protection  under  the  roof  of  tlK'ir  father's  Jiouse;*  the  fatlier 
nmself  standing  sentry  at  the  door,  at  the  time! — Friends  and  rela^ 
tives,  often  has  the  fath('r  been  obliged  to  settle  and  make  amends 
for  the  wrongs  Juid  mischiefs  done  us,  by  his  rei'niciory  children;  yet 
these  do  not  grow  better.  No!  they  remain  the  same,  and  will  con* 
tinue  to  be  so,  tis  long  as  we  have  any  land  left  us !  Look  back  at 
the  murders  conmiitted  by  the  Long-Knives  on  many  of  our  relations, 
who  lived  peaceable  neighbors  to  them  on  the  Ohio!  Did  they  not 
kill  them  without  the  least  provocation? — Arc  they,  do  you  think, 
better  now,  than  they  were  then?  No!  indeed  not;  and  many  days 
are  not  elapsed,  since  you  had  a  number  of  these  very  men  near  your 
doors,  who  panted  to  kill  you,  but  fortunately  were  prevented  from  so 

*  Alluding  to  the  murder  of  the  Concstpga  Indians,  whicli  was  as  atrocious 
as  that  at  GuadeubuetteD,and  of  which  wc  shall  in  due  couv  se  give  a  rclatioD/ 


BOKONGAHEIAA, 


'J77 


but  s,,i<l,  tlK'v  must  b<.  awaio  of  t}u.ir  ..  '  ""  """>I<"'<1; 

""- ;,  <';"Vl-y  fuui  'just  .s..ap...l  C^      j  ^^  "^  1^   JC  ''  "'^"'' 

(>unlry  on  tl.o  Miami,  uhrn.  (Ih-v  wouI  I  I^  .  '   ''"'"'j' «•'  '"  'i'o 

Tl..'  ( -hashan  Indians  n  >li  J  "  ha^'i'  t  v  til  ^' '""  "•  ''""^"^• 
Anuricans,  tht=y  thought  t|, .-  n  rd  nnf  ?       ^^  ^   •"'''"'  '"•'^"■'■^'  "«^ 
ihcir  irionds  at   var  wdu      ll     'u-       ,  ^^r'"?  "''""  ^''^"•'  ^^'^t  .f 
ihoir  «,.ttlnnont  upoi.   1       'at    t  <•         I  '"'  ""-•''  ''""'^'  "«'  '""k. 

.heir  antagonists 'tl  si.  :'vav:  ^u'  i;^';!'^  ""'''^  '  '"'''^'  '"^^ 
without  ,..at  detnn.cnt:  .nd'^Li-  t\  1^  J^^.  1,;;^  ':•'"-' 
!hcy  could  not  con.scnt  to  ir,,.  ^^       **-  ""'"  «»'ii»t«'d, 

rarhgantwliihilas  consultod  in  tlio  moan  tin...  u  ,fl,  l  '      i  •  ,• 
mid  unsvvorfd  v.tv  /eclin..iv  to  what  tin         '.  ,'''1  ^■'''''*  '"'-"' 

nb...Tvcd  tlmt  1,0  was  «or  v  Urxt  The  v  t  M^  f.''"''"'  ^""'  '^"'•''  ' '" 
^"t  that  he  had  no  i.::;;Crt^t  ^^  r;-)'  SV""'''"-; 
that  those  might  ht  porinittod  to  'to  whos       «  r"^  "■•lucstrd 

This  was  readily  assent 'd  to  a  rl  h.  '•^^''r  Py"'"l't'Hl  then,  to  it. 
warriors  departed.  M  ^ak^ Zv  ^l  "''"'' f  ''"'^*'  ^'»''  ""*^  "'« 
-'inducted  fhen,se|vc.s  n;de         ,i  'V'''"!'   -^'"-V' ^^'"■'•e  they 

^■ohihiias  had  predieted,  and  the  event  iusU  ic1  .,.,..•  V^'^^'"- 
".-acrc  at  (Jnadenhuottcn  will  v^  l^l^^^^J^a^-;;^':;- \  ^^^'^ 
'■''^n,.t  and  in.Jignation.  •uiitmb.  led  u ah  tiie  dec^x^st 

.^.i!^o:i;Ke'Su?/^i;!;^^    I'^'^henanalas  .  bnt  the  pn.win.. 
Ii"ving  amv(;d  near  tho.  Indian  Kjwn  of  A,   r\T  u    ^'     ^^"^y 


.,; 


«      27P 


BVENTS    IN   INDIAN   HISTORY. 


ri^'^ 


I 


able  to  save  himself.  He  was  at  first  conducted  to  Au  Glaize.,  and  soon 
after  to  "  Bokongahelas.  king  of  the  Delawares,  by  his  captors." 
The  chief  told  those  that  committed  the  murder,  he  was  very  sorry 
they  had  killed  the  men.  That  instead  of  so  doing,  ihcy  should  have 
brought  them  to  the  Indian  towns ;  and,  if  what  they  had  to  say 
had  not  been  liked,  ii  wojld  have  been  time  enough  to  have  killed 
them  then.  Nothing,  he  said,  could  justify  them  for  putting  them  to 
death,  as  there  was  no  chance  for  them  to  escape.  The  truth  was, 
they  killed  them  to  plunder  their  effects.  Bokongahelas  took  Mr. 
Smally  into  his  cabin,  and  showe''.  him  great  kindness ;  told  him  to 
stay  there  until  he  could  go  safely  to  his  former  Indian  friends.  (He 
having  been  adopted  into  an  Indian  family,  in  place  of  one  who  had 
been  killed,  in  his  former  captivity,)  While  here  with  Bokongahelas, 
which  was  near  a  month,  Mr.  Smally  said  the  chief  would  noi  permit 
him  to  go  abroad  alone,  for  fear,  ho  &aid,  that  the  young  Indians  would 
kill  him. 

From  another  source  we  learn  the  names  of  several  of  I  he  mur- 
dered. "A  letter  from  Paris  (in  the  new  French  settlement )  (laid 
July  17*h,  states,  that  intelligence  had  been  received  at  Fort  .leffcrson. 
of  the  death  of  Major  Trueman,  Mr.  Freeman,  Debachi  and  Jarrat, 
That  this  information  was  brought  by  two  prisoners,  who  were  labor- 
in<T  in  a  corn-field,  and  inade  their  escape.  The  one  had  been  lukfn 
prisoner  at  the  time  General  Harmer  was  defeiilcd-^the  other  is  Wni, 
Duer,  of  Capt.  Buchanan's  company  of  levies.  They  further  inform, 
that  on  the  15th  of  Jime  a  party  of  Indians  took  eight  men  prisoners, 
who  were  making  hay  near  Fort  Jefferson  ;  that  when  they  had  moved 
the  p>;isoners  some  distance  from  the  fort,  they  divided  them — four 
were  given  to  t  !  ^  Chippewas,  and  four  to  the  Shawanese — that  the 
Shawanese  burnt  the  four  unfortunately  assigned  to  them — that  tlu 
Chippewas  took  t.ieirs  liome,  to  the  intent  of  making  laborers  of  them— 
that  the  Indians  are  determined  for  war,  and  will  not  treat,  but  ivi'! 
kill  every  white  person  that  attempts  to  go  to  then),  either  Avith  or 
without  a  flag — that  their  present  plan  is  to  cut  oft"  the  escorts  of 
provisions  destined  to  the  ouiposts,  and  by  that  means  oblige  the 
troops  stationed  there  to  surrender ;  and  that  for  this  purpose  they  kpt 
two  spies  ._'onstantly  out." 

It  is  said  that  the  conduct  of  the  British,  at  the  battle  of  Presqu'lsle. 
forever  '".'laaged  the  mind  of  this  chief,  as  it  did  tllat  of  many  others 
in  reo^ard  tc  theni.  Bokongahelas  said  he  would  henceforth  trust  them 
no  more.  The  fort  at  Maumee  was  critically  situated,  out  by  itr,  own 
imprudence.  The, officers  of  it  had  told  the  Indians  that  if  the  batt'e 
turned  against  them,  they  should  Lave  protectica  in  the  fort.  Im- 
mediately after.  General  Wayne  informed  thorn,  that  if  they  did 
protect  the  Indians  in  that  event,  he  would  treat  ttiem  as  thougti  found 
in  arms  against  him ;  therefore,  thinking  their  own  safety  of  more 
consequence  than  keeping  their  faith  with  the  Indians,  they  barred  the 
gates,  and  were  idle  spectators  of  those  they  had  basely  betrayed,  ciii 
down  iii  great  numbers  by  the  swords  of  the  horsemen,  under  their 
very  ramparts ! 

U  would  seem,  from  a  passage  in  the  Memoirs  of  General  Harrison, 


OELELEMEND. 


279 


that  Bokongahelas  died  soon  "aAer  the  treaty  of  1804;"  that  if  ho 
had  been  alive,  Mr.  Dawson  thinks,  when  Tecumseh  and  the  Prophet 
enlisted  so  many  nations  against  the  Americans,  he  would  not  have 
suliered  their  plans  to  have  been  matured.  The  sauui  author  relates 
an  incident  of  peculiar  interest,  concerning  our  subject,  which  is  as 
k'lows:— After  the  fight  with  Wayne's  army  before  mentioned, 
Bokongahelas  collected  the  remnant  of  his  band,  and  embarked  with 
thoin  :n  canoes,  and  passed  up  the  river,  to  send  a  flag  of  truce  to  Fort 
V\  ayne.  When  the  chief  arrived  against  the  British  fbrt,  he  was 
requested  to  land,  which  he  did.  When  he  approached  tlie  sentinel, 
he  demanded,  "  What  have  you  to  say  to  me/"  He  was  answen-d 
?hat  the  commandant  desired  to  speak  wilh  him.  "Tlien  he  may 
come  here,"  was  ♦h*;  reply.  The  sentry  then  said  the  officer  would 
'lot  do  that,  and  tha^  he  would  not  be  allowed  to  pass  the  fort,  if  he 
did  not  comply  with  its  rules.  "What  shall  prevent  me?"  said  th(> 
iiitivpid  duet.  Pointing  to  the  cannon  of  the  fort,  the  sentry  said, 
"}  '  .  ^'^^  ^"'"^'^  ''^'P'l^d  indignantly,  "1  fear  not  your  cannon: 
alter  suffering  the  Amc^ricans  to  defile  your  spring,  without  darincr  to 
hrc_on  them,  you  cannot  expect  to  frighten  Bokongahelas."  He  re- 
'inbarked,  and  i)ass(;d  the  fbrt  without  molestation.  By  "defiling 
:hcir  spring,"  lie  meant  an  ironical  reproach  to  the  British  garrison 
■or  their  treacbnry  to  the  Indians,  which  has  been  mentioned. 

It  IS  SciRUhat  Bokongahelas  was  present  at  Fort  M'Intosh,  at  the 
ireaty  of  1785;  but  as  his  name  is  not  among  the  signers,  we  suppose 
he  was  opposed  to  it.  General  George  R.  Clark,  Arthur  Lee,  and 
liicliard  Butler,  were  the  American  commissioners ;  the  former  had 
ftceii  a  successful  warrior  against  the  Indians,  which  gained  him  the 
respect  of  Bokongahelas ;  and  when  he  had  an  opportunity,  he 
passed  the  others  without  noticing  tliem,  bvt  went  and  took  General 
Uark  by  the  hand  and  said,  '•!  thank  the  Great  Spirit  for  havinc^  this 
<ay  orought  together  two  such  great  warriors  as  Bokongalielas  and 
General  Clark." 

Gelelemend,  one  of  the  most  conspicuous  of  those  noticed  in  the 
provision  of  the  treaty  of  Fort  M'Intosh,  we  will  proceed  to  consider 
m  tins  place.  His  name  signified  a  leader,  but  he  was  called  Kill- 
Buc.v,  be.cause  the  whites  had  so  called  his  father,  and,  to  distincruish 
liini,  junior  was  added.  Upon  the  death  of  Wl)ite-Eyes,  he,  as"  that 
c  iiel  had  done,  accepted  the  oftice  of  chief,  until  the  youncr  heir 
should  be  old  enough  to  fill  the  important  jilace.  He  continued  the 
>'utir.«^e  of  ineosures  carried  on  by  his  predecessor,  but  in  spite  of  all 
tie  could  do.  Captain  Pipe  succeeded  in  defeating  liis  designs.  Such 
was  the  power  of  Pipe,  that  Gclelcniend  and  his  party  were  forced 
tlirough  fear  to  abandon  their  council-house  at  Goshockino,  and  retire 
under  the  protection  of  the  Americans  near  Pittsburg.  '  Here  they 
jiuppascd  themselves  safe,  but  they  were  soon  disappointed  ;  "for  while 
tlie  friendly  chiefs,  together  with  a  number  of  their  people,  were 
peaceably  living  together  on  an  island  just  below  the  town  of  Pitts- 
ourg,  th^y  were  suddenly  surprised  and  attacked  by  the  murdering 
party  which  had  returned  from  killing  n.oar  a  hundred  of  the  Christian 


280 


EVKN'TS  1,     INDIAN  IHSTOR^. 


Indians,  and  partly  killed  and  partly  put  to  flight;  from  whence  this 
chief  (Kill-Buck)  saved  his  life  only  by  taking  to  the  river  and  swim- 
ming across  to  the  point,  or  town,  (of" Pittsburg)  leaving  all  his  pro- 
perty  behind  ;  among  which  was  the  bag  containing  all  the  wampum 
speeches  and  written  documenis  ol"  William  Pcnn  and  his  successor^; 
ibr  a  great  number  of  years,  which  had   for  so  long  a  time  been 
carefully  preserved  by  them,  but  now  had  fallen  into  the  liands  of  a 
murdering  band  of  wliito  savages,  who  killed  at  the  same  time  the 
promising    young   Delaware   chief  abtnij    mentioned."     The  many 
services  he  rendered  to  Pennsylvania  were  known  and  appreciated": 
which  services,  h(j\\over,  being  obnoxious  to  the  enemy,  drew  their 
hatred  uj)on  liim,  so  mucli  sd,  that  tlmy  ordered  any  that"  should  meet 
with  him  to  shoot  him  dead,     lie  therefore  n^mained  concealed  some 
;ime  after  the  peace  with  the  Indians,  with  his   iimiily,  at   Pittsburu. 
Mo  finally  joinrd  the  Christian  Indians  and  lived  under  their  protcc- 
ti()n  ;  never  venturing  Hir  from  hom^s  lest  the  Munseys  should  meet 
with  and  kill  him.     He  was  baptised  by  the  name  of  VVilliam  Henry, 
a  name  he  IuhI  been  k-ng  known  und^M-,  and  whicdi  was  that  ofa 
distinguished  member  of  Congress,  conli'ired  by  liimself.     Kill-Buck 
died  in  the  failli  in  .lunuary,  1811,  aged  about  eighty. 

At  the  time  these  pi-aceabk;;  Indians  were  miu'derously  driven  from 
their  island,  as  just  noticed,  Big-Cat  narrowly  escaped  the  slaughter, 
ile  retired  to  the  MiaiTii  country,  where  he  afterwards  died.  Me  h.i(; 
l)iX'ti.an  able  counsellor,  and  afterwards  a  chief  ol*' the  Turtle  tribe. 

The  name  of  Captain  Pipe  is  unfortunately  associated  with  the  hi.-- 
tory  oi"  the  lamente<l  Colonel  ^Viiliam  Crawford,  who  perished  at  the 
stake,  after  sullering  \hr  Uiost  horrible  and  excruciating  tortures  pos- 
sible tor  Indians  to  inflict.  He  was  particularly  obnoxious  to  tliein, 
irom  having  b(>en  many  years  a  successful  commander  against  theai. 
Ho  loll  into  the  hands  of'  the  Indians  not  iiir  Irom  I'pper  Sanduskv, 
iii  the  latter  end  of  M-as.  1762.  At  this  time  he  was  arrived  there 
at  the  head  uf  a  l)and  of  about  five  hundred  volunteers,  who  were 
attacked  ;iud  put  to  flight  without  having  acquitfcMl  themselves  like 
.soldiers  in  any  di\L;ree.  except  indeed  some  individual  instances.  At 
icast  a  hundred  wove  kilkd  and  taken,  and  of  the  latter  but  two  are 
said  ever  tn  luive  esce.pfd. 

Captain  Pipe,  if  not  the  j)rincipnl,  was  probably  one  of  the  ehiol 
leaders  of  the  Indians  at  this  lime.  When  the  rout  of  the  army  began, 
instead  of  retreating  in  a  body,  tliey  lied  in  small  jiarties,  and  thus 
.'ell  an  easy  prey  into  the  hands  of  tlielr  pursuers.  Colonel  Crawford 
iK'came  se])arated  from  the  main  body  of  his  soldiers  by  his  oxtrenii' 
an>;i(>ty  for  his  .son  and  two  or  thrcH*  other  relati<ins,  who  he  sa.s- 
j.»\.-ted  wvrc  in  the  rear,  and  thcrefon;  waited  lor  them  an  unreason- 
able time.  He  at  length  fled,  in  company  with  a  Dr.  Knight  and  twu 
others.  Uniortimately,  aft(>r  travelling  nearly  two  days,  they  Avere, 
with  several  others,  surprised  by  a  party  of  Delawares,  and  conducted 
to  the  old  Wyandot  town.  Here  Captaui  Pipe,  with  his  own  hands. 
[)aintcd  Crawllird  and  Kniglit  black  in  every  part  of"  their  bodies.  A 
place  called  the  new  Wyandot  town  was  not  far  off.     To  this  pku'c 


k  ^'-  .-..c-^-jaJd^i^..^^ 


COI>.    CBAWFORD    BURNT   AT   THE   STAKE. 


281 


they  were  now  ordered,  and  Pipe  told  Crawford  that  when  he  arrived 
there  his  head  should  be  shaved,  of  which,  it  seems,  he  did  not  under- 
stand the  import.  These  miserable  men  were  accompanied  by  Pipe 
and  another  noted  Delaware  chief,  named  Wingenim.  Several  other 
captives  had  been  sent  Ibrvvard,  and  in  the  way,  as  Kni<.ht  and  Craw- 
iord  passed  along,  they  saw  ibur  of  the  mangled  bodies  of  their  iriends 
lying  upon  the  ground,  dead  and  scalped.  Nine  others  had  been 
picked  up  at  the  sauu;  time  the  two  just  named  were,  and  four  of  these 
were  those  murdered  in  the  way.  the  other  five  met  a  like  liile  from 
the  hands  oi  the  Indian  squaws  and  boys  at  the  destined  villa-re  Mere 
Crawford  and  Knight  saw  Simon  Girty,  of  whom  no  human  beincr 
since,  we  apprehend,  has  spoken  or  written  without  indi<rnation.  He 
IS  represented  to  have  witnessed  the  torture  ol"  Crawford  with  much 
saiiiifaction ! 

Aller  the  colonel  was  tied  to  the  fatal  post,  Captain  Pipe  addressed 
the  assembled  Indians  in  an  earnest  speech,  which,  when  he  liad 
closed,  they  all  joined  in  a  hideous  yell,  and  fell  to  torturin-r  the 
prisoner,  which  continued  i'm  about  three  hours,  when  he  sunk  down 
j(x>ii  his  lace,  and  with  a  groan  expired. 

Dr.  Knight  was  reserved  for  the  same  fate,  and  was  present,  and 
obliged  to  hear  the  agonising  ejaculations  of  liis  friend,  and  at  last  to 
see  him  ex[)ire,  without  being  able;  to  render  him  even  the  assistance 
ot  a  consoling  word  !  Indeed,  the  thoughts  of  his  own  condition,  and 
the  end  '..lat  awaited  huii,  w(!re  as  much,  nay  more,  peihaps,  than  a 
ratioii.-d  m.iui  could  bear.  There  seemed  no  possibility  of  a  dehver- 
uuco,  but  It  came  in  an  unexpected  hour.  He  was  to'  be  sent  to  the 
Sliawanee  town,  and  ibr  this  purpose  was  intnistc^d  to  a  youn<r  warrior 
who  watched  him  ince.ssantly.  The  distance  was  about  fbrty  miles' 
and  during  tl.eir  march  he  found  means  to  knock  dt.wn  his  driver  and 
make  good  hi^  e-^cape.  lie  was  tweiity-one  days  in  the  wilderness 
alone,  and  vus  nearly  famished  >shen  he  arrived  at  Fort  M'Intosh. 
At  the  place  ;o  which  lie  was  destined  bv  the  Indians,  Colonel  Craw' 
lord's  son,  soi;. in-law,  and  several  others,  were  put  to  death  about  the 
saiiK'  time. 

Wingenund,  VVinganoond,  or  Wi?..gaynoond,  had  an  interview  with- 
Colonel  Crawfor;!  immcxliately  before  his  execution,  and  as  the  sub- 
stance of  what  I'assed  between  the  victim  and  the  cldef  has  been  pre- 
served, it  shall  here  be  given,  not  merely  for  the  history  which  it 
eontaiii;^,  but  as  it  strikingly  brings  to  view  the  manner  in' which  an 
Indian  exercises  Ids  viev/s  of  jusiic;;  in  an  extraordinary  case. 

Tins  chiet  had  hwu  known  to  Crawford  som;;  time  before,  and  had 
boon  oil  terms  of  true  friendship  wi!h  him,  and  kindiv  (Mitertained  by 
liim  at  his  own  hou-sc;:  and  such  acts  ol"  kindness  all  red  men  remem- 
ber with  gra'iiuJe,  Wing,  riuud  does  nut  appear  to  have  been  present 
whc'u  the  In-st  preparations  were  made  for  burning  the  |)risoner,  but 
resided  not  far  from  the  fatal  spot,  and  had  retired  to  his  cabin  that 
he  might  not  see  the  »  ntenco  of  his  nation  executed  upon  one  calling 
himself  his  friend;  but  Crawford  requested  that  he  might  be  sent  for, 
fheoring  his  almost  rayless  mind  with  tl>e  faint  hope"  hat  he  would 

24* 


382 


EVBUTa   IN    IIIDIA5   HISTORY. 


interpose  and  save  him.  Accordingly,  Wingenund  soon  appeared  in 
the  presence  of  the  bound  and  naked  white  man.  He  was  asked  bv 
Crawford  if  he  knew  him,  and  said  he  believed  he  did,  and  asked, 
"Are  you  not  Colonel  Crawford?"  "  I  am,"  said  the  colonel.  The 
chief  discovered  much  agitation  and  embarrassment,  and  ejaculated, 
"  So ! — Yes  ! — indeed  !"  "  Do  you  not  recollect  the  friendship  thai 
always  existed  between  us,  and  that  wc  were  always  glad  to  see  each 
other?"  said  Crawford.  "Yes,"  said  the  chief,  "1  remember  all  this, 
and  that  we  have  ollen  drank  together,  and  that  you  have  been  kind 
to  me."  "Then  I  hope,"  added  Crawford,  "the  same  friendship  still 
continues."  "  Tt  would,  of  course,"  said  Wingeiuuid,  "were  you 
where  you  ought  to  be,  and  not  here,"  "  And  why  not  here?"  said 
the  colonel ;  "  I  hope  you  would  not  desert  a  friend  in  time  of  need. 
Now  is  the  time  for  you  to  exert  yourself  in  my  behalf,  as  I  should 
do  for  you  wore  you  in  my  place."  "Colonel  Crawford,"  replied 
Wingenund,  "you  have  placed  yourself  in  a  situation  which  puts  it 
out  of  my  power  and  that  of  others  of  your  friends  to  do  any  thinj; 
for  you."  "  How  so.  Captain  Wingenund  ?"  said  the  colonel.  Ht 
added,  "  By  joining  yourself  to  that  execrable  man,  Williamson,  and 
his  party, — the  man  who  but  th<^  other  day  murdered  such  a  number 
of  the  Moravian  Indians,  knowing  them  to  be  friends  ;  knowing  that 
he  ran  no  risk  in  murdering  a  people  who  would  not  tight,  and  whose 
only  business  was  nrayiiig."  "But  I  assure  you,  Wingenund,"  saii; 
Crawford,  "that  had  I  been  with  him  at  the  time,  this  would  not  ha\e 
happened.  Not  I  alone,  but  all  your  friends^  and  all  good  men, 
wherever  they  are,  reprobati;  acts  of  this  kind."  "That  may  be,'' 
said  Wingenund,  "  yet  these  friends,  these  good  men,  did  not  proveni 
him  from  going  out  again  to  kill  the  remainder  of  these  inoflensive  vei 
ibolish  Moravian  Indians!  I  say  foolish,  because  they  believed  the 
wlates  in  [)reference  to  us.  We  had  often  told  them  that  they  would 
be  one  day  so  treated  by  those  people  who  called  themselves  theii 
Iriends !  We  told  them  that  there  was  no  iiiitli  to  be  placed  in  what 
the  white  men  said ;  that  their  fair  promises  were  only  intended  ti 
alhre  us,  that  they  might  the  more  easily  kill  us,  as  tlii7  havf  detv 
many  Indians  belbre  they  killed  these  Moravians."  "I  am  sorry  to 
hear  you  .speak  thus,"  said  ("rawford  ;  "as  to  Wi!li;imson's  gf>ing  oe! 
aiijain,  when  it  was  known  that  he  was  dcttirmined  on  it,  1  went  vu: 
with  him  to  prevent  him  from  committing  fresh  murders."  "This," 
said  Wingenund,  "  the  Indians  would  not  believe,  were  even  I  to  f'i 
thctn  so."  Crawford  the^n  asked,  "And  why  would  they  not  k'licv' 
it?"  "Bccau.se,"  replied  Wingenund,  "it  would  have  l)een  out  ci' 
yrur  power  to  ju'event  liis  doing  w  hat  he  pleased."  "  Out  of  m\ 
power?"  exclaimed  the  colonel;  and  asked,  "Have;  any  Moravinn 
Indians  been  killed  or  hurt  since  we  came  out?"  "  None,"  answcreti 
the  chief;  "  but  you  went  first  to  their  town,  and  finding  it  empt\ 
and  deserted,  you  turned  on  the  path  towards  us.  If  you  had  been 
in  search  of  warriors  only,  you  would  not  Imve  gone  thither.  Oui 
spies  watched  you  closely.  They  saw  you  while  you  were  embody- 
iiur  yourselves  on  the  other  s*dR  of  the  Ohif>=      Fliev  saw  vou  cros> 


COL.    CRAWFORD   BFIINT   AT  THK   3TAK*. 


2S9 


n  Tr        I  '"""^  r''^'^  y°"  encamped  at  night-they  saw  yon 
turn  off  from  the  path  to  the  deserted  Moravian  town-lhev  knew 
you  were  gomg  out  of  your  way-your  «t<.ps  were  constantly  watchel 
and  you  were  suffered  qmetly  to  proceed  until  you  reached  the  spo 
where  you  were  attacked."  ^ 

Crawford,  doubtless,  with  this  sentence,  ended  his  last  ravs  of  hope. 
He  asked,  with  iamt  emoiicn,  "What  do  they  intend  to  dowith  me^» 
when  W.ngenund  Irankly  replied,  "I  tell  you  with  "ricf.     As  Wil- 
Immsori,  with  his  whole  co^vardly  host,  ran  off  in  the  ni-^ht  at  the 
whisthng  of  our  warriors'  balls,  lx^i„g  satisfied  that  now  l';;^  had  no 
Moravians  to  deal  w.th,  but  nu-n  who  could  fioht,  and  with  such  he 
M  not  wish  to  have  any  thing  to  do,-l  say,  as- he  escaped,  and  thev 
have  taken  you,  they  will  take  reveni,re  on  yo,,  in  his  ..ead."     "  An^ 
!s  there  no  possibility  of  preventing  this?"  ^aid  Crawford;  "can  vou 
devise  no  way  to  get  nie  off?     You  shall,  my  friend,  be  vvdl  rewarded 
tlZ7^f  "'^'7,'mental  in  saving  my  life."     "  Had  Williamson  been 
taken  with  you,"  answered  the  chief,  "1  and  some  friends,  by  making 
use  of  what  you  have  told  mo,   might  perhaps  have  succeeded  i,^ 
saving  you,  but  as  the  matter  now  stands,  no  man  would  dare  to 
interfere  in  your  behalf.     The  King  of  England  himself,  were  he    o 
come  to  this  spot   with  all  his  wealth  and  treasure,  could  not  eflect 
this  purpose.     1  he  blood  of  the  innocent  Moravians,  more  than  half 
.   them  women  and  children,  cruelly  and  wantonly  murdered,  calls 
aloud  for  revenge.     The  relatives  of  the  slain,  who  are  among  us,  c  t 
ou  and  stand  ready  for  revenge.     The-  nation  to  which  they  belon-^ed 
will  have  revenge.     The  Shawanese,  our  grandchildren,  have  a.ked 
lor  your  fellow-pr.soner;  on  him  they  will  take  revenoe.     Alfthe 
i.atiuns  connected  with  us  cry  out,  revenge!  reven.re  I  ^The  Mori' 
vians  whom  you  went  to  destroy,  having  fled,  instead  of  avcncnno- 
heir  bre'hren,  the  ofience  is  become  national,  and  the  nation  itself  is 
l^oiind  to  take  reveng,. !"     -  My  fate,  then,  is  fixed,"  said  the  wn-tched 
man,  "and  1  must  prepare  to  meet  death  in  its  worst  fi^rm."     "Yes 
colonel,    said  the  chief;  "  I  am  sorry  for  it,  but  cannot  do  any  thin<^ 
lor  you.     Had  you  attended  to  the  Indim  principle,  that  as  good  and 
ov.  cannot  dwell  together  in  the  same  heart,  so  a  good  man  ou.} 
not    o  go  mto  evil  company,  you  would  not  be  in  this  lamentable 
•situation.     You  see  now    when  it  is  t<.o  late,  aHer  Williamson  has 
..■M-rted  you,  what  a  bad  man  he  must  be!     Nothing  now  remains 
or  you  but  to  meet  your  fiite  like  a  bra^■e  man.     Farewell,  Colonel 
<  rnwlord  '  they  are  coming.     I  will  retire  to  a  solitary  spot  " 

Accordingly,  a  liost  ot'  executioners  W(-re  immediJtely  mnm  him 
and  he  died  by  their  cruel  hands,  as  we  have  already  written  It  is 
said  that  \Vingenund  shed  tears  at  parting  with  his  friend,  aiid  that 
rver  auer  when  the  circumstance  was  mentioned,  ho  seemed  very 
w'lisitjiy  affected.  '         ■' 

Cokmel  Crawford's  sen  was  compeik^J  to  witness  this  cruel  death 
<■(  his  father,  and  suffered  t'.e  .-.am-  fate  immediately  after 

Ihe  expedition  of  Colo..  .  Crawford  was  not  so  laudably  under- 
'aKcs!  as   many  others,   in  a$  ii^r  as   it  was  directed  against   the 


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984 


BVUMTfl    IN    INDIAN    HISTORY. 


Moravian  towns  upon  the  Muskingum,  wlicre  nmny  who  composed  i( 
were  detcniiiiicd  lliat  the  C'hristian  IndiaiiH,  whicli  they  there  expected 
to  llnd,  ihinild  glut  their  vengeance  by  their  blood,  an  those  at  Gnaden- 
huettea  hud  <li)iu;  but  a  shurt  lime  Ixjlore, 

Chikat(in)tiio.  In  1790,  this  chief  succt^ded  in  capturing  many 
boats  upon  the  Ohio  river,  killing  many  of  tliose  in  them,  and  taking 
and  destroying  a  vast  amount  of  proiierty.  Among  the  boats  which 
fell  into  the  hands  of  ("hikatomnio,  was  one  in  which  was  a  Mr. 
Charles  .lohnsLon,  of  Botetourt  counly,  Virginia,  and  several  oth(!rs, 
and  from  wliose  narrative  we  derive  much  of  this  information, — a 
book  replete  with  instruction,  and  one  of  the  most  valuable  of  its  kind. 
As  this  company  were  descending  the  Uliio,  in  an  unwieldy  ihit- 
bottomed  boat,  in  which  were  a, number  of  horses  and  considerable 
merchanilise,  two  white  men  a|)|)eared  upon  the  shore  and  called  to 
them,  aifectiug  great  distress,  and  begged  to  be  taken  on  board. 
Before  these  two  whites  showed  themselves,  however,  a  smoke  was 
seen  above  the  trees,  and  lor  some  time  held  tliem  in  doubt  on  wliich 
side  of  the  river  it  was.  Tiiey  wished  to  ascertain  this  lact,  as- 
thereby  they  might  keep  close  in  upon  the  opposite  shore,  and  so 
escape  mischief  in  tlu;  event  of  an  ambiishment  of  Indians.  They 
were  thus  wary,  as  the  Indians  were  constantly  iloing  mischief  u[>oii 
the  rivers,  aad  had  but  a  short  time  before  destroyed  a  settlement  at 
a  place  calkd  Kennedy's  Bottom.,  in  Kentucky. 

It  was  belbre  sunrise  on  ihe  3Uth  of  March,  that  the  two  white  nun 
Ixifore  mentioned  iiailed  the  boat,  which  was  safely  out  of  the  reach 
«f  fire-arms,  having  discovered  the  smoke  to  be  upon  the  northwest 
shore,  and  tiierelijre  they  kej)t  upon  (he  southwest.  These  white  men. 
the  more  eflet^tually  to  decoy  the  bijat's  crew,  said  they  had  beeri 
taken  prisoners  by  the  Indians  at  Kennedy's  Bottom,  and  had  jiisi 
escaped  IVom  iliem,  and  unless  they  would  take  them  on  board,  they 
must  pcM'ish  from  hunger  and  cold.  The  truth  was,  one  or  l)oth  (ii 
them  were  abandoned  wre'ches,  who  hud  leagued  with  a  Land  al' 
depredators  under  Chikatommo,  and  thus  were  the  means  of  destroy- 
ing many  innocent  lives  in  the  most  atrocious  manner.  WIku  hailed 
by  them,  as  we  have  just  said,  some  in  the  boat  were  for  listening  to 
them,  iuul  some  against  it.  In  the  mean  time,  the  boat  floated  fast 
down  the  current,  and  lefl  those  on  sliore  considerably  in  the  rear, 
although  they  exerted  themselves  to  Ivcep  abreast  of  the  boat.  Those 
who' were  against  taking  them  on  boanl  had  their  objections  weii 
grounded  ;  ii'r  \\hen  these  men  were  askeil  the  occasit)n  of  th'e  smoke 
upon  their  side  of  the  river,  tlicy  denied  that  tliere  had  been  any,  or 
."^aid  they  kntw  of  no  such  thing;  nnd  tiiis  was  urged  as  a  sufliciem 
reason  why  they  should  reject  tlie  otlK.'r  part  of  their  story.  Still, 
as  the  boat  glided  down,  those  on  board  debated  tlie  subject,  and  a; 
length  concluded,  that  if  tlvre  were  Indians  wliere  thev  fu'st  saw  the 
men,  tliey  must  then  be  tar  up  the  river,  as  it  was  thought  impossiblt 
that  they  could  have  got  through  tlie  woods  so  fast  as  tliey  had  floated 
down;  and  one  of  the  company,  a  i\lr.  Flinn,  whose  kindness  of  heart 
Itrought  u}K)n  them  this  calamity,  proposed  hazarding  his  own  person 


NARRATIVE    OF    CHARLES    JOHNSTON. 


285 


on  shore,  without  in  the  least  endangering  the  rest.  His  plan  was  as 
follows:  that  whereas  they  must  now  bo  out  of  the  reach  of  the 
Indians,  they  should  haul  in,  and  barelv  touch  upon  the  shore,  and  he 
would  jump  out,  and  the  boat  should  at  the  same  time  haul  off,  so 
that,  if  the  Indians  should  be  comintr,  the  boat  would  have  time  to  o-et 
otrsalb,  and  as  to  himself,  he  could  well  outrun  them,  and  would  "et 
on  board  the  boat  again  at  a  certain  point  below.  And  thus  was  the 
iiumane  plan  laid  oi"  relieving  supposed  distress,  the  sad  recompense 
of  which  v/c  no.v  proceed  to  reiule. 

One  circumstance  had  not  been  taken  into  account  by  this  devoted 
L'ompuny.     The  current  being  rapid,  it  took  them  much  longer  than 
they  luid  anticipated  to  gain  the  shore,  and  this  ga\e  some  of  The  most 
swiil-looted  of  Chikatommo's  party  time  to  arrive  at  the  point  at  the 
same  time  with  ihom.     Having  arrived  close  to  the  shore,  Mr.  Flinn 
liad  but  barely  ck-ared  hims<;lf  from  the  boat,  when  a  large  number 
of  Indians,  painted  in  the  most  frightful  manner,  came  rushing  upon 
them.     Some  of  the  boat's  crew  s(>ized  their  guns,  and  dctermfned  to 
resist,  while  the  others  used  every  means  to  get  their  boat  from  the 
shore;  but  every  thing  seemed  to  conspire  against  them.     Their  boat 
iKcame  entangled  in  the  branches  of  a  large  tree,  and  the  whole  body 
ol  Indians  having  arrived,  being  iifly-four  in  num!)er,  cave  a  horrible 
veil,  and  poured  ifi  their  whole  lire  upon  the  boat.     From  the  pro- 
:ection  allbrded  by  the  side  of  the  boat,  one  onlv  was  killed,  Dollv 
Fleming,  and  Mr.  Skyles  wounded.     All  resistance  was  vain,  and  the 
jlhcrs  lay  down  upon  the  botti.un  of  the  boat,  to  prevent  beincr  imme- 
Jiatcly  killed.     The  Indians  kc-pi  up  their  fire  until  all  the"  horses 
were  shot  down,  which  added  much  to  the  horror  of  the  situation  of 
those  upon  the  bottom  of  the  boat,  as  thev  were  in  oreat  dan-rer  of 
t»ing  trampled  to  death  by  them  bell)re  they  fell,  and  aflerwards°from 
•heir  strivings.     When  this  was  iinished  the  firing  ceased,  and  Mr. 
May  stood  up  and  held  up  a  white  cap  in  token  of"^  surrender,  but  ho 
;ell  uia  moment  after,  with  a  ball  shot  through  his  head.     Several 
;)i"thc  Indians  now  swam  to  the  boat,  and  were  helped  into  it  by  those 
vvilliin.     Having  now  got  possession  of  it,  they  seemed  well  pleased, 
■uid  oflcred  no  lurther  violence.    All  things  were  now  taken  on  shore, 
ami  an  immense  fire  kindled  ;  the  di'ad  were  scalped  and  thrown  into 
the  river,  and  the  captives  'divested  of  most  of  their  clothes.     As 
several  Indians  were  gathered  around  Mr.  Johnston  when  he  was 
stripped,  one,  observing  that  h(>  liad  on  a  kind  of  rod  vest,  approached 
and  said  to  him  in  English,  "Oh!  you  cappatin'.'"     He  said  "No." 
Then  the  Indian -pointed  to  his  own  breast,  and  said,  "Me  cappatin— 
all  dese  my  sogers."'     This  was  Chikatommo.     An  Indian,  named 
lorn  Lewis,  discovered  much  humanitv  to  Mr.  Johnston,  in  that  he 
'•overcd  him  with  his  own  blanket  afler  he  had  lost  his  clothes. 

Belll^^  all  stationed  about  the  fin>,  Chikiitomino  was  at  one  end 
ot  It,  (::  being  about  fifty  teet  in  length,)  who,  rising  up,  made  a 
speech  to  the  multitude.  An  old  Shawanee  chief,  whose  name  is  not 
'"entioiied,  made  the  first  speech,  at  the  end  of  which  Chikatommo 
conducted  Johnston  to  another  Shawanee  chief,  whose  name  was 


1 

1 

?  ■     -    J    •! 

■ '     ,    I]'  < 
„     1 

1^- 1 

j 

1 

1, 

r  ■■^:i 

"it  ■' 

286 


EVENTS    IN    INDIAN    HISTORY. 


iMcs-shaw-a,  to  whom  he  was  given  or  assigned,  and  informed  that  he 
was  his  friend.  At  the  end  of  Chikatommo's  speech,  another  pri- 
soner  was  disposed  of.  Tlie  same  ceremony  was  repe-ated  with  the 
third  and  last.  Johnston,  Skyles,  and  Flinn  went  to  the  Shawaneye, 
and  Peggy  Fleming  to  the  Cherokees.  This  band  of  robbers  appears 
to  have  be<^n  made  up  of  adventurers  from  the  tribes  just  mentioned, 
with  the  addition  of  a  few  Delawares.  The  latter  had  none  of  the 
prisoners,  as  they  did  not  wish  to  be  known  in  the  business,  thinkinc 
it  might  involve  th(^ir  nation  in  a  war  with  the  United  States. 

The  two  white  men  who  had  decoyed  the  boat  into  the  Indians' 
hands  were  still  with  them,  and  the  next  day  all  the  captives  wen> 
orderfid  to  take  a  position  upon  the  edge  of  the  river,  to  decoy  the 
first  that  shoidd  be  passing.  A  boat  soon  appeared,  and,  repugnant  as 
such  an  employment  was  to  the  feelings  of  these  captives,  yet  thev 
were  obliged  thus  to  do,  or  sufler  a  horrible  death.  Divine  and  Tho- 
mas were  the  names  of  the  two  whites  so  ollen  mentioned:  the  former 
was  the  voluntary  agent,  and,  as  I\Ir.  Johnston  expresses  it,  the  ono 
who  "alone  had  devised  and  carried  into  effect  their  destruction;"  and, 
"  ingenious  in  wicked  stratagems,  seemed  to  be  perfectly  gratified  to 
aid  the  savages  in  their  views,  and  to  feel  no  scruples  in  suggestinir 
moans  for  their  accomplishm(!nt.  He  fabricated  a  tale,  that  we  were 
passengers  down  the  Ohio,  whose  boat  had  suffered  so  great  an  injurv 
that  we  were  unable  to  proceed  until  it  was  repaired ;  but  that  for 
want  of  an  axe,  it  was  impossible  for  us  to  do  the  necessary  work. 
These  unsuspecting  canoe-men  turned  towards  us ;  but  the  ciu'reni 
bore  them  down  so  far  hdow  us,  as  to  preclude  all  chance  of  my 
putting  them  on  th(?ir  guard.  (Mr.  Johnston  having  intended  by  sonic 
sign  to  have  given  them  warning  of  what  awaited  them.)  The  Indians, 
as  they  had  acted  in  our  ease,  ran  down  the  river  at  such  a  distance- 
from  it,  and  under  cover  of  the  woods,  that  they  were  not  discovered 
until  the  canoe  was  clo.sc  to  the  shore,  when  they  fired  into  it,  and 
shot  every  one  on  board.  As  they  tumbled  into  the  water,  their  little 
bark  was  overset.  Two,  who  were  not  yet  dead,  kept  themselves 
afloat,  but  were  so  severely  wounded  that  they  could  not  swin\  off. 
The  Infl  ins  leaped  into  the  river,  and  after  dragging  them  to  the 
shore,  despatched  them  with  the  tomahawk.  The  bodies  of  the  four 
who  were  killed  were  also  brought  to  land,  and  the  whole  six  were 
-scalped.  All  were  then  thrown  into  the  river.  Nothing  I  could  then 
learn,  or  which  has  since  come  to  my  knowledge,  has  enabled  me  to 
imdersland  who  these  unfortunate  suflerers  were." 

After  various  successes  and  encounters  upon  the  river,  Chikatomnio 
left  it,  and  met  a  number  of  his  company  at  an  encampn^ent  about  five 
miles  from  it.  Here  he  left  the  rest,  taking  with  him  a  select  number 
and  some  of  the  Cherokees,  with  Miss  Fleming ;  and  the  conijiany 
with  whom  .lolmston  remained  did  not  join  him  again  for  many  days. 
After  much  delay  and  interesting  incident,  they  reached  the  Indian 
town  of  Upper  Sandusky.  Here  they  squandered  all  their  rich  booty 
for  whiskey,  and,  as  usual,  rioted  in  drunkenness  for  several  days, 
f'hikatommo  at  this  time  showed  himself  very  savage  to  the  prisoners, 


KINO-CHANB.— RESCVES   A    CAPTIVE.  2S7 

and  had  he  not  been  prevented  by  the  humane  and  benevolent  Mes- 
shawa  would  have  killed  some  of  them.     The  unfortunate  Skyles  had 
Te!  2tef "''"'''"' ^"'^  «"^"^  '"  «"  unknown  directions  Ss 
A  French  trader  at  Sandusky,  a  Mr.  Duchouquot,  had  used  cndea- 
voj^toransom  Johnston;  but  his  master  for  sle  time  would  hea; 
nothing  of  It.    At  length,  having  dissipated  all  his  boofv,  and  a  haS 
to  return  home  in  suchja  .^ate,  he  concluded  to  soil  Johnston  for  ^he 
mo  t  he  could  get;  and  accordingly  six  hundred  silver  broaches  were 
paid  him  equal  in  value  to  one  hundred  dollars,  the  amoun    a  "eed 
upon.      Ch  katommo  and   his  party  then   took   up  their  march  for 
Detroit.     Not  long  after  this,  Mr.  Johnston  returnc'd  home  by  wSy  o f 
t  a  place.     Before  he  left  Sandusky,  he  was  informed  of  thJbSni 
of  the.    fatedFlinn:  he  suffered  at  the  stake  at  the  Miami  villae^' 
and  was  eaten  by  kis  torturers.     The  Indian,  who  brought  the  news 
to  Sandusky,  said  that  he  himself  had  fen.ted  upon  him 

Kmg.Crane,  a  Wyandot  chief,  appears  conspicuous  in  this  narra 
tje,  and  Illustrates  a  valuable  trait  of  character  in  Indian  1  it  When 
Mr.  Duchouquet  and  Johnston  had  arrived  at  Lower  Sanduskv  in 
heir  way  to  Detroit,  the  town  was  filled  with  alarm,  and  thoys^o^ 
learned  the  occasion  to  be  from  the  arrival  of  some  CherokSnIhe 
ne>ghborhood,  with  a  fomale  captive.     The  traders  in  the  place  im! 
mediately  went  to  their  camp,  where  they  found  Peggy  Flemina,  vZ 
sometime  before  had  been  separated  from  Johnsfof  and  the'oher 
captives.     Among  those  who  went  to  see  her,  was  a  white  man  bv 
the  name  of  Whilaker,  who,  having  been  carried  into  captivity  in  hi^ 
youth  had  grown  up  in  all  the  Indian  habits,  and  being  a  man  of 
considerable  physical  powers  and  enterprise,  had    beconie  a  chief 
among  the  Wyandots.     He  had  been  tlpon'the  frontier    with      e 
Indians  upon  trading  expeditions,  and  had  lodged  at  times  in  Pittsbui" 
n    L  '''L°[-^'''  ^l'"""S'«  father.     She' immediately  knew  linT 
nd  besought  him,  m  the  most  affecting  manner,  to  deliver  her  S 
bondage.     He  went  immediately  to  King-Crane,  and  told  him    hL^ 
he  woman  with  the  Cherokees  was  his  sister,  and  urged  him  to  use 
means  for  her  relief.     King-Crane  went  without  loss  of  ti^i  and 
urged  the  Cherokees  to  restore  her  to  her  brother.     They  vm'e  en- 
raged at  the  request,  and  there  was  danger  of  their  murdering  her 

h  ?"  ^^'  ''S'"  ^'""^  '''^"^-  "^  "«^t  tried  to  purchase'her  • 
bm  his  benevolent  offers  were  indignantly  refused,  and  their  ra^e 
was  still  increased.  Resolved  to  rescue  her  nut  of  their  hands,  Kin%! 
Cnine  repaired  to  their  camp  early  the  next  morning,  acconpS 
w  1  icnght  or  ten  young  warriors.  They  found  the  Cherokees  asleep; 
but  he  cap  ive-^it  IS  shocking  to  humanity  to  relate-^was  without  the 
east  at. re  I  extended  and  lashed  to  thek.ke!  ready  to  be  bun  5- 
her  bdy  pamted  all  over  with  black.  King-Crane  silently  cut  the 
hongs  with  which  she  was  bound,  then  awakened  the  mmderers 

broaches,  (vvhich  are  current  money  among  them,)  and  departed.    She 
was  soon  afler  sent  forward  for  her  home:  disguised  in  the  ultae  of  a 


iH 

-■■M  'IflflHKIHlli^ 

j  m 

^^■^■B^m  ^^k'  ffl 

!  ilj 

w^k^bI 

i  i 

'  WBKm^WBmai 

1 

'  JMimiiiBKS 

'  w 

1  ^Hp^wi 

^^^^kM^HH  m 

i 

■ 

^^^^■^^^Bi  m 

i,iW.I^Bi 

^ 

IflHIP 

'ifi9 


EVENTS    IN    INDIAN    HISTORY. 


squaw.     The  Chorokcca  prowled  nboul  seeking  vengeance  upon  some 
white  person  for  a  Ihw  days,  a.;d  tli<'n  disappeared. 

The  reader  may  wish  to  know  what  becaincof  Skylcs : — he  was 
taken  to  a  place  u[)()n  IIk;  Miami  river,  when;  he  was  ddomed  to  bo, 
burnt,  but  niadt;  liis  escape  liic  night  previous  to. the  day  on  which  he 
was  to  have  suilered.  Alter  enihjring  the  most  painlul  f'atitcucs  and 
hunger,  from  wandering  alone  in  the  wilderness,  h(;  met  with  soino 
traders  who  conveyed  iiiin  to  Detroit,  uud  Iroin  thence  home  to 
Virginia. 

The  secpiel  of  the  lile  of  the  old  hard-hearted  Cliikatommo  is  as 
Ibliows:  For  lour  years  succeeding  th.e  events  aliov(Mi'lated,  he  Ibl- 
lowed  his  depredating  career,  and  was  concerned  in  opposing  tlie  war 
parties  of  Americans  until  the  time  of  (jeneral  VVaync^'s  famous 
expedition.  As  that  vet(;ran  was  advancing  info  th(!  western  region, 
Cliikatommo  met  an  advance  |iarty  of  his  army  at  the  head  of  u 
band  of  his  desperate;  warriors,  who  were  sent  l()rwnrd  as  the  Indian 
forlorn  hojje.  A  sharp  skirmish  followed,  and  (,'liilcaUjirimo  was 
slain.  This  was  the  action  near  Fort  Defiance,  King-Crane  was 
also  in  arms  to  oppose  (Jeneral  Wayne;  but  in  the  last  war  against 
England,  he  fought  for  the;  Americans,  and  is  su|)posed  to  have  died 
three  or  four  years  after  its  close.  J  le  was  (jiie  of  ihe  signers  of 
Wayne's  famous  treaty  at  Fort  (Jrecnville,  and  several  others. 

VVe  now  pass  to  a  chief  by  far  more  prominent  in  Indian  history 
than  many  who  have  received  much  greater  uolicf;  from  hislerians. 
This  was  Mishikinakwa,  ^a  name  by  no  means  settled  in  orthography,) 
which,  interpreted,  is  said  to  mean  the  Litlle-Tujtle.  To  the  dilferent 
treaties  tearing  his  name,  we  will  find  these  spellings:  Meshekua- 
noghquoh,  (jreenville,  August  ^rd,  1785;  Meshekunnoghquoh,  Fort 
Wayne,  June  7th,  180t};  Mashekanahquah,  Vincenntis,  August  2lst, 
1805;  Meshek(;noghqua,  Fort  Wayne,  Sept.  3<Jth,  ibU9;  and  were 
we  disposed  to  look  into  the  various  authors  who  have-  used  the  name, 
we  might  nearly  finish  out  our  page  with  its  variation^. 

Little-Turtle  was  chief  of  the  Miamics,  and  the  scenes  of  his  war- 
like achievements  were  upon  the  country  of  liis  birth.  He  had,  in 
conjunction  with  the  tribes  of  that  region,  successfidly  loughc  the 
armies  of  Ilarmer  and  St.  Clair;  and  in  t'ne  fight  with  the  latter, 
he  is  said  to  have  had  the  chief  command ;  hent-e  a  detailed  account 
of  that  alHiir  belongs  to  his  lile. 

It  is  well  known  that  the  Americans  inveighed  loudly  against  the 
English  of  Canada',  in  most  instances,  chargin'.';  hem  with  all  the 
guilt  of  the  enormities  conunitted  on  their  frontiers  by  the  Indians.  It 
is  equally  well  known,  at  this  day,  l)y  vvr.vy  judicious  inquirer,  that 
they  were  not  so  blameable  as  the  American;)  reported,  nor  so  inno- 
cent as  themselves  and  friends,  even  long  alh^',  pretended.  That  the 
British  government  encouraged  depredations  upon  the  frontiers  in 
times  of  peace,  should  not  too  easily  be  received  for  truiii;  still,  there 
is  reason  to  believe  that  some  who  held  inferior  otFices  under  it  were 
secret  abettors  of  barbarities.  In  the  attack  upon  Gen.  St.  Clair's 
army,  now  about  to  be  related,  there  was  much  cause  of  suspicion 


■1! 


H 

lnB'^^9flB  l^n 

Ih 

fl 

i . 

il 

1 

B^ffl^^R'aH  IH 

1 

1  i^KI 

H 

li^l 

,  J 

m    -i  '^^^^fBI 

1 

'1 

1 ;:  )■ 

■If 

fi    'iJP^B^KF^M 

1 

1 

'iHI^H^H^I^nl''w'! 

1 

1  ffi  * 
f  1. ' 

^nm 

^1 

■;|  > 

.IHI 

1 

1;  SBKIIH  ^^nHi 

Mil 

Ml 

'8  -^ 

'h 

Ih 

9v' 

■ 

,'i?ninst  tlip  I 
(xcccilcd  in  t 
irifi'lli!i<'iif  fn 
|inrficnliir   iii. 

of    till'     llllli.'tl 

|('n|»|i'  ol'  tlio 
fill'  liiiliniis  M 
liy  iIm'  llritisli 
with  iii.iny  <it 

UilS.uilll    flic 

M;iiiiil  l''>t  till 

TIlC   west"!' 

:li('iii  and  (Icf; 

■iK'li  a  luadcr  ; 

'hi'  Aiii('ri('Mii> 

■■;i|ii(l  siiffcssii 

vvliii'li  raiisfd 

n'f'oiniiiPiidiijy 

lit'clviiiij;  tli().s( 

raised  and  |)iit 

"f  tin-  iiorilnvf 

"i"  .March,  17!) 

'iicky,  with  all 

w;is  iiiiicli  tiiiK 

niiflcr,  with  th( 

Tlitn.'  Mere  va 

r-  unncci'ssa  rv 

Colonel   Ihir 

about  tlir^  did  (1 

tlic  t.'oiiiitry  o!' 

lorty  miles  larti 

tliccml  of  Oci, 

strniio',  niiliti;i  i; 

"ill  ap])(^f!f  by  1 

'liemselves,  Init 

(loiienil  ,st.  ( 

Jeircrsoii,  wiieii 

liicnrcd  ri  rctroi 

<oiisidoral)ly  am 

seize  iiiKm'tiio 

fJiimtramk  to  pn 

The  army  now  ( 

iliis  was  the  nun 

miles  I'rom  tin;  ^ 

Cokiiici  lUiflei 

'<;'(•    The  militif 

were  encamped  i 

baggage,  when  tl 

tion  to  have  ma 

25 


ST.   rr-AIR'ri    DKFKAT. 


380 


inf.  huynt  tmvc-ll.r,  s«ys,  "A  .n,,.r  n.,.nv  vouni,M  •mm.lm.H       ,1     , 
I'?'  ;•""•, "^  "-';',"...•,.  horn  or  Indinn  u„n,..n,  Ion,)       .:';.' 

u.H.n  .ny  nl    l.rso  u.n.g  .„..„  who  luu.hr  .-.^Miusf  .St.  (I.ir    I  .t 
i-'i'  nl  l">f  -I..-  '^nyrnmunt  sh...il.l  r.„Miiv  rhrir  r,:,„l,„.t  "  ' 

:.j:'a:i:i::;;;;;;:::;;;r.;;-7;;::'l^,;:::!:!f^^ 

he  A.nrri,-Mns  ,..  H,...  mv,,  „.n„s.     (  „„  nu.nl.r  Ii4l..w,l  n.m   "r    .^ 
.qm  siurrsMon,  Mttrruh    hv  .11  ,1,,.  Unnnrs  p.cuiK.r  (u  ,h,.i,  Zu 

•l.:'''l<".^   l-ns,.  n,  .nnncs;  ...n,!  Uv„  U.ousn.ul  ,„...,  wnv  innu    liul 

">    lanh    1,    1,  ,n(l  prom.,!..]  to  Fort  Wasl.i,,,,.,  ,  hy  uav  .  fKn 

|;.s  m.H.  l,mo  lo.t  u.  ..,.in^  tl,o  troops  o.nl.n.lio.l  at  this  plan,  (  ^ 
.tier,  With  f!io  msHhio,  not  arnvh.o.  „nlil  th..  .ni.l.ll,.  of  S.ptJ.uhor' 
ihm.  wcM-o  vanous  n.v,uns,a.K...s  to  a.v.„„„  lor  ,ho  .lolavs,  wh  o     i 
.s  umieccssary  to  nmuiit  hero..  ••    '  "  '^ 

Colonel   Dark.,  procooilcd  i.n.nrdiatclv  on  his  arrival,  uhirli  wis 
abotutho..n.lo    August,  and  huilt  Fort' Ihnnilton,  ..n  thn  i  J  n  1^ 
H' .oan.ry  o,  L„tl<..T„wl.,  a.Kl  soon  alh.-  Fort  .lotli.rson  u   s    ui  f 
lorty  n,>I..s  Ir.rthcr  onnard.    Thos...  two  Ibrts  h.in.^  I.ft  .nann    r^l      ,' 
'^■^■•"'  ••  .O-'."!.-'  II.0  anuy  advanccl,  hein.  ahou       'o  tl mim  d 
2"!^,  nnhna  HH-ludod,  whos,.  nun.bors  woro  ".ot  in  .n^M^t 
illappar  by  iho  nasorabk.  niannor  in  wind,  they  not  o.  ly  •      i.'sod 
'hemselvos,  Init  the  loonlar  soldiers  al  ^o.  "ly  coniuscd 

Goneral  , St.  Clair  advanced   b.it  ah.)ut  six  miles  in  front  oi' Fort 
eircrson,  uhen  sixty  of  his  mili.ia,  fro.u  pretended  .lisaire-"i^,     con 
'Nonml  a  retreat;  and  it  was  discovered  that  iho  ,.vil  ha  Is,  road 
•■onsidon.bly  a.no.ig  ,l,o  rest  of  the  annv.     JJei,.,  Ic^arf,  I  th e y  w o  , I 
sc^o  upn  the  eon..y  ol'  pn..isions,  tlie  genend  oi.ie.S'^r  ' 
lij  m  ...ndv  t,.  pui'sne  them  with  ],is  regiment,  and  forec  then,  to  refnrn 
hcai-iTiy  now  eons.sted  of  bnt  fourKrn  huiidred  efieetive  n,e     rd 
|s  y^^  the  nnn.hc.r  attacked  by  Little-Turtle  aiid  J.is  uui^ric^^  Wl^en 
I'liles  li-om  the  Miami  villafrcs.  ''mors,  liitccn 

C\;lu,K.l  lU.tler  eomiiianck..!  the  right  wing,  and  Colonel  Darke  tho 
;^     Ihennlitia  were  posted  a  rjuarter  of  a  inile  in  advance  and 

vere  onea.nped  in  two  lines.  They  had  not  finished  secnH  '  thdr 
ggage  when  they  were  attack.Ml  m  tlieir  camp.     ^  .^S'i,  ^' 

"on  to^ave  marched  immediately  to  the  destruction  of  the  m'^I 


I 


;iji  :  i 


"t^d 


^^^tl^p^>  / 


IS^ 


*^> 


Swo^im^trj-  Z,  %ih.  Phi 

ST.CLAili's       DUf 


'•v^'^" 


Svni.i^trj.  Zi  xih.  Phil 

T.CLAiii's       DEFJBAl 


•T» 


200 


EVENTS    IN    INDIAN    IIISTOHV. 


14 


villiijifes.  or  tliis  their  movcinonts  ajiprisod  the  Indians,  who  acted 
with  grout  wisdom  and  firuinoss.  They  fell  upon  'he  militia  beiore 
sunrise,  Nov.  4111,  who  at  onec  (led  into  the  main  canip,  in  the  must 
disorderly  and  tumultuous  manm.'r:  many  of  them,  liaving  thrown 
away  their  guns,  wen;  j)ursucd  and  slaughtered.  At  the  n)ain  earnp 
tlio  light  was  sustained  some  time,  by  tlu;  great  exertions  of  th(!  o||l. 
ecrs,  hut  with  great  inequality;  the  Indians  under  liittle-Turtle 
amounting  to  about  fifteen  hundred  warriors.  Cohiuels  Darke  and 
l^utler,  and  Major  ("lark,  made  several  successful  charges,  whii'h 
enabled  them  to  save  some  of  their  ninnbers  by  checking  the  eneuiv 
while  lligbt  was  more  pi'aclicable. 

"Oi'tln  Am(;ricans,  live  hundred  and  nincty-tlirec  were  killed  and 
missinu,  beside  thirty-eight  ollicers ;  and  two  hundred  and  forty-twn 
•soldiius  and  twenty-one;  otlicers  wvvv.  woiuidcd,  many  oi'  whom  died. 
Colonel  Cutler  was  amniig  the  slain.  Tlu!  account  (jf  his  ihll  is 
shocking,  lie  was  severely  wounded  and  left  on  the  ground.  'I'hc 
well  kiKAvn  and  inliunous  iSimou  dirty  camc!  up  to  him,  ;md  observed 
liim  writhing  under  se\ere  pain  from  his  wounds,  dirty  knew  ami 
spoke  to  him.  Kuowiuii  that  he  could  unt  live,  the  colonel  begged  of 
(Jirty  to  put  an  end  to  bis  misery.  This  he  reliised  to  do,  but  turned 
to  an  Indian,  whoni  hv  told  that  the  otlicer  was  the;  eouimauder  id'tlic 
army;  u|ion  which  he  drove  his  tomahawk  into  his  bead.  A  nunilK  r 
of  otluTs  then  came  around,  and  after  taking  olf  bis  seal]),  they  took 
out  his  iieart,  and  cut  if  into  as  many  pieces  as  then.;  were  tribes  in 
the  action,  and  divided  it  iunuug  tlu^m.  All  manner  of  brutal  ads 
were  connuitted  on  the  bodies  of  the  slain.  It  need  not  Ik;  mentioned 
for  tlu;  information  of  the  obs(M'ver  of  Indian  afliurs,  that  land  was  the 
main  cause;  oi'this  as  well  as  most  other  wars  b(;tween  the  Indians  and 
whiles;  and  hence  it  was  very  easy  to  account  litr  the  Indians  lillinL' 
the  mouths  of  the  slain  with  earth  after  this  battle.  It  was  actuallv 
the  case,  as  reported  by  those  who  shortly  aller  visited  the  scer.e  oi' 
action  and  buried  tlie  dead. 

dcucral  iSt.  Clair  was  calkd  to  an  account  for  the  disastrous  issue 
of  this  campaign,  and  was  honorably  acepiitted.  He  published  ;i 
narrative  in  vindiciilion  oi'  bis  conduct,  which,  at  tliis  day,  li'w  \vili 
ihink  it  recpiired.  What  he  says  of  his  retreat  we  will  give  in  his 
own  words.  "'The  retreat  was,  you  may  l;e  sure,  a  precipitate;  one: 
it  was  in  iact  a  flight.  Tliecamp  anel  the  artille-ry  were;  abanelnned: 
])ut  that  was  uuavoielable,  i'ov  not  a.  horse  was  le'ft  alive  to  have  eirawii 
it  oiT,  had  it  eitlu-rwise  bcjen  jirae'tie'able.  But  tlie  most  disgraced'ul  |i;ii". 
of  the  busine'ss  is,  that  the'  greate'st  part  of  the  men  threw  away  tlicir 
arms  and  ae-coutrements,  even  alieT  the  pursuit,  which  cetntiiuie'd  about 
lour  mile's,  hael ceased.  I  found  the  road  strewed  with  them  leir  many 
miles,  but  was  not  able;  to  remedy  il ;  lor,  having  had  all  my  horses 
killed,  and  being  mounteel  upon  one  that  could  not  be  prickeel  ont  eif 
a  walk,  I  could  not  got  forward  myself,  and  the  orders  I  sent  forward, 
enfher  to  halt  the  front,  or  prevent  the  men  from  parting  with  their 
arms,  wcva  unattended]  to." 

The  remnant  of  the  army  arrived  at  Fort  Jetrcrsou  the  same  day, 


:^~^r' 


just  lipfore  sunsnl,  tlif 

iiiil''^  'listarif.     Vnmrm]  'Nr.  ( 'iViir'.liil 


ST.  Clair's  dkfeat. 

[)l!ic.«  from  which  thfv  /led   hoi 


I'liiild  lio 


II 


0    (!X 


pD.SCi 


ncfioii  oifrht  hiillffs  shof  () 


hiMiscIC  to  '■vcrv  (1 


ovcrv(hi(ur(h,it  ji  hrav 


291 

fig  (wptitv-niiif 


■o  yorionil 


wirivror,|.s.(ii,|  ih(;   Iruliaim  d' 


H'oiiL-li  his  (dothcs.     Ill  no  at 


"igf-r,  havinir  diiriri"-  the 


isrovcir  irrcafci- 


fack  rf'latfd  in 

^ii'i:;>::.:r;:;;^;^.;:;::i:r':';!j;;;;':^ 

pi'<'''^  ^>l    arldln-v   /Ml    inlo   tin.;,."  i  ■""''>•        "Nix  or  r^irrht 

l-ors.s,all.h.ha.V,.aJ  a      „,,'""  f'   ^^""'.  "'"""    *-'"•  hundn.! 

»'lii'<N  pivvious  to  17<);j    [  ,|„  ,,,.  I,.,  '    '  ,  '^'•/'  •i"-  ^v'H  visircd  hv  tho 
'•' <l"f-ln.UM.t  ol-G-MUTal  \V  v    .'s        ''     '"  '"  '^"^-'^''''''-ofthat'yoar 

"■■•'s  railed   Fort  RofovcM-v         vl      •  '       '":''  '''"'^'"^  d^^"-^'  't 

-'•i  ii'Jy  yards  woro  Cm.  l' ,iv.  hZ  n     Tnir,'"  ''"'T  ''"'^  '"""^'•-' 

'>l'fl.c  retreat  of  he  a  n        h '"wc  od'  w         "'  "','''".  "^  ^^^  •'''•^"^^tion 

'-■y,  <mo  a  throe  a.cl  ^Xr    'si  r'"'"""'  ^'  '^'^''''^  '^"i'' 

,,,|.,^,.^,,^^_  nio  othf .  a  six-poinuk-r,  won;  f;,u,ul  in  a  cook 

'^.i- 'iu  ';;:s;r;:Si:d;;';;i;:;.?i """  t';'^  •>'  ^^'^^'o-Tume  ..en 

-n-  little  doubt  o  T     ,t        s   n  sn         ""?;  '''^^>'"^'  ^'^"^  '« 

'^i-  -I  inHinod t  h ;'  ;;,,;-;:;;;  ::;■;:-' v:^^y- ^v''-^^^"'- 

•<iT'  now  od  l)v  a  fl.if.c.i.         ""''^^^  ">  'I'lf  11(1  lis.      iho  Anif'ricans 

^^■-■■i"™."u;;:i:ii,;^:;^r ;:::)-,. ;'",;^l;;,7'i -I.-- .i.y  an. 
:^'»:::::;i,:;;:::,;;;;;,:'t:''ir7"M:"''  ''"'^^>-^ 

Vork,  1818.)       ^'        '     "^"  •'^'^'  ^^^^-    ^^f"er.  Mon.  Mag.,  ii.,  4G9,  (New 


1^1 


rl    -1  = 


292 


K:^ 


^^^^^^1' ^^^^flVI 

no 

yMRf 

KVENTS    IN    INDIAN    HISTORY. 


Notliing  wounds   flic   fceliiiirs   of  a  warrior  like   tho   reproach   of 
cowardice;   I)iit  Little-Turtle  stifled  his  resentment,  did  his  duly  in 
the  battle,  and  its  issin;  proved  him  a  truer  prophet  than  his  accuser 
bcli(;vc(l.     His  rcssidcnce  was  upon  Eel  river,  about  twenty  miles  from 
Fort  Wayne,  where  oiu-  ^overnm'jnt  ])uilt  him  a  house,  and  lia-nishcd 
him  with  means  of  livinn-,   mueh  to  llic  envy  of  his  countrymen. 
Therefore,  what  had  been  bestowed  upon  him' to  indiicf!  others  to  a 
like  mode  of  life  by  their  own  e.\(Mlioiis,  proved  not  only  prejudicial 
to  the  cause,  Init  eniieudeivd  hiitred  aaainst  him  in  ilie"iiiiu(is  of  all 
the  Indians.     ]Je  was  not  .-i  clii(;f  bv  bii'lh,   but   was   laiscd  lo  fha. 
stan(lin;,r  l)y  },is  superior  talents.     This  was  the  cause  oi"  so  much 
jealousy  and  envy  af  ibis  time,  as  ;dso  a  neohct  of  his  counsel  here- 
tofore.     'riie  same  author  from  whom  we  i^ot  the  liicis  in  the  pre. 
cedinif  ]Kirt  of  this  parau-raph,  says,  ••  ^h'sliecunnafpia,  or  the  Little- 
Turtle,  was  the  son  of  a  .Miniui  chief,  by  a  Mohecan  woman.     As  the 
Indian  ma.xim  with  rejiiard   to  descents  is  precisely  ihal   oi"  liu;  civil 
law  in  reialion  to  slaves,  that  the  condition  of  th<r\\oman  adlien-s  Ut 
the  ollsprino-,  ho  was  not  a  chief  by  birlh,"  ^Vc. 

Little-Turtle  was  alike  coura'^eous  and  humane,  ])ossessini!;  orca! 
wisdom.  ''And,"  says  my  autjior,  "ihere  have  been  linv  indrviduals 
among  aboriii,ines  who  have  done  so  nuudi  to  abolish  the  rites  oi 
human  sacriiice.  The  tiravc;  of||lus  noted  warrior  is  shown  to 
visiters,  near  Fort  Wayne.  It  is  "(jueii'iy  visited  by  the  Indians  in 
that  part  of  the  c<nnitry,  by  wlwmi  his  n.  nory  is  cherished  with  tli' 
greatest  respect  and  vencratio!i." 

Tiie  grave  of  his  great  opponent  was  also  in  the  same  region;  but 
his  remains  were  not  long  since  removed  to  tin;  seat  of  his  lamilv. 
Ever  allerjiis  successfut  expedition,  the  Indians  called  him  thi'  Jii^. 
Wind,  or  Tornado;  some,  however,  on  particular  occasions,  calleii 
him  Sukach-dook,  which  signilie<l,  in  Delaware,  a  black  snake: 
because,  they  said,  he  jKissessed  all  the;  art  and  cunning  of  that  rep- 
file.  We  hear  yet  of  another  nann',  which,  though  it  Vnav  not  liavi 
been  his  fault  that  acquired  it,  is  less  complimentarv  than  the  tuo 
just  named.  It  is  well  known  that  the  Ihilish  bestowed  a  oreat  mauv 
moro  presents  upon  the  liidians  than  the  Americans  did ;  but  sonif 
of  the  latter  made  large  pretensions  about  what  they  would  do.  Gen. 
Wayne,  the  Indians  said,  made  great  pronii.jes  to  them  of  goods,  biii 
ue\cr  got  readv  to  fidfil  them,  (probably  from  being  disappoinlcd 
himself  by  the  IJiilure  ol"  bis  government  in  n(>t  lljrwardinif  what  wa^ 
promised ;)  thereibre  tliey  called  him  lien.  Wabang,  which  siguilieii 
General  To-Morrow. 

When  *he  philosopher  and  tiimous  traveller  Volnev  was  in  Ame- 
rica, in  the  winter  of  IT'JT,  Littki-Turtle  canu-  to  Phi liuleljihia,  where 
he  thc^i  was.  A'olney  sought  inanediato  accpiaintaiice  with  the  cele- 
brated chief,  for  highly  valuable  p..r|)oses,  which  in  some  mcasiuv 
he  ellected.  He  made  a  vocabulary  of  his  language,  which  heprinteit 
in  the  appendix  to  his  Travels.  A  copy  in  mruniscript,  more  extensiv( 
than  the  jannted  one,  is  said  to  be  in  the  library  of  the  Philosophical 
iSociety  of  Pennsylvania. 


|g  Jiaj:M"^<tM*^^^^^fa?^<hi  i;^     li'^rifiV^^-^Vi^iL^f^gtifjsKfiknmi^^^ 


MTXLE.TaKT.K.-HIS    BKAXa   AND  CHAKACTKR.  293 

Havinif  become  convinced  th-if  nil    ,.^  •  . 
vain,  LiUle/rurtle  brought  ]1  nal^^^  '^  '^'-  ^^^^^^  was 

uiiricultural  pursuits  Ar  d  if  wn  ^°  ^"f"  '«  P^'^^^e,  and  to  adopt 
gross,  and  the'  be. t;,lontl' Lt^ "f  F  end  '  T"  ^'  ^^"^'''"=  Co.^- 
this  latter  purpose  th-it  bo  n^  J^  'f  m  ? '"'  •'■'^«'«t«»to  to  olFect 
be  was  inoculit  i  Vo  t  ,fsm  U  Vov  '  /  '^'''^'J'^'-'^'  ^Vhile  here, 
gout  and  rheLunatism  ''"^^'^'P"-^'  '-^'"l  ^^^^'^  also  alllicted  with  the 

'•atuiir  u-Itii  Mr.  VohK-v    iTr  I  ''  mtcrprcter  was  comuunii. 

iMii^lisll  clothps.  H^  s  i  wl  ""y^'''''''-  }^^  ''-'^  J'-essed  now  ia 
as  wiute  as  his ;  and ^a ^  ;  S  "r^.^jir  '• '';''  ^^"''-X  -ys,  was 
■'1  have  seea  SpaniarUs  i.  I^'  sin  •      'f "''  ^^'^'^-^'^''-tlo  said, 

botweoa  them  and  n.e.  1.1  w  l  "'  ',.'""'  "'^  <Jiii^'renceol•colo; 
i"  "^,  it  i.s  the  worl  or  ^t  Fuher  of  1  '"'V''  '^'^'  ^"  ^'^«'^'  -« 
Vou  white,  people  cona,are  h  c,  ■  ,  o  '''  •'  ^^'""-  '^"''  ^^'^'  "«• 
Iwdios."     Mr    Vohipv    vnhi  n'l  ?  r'""  '^'^^'  ^''^^'^  'hat  of  your 

race  was  dcs^enS^  f'^^T  i;,*;;!:'  ^^'7^^  "^'  -"y^  ^haf  his 
'he  .up|>osed  coaiu.nnc^atio  between  'W^^^  n.^'^^^'P-  '^'''''"^  ^'^ 
L.ttle/r.ulle  replied,  u  VVhv  sloud  Tot  r  P  '^ '""'"'•  '^^'^  '^^^ 
^'^  Jiave  come  fh,in  Amo   ca       A  J  H      '''"  ^^"•"^'•«' ^vho  resemble 

'mry.'  Or  why  shoub  o  not'botb  I  '"  '?'  ''f""'  '"^  ^'^^  ^°'^- 
'•"^-nt'-v?"     Itisalac  tnltb     n  '':^^^ '^^«»   '^^ni  in  our  own 

-,uiValent  to  ourt^nt£.v"nr '"'""''"  ^  """^^^^'^'^ 
or  natural  to  it.  '«'".^'«-^,  tJiat  is,  one  sprung  from  the  soil, 

".il-lolphia^hanup  h:'t.isS-rVf  T?  ^""^^''^^^'^  "' 
all  tilings  together,  vou  h  ive  Z  tl  '''''''''  ^''  ^'^'d'  "  'J^^'-^'^ing 

'leaf  and  dumb.    V  do  f    -  ^^''^  ^^"  '^^^  ''^■''■'-  "« .'  '^ut  liero  I  am 

"or  make  nwi.f  1^^"  wtjZ^^!^^'  T'  '''''''  '^^-' 
•■very  person  in  his  shonem.,lovP  i  7"  ?  -'''  ^''°  '^''^-^f«'  ^  see 
anothJr  hats,  a  thirJ^rSo  r^^ii^e 'or"^''''l"^=  """^ '^^^'^^^  ^hoes, 
say  to  mvseli;  Which  of  aul-o  ''  ""'  '^''''  '^^  ^''^  '^^^or.     1 

can  make  a  bow  or  an  .I^  o  ^Stch' iSlf  Hir'^'  ''' '  f  ^  ^"^-  ^ 
'^"t  none  of  these  is  of  any  h.  he  o  '1^  ^^^'''.'  ^^"^^  -"^  '°  ^^''^^'^ 
«ould  require  a  lon-r  tin  o^'   "mU  '''^^''"  ^^'''^^^  ^'^  Jo»«  here 

a  piece  ot'  lurniture  nsS"  to     w  aoE  '"","  ""'"     "  ^  ^''^^'^  bo 

useless  to  rnvself."     "[  mis  return  m'  "''''''  ''^  '^'''  ^^'hi^cs.  and 
Af.i  "      •  '^'- '^^I'J"^  to  my  own  rnmifi-\' " 

"war-worn  soldier'^rnd  Itl  .'e  '  J^  f-  '''^:"  °'  ^"^"'^^e  old 
of  pistols,  and  an  ele<vaat'or„'rn  ^""^  Y'^^ '"^  l^^'^^ntirul  pair 
of" several"  luaidrodlollai"  '''■''"'^'' ''^  «'^'"'  ^<"  '^^^  vilue 

Littlc-Turtle  died  in  the  summer  oflSio   ..*  .  ■ 
^1-  .."»  a,W  *e  dec,„a.i„„  ^C^^ii;^  IgSnd  tKf  J 


h  41 

%    I 


f"!^ 


ii    . 


294 


EVENTS    IN   INDIAN   III8T0RV. 


States.  His  portrait,  by  Stewart,  graces  the  walls  of  the  war-offifc 
of  our  nation.  The  foliowinff  notice  appeared  in  tlic  public  prints 
at  the  time  of  his  death:  "Fort  \Vaync,  July  12th,  1812.  On  the 
14th  inst.  the  celebrated  Miami  chief,  the  Little-Turtle,  died  at  this 
place,  at  the  iiiic  of  sixty-five  years.  Perhaps  there  is  not  left  on  this 
continent  one  of  his  color  so  distintruished  in  council  and  in  war.  His 
disorder  was  the  ^nut.  1T<'  died  in  a  camp,  hccanse  he  chose  to  Ih' 
in  the  open  air.  He  met  death  with  great  limiiiess.  The  noent  lijp 
Indian  aifairs  had  him  buried  with  the  honors  of  war,  and  ntlici' 
marks  of  distinction  suited  to  his  character."  He  was,  ffcnerally,  in 
jiis  time,  styled  tlx;  Messis-atfo  chief,*  and  a  gentleman  Avho  saw  hirn 
soon  after  St.  Clair's  d<;leat,  at  Montreal,  says  he  was  six  li^ot  hipli. 
"about  lorty-fivo  years  of  age,  of  a  very  sour  and  morose  couiite- 
nance,  and  apparently  very  cralH'  and  subtle.  J  lis  dress  was  Indi.ii: 
moccasins;  a  blue  petticoat  that  came  half  way  down  his  thighs;  ai. 
J^iuropean  waistcoat  and  surtout;  his  head  was  bound  with  an  Indian 
cup  that  hung  hall' way  down  his  back,  and  almost  entirely  lilled  witli 
plain  silver  broaches,  lo  the  luariber  of  more  than  two  hundred;  Ik 
had  two  car-rings  to  each  ear,  the  upper  jkhI  of  each  was  iijrmed  oi 
three  silver  medals,  about  the  si/e  of  a  dollar ;  the  lower  part  was 
formed  of  quarters  o("  dollars,  and  (ell  mon;  than  twelve  incjic-s  I'nrii: 
liis  ears — one  from  each  ear  over  ins  breast,  tin;  other  over  his  bacl<; 
he  iiad  three  very  large  nose  jewels  of  silver,  that  were  curiousi;, 
painted.  The  account  he  gave  of  the  aclion  (viilli  the  Americans. 
Nov.  4th,)  was,  that  they  killed  jljurteeu  hundred  of  them,  with  tin 
loss  of  nine  only  of  their  j)arty,  out;  of  whom  killed  himself  by  acci- 
dent." The  person  wiio  gave  this  account  said  lliis  chiel'  was  iu 
Canada  for  the  purpose  of  raising  all  the  Jndiaji  force  ho  could  te 
go  out  again  in  the  spring  against  the  whites. 

Mr.  Dawson  relates  a  ])leasant  anecdote  of  Little-Turtle,  wliici, 
happened  while  he  was  sitting  tor  his  portrait  in  Philadcli>hia.  A 
native  of  the  Emerald  Isle  was  silting  for  liis  at  the  same  time,  whi 
prided  himself  upon  his  ability  at  joking.  Little-Turlle  was  not  back- 
ward in  the  same  business,  and  they  passed  several  meetings  ver} 
pleasantly.  One  morning-  Little-Turtle  did  not  take  much  notice  oi 
his  friend,  and  seemed  rather  sedate,  which  was  construed  by  the 
Hibernian  into  an  acknowledgment  of  victory  on  the  part  of  the  chiel'. 
in  their  joking  game,  and  accordintjly  began  to  intimate  as  much. 
When  Little-Turtle  understood  him,  he  said  to  the  interpreter,  "Ik' 
mistakes;  I  was  just  thiidcing  of  proposing  to  this  man,  to  ]Kiint  ur- 
both  on  one  board,  and  there  1  would  stand  face  to  (tice  with  him,  aiu! 
blackguard  him  to  all  eternity." 

Among  the  chiefs  associated  in  command,  in  the  wars  of  which  wc 
have  been  s[K!aking  with  the  famous  Mishikinakwa,  was  another  oi 
nearly  equal  note,  familiarly  called  Blue-Jacket  by  the  whites.  l»ut  hy 
his  own  nation,  Weyapiersenwaw.     He  was  the  most  distinguished 

*  Those  of  this  tribe  in  the  vicinity  of  Lake  Ontario  arc  of  a  much 
darker  complexion  than  the  other  Indians  of  the  west. 


Wayne's  victor  v  at  MrAMf. 


395 


M  ^t  Shawanesc,  and  we  hear  of  him  at  Fort  Industry,  on  the 

M.am.  of  the  lake,  as  late  as  1 805.  By  some  particular  arrangement! 
iUc  chief  command  seems  to  have  devolved  on  him  of  opposim.  Gen 
Wayne.  He  was  moi^  bloody  than  Mishikinakwa,  and  pos°sessed 
less  discnmuiation  and  .|„dg,nrnt.  lie  was  amonc.  the  last  of  the 
clucts  who  came  in  to  treat  witii  General  Waynl..  The  Shawa- 
nose  held  out  as  lon.K  as  they  could,  and  came  in  very  slowly  On 
the  .>4thof  June  a  hoy,  who  h:ul  been  a  captive  amonn- them,  (havin" 
l.cen  lat.^ly  retaken,  confidently  asserted  that  the  Sh ■.wane,; J  would 
not  niake  peace.  But  one  month  after,  2U  ol"  July,  TJlueJackc 
made  his  appparanee,  an.l  it  was  duly  noticnl  l>y  a  i^o.itleman  at  the 
,irnc,  who  l<(.pt  ,-i  journal  of  important  matters  at  Greenville.  Ho 
then  adds,  "deputations  from  all  tin,  hostilo  tribes  north  of  the  Ohio 
are,  eonsfqucnlly,  now  at  this  ])lafe." 

We  Imd  this  notice  of  IJlue-Jacket  in  Auirusr,  1792.  "  By  a  '^en 
tleman  immediately  from  Mont r.il,  we  learn  that  about  four  weeks 
since  th-  famous  Indian  partisan,  known  by  the  name  of  Captain 
BlueJack..t,  u-as  at  Detroit,  with  about  two"  thousand  men,  waif  " 
for  he  Americans  to  come  out  into  the  woods:  it  is  believed  at  Mon' 
aeul,  tin  in  ease  the  Americans  did  not  <n,  out,  they  will  be  divided 
into  small  parties  to  harass  our  frontiers.-  Tho  tVibes  which  fur- 
nu^ed  warriors  to  oppose  the  Amenu-'aiis  u;ere  th(.  Wyandots,  Miamics, 
otrowatamies,Dela wares,  Shawanese,  Ghipi.ewas,  Ottaw^s,  and  a 
ew  henecas._  Lluc-Jacket  was  fh(3  director  and  leader  of  this  mi-hty 
band  ol  warriors.  "o"^\ 

In  the  treaty  of  September  29th,  1817,  at  the  "  foot  of  the  rapids" 
...  the  Miami  ol  the  lakes,  with  the  Wyandots,  Seneeas,  Delawares, 
^Iiawanese,  &c.,  there  is  a  paragraph  which  it  is  presumed  ha 
lelcrciice  to  a  dauohter  ol  this  chief.  It  proposes  to  o-ive  "To  ^ancy 
bteu-art,  daughter  of  the  late  Shawanee  chief  Blue-Jacket,  one  ^-ction 
oi  land,  to  contam  six  Juiiidred  and  forty  acres,  on  the  Great  Miami 
nvor  below  Lcwistoun,  to  include  ],er  present  improvements,  three 
quarters  of  the  said  section  to  be  on  the  southeast  side  of  the  river 
auif  one  quarter  on  the  northwest  side  thereof."  ' 

From  the  time  General  St.  Clair  was  defeated,  in  1791,  murder*. 
were  continued  upon  the  frontier,  an.l  all  attempts  on  the  part  of 
government  to  e/lcct  a  peace  proved  of  no  avail ;  and  lastly  the  am- 
l)assadors  sent  to  them  were  murdered,  and  that  too  wiiile  the  army 
was  progressing  towards  their  country.  ^ 

After  !,uilding  Fort  Greenville,  upon  the  Ohio,  six  miles  above  Fort 
Mloi'son,  General  Wayne  took  possession  of  the  ground  where  Gen 
fet.  tlair  had  been  defeated,  and  there  erected  a  Ibrt,  to  which  he  ^avo 
the  nane  ol  Recovery,  in  which  the  army  spent  the  winter  of  1793-4 
■Many  censures  were  passed  on  the  general  fbr  his  slow  progress:  but 
he  kucnv  much  better  what  he  was  doing  than  newspapet  waiters  did 
event    roveT'*'  '''''^'"°'  ''''^"  ^^'""^^  »»^l'-'»'took  to  censure  him,  as  the 

It  was  tlie  8th  of  August,  1794,  when  the  army  arrived  at  the 


I, 


•496 


EVBNTS    IN   INDIAN    HISTORY. 


confluence  of  the  rivers  An  GInizo  and  Maumce,  where  they  built 
Fort  Dofiiince.  It  was  the  i^cneral's  d(;si<^i  to  liave  met  the  enemy 
unprepared  in  this  move;  but  a  I'ellow  deserted  his  cainp,  and  notitied 
the  IiKhans.  He  now  trirnl  a<>;ain  to  brinif  tlusin  to  an  acconiinodation, 
and  iVoMi  tlie  answers  whicii  1ji>  re(;eived  I'njni  thein,  it  was  some  time 
revolved  in  his  mind,  wlicthcr  tliey  were  for  peace  or  war ;  m  artful 
was  tiu!  manner  in  wliicli  tiicir  rrplics  were  formed.  At  lonifth,  being 
fully  satislied,  he  marchod  down  llio  Maumue,  and  arrived  at  the 
rajjids,  August  IHth,  two  days  bcibr(!  the  battle.  His  army  consisted 
of  upwards  Of  throi-  thousand  mi'n,t\V(j  ihousimd  of  whom  were  r(\nru. 
lars.  Fort  Deposit  was  erectoil  at  this  place,  Ibr  IIk;  security  of  their 
supplies.  They  now  set  out  to  meet  the  enemy,  who  had  chosen  his 
position  upon  the  biudc  of  the  riv(!r,  with  much  judgment.  They  luiil 
a  breastwork  of  iidlen  trcn-s  in  front,  and  thi;  iiigh  rocky  shore  of  the 
river  gave  th(;m  much  security,  as  also  did  the  tliick  wood  of  Presqu'- 
Isle.  Their  Ibrce  was  divided,  and  disposed  at  supporting  distances 
lor  about  two  miles.  When  the  Americans  arrived  at  proper  distance, 
a  body  was  sent  out  to  begin  the  attack,  "  with  orders  to  rouse  the 
enemy  from  their  covert  with  the  bayonet ;  and  wh(;n  up,  to  deliver 
a  close  tire  upon  their  backs,  and  press  ihum  so  hard  as  not  to  give 
them  time  to  rehjad."  This  order  was  so  wc-U  executt.'d,  and  the  battle 
at  the  point  of  attack  so  sjiort,  that  only  nine  hundred  Americans 
participated  in  it.  But  they  piwsued  the  Indians  with  great  slaughter 
through  the  woods  t(j  Fort  Mumncc,  where  the  (;aruage  ended.  The 
Indians  were  so  unexpectedly  driven  iVoni  their  strong  hold,  that  their 
numbers  only  increased  thinr  distress  and  confusion;  and  the  cavalry 
made  horrible  havoc  among  thcnn  with  Iheir  l<jng  sabres.  Of  the 
Americans,  there  were  killed  and  wounded  about  one  hundred  and 
thirty.  The  loss  of  ihe  Indians  could  not  be  ascertained,  but  must 
have  been  very  severe.  The  AmtTican  loss  was  chielly  at  the  coni- 
.  menccment  of  the  action,  as  they  advanced  upon  the  mouths  of  the 
Indians'  rides,  who  could  not  be  s(>en  until  th(!y  had  discharged  u|)oii 
them.  They  maintained  their  coverts  but  a  short  time,  being  forced 
in  every  direction  by  the  bayonet.  But  until  that  was  elFectcd,  tho 
Americans  fell  fast,  and  v.e  only  wonder  that  men  could  be  foi . 
thus  to  advance  in  the  lace  oi"  certain  death. 

This  horrid  catastrophe  in  our  Indian  annals  is  chargeable  to  cer> 
lain  wliite  men,  or  at  least  mainly  so;  ibr  some  days  before  the 
battle,  General  Wayne  sent  a  (lag  of  truce  to  them,  and  desired  them 
to  come  and  treat  with  him.  The  letter  which  lie  sent  was  taken  to 
Colonel  M'Kce,  who,  it  appe;irs,  was  their  ill-adviser,  and  he,  by 
putting  a  false  construction  u|)on  it,  incrcjised  the  rage  of  the  Indians. 
he  then  intbrmcd  tliem  that  they  must  ibrthwith  fight  the  American 
army.  Some  of  the  chiefs,  learning  the  truth  of  the  letter,  were  Ibr 
peace;  but  it  was  too  late.  Little-Turtlc!  was  known  to  have  been 
in  favor  of  making  jieace,  and  seemed  well  aware  of  the  abilities  of  the 
American  general;  but  such  was  the  influence  of  traders  (uriong  them, 
that  no  arguments  could  prevail.    Thus,  instances  without  number 


fcii 


DESTIIUCTIOI 


DK8TRUCTI0N    OF    DEKRFJKLD. 


997 


mi(,'hf  bo  ndducod,  where  lliese  pen 
(•oii(id«;iice  in  deceiviiiti;  wljitf;  men 


[)le  Jmvc  been  destroyed  by  placing 


The  ni^ht  before  the  battle,  the  ehiel 


some  proposed  attackiny  the  arn 


s  assembled  in  council,  and 


<:il  WHS  obj(!eted  to  bv  otJK.'rs :  I 


ly  in  Its  encampment,  Init  the  propo- 


l'resi|ii"lsle  j)rovailed. 
Ill  this  battle  nil   tlic  <•! 


;  Ihially  th(!  proposition  of  liirhtin"'  at 


IH' 


ol'  tht!  Wvaiidof.- 


]<illed,  be 


IS  oi  Tilt!  wvaiKlots  were  J<illeu,  beinu' 
null'  ill  number.  Some  of  the  nations  escaped  the  slaiinhtcr  bv  not 
.•oming  up  until  aller  tiie  dellvU.  This  s..vere  blow'-satisMed  the 
uvsleni  liuliaus  of  the  li.lly  of  Unv^vv  conteiidimr  aoaiust  the  Ameri- 

.■mis;  tiiey  therefore  were  o|a,l  to   oet  wliat  terms' they  ( I.I   from 

iliem.  llie  ehiels  ol  twelve  tribes  met  eomuiissioners  at  \-nvl  Green- 
villc,  .Viiiriis^  yr.l,  170,-,,  and,  as  a  price;  ol'  lli..ir  praee,  '-ave  up  nu 
extensive  tract  ol  (Country  south  of  tli.-  |;,k<.s,  and  wst  oi"  th.;  Ohio: 
and  such  other  tracts  as  eompreh.'ii.lc.l  all  )h."  mililarv  i)osts  in  the 
wrst.'rn  iviTion.  11,.!  ^'overnment  showd  som.>  liberality  to  these 
tribes,  on  their  reliii(|nishin...-  to  it  what  th.  v  could  not  withhold,  and 
as  a  li'ratuity  ,<rave  Ihem  twenty  thotisan.l  (|,.|lars  in  -^mmIs,  aii.l  a.rreed 
in  iiay  them  nuu!  thousand  dollars  a  year  lorever;  to  be  divided  amon<r 
those  tribes  in  proportion  to  their  numbers.*  ° 


■ 


I 


fcii 


ClIAl'TEll  VJII. 

IIESTIIUCTIOIV  OP  DEKIU'IKI,!),  AM)   rAI'TIVITV   OV   linVmBSD   JOHN  \YIL 
LI  V.MS  A\U  FAMilA,  l.V  1704. 

Sometimes  in  a  volume,  and  sometimes  in  a  pamphlet,  the  narrative 
"I  this  allair  iiad  often  been  given  to  the  world  previous  to  1774, 
by  one  of  the  principal  actors  in  it,  whose  name  is  at  the  b<jgiimin<' 
ul  tins  chapter,  and  which  is  doubtless  familiar  to  every  reader  of  Now 
bigluud_  legends.     'J^he  edition  of  .Mr.  Williams's  work,  out  of  which 

take  this,  was  prepared  by  the  renowned  New  iOnuland  annalist,  the 
Hev  Ihomas  Prince,  and  was  the  iilth,  printed  at  IJosfon  "by  John 
loyle,  next  door  to  the  Three  Doves  in  Marll).)rouuh  street,  1774." 
It  was  a  closely  printed  Hvo.  pamphl.'t  of  s.ncntv  ])a'ocs. 

It  will  be  necessary  to  relate  some  impr.rtaiit  lircls  of  historical 
value  belbrc  proceeding  with  the  narrative.  As  at  several  oth.>r  timc-s 
the  plan  was  laid  early  in  17*):J,  in  ( 'aua.la,  fl.r  laying  waste  the  \^  hole 
Jj-ugiish  irontier,  but  like  Ibriner  and  later  plans,  laid  in  that  rcion, 
tills  but  partially  succ.x'tlcd.  Though  the  (sastern  settlements  from 
fiasco  to  Wells  were  destroyed,  anil  one  hundred  and  thirty  people 

tl,!  i^,'!?/^'""?"  °/*'?''  VT'l^y  '^'^'■''  ^''^  '=^'"''  ^^  woreotrerccl  to  tbe.n  before 
tiie  battle,  which  should  be  mentioned,  as  adding  materially  to  our  <Tood 
fechngs  towards  its  authors.    It  is  generally  denominated  Wayne's  treaty 


MM! 


298 


EVBNT9    IN    INDIAN    inSTORY. 


killod  nnd  cnptiv.itorl,  the  siimtiinr  l)ci()rf',  \nt  the  towns  on  fho  Con. 
iKH-tirut  had  Mc<rlcctc(l  their  iircrtuitioimrydiity.  And  iiltliouirli  (lov. 
Dudley,  ol\\[aH.sachusc;tt.s,  had  but  ii'httliJ  while-  bcroro  Ix'fn  iiotifi(<l  of 
tho  Fn.'nch,  yet  it  wns  impossible  to  Lriiard  the  eastern  <;oast  against 
th(!  attack.  J)eerlield  had  been  palisaded,  and  twenty  srddiers  placer) 
ill  if,  but  had  iu'cu  (|uarter(>d  about  in  ihtlerent  houses,  and,  entirely 
li)rifeltini!;  their  duty  as  suldiers,  were  sur[)rised  with  tho  n.'st  ot'  the 
town.  'I'Ik!  snow  was  deep,  which  tjavo  th(>  eneniv  an  easy  entrance 
(H-er  fJK!  pi(d<ets.  The  French  wore  conunanded  "by  I  fer|("l  de  Roi,. 
vill(;,  but  the  counnauilers  oftlie  Indians  remain  nnUnnvvn. 

Mr.  Williams  tiuis  bei^ius  bis  n;irralive:  "On  Tuesday  th*!  tiiJIli  ef 
February,  1704,  not  lon^  beilire  break  ol*  day,  the  enemy  came  in 
likea  (lodd  upon  us — our  watch  Iteini;  indiiithiul:  an  evil,  whose awl'iil 
edects,  in  a  surprisal  ol'  our  l()rl,  should  Ix^speak  all  watidimen  to 
avoid,  as  they  would  not  briiiir  liie  charge  of  blood  ii|)i)n  themselves. 
They  came  to  my  house  in  the  beginning  of  tlie  onset,  and  by  their 
violent  endeavors  to  break  open  doors  and  windows,  with  axi's  and 
hatch(!ts,  awakened  me  out  of  sleep;  on  which  1  leaped  out  of  bed, 
and  running  towards  tho  door,  perceived  the  enemy  inakinff  their 
entrance  into  the  lious(!.  I  called  to  awaken  two"  soldiers  in  the 
chamber;  and  returning  toward  my  bed-side  for  my  arms,  iIk.-  enemy 
inimediately  broke  into  my  roojii,  I  judge  to  the  number  of  twenty, 
with  paint(>d  faces,  and  hideous  acclamations.  I  reached  up  my 
hands  to  the  bed-tester,  for  my  pistol,  uttering  a  short  petition  to 
God,  expectmg  a  present  i)assagc  through  tho  valley  of  the  shadow  of 
deatli."  "Taking  down  my  pistol,  1  cocked  it,  and  ])ut  it  to  the 
breast  of  tlie  tirst  Indian  wiio  came  uj);  but  my  pistol  missing  fire,  I 
was  seized  by  three  Indians  who  disarmed  me,  and  bound  me  naked, 
as  I  was,  in  my  shirt,  and  so  [  stood  for  near  tlie  space  of  an  hour." 
Meanwhile  the  work  of  destruction  and  jiillage  was  carried  on  with 
great  fury.  One  of  the  three  who  captured  "Siv.  Williams  was  a  cap- 
tain,  against  whom,  says  our  cajjtivc',  "  the  judgment  of  God  did  not 
long  slumber;  for  by  sun-rising  he  received  a"  mortal  shot  from  mv 
next  neighbor's  house."  This,  though  not  a  gJirrison,  and  eontaiiiin'ii- 
hut  seven  men,  withstood  the  edbrts'of  the  three  hundred  French  and 
Indians  which  iiuw  beset  them.  That  house;  remains  to  this  dav, 
bearing  upon  its  front  door  the  marks  of  the  hatchet. 

Ailer  about  two  hours  the  enemy  tot)k  up  their  inarch  from  tlv 
town,  liaving  pkuuk'red  and  burnt  it,  and  put  fi)rty-seven  persons  to 
death,  including  those  killed  in  making  deli'nce.  Mrs.  Williams 
having  lately  lain  in,  was  feeble,  which,  without  the  scene  now  acting 
before  her,  rendered  her  case  hopeless  ;  but  to  this  was  added  the  most 
shocking  murders  in  her  presence — two  of  her  (diildren  wen;  taken  to 
the  door  and  killed,  also  a  black  woman  belonging  to  the  family. 

"About  sun  an  hour  high,"  continues  the  n^deemed  captive,  "wc 
were  all  carried  out  of  the  house  lijr  a  march,  and  saw  many  of  the 
houses  of  my  neighbors  in  flames,  perceiving  the  whole  fort,  one 
house  excepted,  to  be  taken!"  "  We  were  carried  over  the  river,  to 
the  foot  of  tho  mountain,  about  a  mile  from  iny  house,  where  we 


'   n 


DM8TRUCTI0N    OP    DKKKPIELO. 


890 


found  a  proat  niimhor  oC 
rhild 


our  ("hristian  i)f'ij;lilH)rs,  mr 


rcn,  to   \hr  iuiinlx;r  of  om;   liiiiKlrrd  ;   iiincttvu  of  wl 
Htlcrward  inurdcsrcd  by  th(«  way,  and  two  starvr.l  t„  dcatl 
in  a  fiiiic  of  irn-at  scarcilv,  or  | 
\\  lien  \\(! 


shot's,  a 


nd 


'I'l 


i<;  army  had  |r!|t  iIk  ir  packs  at  tliis  |)l 


n,  wonioii,  and 

loni  woro 

1  near  Coos, 

annuo,  tlu;  savafjcH  nndcrwont  there. 

away  our 
t'ln-  joiirni-y." 
:i<'<',  and  whil*?  thoy  wor* 


canii;  to  tlic   lliot  of  oiir  iiioiintain,  tlicy  toolt 
fliivc  us   linlian  shoos,  to   prcpan-  iis  lor 


.  1  |--"-'"ini«v«     i*iiii«:    liny    TV  111 

-•ttni-  roadv  to  .locam|.,  th>!  |i;xv  Miin|i.,h  that  had  oscanod  at  tht- 
town,  and  a  low  iron,  llatfiold,  uho  had  Urm  n..tifiod  of  tlio  ihto  of 
n-nioldl.yonoor  two,  who  liad  osca|;o<l  thoro,  purs.io.t,  and  in  ii 
lii.'adow  hotwoon  tlio  town  and  tho  mkiIii  hodv,  mot  a  narlv  of  tho 
(■iicmy,  and  u  sharp  fi-ht  onsuod.  Th^^  small"  hand  of  En-iishni.^.i 
.IkI  iiot  rotroat  .i.iiil  iho  main  hodv  im.lor  Rouvillo,  worn  about  to 
nicirole  thom,  and  thon  llioy  loft  nino  of  tlirir  nmiihor  slain.  Suoi> 
was  tho  SUCOOS.S  of  the  l-lnulish  in  iho  hoMinniiif.-  of  tlio  li-ht  that 
liarin-.'  a  doloat,  U.M.villo  ha.l  ordorod  tho  oaptivos  to  ho  put  Fo  doath- 
but,  lortuiiatoly,  Iho    hoaror  of  liio  ihlal   mossago  was  killod   hy  the 

tlnvo  hundrod  mil.'s  of  a  trackless  wilderness  was  now  to  ho 
lrnv(..rso.i,  and  thai  t..o  at  a  soasm,  of  all  oth.M's  tho  most  to  bo 
.  n'udod  ;  hou-hs  ol  troos  lormo.l  iho  |„,|.s  oi:  cnciaitc  women  and 
littl.'  cl.ildren  lor  lorty  days,  which  was  tho  time  taken  lor  tho  iour- 
iM'V.  lh(!  lirst  day's  jounioy  was  i)iit  alx.ut  lour  miles,  and  al- 
llinu-rli  one.  child  was  killo,!,  i„  .r,.n.'ra[  tho  childron  wore  treated  well  ^■ 
Itrohahly,  the  historians  say,  that  hv  delivering  them  at  Canada  the 
Indians  would  nroive  a  valurd.Io  ransom  Ibr  thom.  Mr.  \\'iiha,|,„ 
pnu'cods:  "(Jod  ii.ade  th(!  lioathenso  l,j  pity  our  chihiron,  that  tiuHKd, 
iheyliad  several  wounded  persons  of  their  own  to  carry  ur.on  their 
sliuiildors,  h.r  thirly  miles  l.eC.re  fhovcamo  to  tlio  river,  (the  Connee- 
linit  thmy  mil..s  above  U.^rliold,)  yet  lluy  carried  our  children,  in- 
capable  ol  Iravellin..-,  m  tlioir  arms,  and  upon  their  shoiihk'rs/' 

At  the  hrsl  encampment  some  of  th(!  Indians  ijot  drunk  with  lieuor 
tlioy  lound  at  J)eerli(;ld,  and  in  their  raue  killed  Air.  Williams's  ne<rro 
niaii  and  caused  the  escape  of  a  Mr.  Alexander.     In  tl.(.  mornin-r  \'lr 
Williams  was  .nxleivil  holhiT!  tlu;  commander-in-chief,  (ho  consid^M'in.r 
hiiiitiie  principal  of  the  captives,)  and  ordered  to  hilbrm  th.>  othcT 
'■aptives  thatil  any  more  attrmpted  to  escape,  the  rest  should  bo  put 
to  (calh.     In  the  second  day's   march  occurred  tho  doiith  of  Mrs 
Williams,  the  alllx-ting  account  of  which  we  will  uive  nearly  in  the 
ani^uaoe  oi  her  husband.     At  the  upper  part  of  J)eorliekl  meadow  it 
iccamo  necessary  to  cross  C.n en  river.     The  Indian  that  captured 
Mr.  Williams  was  unwilliinr  that  ho  should  speak  to  tho  olher  cap- 
tives; hut  on  tiio  murnin- of  tho  second  (l;iv.  that  Indian  captain  hein.r 
appointed  to  command  in  the  roar,  Ik;  had  .■mother  master  put  over 
iim,  who  not  only  allowed  him  lo  sp.'ak  to  others,  hut  to  walk  with 
Ills  wile    and  assist  her  aloiio-.     This  was  their  last  moetin.r,  and  she- 
very  calmly  told  lum  that  her  strength  was  lailing  fast,  and  that  he 
would  soon  lose  her.    She  spoke  no  discouraging  words,  or  complained 
ol  the  hardness  ol  lier  Ibrtune.     The  company  soon  came  to  a  halt 


111  i^ 


<  i: 


t  '  u 


;jfl() 


KVKNT8    IN    INDIAN   IIIBTOKYt 


nnd  Mr.  VVillianiH'.sold  inustcn-  resumed  his  fonncr  fltation,  and  ordored 
liiiii  into  the  van,  nnd  his  wile  wtis  (tbiij^ed  to  fmvel  unaided.  They 
hint  now  nrrived  iit  (Irecn  river,  as  \\v  have  related.  This  'hcv 
passed  by  wadintj,  uilhiiu;jli  the  current  was  very  ra|)id,  (uhieli  \ni,s 
the  cause,  no  doubt,  ol"  its  not  heinu;  iVo/en  over,)  and  about  t\V(»  lict 
in  depth.  Aller  passin}^  lliis  river,  they  had  to  ascend  ii  steep  nioiiii. 
tain.  "  iNo  sooner,"  says  Mr.  Williams,  '•  had  I  overcome  the 
dilliculty  ol' tliat  ascent,  but  I  was  perniilird  to  sit  down  anil  Im.  an- 
burtheiied  ot' my  jiack.  I  ^at  pilvino;  tiiose  wlio  were  behind,  ami 
entreated  my  master  to  let  me  j;o  down  and  lidp  my  wile,  but  he 
refused.  I  asked  each  prisoner  as  they  juissed  l.y  me  atler  lier,  and 
heard,  that  |ias^in^  Ihrou^h  the  said  riser,  slie  lell  down  and  wiis 
phmmed  ail  over  in  the  wafer;  alter  whicli  she  tnivetled  not  liir,  tiir 
at  tlie  liiot  of  tliai  luoiintain  the  cruel  and  bloiid-lhirsty  savame  who 
took  her  slew  her  witii  liis  liatchet  at  one  stroke."  The  historiniis 
have  led  us  iio  record  ol'  the  character  of  this  lady,  but  i'roru  the 
accoiuit  lell  lis  l)y  her  husband,  she  was  u  most  .amiable  ciimpanien, 
Hlie  was  the  oidy  daii<ihter  of  Reverend  Klea/er  ftlatlier,  minister  of 
iNorthampInn,  by  liiswili'  Mslher,  dauuhter  ol'  Reverend  John  War- 
hum,  wlio  came  from  lOngland  in  Hi'AU. 

The  second  niffjit  was  spent  al  an  encampment  in  the  nortlierlv 
])art  of  what  is  now  Hernardstown,  and  in  the  course  of  the  preci^liim 
day  a  youno-  woman  and  child  Mere  killed  and  scalped.  At  this 
tainp  a  ct)uncil  was  held  U[)on  the  propriety  of  jiultini;  Mr.  Williams 
to  (k'atli,  l)Ut  liis  master  prevaihil  on  the  rest  to  save  his  lili';  lor  the 
reason,  no  doubt,  that  be  sli(:!:l(l  receive  a  hiyli  price  li)r  his  ransom. 
The  fourth  day  broui;ht  I  hem  to  Connecticut  river,  aljout  thirty  miles 
idjovc  Deerfu'ld.  Ih're  the  wounded,  children,  and  bajij^n^i-  Avere  put 
upon  a  kind  ofslei^ii,  and  passed  \\ith  liieility  upon  the  river.  Ever\ 
day  ended  the  sulli'ring  and  captivity  of  one  or  more  of  the  prisoners. 
The  ease  of  a  young  woman,  iianud  Mary  IJrooks,  was  one  to  e,\cit( 
excessive  pity,  and  it  is  believed,  that  had  the  Indians  be -n  the  sole 
directors  ol'  the  captives,  such  cases  could  hardly  have  occurred.  This 
vouni'  woman,  bein<>;  inciciitc,  and  walkinu  ui)on  the  ice  in  the  river, 
often  lell  down  upon  it,  probably  with  a  burthen  upon  her,  whifh 
caused  premattuc  labor  the  llillowing  night,  lieing  now  unlitted  liir 
the  journey,  lier  master  deliberately  told  lier  she  must  be  put  to  death. 
With  ureat  com|)osure  shi;  got  liberty  oi"  him  to  go  and  take  lejivc!  of 
iier  minister.  She  told  him  she  was  not  afraid  of  death,  and  after 
some  consoling  conversation,  she  returned  and  was  executed  !  'I'liis 
was  March  IH. 

At  til"  mouth  of  a  river  since  known  as  Williams's  river,  upon  a 
Sundfiy,  the  captives  were  permitted  to  assemble  around  their  minister, 
and  lie  preached  a  sermon  t(j  them  from  Lam.  i.  18.  At  the  mouth 
of  White  river  Rouvilledivitk'd  his  Ibrce  into  several  parties,  and  they 
took  diflercnt  routes  to  the  St.  Lawrence. 

In  a  few  instances  the  cajjtives  were  purchased  of  the  Indians,  by 
the  French,  and  the  others  were  at  the  ditlerent  lodges  of  the  Indians. 

During  his  captivity,  Mr.  Williams  visited  various  places  on  the  St. 


LIFE    OP   LOOAK, 


801 


Uwicnro.     At    Mantrral    ho  was   humunHv  troatr.,1    bv  (Jovernnr 

l'""<l  tlK-n.  usiny  ov.Ty  ondcavor  to  convert  him  aiul  others  to  that 
r..|.,..,n.     II„w..ver    .n„st  of  the  ..uptives    r(,-,nain.ul   st.a.lv  in  the 
I  .•Mt-Htant   la,  h.      An.l  u.    17(.0,  tilVv-sev-n  of  then,  u-re  hV  u  /l.-l 
^hl|M:unv.>yed  to  l\nsUm.     A  considerable  number  reu.aine.l  i„  (t 
mula     and    never    returnrd,    M.non-    whom    was    J.;unice    Willianw 
auKhtero,  th,.n,m.ster      Si...  becan.e  a  Urn.  Catholic,  .narrie.l  an 
lydutn,  by  whom  sh-  had  several  childreii,  and  spent  her  days  i.. 
w.^wam      M...  v.sited   l).vr(ie|,|  with  her  India,.  Lsband,  d.-eLd  i 
lii'lian  style,  an.l  was  kn.diy  nr-nved  hv  her  friends.     All  atten,,." 
toregum  her  wore  melleetnal.     li.v,   Mlea/.er   Willi,.„ns,  late  a  „.  s. 
..unary  to  the  ( ..-.en  Jluy  Indians,  is  a  d,.srvndant.     I  lo  was  educated 
by  tli((  Iriends  ol  missions  in  New  Eno|„iid. 

I''  'I'';  History  ofCanada  by  Cht.rlevoix,  the  incursioi.s  nndertak.'n 
y    ic^  I'rench  an.    Indians  are  o,,,„,,,||v.  „.i„Ht..|y  reco.'ded  ;  but  this 
ajanst   IJ.-.-rhe Id  he  has  miaeeountably  summed  up  in  a  .lo/.e«  lines 
ol  his  work.     'J'he  lollowi.iy  is  the  whole  passanc: 

'"  ".'>-  •■"^1  "'■  'a.tumn,  1703,  the  Enj^lish,  despairing  of  securin. 
ii|-  ln,hans,made  several  .■x.-uisions  into  their  <-onnl,rv,a\ul  massacred 
a  1  such  as  they  c...dd  surprise.  I  ,„„,  this,  th.;  chiefs  demanded'aid 
-I  A  -de  Vau.hvuil,  and  he-  sent  then,  during  the  winter  two  hnndred 
and  hlty  nien,  under  the  c«.mmand  of  the  Sieiir  I  lei-|el  de  llouvill,.  a 
re  ...ned  lieutenant,  who  took  ^1.,.  place  of  his  alrea.lv  ren.,wne.l 
lather,  whose  ao,;  ami  inlirmities  p,-evented  his  uiulertakii...'  such 
.rreat  expcxhtions.  Four  oiIi.ts  of  his  children  ae.-ompanie.l  IJouvdle. 
who  m  their  torn-  surprised  ih.-  I':nglish,  kill.-.l  many  of  them,  and 
rnu.lo  o,ie  hun.Ired  and  l.,rty  of  them  prisonoivs.  The  Fnjnch  lost  but 
thrc(i  sold.ei-s,  and  sonie  sava-^es,  but  RouviHe  was  himself  wounded 


I  'M 


CHAPTER  IX. 

NARRATIVH  OF  THK   MPK  ov  lo.J.AV     A    M1V(.0    cnil-'P    r1tl><i^v'<   ,v*u 

Lo-an  was  .-alLxl  a  Ming,,  .d.i.'f,  whose  father,  Shik(.llimus,  wa* 
ohiet  ol  the  Cayugas,  whom  he  succeeded.  Shikellimus  was  attached 
in  a  remarkable  degree  to  ilie  b.jiievolent  James  Looan,  from  which 
<'irc;iimstance,  it  is  pi-obable,  his  son  bor.^  his  name.  The  name  is 
still  perpetuated  am<jng  the  Indians.  For  magnanimity  in  war,  and 
greatness  .jf  soul  in  peace,  {b\v,  if  any,  in  anv  nation,  ever  surpass-d 
Logiui.  He  took  no  part  in  the  French  wars  which  ended  in  1760, 
except  that  of  a  peacemaker;  was  always  acknowled<Ted  the  friend 
ol  the  white  people,  until  the  year  1774,  when  his  brother  and  several 
others  of  his  family  were  murdered,  the  particulars  ol'  which  follow 
in  the  spring  of  1774,  some  Indians  robbed  the  people  upon  the  Ohio 


302 


EVENTS    IN    INDIAN   HISTORY. 


river,  who  were  in  that  country  exploring  the  lands,  and  preparing 
for  settlements.  These  land-jobbers  were  alarmed  at  this  hostile 
carriase  of  the  Indians,  as  they  considered  it,  and  collected  them- 
selves "at  a  place  called  Wheeling  Creek,  the  site  on  which  Wheeling 
is  now  built,  and,  learning  that  there  were  two  Indians  on  the  river 
a  little  above,  one  Captain  Michael  Cresap,  belonging  to  tl  exploring 
party,  proposed  to  fall  upon  and  kill  them.  His  advice,  although 
opposed  at  first,  was  followed,  and  a  party  led  by  Cresap  proceeded 
and  killed  the  two  Indians.  The  same  day,  it  being  reported  thut 
some  Indians  were  discovered  below  Wheeling  upon  the  river,  Cresap 
and  his  party  immediately  marched  to  the  place,  and  at  first  appeared 
to  show  themselves  friendly,  and  suffered  the  Indians  to  pass  by  them 
unmolested,  to  encamp  still  lower  down,  at  the  mouth  of  Grave  creek. 
Cresap  soon  followed,  attacked  and  killed  several  of  them,  having 
one  of  his  own  men  wounded  by  the  fire  of  the  Indians.  Here  some 
of  the  family  of  Logan  were  slain.  The  circumstance  of  the  affair 
was  exceedingly  aggravating,  inasmuch  as  the  whites  pretended  no 
provocation. 

ooon  after  this,  some  other  monsters  in  human  shape,  at  whose 
head  were  Daniel  Greathouse  and  one  Tomlinson,  committed  a  horrid 
murder  upon  a  company  of  Indians  about  thirty  miles  above  Wheel- 
in  o-.  Greathouse  resided  at  the  same  place,  but  on  the  opposite  side 
ofihQ  river  from  the  Indian  encampment.  A  party  of  thirty-two 
men  wore  collected  lor  this  object,  who  secreted  themselves,  while 
Greathouse,  under  a  pretence  of  friendship,  crossed  the  river  and 
visited  them,  to  ascertain  their  strength;  on  counting  them,  he  found 
they  were  too  numerous  for  his  force  in  an  open  attack.  These 
Indians,  havin'g  heard  of  the  late  murder  of  their  relations,  had 
determined  to  be  avenged  (^r  the  whites,  and  Greathouse  did  not  kno^\ 
the  danger  he  was  in,  until  a  squaw  advised  him  of  it,  in  a  friettdh 

.  cautionT"  to  go  home."  Tlie  sad  requital  this  poor  woinan  met  witii 
will  presently  appear.  This  abominable  fellow  invited  the  Indians 
to  come  over"^  the  river  and  drink  rum  with  him:  this  being  a  part  of 
his  plot  to  separate  them,  that  they  might  bf  the  easier  destroyed. 
The  opportunity  soon  ofiered ;  a  number  being  collected  at  a  tavern 
ill  the  white  settlement,  aad  considerably  intoxicated,  were  fallen  upon, 
and  all  murdered,  except  a  little  girl.  Among  the  murdered  was  a 
brother  of  Logan,  and  his  sister,  whose  delicate  situation  greatly 
aggravated  the  horrid  crime. 

The  remaining  Indians,  upon  the  other  side  of  the  river,  on  hearing 
the  firing,  set  off  two  canoes  with  armed  warriors,  who,  as  they 
approached  the  shore,  were  fired  upon  by  the  whites,  who  lay  cob- 
cealed,  awaiting  their  approach.  Nothing  prevented  their  taking 
deadly  aim,  and  many  were  killed  and  wounded,  and  the  rest  were 
obliged  to  r(;turn.  This  affair  took  place  May  24th,  1774.  These 
were  the  events  that  led  to  a  horrid  Indian  war,  in  which  nian\ 
innocent  families  were  sacrificed  to  satisfy  the  vengeance  of  an  in- 
censed and  injured  jjeople. 

A,  calm  followed  these  troublej?,  hut  it  was  only  such  as  goes  before 


war  was  re 


LOGAN  SAVKS    THS    LIFE    OP    A    CAPTIVK. 


3(.'3 


the  storm,  and  lasted  only  while  the  toosin  of  war  could  be  sounded 
among  the  distant  Indians.     On  the  12th  of  July,  1774,  Logan,  at  the 

head  of  a  small  party  of  only  eight  warriors,  struck  a  blow  on  some 
inhabitants  upon  the  Muskingum,  where  no  one  expected  it.     He  h-id 
left  the  settlements  on  the  Ohio  undisturbed,  which  every  one  sup 
posed  would  be  the  first  attacked,  in  case  of  war,  and'lience"  the 
reason  of  his  great  successes.     His  first  attack  was  upon  three  men 
who  were  pulling  fiax  in  a  field.     One  was  shot  down,  and  the  two 
others  taken.     These  were  marched  into  the  wilderness,  and,  as  tb(n- 
approached  the  Indian  town,  Logan  gave  the  scalp  halloo,  and  theV 
were  met  by  the  inhabitants,  who  conducted  them  in.     Running  the 
gauntlet  was  next  to  be  performed.     Logan  took  no  deli"Iit  in  tor-^ 
tures,  and  he  in  the  most  friendly  manner  instructed  one  Sf  tlie  cai). 
tives  how  to  proceed,  to  escape  the  severities  of  the  gauntlet      This 
same  captive,  whose  name  was  Robinson,  was  afier wards  sentenced 
to  be  burned ;  but  Logan,  though  not  able  to  rescue  him  bv  his  elo- 
quence,  with  his  own  hand  cut    the  cords   that    bound    him  to  the 
stake,  and  caused  him  to  be  adopted  into  an   Indian  family      He 
became  afterwards  Logan's  scribe,  and  wrote  the  letter  that  was  tied 
to  a  war-club,  the  particulars  of  which  we  shall  relate  farther  onward 
Ihere  was  a  .chief  among  the;  Shawane.se  more  renowned  as  ■[ 
warrior  than  even  Logan  himself  at  this  time.     Cornstock  was  his 
name,  and  to  him  seems  to  have  fallen  the  chief  direction  of  the  war 
that  was  now  begun;  the  causes  of  which  were  doubtless  owiii"-  to 
the  outrages  already  detailed,  committed  bv  Crosap  and  Greathotise 
l)ut  there  can  be  but  little,  if  any  doubt,  that  the  several  tribes  en' 
gaged  in  it  had  each  been  suiHciently  injured  to  justify  their  parficj. 
pation  also.     The  history  of  the  murder  of  Bald  Eagle  is  more  than 
sufhcient  to  account  for  the  part  acted  by  tlie  Dela wares.     What 
this  man  had  been  in  his  younger  davs  is  unknown  to  history,  but' 
at  this  tunc  he  was  an  old  inoffensive  Delaware  chief,  who  wandered 
harmlessly  up  and  down  among  the  whites,  visiting  those  most  fre- 
queatly  who  would  entertain  him  best.     Having  becm  on  a  visit  to  the 
fort  at  the  mouth  of  Kanhawa,  he  was  met,  as  he  was  ascendino-  alone 
upon  the  river  in  his  canoe,  by  a  man,  who,  it  is  said,  suflered  much 
roin  the  Indians.     It  was  in  the  evening,  and  whether  any  thin- 
happened  to  justify  violence  on  the  part  of  cither,  we  have  no  evf- 
dence,  but  certain  it  is,  the  white  man  killed  the  chief,  and  scalped 
him,  and,  to  give  his  abominable  crime  publicity,  set  the  dead  body 
apright  m  the  canoe,  and  in  this  manner  caused"  it  to  drift  down  the 
nver,  where  it  was  beheld  by  many  as  it  passed  them.     From  the 
appearance  of  the  old  chief,  no  one  suspected  he  was  dead,  but  very 
iiaturally  concluded  he  was  upon  one  of  his  ordinary  visits.     The  trut'h 
of  the  affair,  however,  soon  got  to  his  nation,  and  they  quickly  avowed 
vengeance  for  the  outrage. 

The  Virginia  Legislature  was  in  session  when  the  news  of  an  Indian 
war  was  received  at  the  seat  of  government.  Governor  Dunmore 
immediately  gave  orders  for  the  assembling  of  three  thousand  men  ; 
one  half  of  whom  were  to  march  for  the  mouth  of  the  great  Kanhawa, 


(i 


304 


MVKNTM    IN    IN;)IAN    IIIBTORY. 


'I 


iiiulf'f  IIh'  ntiuniMiwl  of  (ioiifrril  Andrrw  l-cwiH,  nnd  fhn  rnmninflrr, 
itiiili'i'  llio  jfovcnmr  in  |M<r.Hoii,  wiih  \o  procciMl  f<i  n(iiih'  point  (ii»  fh*- 
l)liio,  nl)ov«'tho  lorincr,  inorilcr  foliill  ii|i()u  Iho  IikHihi  (owiin  hftwfffnv 
while  IIh'  wiiri'lui'M  slioiilfl  hr  dnnvii  otl"  liy  llic  n|)i>nnicli  of  l,i>wiN  in 

ail  o|i|ioNiU' ilinclioii.      I  Ic  wtts  (Iumi   In  pi'iK d  down  llic  <  )lii((,  ntid 

(hnn  II  iiiiuiinii  with  tIc'iKM'.'d  Lewis  mI  I'oiiil  I'lciiHiint,  iVorii  wlicrire 
i1h'\  mim'i'  Io  marclt  accoKliii!!;  to  rirciiiiislimcrH. 

( )ii  lIu-  I  I  ill  ol'Sf'iilniilM'i',  lln-  liirccs  under  <lei).  Lewis,  (iiniuiiitin^ 
In  (>leveii  Iniudi'ed  men,  eeniineiiced  iheir  iniireli  iVniii  ( 'iiin|>  I  <'iii(ii) 
lo  I'eiiil  IMens.iiil  en  the  (Jre.'il  Kiinhdwa,  disldiil  one  hmirh-ed  atid 
:i|\lv  miles.  Tlie  eoniili'V  helween  \»aN  a  liaekless  wilderness.  'Tlic 
army    was   piloled    hy    Caiilain     iMallhew    AihueKle,    hy    llie   iiefircsl 


praetirnbie  ;diil(> 


'I'l 


le  lia'i<.'i 


i;i,e  was   all  liaiiM|'oi'leil  on  [laek-lioisi'i 


and  Iheir  mareh  look  iin  nineleen  day 


llaviiiv;  arnved  lliei 


e  uiioll 


lie 


av 


av  ol'  llie  month,  an  encnniii- 


inenl  was  eommeneed  oil   the  lirst  of  ( )elolM'r.      Ilere(!eiieral    Lewis 
wailed  with  aiixielv  Io  liet'some  lidinus  of  Ihinniore,  for  einlil  or  nine 


dav: 


Al  ihe  end  of  Ihis   lime,  no  |iros| 


leel  ol 


a  jimetion  a|>|ienniiif. 


news  was 


hroi 


I'dit   into  ( ;mi|i  on  llie  moriii'i'.!,  of  llie  lOlli  of  Ocloher, 


li\   on(<  of  two  persons  who  had  eseaped  ihe  rill(>s  oj"  a   f.';i'<al  hody  nl" 
Imhaiis  ahoni  two  miles  nn  ihe  Ohio,  llial    an   allaek  would  he  iiiiiiii'- 


iiialeu'  inaiie 


(h.- 


hesi-  l\^  o  men  W('i<'  ii| 


ion  a  (leer 


hunt. 


iild  came  iiihui 


Indians  wilhoiif  ohseivmi. 


hem,  when  one  wa?;   shot   down,  a 


nd 


the  other  eseapei!  Io  the  eaini)  with  dillii-nliy.      lie  re|)orled  "thai    lir; 
had    seen    a    itod\   ol"  the  eiieim  .  eoMMiii".    liuir   aeres   ol'  uroniid,  jm 


Iv  as  the\-  eniild  stand  hv  lln'  side  ol  eaeh  other, 


))»i\   (his  ml( 


enee.  (leneral    Lewis,  "ai.er   lia\  iiiv;  neliiieralelv 


d  h 


P 


;\\r  orders  to  his  hri'llier,  <  'oloiiel    ( 'harlcs    Li 


to  luareli  with  his  ow  n  rei'r.iient.  and  another  under  <  'oloiie 


Will 


WIS, 

iaiii 


'eminji,  t<>  reconnoitre  the  enemy,  while  he  pul  the  rest  in  a  poslur 


|o  .Slipper 


t    tliem. 


lies(>    mareiieii 


>\  ilhoiil 


lime 


aiK 


alioiil 


"iMir  himdn-d  \ards  iVom  eanip  mi't  the  Indians  inliMit  upon  Ihe  same 
ol)|eet.  Their  mee'ine  was  soiiu'w  here  hetwceii  sun's  rising  and  siiii 
an  lunn*  hi',',lK  and  the  liuht  m  a  moment  he",an.  The  \  ir-'iiiiaiis,  lik. 
\\\cw  oppoiieiils.  eoMM'ed  themselves  w  itli  ire<'s  or  w  halever  else  elliacd, 


hilt  t^ 


le 


a;ier  were  more  Ihaii  a  maleli  lor  them,  and  ptil 


hem  Io  lli!.dii 


with  iireal   slanuliter. 


oioiiel  1  ,(-w  IS  was  in  lull  miilorm.and  heiiiM. 


ironi  lhi>  iialnrt"  ol 


hb 


dlilK 


tallv 


exposed    at  ever\    point,  soon    le 


Itinr- 


wouiiiteil 


here  was  iic^   result    lor   w  liieli   the  eommaiuler-m- 


ehief  was  iiol  ]n'epan"d  :  iJir  at  ihis  erilieal  inomeal  he  had  orderiil 
nji  Colonel  h'ield  with  his  retiimeiit,  w  hiidi.  eoniiiin;  with  urtvil  rese- 
iiition  and  tirmiiess  into  aetion,  saved  lht>  Uvo  relrt-alini!,-  reivimeiits, 
and  ( 


•ireeluallv 


heeked  the  impetuosity  ol   the    India 


lis,  whiK  in  their 


•urn.  were 


A\iicd   Io  retreat   behind  a  roimli   hr'-astwork,  which  ll 


nati 


aivcn  llii"  iM'ecauiion 


lO    CO 


lis! rue!    I'rom    htes   and   hrusli   for  ihf 


oeeasioii. 


Tlio  point  of  land  on  which  the  hntlle  was  (ouuhl  was  narrow,  and 
the  Indians' hreaslwovk  i^xtendiMl  iVoni  river  to  river:  their  planet 
attack  was  ihe  Ix'st  thalctnild  heeonooivod;  lor  in  lh<'  event  of  victorv 


'  -^l^^^JIMSHt^i.. 


■AT^M  or  Poiirr  PLaxsAifT.  aoft 

the  (ronduciicr  of  f|i(;  (wo  riv(?rH.  -^ 

N.-v..r  was  ^r,,„|,„|  „,„i,„„i„;,l  with  ,n,.n,  ..bHtirmry;    (or  it  wa« 

«l..wly,  «n,l   with  no  ,.n.,.i,„„.„.y,  ,|„u  ih.  In.lim.s  ri^t  rodto  thdJ 

hat  u,ui<,r  H,.rn,r.,  was  n..arly  al  ,h.  sa.n.  rno.n.nt   .lilnduT  'S 

hnroK.   .>1,„,.  ,,,s,    r.u..iv..,l    .w,.    Lalln    .hn.u„h   his    lod  w  ist    S 

-"nn,.cl  ty  <-.x,.n-,,.s..  his  .o,n.„a,ul  w.th  th.  ^.^ntc.Ht      Jnos  '  and 

|.r...Mn.  of   Mm.,1.      I  ,.s  voi...  was  .H.„t,n,mlly  bvinl,  »  l)o„'t  "n 

."<-l.  "f    '.'n,.n>.|.     Adva..,-,.,  ...tdar.k   th.  on.rny,  and    .r.    Ik^  wo™ 

'«•'"  ;;■"     I"-  nv,.r.'      H,„  his  nu-n  won,  «bo,.t  In  llnoatnanko  Ct  .0 

^K  y  .ha.  hml   „.s.  <ldoa....l  |..wis;  .n.-anwhilo  ,h.,  arrival  of  C Ind 

V'''    "';•'"•'"'"•  '"■••"...M.r  ,h<Mlay,  hut  not  wiihout  a  novnro  oss- 

U..M.I  l-|,.mm;.;  was  „ir„,n  wo.,n,|.,|,  hy  a  sh.,t  through  tho  inn  s  •' 

Vt  lu,  w,.mM  u.,t   r<.t,rn,  an.l  Colond    Fid.l  was  kiil.^l  as  ho  waJ 

k'a(hn^  on  Ins  ni(;n.  "■  ^"^ 

The  wholf  linnnl-  th,;  hnmslwork  now  hecamo  a.,  n  hlazo  of  i\rf 
whu-h  laH.,.,1  n.aHy  „||  , h.  do.se  cX'tho  day.     (lore  the  IndlunH  umE 
.ognn   (.ornstork.  |.:ihni,,sico,  it,.|.|.:ajr|.-  and  othor  mi-rhty  chiefs  of 
0  tr,bc«  ol   th<.  Shawan-s,.,   I),.h.war,-s,   Min.cH.s,   \Vyandot    and 
.ayn,as,  an.onn,.n,,  as  was  s„,,pos.d,  to  hlk-on  htmd,S  warrior 
fought,  as  n,..n  wdl  .v.-r  do  (i.r  th.ir  ...untry's  wrongs,  with  a  1  mvm' 
which  con  d  only  ho  ,.c,nallod.     Tho  voic..."  <.f  ,ho  m  ghty  Co   S 
was  olhM.  hoar.1  .Im-.n,,  tho  day,  ahovo  tho  Ilin  of  stril^c.fllin.  "     1^ 
moa  m  thoso  wards  :  '^  Ro  stron. !  He  stron.  !»     And  when,"  by   t 
oponto.!  oharuoH  of  the  wh,t(.s,  »onm  of  his  warriors  hejran  to  waver 
h''.s  saul  tohavesnnk  his  tomahawk  into  the  head  of  one  who  was 
'•owardly  endcavorni<r  to  tjeserl. 
(roneml   Lewis,  findin-r  at  Iwnjrth  that  every  charge,  upon  (ho  lines 
the  Ind.ans  lessened  the  uun,l,or  of  his  forcos^to  Ln  alarmin' 
•ocrree,  and  r.ohtly  ju.|.r„,j,  that  if  the  Indians  were  not  routed  bdhre 
i.t  was  dark,  a  day  of  ,„or(.  doubt  mifrht  follow,  ho  resolml  to  throw 
a  iHxIy,  ,t  poss.bl,>,  uito  their  roar.     As  the  jrood  fortune  of  the  Vir 
Jjimans  turned,  the  bank  of  the  rivor  favonui  this  project,  and  forthwih 
ihnv  c<,n)pan.(«s  wer(>  detached  upon  the  enterprise,  under  the  three  can 
tarns,  Isaac  Shelby,  (aflerwards  n.nowned  n'the  ;cvolution,  anTsS 
.n  the  war  w.th  (Janada,)  Geor^.,  Matthews,  and  .lohn  Stewart     'S 
oo.n,wn.es  got  unob«erv(.l  to  their  place  of  destination  upon  Crooked 
^-nx-k,  which   runs  ,nt<»  th(.  Kanhawa.     Krom  the  hi^h  weeds  unon 
.  obanks  of  this  little  strean,  they  rushed  upon  the  bS  of  £ 
Indians  wth  such   fury,  as   to  drive  then  frim   their  works  with 
precipitation.     The  day  was  now  decided.     The  Indians,  thus  belt 
rom  a  quarter  they  did  not  expect,  were  ready  to  conclude  that  a 
e^^.  orccncnt  had  arrived.    It  was  about  sunset  when  they  fled  ac'Ls 
Mno,  and  nmnodiately  took  up  their  march  for  the  towns  on  tie 

26* 


806 


KVKNTS   IN    INDIAN    HUTOSY. 


The  chief  of  the  men  raised  for  this  service  were,  as  Burk  expresses 
himsell",  "  prime  riflemon,"  and  the  "  nmst  expert  woodsmen  in  Vir- 
ginia." They  were  principally  from  the  counties  of  Augusta,  Bote- 
tourt, Bedlbid,  and  Fincastic,  and  from  iho  enraged  settlers  who  had 
tied  from  their  frontier  settlements  to  escape  the  vengeance  of  the 
injured  Indians.  For  reasons  which  were  not  pcrlectly  understood 
at  that  time,  Lord  Dumnore  divided  the  arm  into  two  parts,  as 
already  stated.  The  part  which  Dunmore  soon  after  took  in  iho 
revolutionary  events,  discovered  iho  real  cause  of  his  preposterous 
proceedings,  liis  pretence  of  falling  upon  the;  backs  of  the  Indians, 
and  co-operating  with  General  Lewis,  was  soon  dt^tected  as  such;  tor 
it  IS  needed  only  to  be  known  thai  he  was  moving  no  less  than  seventy- 
ij,ve  miles  iVoni  him,  and  that,  therefore,  no  co-operation  could  he  had. 
The  imputation,  however,  of  the  historian  Burk,  "  that  the  division 
under  Lewis  was  devoted  to  destruction,  lor  the  purpose  of  breaking 
the  spirits  of  the  V'^irginians,"  to  render  his  own  influence  and  reputa- 
tion brighter  and  morc!  elHcient,  is  unnatural,  and  without  facts  to 
warrant  it.  To  our  mind  a  worse  policy  to  raise  himself  could  not 
have  been  devised.  There  are  two  other  far  morf;  reasonable  con- 
elusions  which  might  have  been  ollered: — The  gv  rnor,  seeing  the 
justness  ol'tlie  Indians'  cause,  might  have  adopted  liie  plan  which  was 
ibllowed  to  bring  them  to  a  peace  with  the  least  possible  destruction 
of  them.  This  woidd  have  been  the  course  of  a  humane  philosophy; 
or  he  migh  have  exercis(!d  his  abilities  to  gain  ihcm  to  the  British 
interest  in  case  ol'  a  rupturt:  between  them  and  the  cok>nies,  which 
the  heads  ol"  i^overntnent  uius,!  clearly  h;iv(;  by  this  time  ibreseen  would 
pretty  soon  ibilow.  Another  extraordinary  nianceuvre  of  (governor 
Dunmore  betrayed  either  a  great  want  of  experience,  generalship,  or 
a  far  more  repixihensibh^  charge;  l()r  hv.  had,  belbre  the  battle  ol" 
Point  Pleasant,  sent  an  express  to  (,'o  ucl  Lewis,  with  orders  that  h'' 
should  join  him  near. the  Shawance  towns  with  all  possible  despatch. 
These  instructions  were  leolu-d  upon  as  singularly  unaccountable, 
inasmuch  as  it  was  considered  a  thing  almost  impossible  to  b"?  accom- 
plished, had  there  been  an  enemy  to  fear;  ibr  the  distance  was  near 
eighty  miles,  and  the  route  was  through  a  country  extremely  diflinilt 
to  be  traversed,  and,  to  use  the  words  ot"  Mr.  Burk,  "swarming  witi: 
Indians."  The  express  did  not  arrive  at  Point  Pleasant  until  the 
evening  all,er  the  battle;  but  that  it  had  bf>(ni  fought  was  unknown  fe 
the  governor,  and  could  in  no  wise  excus(!  his  sending  such  orders 
although  the  power  of  the  Indians  was  now  broken, 

Thedayaftf-  the  battle,  ( lencral  Lewis  caused  his  dead  to  be 
buried,  and  entrcMichinents  to  be  thrown  up  about  his  camp  for  the 
protection  of  his  sick  and  wounded  ;  and  th(!  day  following  he  took  up 
his  line  of  inarch  in  compliance  with  the  orders  of  (Governor  Dunmore. 
This  march  was  attended  with  gi-eat  privations,  and  almost  insur- 
mountable didiculties.  M<umwhile  Governor  Dunmore  descended  with 
his  forces  down  the  river  from  Fort  Pitt  to  Wheding,  where  he  halted 
tor  a  few  days,  lie  then  proceeded  down  to  the  mouth  of  Hock- 
lM?cking,  thence  over  land  to  within  eight  miles  of  the  Shawanee  town, 


r^  ^,£k^  !t^  ^U^.£^;J^i.i'ui 


SPEECH   OF   LOG  Air. 


307 


Chihcothe,  on  the  Sc.oto.  Here  he  made  preparations  for  treatinir 
wuh  the  Indians.  Before  reaching  this  place  he  had  received  s^S 
messag,.  from  the  Ind.uns  with  olibr.  oF  peace,  and  hav  n.  noTd^ 
term.nod  to  co<rnp!y  he  sent  an  express  to  General  Lewfs  wifh  an 
'IJJ  K  ?h  '^"""^  '"^modiately  ret.-eat.  This  was  enti  ri^e" 
garded  by  the  general,  and  he  oniinuod  his  mui-ch  until  his  lordshTo 
ill  person  vi.s.ted  the  general  in  his  can,p,  and  oave  the  order  to  thS 
troops  hii..elf.  Lewis's  troops  eomplied  w.th  great  veliee  for 
they  had  determined  on  a  general  destruction  ofihe  IndiaiVs 

A  treaty  was  now  commenced,  and  conducted  on  the  part  of  the 
wh.tes  With  great  distrust,  never  adm.Uing  l.ut  a  small  number  of 
Indians  with.n  the.r  encampment  at  a  time.     The  business  waT  com 
monced  by.  Cornstock  in  a  speech  of  great  length,  in  the  course  ^• 
which  he  did  not  (ail  to  charge  upon  the  whites  the  ;hole  cause  of  the 
war  and  mainly  in  consequence  oi  the  murder  of  Lo,a,i's  family     A 
ti.)aty   however,  was  the  result  of  this  co.iierence;  and  thus  coS^nce 
was  the  result  of  the  far-famed  .speech  of  Lo.an,  the  Min  "o  cS 
Since  known  in  every  hemisphere.     It  was  not  clelive,-ed  in  t1ie  cam n 
of  Lord  Dunmore,  for,  although  desiring  peace,   Logan  would  To 
meet  the  whites  m  council,  but  i-emuined  in  his  cabin  in^suilen  si  ence 
ur, .  a  messenger  was  .sent  to  him  to  know  whether  he  would  acS 
,   to  the  proposals  ,t  contauied.    \V],at  -->  di.stance  wa..  f.-om  the  treaty 
ground  to  f.ogan's  cabii,  we  are  n..-  told;  but  of  such  importrmce  was 
IS  name  coris>de,-ed,  that  he  was  wai,.-d  oix  by  a  messeii-Jr  fCl^d 
Dunmore,  who  ,-oquested  his  assent  to  the  artick-s  of  th(3  t^^oatv.  Lo^a 
had  too  much  at  heart  the  wrongs  lately  done  him,  to  accede  withou 
giving   he  m<.,ssenger  to  und^.-stand  flilly  the  gro.in.ls  i,pon  w^c    he 
acceded;  he  therofo..  in^ -.d  lum  mto  ai,  adjacent  wood,  wher^  Ly 
sat  down   ogether.     H.r  =  h.  related  the  events  of  butchc'v  «S  had 
deprived   him  of   all   h,s  con.ectioiis;  aiid  here  he  prorK^unced  tha 
memorable  speech  which  follows;  '  ' 

"  I  appeal  to  any  white  man  to  say  if  c^ver  he  entered  Looan's  ca«n 
hungry,  and  he  ga;e  bim  not  .neat;  if  ever  he  came  cold  and  naked 
and  he  cloihod  him  not.  ^^^"' 

dl   m  his  cabin,  an  advocate  to-  peace.     Such  was  my  love  for  the 

ites  tha    my  countrymen  pointed  as  they  pa.ssed,  and  said,  ^Lo.an 

IS  ttie  f.iend  of  white  men.  ^"o'"' 

"I  had  even  thought  to  have  lived  with  you,  but  for  the  injuries  of 
one  man;  ^donel  (>esap,  the  la.t  .pririg,"  iu  cold  blood,  anTimro 
vokod,  mui-dcrod  all  the  relations  of  Logan;   not  eveii  sparin"  ,  w 
women  and  children.  sparing  my 

"Thci-o  riins  not  a  drop  of  my  blood  in  the  veins  of  any  living 

reature.     Tins  c.!led  on  me  for  revenge.     I  have  sought  it    ^  l^vf 

■led  many.     1  have  fully  glutted  my  vengeance.     Fo'r  my  coui^^try 

f  rejoice  at  the  beams  of  peace.     But  do  not  harbor  a  thLht  that 

mine  is  the  joy  of  (ear.     Logan  never  felt  feai-.     He  will  not  tuln  on 

h^  heel  to  save  his  life.     Who  is  there  to  mourn  for  I^g^n  r^No" 


■ji  fe 


»i 


It 


4L 


308 


■VEKTS   IN   INDIAN   HIITOBY. 


When  Mr.  Jefferson  published  his  "  Notes  on  Virginia,"  the  facts 
therein  stated,  implicating  Cresap  aa  the  murderer  of  Logan's  family, 
were  by  Crcsap's  friends  called  in  question.  Mr.  Jefferson  at  first 
merely  stated  the  facts  as  preliminary  to,  and  the  cause  of,  the 
"Speech  of  Logan,"  which  he  considered  as  generally  known  in  Vir- 
ginia; hut  the  acrimony  discovered  by  his  enemies  in  their  endeavors 
to  gainsay  his  statement,  led  to  an  investigation  of  the  whole  transac- 
tion, and  a  piiiilication  of  the  result  was  the  immediate  consequence, 
in  a  new  edition  of  the  '» Notes  on  Vi'ginia." 

There  an;   [lerliapa  still  some  who  doubt  of  the  genuineness  of 


Logan's 


speech,  and 
cumstanc<'s  laid    be^' 
Journal  for  the  yea 
peaching  in  the  slights 


indeed  wc  must  allow  that  there  arc  some  cir- 


)r«   L 


!>, 


Barton's  Medical  and  Physical 
vhich  look  irreconcilable.  Without  im- 
-lee  the  character  of  Mr.  Jetlerson,  such 
facts  are  there  comparea,  and  disagreements  pointed  out,  as  chanced 
to  come  in  the  way  of  the  writer.  It  appears  from  the  French  traveller 
Robin,  that,  in  the  time  of  our  revolution,  a  gentleman  of  Williams- 
burg gave  him  an  Indian  speech  which  bears  great  resemblance  to  the 
one  said  to  he  by  Logan,  but  differing  very  essentially  in  date,  and 
the  person  implicated  in  murdering  the  family  of  Logan.  'J'he  work 
of  Kobin  is  entitled  "  Now  Travels  in  America.''  It  is  possible  that 
some  mistakes  may  have  crept  into  it,  or  that  Robin  himself  might 
have  misunderstood  the  date,  and  even  other  parts  of  the  affair;  how- 
ever,  the  probability  is  rather  strong  that  either  the  speech  of  Logan 
had  been  perverted  for  the  purpose  of  clearing  Cresap's  character  of 
the  Ibul  blot  which  entirely  covered  it,  by  wilfully  charging  it  upon 
another,  or  that  some  old  speech  of  his  upon  another  occasion  had 
been  remodelled  to  suit  the  purpose  ibr  which  it  was  used.  Upon 
these  questions  we  must  leave  the  reader  to  decide.  Robin  has  tho 
name  of  the  chief  Lonan.  Some  Frenchmen  may  write  it  thus,  but  I 
have  before  me  those  that  do  not,  and  more  probably  some  Englisk 
pronounced  it  so,  and  so  Robin  heard  it.  The  way  he  introduces  the 
speech,  if  the  introduction  be  fact,  forever  destroys  the  genuineness  of 
the  speech  of  Logan  of  1774.     It  is  thus: 

«' Sjieech  of  the  sav:  ■  Lonan,  in  a  general  assembly,  as  it  was 
sent  to  the  Governor  ol  Virginia,  anno  1754." 

Now  it  is  certain,  if  the  speech  which  we  will  give  below  was  de- 
liver d  in  the  assembly  of  Virginia  in  the  year  1754,  it  could  not 
have  been  truly  delivered,  as  we  have  given  it,  to  Lord  Dunmore  in 
1774.    That  the  reader  may  judge  for  himself,  that  of  1754  follows: 

"  Lonan  will  no  longer  oppose  making  the  proposed  peace  with  the 
white  men.  You  are  sensible  lie  never  knew  what  fear  is, — that  he 
never  turned  his  back  in  the  day  of  battle.  No  one  has  more  love 
for  the  white  men  than  I  have.  The  war  we  have  had  with  them  has 
been  long  and  bloody  on  both  sidt^s.  Rivers  of  blood  have  run  on  all 
parts,  and  yet  no  good  has  resulted  therefrom  to  any.  1  once  more 
repeat  it, — let  us  be  at  pence  with  these  men.  I  will  Ibrget  our  inju- 
ries ;  the  interest  of  my  country  demands  it.  1  will  forget, — but 
difficult  indeed  is  the  task!    Yes,  I  will  forget— that  Major  Rogers 


Logan's  sprech  questionbd. 


900 


cruelly  nnd  inhumanly  murdered,  in  their  canoes,  my  wife,  my  chil- 
dren,  my  father,  my  mother,  and  all  my  kindred.-This  roused  me 
t.)  deeds  ot  vengeance  !  I  was  cruel  in  despite  of  myself  I  will  die 
content  if  my  country  is  once  more  at  peace;  but  when  Lonan  shall 

w-  ?'"'''<.'         '  "'''''  "'"  '^''''1'  ■'^  ^^''^i'  fo  ^he  memory  of  Lonan  i" 

With  a  few  incidents  and  r..(!,.rti.)ns,  we  will  close  our  account  of 
events  coiine(;ted  with  the  history  of  Cresap's  war. 

On  the  evenini^r  before  the  battle  of  Point  Pleasant,  Cornstock  pro- 
posed  to  h.s  warnors  to  make  p,-a,v  with  General  Lewis,  and  avoid  a 
battle,  but  his  advice  was  not  accepted  by  the  council.  «  Well  "  said 
he,  "Since  you  have  resolved  to  i]nht,  you  shall  tight,  although  it  is 
likely  we  shall  have  hard  work  to-inorrow;  but  if  any  man  shalf  flinch 
or  run  away  irom  the  battle,  I  will  kill  him  with  mv  own  hand  "  And 
It  IS  said  he  made  his  word  good  by  putting  one  to  death  who  dis- 
covered  cowanhce  ,|,n-ing  the  f.ght,  as  has  krn  mentioned. 

Atler  the  Indians  had  retreated,  Co-nstock  called  a  council  at  the 
(Jjilicothe  t,)wn  f.  consult  on  what  was  t.)  be  done.  Here  he 
reflcctcMl  upon  the  rasliuoss  that  had  been  exercised  in  fightin-  the 
whites  at  1  o,nt  Pleasant:  and  asked,  "What  shall  we  do  now?  The 
Luns-Kmves  are  coming  upon  us  by  two  routes.  Shall  we  turn  out 
and  light  hem  /  ^^o  answ.-r  was  made.  He  then  inquired,  "Shall 
wc  ki  1  all  our  sfpiavvs  and  children,  and  then  fight  until  we  shall  all 
'«'  k'lly'  oiuselves  ?"  As  belbre,  all  were  silent:  In  the  midst  of  the 
.'ouiici  -house  a  war-post  had  been  eivcted ;  will,  his  tomahawk  in  his 
hand,  (.ornstock  turned  towanls  it,  and  sticking  it  into  the  post,  he 
.aid  "NU..0  you  are  not  inclined  to  fi.rbt,  |  will'go  and  make  peace;" 
and  he  iorlhwith  repaired  to  Dimmoro's  eamp. 

Ill  respect  to  the  spe(vh  of  Logan,  it  would  bo  hiohly  irratifyin<r 
il  a  l.nv  mii^ters  conn.;ctcd  with  it  <-ould  be  settled;  but  whether  thev 
'■ver  will,  tune  only  can  .leterniiae.  Fro,,,  the  statement  of  Dr.  Bar- 
on, K^lore  cited,  we  a,.,  led  to  expect  that  h(.  had  other  documents 
than  those  he  at  thai  tunc  published,  going  to  show  that  Cresap  was 
not  the  munlerer  ol  Logmi's  limiily;  bul  he  n.n-er  published  them,  as 
Iranlea.'n  and  he  i,as  lefnis  to  conjectui'c  upon  such  as  we  have 
Annt  ,..r  a.jlhor,  upon  ,he  autho,-ity  of  an  ollicer  who  was  at  the  time 
withl.n,-d  )uu,nore,  slates  that  i,(,  |,er,nl  imlhiug  of  Logan's  charcdna 
tresap  will,  the  mmxior  of  his  kindred  duriii- the  whole  campalarT 
nor  until  a  long  |„„e  after.  That  it  was  not  publicly  talked  of  a.no^nJ 
he  oheers  is  „.  no  wise  strange,  as  Cresap  himself  was  one  of  theml 
herotoi-e,  that  tl„8  ,s  evidence  I  hat  no  snch  charge  wvas  made  bv 
bogaii,  we  think  unworthy  considei-ation.  ' 

Amongolh.'r  proofs  that  the  chief  guilt' lav  upon  the  head  of  Cresap 
>»  bnngmg  about  a  bloody  war,  since  w.^ll  known   by   his  name 
•ludgo   nnes  ot  Frankfort,  Kentucky,  wrote  to  Mr.  Jefferson,  March 

nf,r  ;.•','•  "'■'''  •'-  "'"'"-''f'  ^'^'^  '°  Siv«  him  more  particulars 
01  that  altair  than  p(M-haps  any  other  person;  that  in  1774,  while  at 
ho  house  of  Colonel  Preston,  in  Fincastle  county,  Viroinia,  there 
arr  ved  an  express,  calling  upon  him  to  order  out  the  militia,  "for  the 
protection  of  the  inhabitants  residing  low  down  on  the  north  fork  of 


814) 


KVENTfl   IN    INDIAN    HISTORY. 


Hcylston  river.  The  express  brounrht  with  him  a  war-club,  and  a  note 
tied  to  it,  which  was  lell  ut  the  house  ol'  one  Robertson,  whose  family 
wore  cut  oil'  !)y  the  Indians,  and  <j;ave  rise  lor  the  application  to  Col. 
Preston."  Hen;  follows  the  letler  or  note,  of  wjiich  Mr.  Innes  then 
made  a  copy  in  his  nieinorandum-ljook: 

•'Captain  Cresap,  What  did  yon  kill  my  people  on  Yellow  creek 
for'.'  The  white  peoi)le  killed  my  kin  at  Conestoj^a*  a  f^reat  while 
at,'o,  and  1  thouoht  nothing  of  that.  Hut  you  kdled  my  kin  again  on 
Yellow  cretik,  and  took  my  cousin  prisoner.  Then  I  thought  I  niUHt 
kill  too,  and  I  havi;  been  three  times  to  war  since;  but  the  Indians 
are  not  angry,  only  myself.  (signed)  Capt.  John  Logan." 

Not  long  ader  these  times  of  calamities,  which  we  have  recorded 
in  the  life  of  Logan,  he  was  cruelly  murdered  as  he  was  on  his  way 
home  from  IJetroit.  For  a  time  previous  to  his  death  he  gave;  himself 
up  to  intoxication,  which  in  a  short  tin)e  nearly  obliterated  all  marks 
of  the  great  man. 

The  fate  of  Cornstock  is  equally  deplorable,  although  in  the  con- 
templation of  which,  his  character  does  not  sailer,  as  does  that  o!' 
Logan.  lie  was  cruelly  murdered  by  some  vvhit(!  soldiers,  while  (i 
hostage  among  them.  And  there  is  as  much,  nay,  far  more,  to  carry 
down  his  remembrance!  to  posterity,  as  that  of  the  tragical  death  ol 
Archimedes.  lb;  was  not  murdered  while  actually  drawing  geomet- 
rical figures  upon  the  ground,  hut,  while  he  was  explaining  th( 
geography  of  his  country  by  drawings  upon  the  lloor,  an  alarm  was 
given,  which,  in  a  lew  minutes  alter,  eventuated  in  his  death.  We 
will  now  m  into  an  explanr'ion  of  the  cause  and  manner  of  the 
murder  of  Cornstock.  It  is  well  known  that  the  war  of  tlrc  revolution 
had  involved  all,  or  nearly  all,  of  the  Indians  in  dreadful  calamities. 
In  consef|uence  of  murders  committed  by  the  Indians  on  the  frontiers 
of  Virginia,  several  companies  marcluHl  to  Point  Pleasant,  wlu-ie  there 
had  been  a  Ibrt  since  the  battle  ihcre  in  1774.  Most  of  the  tribes  ol' 
the  northwest,  except  the  Shawaiiese,  were  determined  to  light  against 
the  Americans.  Cornstock  wished  to  ])reserv(!  peace,  and  tlierefore, 
as  the  only  means  in  his  ))ower,  as  he  had  used  his  i)oweriiil  eki- 
quence  in  v.iin,  resolved  to  lay  the  state  of  atlairs  before  the  Ameri- 
cans, that  they  might  avert  the  threatened  storm.  In  the  spring  ol 
1777,  h(,' came" to  the  fort  at  Point  Pleasant,  upon  this  friendly  mission. 
in  company  with  another  chief,  calleil  Ued-Hawk.  After  explaining 
the  situation  of  things  with  regard  to  the  conlederate  tribes,  he  said, 
in  regard  to  his  (jwn,  the  Shawanese,  "  The  current  sets  (with  the 
Indians)  so  strong  against  the  Americans,  in  consequence  of  the  agency 
of  the  British,  that  they  (the  Shawanese)  will  float  with  it,  I  lear,  in 
spite  of  all  my  exertions."  Upon  this  intelligence,  the  commander  oi~ 
the  garrison  thought  proper  to  detain  him  and  Red-Hawk  as  hostages. 
to  prevent  the  meditated  calamities.     When  Captain  Arbuckle,  tht 

*  AUudirs",  I  sunpose.  to  the  massacra  of  the  ConeRtogii  ^Hclians  in  1763. 


ADAM    FOI. 


Sll 


roniniander  of  the  garrison,  had  notified  the  new  government  of  Vir. 
g-  ua  of  the  situation  of  affairs,  and  what  he  had  done,  forces  marched 
,.  o  that  country      A  part  of  them  having  arrived,  Waited  for  otS 
rroSnf"  ""'"  '''""^'    "^"''  °"  "h«-  »^ese  depended^ 
Meanwhile  the  officers  held  frequent  conversations  with  Cornstock 
^vho  took  pleasure  m  g.ving  then  n.iuute  descriptions  of  his  county 
and  especmlly  of  that  portion   between  the  Mississippi  nr.d  MissouW' 
One  day  as  he  was  dchneatin.  u  map  of  it  upon  llle  floor,  lor  the 
g.at.f.cat.on  o    (hose  present,  a  call  was  heard  in  the  opposi.;  side  of 
the  Ohio  which  he  at  once  recognised  as  the  voice  of  his  sun,  lillinipsU^o 
jv;ho  had  fought  at  us  side  in  the  lamous  battle  of  Point  Pleusrt.Tn 
1-74,  of  which  we  have  spoken.    At  the  request  of  his  father,  Ellinip. 
«ico  came  to  the  (ort,  where  they  had  an  affectionate  meetin '.      tL 
son  had  become  uneasy  at  his  father's  long  absence,  and  ha.l  at  Icn-th 
sought  Inm  out  m  his  exile  here-prompted  by  those  feelini  whfch 
JO  njuch  ad(n-n  human  nature.     The  next  day,  two  men  crossed    he 
Kanhawa,  upori  a  hunting  expedition.     As  they  were  returnin-/ to 
hen-  boat  afler  then-  hunt,  and  near  the  side  of  the  river,  thc.y  we  e 
red  upon  by  some  Indians,  and  one  of  the  two,  named  (;  hnore,  was 
killed,  but  the  other  escaped.     A  party  of  Captai.  Hall's  men  went 
-ncr  and  brought  in   the  body  of  Gilmore;  whereupon  a  cry  was 
raided,  "  Let  us  go  and  kill  the  Indians  in  the  fort."  '  An  infifriaTed 
gang,  with  Captam  Hall  at  their  head,  s.3t  out  with  this  nelhi-ious 
leso  ution,  and,  against  every  remonstrance,  proceeded  to  commit  the 
deed  of  blood.     With  their  guns  cocked,  they  swore  death  to  any  who 
shoud  oppose  them.       n  the  mean  time,  some  ran  to  appris^,  the 
<evoted  chiefs  o    their  danger.     As  the  murderers  approached,  Ml  in! 
.CO  discovered  agitation,  which  when  Cornstock  siw,  he  said,  "My 
.on,  the  Great  fepint  has  seen  fit  that  we  should  die  together,  and 
has  sent  you  to  that  end.     it  is  his  will,  and  let  us  submit."     The 
imirderers  had  now  arrived,  and  the  old  chief  turned  around  and  met 
whLt  a  Silt-'™  ^'^"'^^^  ^^^h  ^--^  b""^^-     He  fell,and  died 


CHAPTER  X, 


ADAM  POH:, 

About  th<^  middle  of  July,  1782,  seven  Wyandots  crossed  the  Ohio 
i  few  miles  above  Wheeling,  and  committed'.reat  .lopred.-uions  imon 
'he  southern  shore,  killing  an  old  man  whom^^they  foind  alone  in'hTs 
S„  ■'  ""^  «fe«f  'ng  terror  throughout  the  neighborhood.  Within  a 
k.w  hours  alter  |i,oir  retreat,  eight  men  assembled  from  different  parts 
0  the  small  settlement,  and  pursued  the  enemy  with  great  expedSron 
Among  the  m^t  active  and  efficient  of  the  party,  were  tl  bm  £" 
Adam  and  Andrew  Foe.   Adam  wa«  n'^rti.u\LiJ']^^    li    ™      ^ 


ill 
fi 


h 


I 


312 


EVENTS    IN    INDIAN    H18T0HV. 


action,  and  hardihood,  he  had  no  t'(|ual — bting-finely  formed  and  inured 
to  all  the  perils  of  ihe  woods.  Thi-y  had  not  iollowcd  the  trail  far, 
before  they  becurnc  satisiicd  that  ;l»f  (ic|)r('dat(>rs  were  conducted  by 
Big-Foot,  a  ronowncid  chief  of  the  \\  yandot  tribe,  who  derived  his 
name  from  the  immense  size  of  his  leet.  His  hciulit  considerably 
exceeded  six  |{'(!t,  and  his  slreiijith  was  rcpresenicd  as  Ileirulcan. 
ile  had  also  fi\e  brothers,  but  little  inli'rior  to  iiim.self  in  size  and 
coura^'e,  and  as  they  generally  went  in  ci^iipany,  they  were  the  t"rror 
of  the  whole  country.  Adam  I'oe  was  ovfirjoyed  at  the  idea  of  men. 
surinjf  his  strentith  with  lliat  ui"  so  celebrated  a  chief,  and  urged  the 
pursuit  with  u  keenness  which  {|iiickly  hrouohl  him  into  the  vicinity 
of  the  enemy.  For  tlic  last  li-w  miles,  the  In.il  had  led  them  U[)  the 
southern  baidc  of  the  Ohio,  where  ihe  lliot-prints  in  the  sand  were 
deep  and  obvious;  but  when  within  a  Ic'W  bundled  yards  of  tlie  jjuint 
ut  which  the  whites  as  well  as  the  Indians  were  in  the  habit  of  cross- 
ing, it  suddenly  diverfi;ed  from  the  stream,  and  stretched  alon^^  a  rocky 
'•idge,  forminii;  anobtus(!  ani.de  with  ils  foruu'r  direction.  Here  Adam 
halted  for  a  moment,  and  directed  his  brotli('r  and  the  other  young 
men  to  follow  the  trail  wilh  proper  caution,  while  he  himself  still 
adhered  to  the  .river  path,  wbicdi  led  tbrouj^h  clusiers  of  willows 
directly  to  the  point  where  he  supposed  the  enemy  to  lie.  Having 
examined  tlu;  priming  of  liis  unn,  he  crept  cauliou.ly  through  the 
bushes,  until  he  had  a  view  of  the  point  of  eiuharkalion.  Here  lay 
two  canoes,  em[)ty  and  apparently  deserted.  Being  satisfied,  however, 
that  the  Indians  were  close  at  hand,  he  rela.\ed  notbiiig  of  his  vigi- 
lance, and  (]uickly  gained  a  jutting  dill",  w  Inch  hung  iinmediatet}'  over 
the  canoes.  Hearing  a  l<»w  murnuu'  below,  he  peered  cautiously  over, 
and  beheld  the  object  of  his  cearch.  Tlie  gigantic  Big-Foot  lay  below 
him  in  the  shade  of -a  willow,  and  was  talking  in  a  low  deep  tone  to 
another  warrior,  who  seemed  a  mere  pigmy  by  l.i.s  side.  Adam 
cautiously  drew  back  and  cock"d  his  gun.  The  mark  .was  fair — the 
distance  did  not  exceed  twenty  leet,  and  his  aim  was  unerring. 
Raising  his  rifle  slowly  and  cautiously,  he  took  a  steady  aim  at  Big- 
Foot's  breast,  and  drew  the  trigger.  His  gun  liashed.  Both  Indian's 
sprung  to  their  feet  with  a  deep  iuterjection  of  surprise,  and  lijr  a 
single  second  they  all  three  stared  upon  each  other.  This  inactivity, 
however,  was  soon  over.  Adam  was  too  much  hampered  by  the 
bushes  to  retreat,  and  setting  his  life  upon  a  cast  of  the  die,  he  sprung 
over  the  bush  which  had  sheltered  him,  and  summoning  all  his  powers, 
leaped  boldly  down  the  precipice  and  alighted  upon  tlie  breast  of  Big- 
Foot  with  a  shock  that  bore  him  to  the  earth.  At  tlic  moment  of 
contact,  Adam  had  also  thrown  his  right  arm  around  the  neck  of  the 
smaller  Indian,  so  that  all  three  came  to  the  earth  together.  At  that 
moment  a  sharp  tiring  was  heard  among  the  bushes  above,  announcing 
that  the  other  parties  were  engaged,  but  the  fiio  below  were  too  busy 
to  attend  to  any  thing  but  themselves.  Big-Foot  was  for  an  instant 
stunned  by  the  violence  of  the  shock,  and  Adam  was  enabled  to  keep 
them  both  down.  But  the  exertion  necessary  for  that  purpose  was  so 
great,  that  he  had  no  leisure  to  use  his  knife.     Big-Foot  quickly 


ADAM   Poe. 


su 


recovered,  and  without  nttcmptins  f"  ''iso,  wrapprd  his  long  urnis 
round  vyium's  body,  and  prcssod  hini  to  his  breast  with  tho  cnishinf 
force  of  a  boa  constrictor!   Adam,  as  wo  liave  alroadv  roniarkod,  was 
a  powerful  man,  and  had  seldom  oncountored  his  equal ;   but  never 
had  ]u)  yet  jolt  an  embrace  like  that  of  Hi^r-Foot.    lie  instantly  relaxed 
his  hold  of  the  small  Indian,  who  sprumr  to  his  leet.     Hi.r.i''(Mit  then 
ordered  him  to  run  ihr  liis  tomahawk,  which  lav  within  ten  steps,  and 
kill  the  white  man  while  he  held  him  in  his  anns.     Adani,  seein<'  his 
danger,  struggled  manfully  to  (>.\tricate  himself  i'lom  the  (bids  of  the 
giant,  but  in  vain.     Tho  lesser  Indian  ap[)roache(l  with  his  uj.lilled 
tomahawk,  but  Adam  watched  him  closely,  and  as  he  was  about  to 
strike,  gave  him  a  kick  so  sudden  and  violent,  as  to  knock  th(!  toma- 
ha\Vk  from  his  hand,  and  send  him  sfagg(!ring  back  into  tho  water. 
Big-Foot  uttered  an  exclamation  in  a  tone  of  deep  contempt  at  the 
failure  of  his  companion,  fuid  raising  his  voice  to  the  hiuhest  pitch, 
thundered  out  several  words  in  the  Indian  tongue,  which  Adam  (xadd 
not  understand,  but  sup[)osed  to  be  a  direction  lor  a  second  attack. 
The  lesser  Indian  now  again  a[)proached,  caretiillv  shunning  Adam's 
heels,  and  making  many  motions  with   his  tomahawk,  in  order  to 
deceive  him  as  to  the;  point  where  th(!  blow  would  fall.     This  lasted 
several  seconds,  until  a  thundering  exclamation  from  Big-Foot  com- 
pelled  his  companion  to  strike.  'Such  was  Adam's  dexterity  and 
vigilance,  however,  that  he  managed  to  receive  the  tomahawk  in  a 
glancmg  direction  upon  his  lelt,  wrist,  wounding  him  deeply,  but  not 
disabling  him.     lie  now  made  a  sudden  and  desp(>rate  efibrt  to  free 
himself  from  the  arms  of  the  giant,  and  succcodetl.     Instantly  snatch- 
inguparitlc,  (for  the  Indian  could  not  venture  to  shoot  for  fear  of 
hurting  his  companion,)  he  shot  the  N-sser  Indian  through  the  body. 
But  scarcely  had  he  done  so  when  Big-Foot  arose,  and  [)iacing  one 
hand  upon  his  collar  and  tho  other  upon  his  hip,  pitched  him  into  the 
air  as  he  himself  would  have  pitched  a  child.     Adam  fell  upon  his 
back  at  the  edge  of  tho  water,  but  before  his  antagonist  could  spring 
upon  him,  he  was  .-igfu'n  upon  his  feet,  and  si     g  with  rage  at  the 
idea  of  being  handled  so  easily,  he  attacked  h.s  gigantic  antagonist 
with  a  fury  which  for  a  time  compensated  for  inferiority  in  strength. 
It  was  now  a  fjiir  fist  fight  between  them,  for  in  the  hurry  of  "the 
struggle  neither  had  leisure  to  draw  their  knives.     Adam's  superior 
activity  and  experience  as  a  pugilist  gave  him  great  advantage.     The 
Indian  struck  awkwardly,  and  finding  himself  rapidly  dropping  to  the 
leeward,  he  closed  with  his  antagonist,  and  again  hurled  him  to  the 
ground.     They  quickly  rolled  into  the  river,  and  the  struggle  con- 
tinued with  unabated  fury,  each  attempting  to  drown  the  other.     The 
Indian  being  unused  to  such  violent  exertion,  and  having  been  much 
injured  by  the  first  shock  in  his  stomach,  was  unable  to  exert  the  same 
powers  which  had  given  him  such  a  decided  superiority  at  first;  and 
Adanf),  seizing  him  by  the  scalp-lock,  put  his  head  under  water,  and 
held  It  there  until  the  faint  struggles  of  the  Indian  induced  him  to 
behove  that  he  was  drowned,  when  he  relaxed  his  hold  and  attempted 
to  draw  his  knife.    Tho  Indian,  however,  to  use  Adam's  own  oxpres- 
27 


»u 


EVINTS    IN   INDIAN   niHTORY. 


sion,  "had  only  bcftn  possuming."  lie  instantly  rofrainod  his  feet, 
and  in  his  turn  put  his  advcrHury  under.  In  the  Htruj^^io  bulh  were 
carried  out  into  the  (current  b(!yond  their  deptli,  and  each  was  com. 
polled  to  relax  his  hold  and  .swim  \h[-  his  lili.\  There  was  still  enc 
loaded  rille  upon  the  shun;,  and  <  aeh  swam  hard  in  order  It)  reach  it; 
hut  the  Indian  j)roved  tho  most  expert  swimtner,  and  Adam,  seeinsi 
that  ho.  should  be  too  late,  turned  and  swam  out  info  the  stream, 
intciudih;^  to  dive,  and  thus  iVustrate  his  enemy's  int(,'nfion.  At  this 
instant  Andrew,  having-  heard  that  his  brother  was  alone;  in  u  struffglc 
with  two  Indians,  and  in  great  dan<^er,  ran  up  hastily  to  llu;  edt'e  of 
the  baidc  above  in  order  'c  assist  him.  Another  whit(;  man  lijllowed 
him  clos(ly,  and  seeing  /.dam  in  the;  river,  coveri'd  with  blood,  und 
swimming  rapidly  from  the  shore,  mistook  him  liir  an  Indian  and 
fired  u[)on  hitn,  wounding  him  dangerously  in  iIk!  shoulder.  Adam 
turned,  and  seeing  his  brother,  called  loudly  upon  him  to  "shoot  the 
big  Indian  up»jn  the  shore."  Andrew's  gun,  h(jw(!ver,  was  empty, 
having  just  been  discluirged.  I'ortunately  Hig-Foot  had  also  seized 
the  gun  with  ^vhich  Adam  had  shot  the  ludiaii,  so  that  both  were  upon 
equality.  The  contest  now  was  which  should  load  fu'st.  Big-Fool 
poured  in  his  powd(!r  first,  and  drawing  his  ramrod  out  of  its  sheath 
in  too  great  a  hurry,  threw  it  into  the  river,  and  while  he  ran  to 
recover  it,  Andrew  gained  an  advantage.  Still  the  Indian  was  but  a 
s(!cond  too  late,  for  his  gun  was  at  his  shoulder  when  Andrew's  ball 
entered  his  breast.  The  gun  dropped  from  his  hands,  and  he  lell  for- 
ward upon  his  face  upon  the  very  margin  of  the  river.  Andrew,  now 
alarmed  for  his  hrother,  who  was  scarc(dy  able  to  swim,  threw  down 
his  gun  and  rush(;d  into  the  river  in  ord(;r  to  bring  him  ashore.  But 
Adam,  rnore  intent  upon  securing  the  scalp  of  Big-Foot  as  a  trophy 
than  upon  his  own  salety,  called  loudly  upon  his  brother  to  leave  liini 
alone  and  scalp  the  big  Indian,  who  was  now  endeavoring  to  roll 
himself  into  the  water,  from  a  romantic  desire,  [)eculiar  to  the  Indian 
warrior,  of  pccuring  his  scal|)  from  the  (UKMriy.  Andrew,  however, 
refused  to  obev,  and  insisted  on  saving  the  livinii  before  atlendiu"  to 
the  dead.  Big-Foot,  in  the  mean  time,  had  succtjeded  in  reaching  the 
deep  water  before  he  expired,  and  his  body  was  borne  oil"  by  the 
waves,  without  being  stripped  of  the  pride  and  ornament  of  an  Indian 
warrior. 

Not  a  man  of  the  Indians  had  esca[)ed.  Five  of  Big-Foot's  brothers. 
the  flower  of  the  Wyandot  nation,  had  accompanied  him  in  tho  expe- 
dition, and  all  perished.  It  is  said  thai:  the  news  threw  the  whole  tribe 
into  mourning.  Their  remarkable  size,  their  courage,  and  their  supe- 
rior intelligence,  gave  them  immense  influence,  which,  greatly  to  their 
credit,  was  generally  exerted  on  tho  side  of  humanity.  Their  powerful 
interposition  had  saved  many  prisoners  from  the  stake,  and  given  a 
milder  character  to  the  warfare  of  the  Indians  In  that  part  of  tho 
country.  Adam  Poo  recovered  of  his  wounds,  and  lived  many  years 
after  his  memorable  conflict ;  but  never  forgot  the  tremendous  "  hug'" 
which  he  sustained  in  the  arms  of  Big-Foot. 


OAPTiviTT  or  jonw  onrrz. 


315 


iii- 


CriAPTEK  XI. 

MARRATIVK  OF  THE  (-'AI'TIVITY  OP  JOHV  ORTI/    A  HPAVfAPn    ivi.r,  i»*. 

Kr,;;vK,v  vhaks  a  i-rihonku  among  tiie  inu.1\-h  <Tf^i!o2[;^^  "^^^ 

III  tho  ycy  l.'VJH,  Fattiphilc.  ,1,,  Nurvao/.,  with  u  commiHsion  consti- 
tutiii-  l.im  (;.avonK)i-.,ri.'|„ri(l;,,  or  "all  (ho  lands  Ivinn  from  tho  River 
o(  iaims  to  th-!  (;a|K.  of  Florid;,,"  s.-iiicd  Ibr  tliiit  country  will,  four 
l.uiHlrod^  foot  find  twenty  horse,  ir,  livo  .sliip.s.  With  tliis  oxpoditiou 
went  a  hpauiard,  nanrnd  John  Orti/,  a  nativ.;  of  Scvilk,  whose  con- 
net;tif)ns  wen-  anioni,'  the  nobility  ot"  CJaHtile.  Ailh.»iJ"h  we  have  no 
m;oount  of  what  part  Ortiz  acted  in  Narvaez/H  expedition,  or  how  he 
t-acaped  its  (hsastroun  issui;,  yet  it  may  not  bo  deemed  out  of  place  to 
notice  hnefly  li'-n;  that  issue. 

This  Narvaez  liad  acquired  some  notoriety  bv  tht;  manner  in  winch 
lie  h  I  executed  a  commission  a-ainst  O.rlez.  "  He  lind  hetm  ordered 
t.y  the  Governor  of  Cnha  to  seize  the  destroy.;r  (jf  Mexico,  but  was 
himselt  overthrown  and  deserted  by  his  men.  (hi  fallin^r  int.,  the 
hands  of  Corfez,  his  arn.;,ranee  did  not  forsake  him,  and  lu  "uldressed 
liim  thus:  "  Ivsteem  it  yood  fortune  that  you  have  taken  mo  prisoner  " 
•'Nay,  replied  (Jortez,  "  it  is  the  least  of  tiie  ihim-s  I  hav.;  clone  in 
Mexico.  To  return  to  the  expedition  of  which  we  liuve  promised  to 
speak. 

Narvaez  landed  in  Florida  not  very  fiir  from,  or  {)erhaps  at,  the 
!)ay  of  Apalachee,  in  the  month  of  Ajjril,  and  inarched  into  the  coun- 
try  with  Jus  nj^-n.     Th.ey  Icncnv  no  other  direction  but  that  pointed  out 
by  the  Indians,  whom  they  compelled  to  act  as  -iiides.     Their  first 
dis!ippomtm:;nt  was  on  their  arrival  at  the  village  ot^Apalachee,  where 
mstoaii  of  a  splendid  town,  filled  with  immense  treasure,  as  they  liad 
anticipated,  they  fbiii   i  only  about  fi)rtv  Indian  wii-wams.    When  they 
visited  one  Indiui  town,  its  inhabitants  would  ^errid  of  them  by  teli- 
ing  ihem  ofan-)iher  wlu^re  fh(ur  wauls  would  be  nratilied.     .Suiii  was 
the  manner  in  which  Narvaez  and  liis  eom[)anions  rambled  over  ei^ht 
liundrcd  miles  of  country  in  about  six  months'  time,  ai  a  vast  expense 
of  m(-n  and  necessaries  which  they  carried  with  tbein:  for  the  Indians 
aniiDved  them  at  every  pass,  not  only  cuttino'  off  many  of  the  men, 
but  seizinif  on   their  Ijagyage  upon  every  occasion  which  oilered 
Beiu'^f  now  arrived  upon  the  coast,  in  a  wretched  condition,  they  con^ 
slructcd  some   miserable  barks  corrcspondiii-  wilh  their  imia'ns,  in 
which  none  but  miui  in  such'  extremities  would  embark.     In  these 
they  coasted  toward  New  Spain.     When  they  came  near  the  mouth 
oilhe  Mississii)pi,  ihey  were  cast  away  in  a  storm,  and  all  but  tiik^en 
')f  their  number  perished.     Out  of  these,  fifteen,  four  only  lived  to 
reach  Mexico,  and  these  afler  eight  years  wliolly  spent  in  xvanderinf's 
fi'oni  place  to  place,  enduring.-  incredible  hardsiiips  and  miseries. 

1  he  next  year  afler  the  end  of  Narvaez's  expedition,  the  intelliirence 
of  his  disaster  having  reached  his  wile,  whom  he  left  in  Cuba^  she 
fitted  out  a  small  company,  consisting  of  twenty  or  thirty  men,  who 


:;|  , 


fl.| 


i 

1 

w  Hi 

'!>uG  •] 

usl  'JHJ 

H  i 

H 

rnii 

1  fflHl 

^KIBlli^Wi 

1 

Hi 

316 


KVKNTS    IN    INDIAN    UlSTOEV. 


\\ 


sailed  in  a  brigantine  to  Koarch  after  him,  hoping  some  fortuitous  cir- 
cumstance might  have  prolonged  his  existence  upon  the  coast,  and 
that  he  might  ho  found.  Of  this  number  was  John  Ortiz,  the  subject 
of  this  narrative. 

On  their  arrival  there,  they  sought  an  opportunity  to  have  an  inlei'- 
viovv  with  the  first  Indians  they  should  meet.  Opportunity  imme- 
diately otfered,  and  as  soon  as  Indians  wen;  discovered,  the  Spaniards 
ad.vancccl  towards  them  in  their  boats,  while  the  Indians  came  down 
to  the  shore.  These  wily  people  prac^tised  a  stratagem  upon  this 
'xxasion  which  to  this  day  seems  a  mysterious  one,  and  we  have  no 
meims  of  cx))laining  it. 

Three  or  four  Indians  came  near  thf)  shore,  and,  setting  a  stick  in 
the  ground,  placed  in  a  cleft  in  its  toj)  a  l(;ttcr,  and  withdrawing  a 
little  distance,  made  signs  to  the  h'paniards  to  come  and  take  it.  All 
the  company,  (;xcept  John  Ortiz  and  one  nu^re,  refused  to  go  out  for 
the  letter,  rightly  judging  it  to  be  used  only  to  ensnare  them ;  but 
Ortiz,  presuming  it  was  from  Narvaez,  and  containing  some  account 
of  himself,  would  not  be;  pcrsuatled  from  venturing  on  shore  to  bring 
it,  although  all  the  rest  but  the  one  who  acc(MTi|)anied  him  strenuously 
argued  against  it. 

Now  there  was  an  Indian  village  very  near  this  |)lace,  and  no 
sooner  had  Ortiz  and  his  companion  advanced  to  the  place  where  the 
letter  was  displayed,  than  a  multitude  came  running  from  it,  and 
surrounding  them,  seized  csagerly  u[)on  them.  The  mimber  of  the 
Indians  was  so  great,  that  the  Spaniards  in  the  vessels  did  not  dare  to 
attempt  to  rescue  them,  and  saw  them  carried  forcibly  away.  In  the 
first  onset  the  )nan  who  accompanied  (.)rliz  was  killed,  lie  having 
made  resistance  when  he  was  seized. 

Not  far  from  the  place  where  they  were  made  prisoners  was 
.mother  Indian  town,  or  village,  consisting  of  about  eight  or  ten 
houses  or  wigwams.  These  houses  were  made  of  wood,  and  covered 
with  |)alm-leavcs.  At  one  end  of  this  village  there  was  a  building 
which  the  captive  called  a  tem[)le,  but  of  what  diuKinsions  it  was  he 
makes  no  mention.  Over  the  door  of  <'ntrance  into  this  temple  there 
was  placed  the  figure  of  a  bird,  carved  out  in  wo(jd,  and  it  was 
•especially  surprising  that  this  bird  had  gilded  (\ves.  No  allempt  is 
made  bv  Ortiz  even  to  conjectun;  how  oi  l)y  whom  the  art  of  gilding 
was  practised,  in  this  wild  and  distant  region,  nor  docs  he  mention 
meeting  with  anv  other  spiM-imen  t)f  that  art  during  his  ca])tivity.  At 
the  opposite  extremity  of  this  village  stood  the  house  of  the  chief,  or 
I'.azique,  as  he  was  often  called,  upon  an  eminence,  raiscnl,  as  it  was 
;<U[)posed,  i'ov  a  l()rtiiication.  These  things  nnnained  the  same  ten 
years  afterwards,  and  are  mentioned  by  the  historian  of  Fernando  de 
Soto's  invasion  of  Florida.  The  name  of  the  chief  of  this  village  is 
(Jcita,  before  whom  was  presented  the  ca])tive,  Ortiz,  who  was  con- 
Jemned  to  suiler  immediate  death. 

'JMie  manner  of  his  death  was  by  torture,  which  was  to  be  cflected 
m  tins  wise.  The  executioners  set  four  stakes  in  the  ground,  and  to 
chese  they  fastened  four  poles ;  the  captive  was  then  taken,  and  with 


CAPTIVITy   OF   JOHN   OKTIZ. 


317 


his  arms  and  legs  extended,  was  by  them  bound  to  these  poles,  at  such 
a  distance  from  the  ground  that  a  (ire,  made  directly  under  him,  would 
be  a  long  time  in  consuming  him.  Never  did  a  poor  viclim  look  with 
.rreater  certainty  to  death  (or  relief,  than  did  John  Ortiz  at  this  time. 

Ihe  hre  had  already  begun  to  rage,  when  a  most  remarkable  circum- 
stance  happened  to  save  his  li(e— a  daughter  of  the  stern  Ucita  arose 
and  plead  (or  him.  Among  oth(;r  things  she  said  those  to  her  father- 
"My  kmd  (ather,  why  kill  this  poor  stranoer'.'  he  can  do  you  nor 
any  o(  us  any  injury,  seeing  he  is  but  one^and  alone.  It  is  better 
that  you  should  keep  him  conlliied;  (or  even  in  that  condition  he 
may  sometime  be  of  great  service  to  you."  'I'he  chief  was  silent  for 
a  short  time,  but  finally  ordered  him  to  bn  released  from  his  place  of 
torture.  Thcjy  had  no  sooner  taken  the  thongs  from  his  wrists  and 
ankltjs,  than  they  proceeded  to  wash  and  dress  his  wounds,  and  to  do 
(lungs  to  make  him  coinlortable. 

7\s  soon_  as  his  wounds  were  healed,  Ortiz  was  stationed  at  the 
outrmice  of  the  t(>mple,  belbre  mentioned,  to  guard  it  against  such  as 
were  not  allowed  to  enter  there;  but  especially  to  guard  its  beintr 
prodmed  by  wild  beasts;  lor  as  it  was  a  place  of  sacrifices,  wolves 
were  its  constant  visiters.     He  had  not  long  been  in  this  oflice,  when 
an  event  occurred,  which  threw  him  into  great  consternation.    Human 
victims  were  brought  in  as  sacrilices  and' deposited  here;  and  not  long 
after  Ortiz  had  been  placed  as  sentinel,  the  body  of  a  young  Indian 
was  brought  and  laid  upon  a  kind  of  sarcophagus,  which,  from  the 
multitudes  that  had  from  time  to  time  been  ollered  there,  was  sur- 
rounded wiih  blood  and  bones!  a  most  rueful  si^lit,  as  ever  any  eye 
beheld  .'—here  an  arm  (W\sli  torn  from  its  place,  reeking  with  blood; 
another  exhibifing  but  bone  and  sinews  from  the  mangling  jaws  of 
wild  beasts  !     Such  was  the  jilace  he  was  ordered  to  guard^  ihrouo-h 
<iciy  and    night— d.wmed  t(.  sit  himself  down    anion-'--  this  horrible 
assemblage  of  the  d(>ad.     \\\um  lelt  alone  he  renected  That  his  escape 
li;oiii  (ire  was  not  so  fortunate  for  him  as  he  had  hoped ;  (or  now, 
his  naluraily  siipcM-sUtious    mind  was  haunted  bv  the  presence  of 
uirnimerable  ghosN-,  who  stalked  in  everv  place,  and  which  he  had 
(rom  Ins  youth  i)ei:n  taught  to  believe  were  eapab.k^  of  doin"  him  all 
inamHT  of  injuries,  even  to  tiie  depriving  of  lile.  ° 

There  was  no  reflection  in  those  reiiKjtc  ages  of  the  real  situation 
of  all  the  living,  in  respect  to  the  great  valley  of  death  in  which  all 
ix!iiigs  are  born  and  nursed,  and  which  no  length  of  yc^ars  is  sufficient  * 
to  carry  them  through.  Let  us  ibr  a  mouK>nt  cast  our  ciyes  around 
us.  W  here  are  we.'  Not  in  the  same  t(!m|)le  with  Ortiz,  but  in  one 
equally  vast.  We  can  see  nolhing  but  death  in  every  place.  The 
very  ground  we  walk  u[)()n  is  composed  of  the  decayed  limbs  of  our 
own  s[)(!eies,  wilh  those  of  a  hiimlred  others.  A  succession  of  ani- 
"lals  hav(>  been  rising  and  falling  for  many  thousand  years  in  all 
parts  of  Ihe  world.  Th(-y  have  died  all  around  us— in  our  very 
places.     We  do  not  di^stinctly  behold  Ihe  hands,  the  feet,  or  the  bonea 


ot  thorn,  because  they  have  crumbled  to  dust  beneath  our  feet. 


2T 


And 


1 

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IjkM  y  i''  fl^B^M  Ifi  "MTJli 

11 

1  'i^  i'<ll'@HHZ':^^ffi^»^ 

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4 1  l'l«  ra 

1  BH^m'JMffi 

VM 

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'  1  TsPl^K  VB' 

1 

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r^H 

[f^tt  ^bJB^^^Mbw 

■ 

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^^^^^BBKtMBIwBff'  kjwj^. 

fl 

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fl 

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318 


KVBNTS    IN    INDIAN    IIISTORy. 


cannot  the  ghosts  of  these  as  well  arise  as  of  those  slain  yesterday? 
The  affirmative  cannot  be  denied. 

As  we  have  said,  Ortiz  found  himself  snatched  from  one  dreadful 
death,  only,  as  he  imagined,  to  be  thrust  into  the  jaws  of  another  yet 
more  terrible.  Experience,  however,  soon  proved  to  him,  that  the 
dead,  at  least  those  with  whom  he  was  forced  to  dwell,  either  could  or 
would  not  send  forth  their  spirits  in  any  other  shape  than  such 
phantoms  as  his  own  mind  created,  in  dreams  and  reveries.  We  can 
Jiccustom  ourselves  to  almost  any  thing,  and  it  was  not  long  before 
our  captive  contemplated  the  dead  bodies  with  whirh  he  was  sur- 
rounded, v/iHi  about  the  same  indiflcrence  as  he  did  the  walls  of  the 
temple  that  encompassed  them. 

How  long  alter  Ortiz  had  been  placed  to  guard  the  temple  of 
sacrifices  the  following  fearful  midnight  adventure  happened,  we  have 
no  means  of  stating  with  certainty,  nor  is  it  very  material ;  it  is, 
however,  according  to  his  own  account,  as  follows  :  A  young  Indian 
had  been  killed  and  his  body  placed  in  this  temple.  Late  one  night, 
Ortiz  found  it  closely  invested  by  wolves,  which,  in  spite  of  all  his 
efforts,  entered  the  place,  and  carried  away  the  body  ol'  the  Indian. 
The  fright  and  the  darkness  were  so  h(>avy  upon  Ortiz,  that  he  knew 
not  that  the  body  was  missing  until  morning.  It  appears,  however, 
that  he  recovered  himself,  seized  a  heavy  cudgel,  wliicb  he  had  pre- 
pared  at  hand,  and  commenced  a  general  attack  upon  the  beasts  in  the 
temple,  and  not  only  drove  them  out,  but  pursuoil  them  a  good  way 
from  the  place.  In  the;  pursuit  he  came;  up  with  one  which  he  gave 
a  mortal  blow,  although  he  did  not  know  it  at  the  time.  Having 
returned  from  this  hazardous  adventure  to  the  temple,  he  impatiently 
awaited  the  return  ol"  daylight.  When  the  day  dawned,  great  was 
his  distress  at  the  discovery  of  the  loss  of  the  body  of  the  dead  Indian. 
which  was  especially  aggravated,  because  it  was  the  son  of  a  great 
chief. 

When  the  news  of  this  aflair  c;ime  to  tlio  ears  of  lU'ita,  lie  at  oucp 
resolved  to  have  Orliz  i>ut  to  death;  liut  hel'orf^  executing  his  purposr 
he  sent  out  several  Indians  to  pursue  afhM'  the  wolves,  to  n^cover,  if 
possible,  the  sacrifice.  Contrary  to  all  ex[)ectation,  the  body  was 
found,  and  not  far  Ironi  it  the  body  of  a  huge  wolf  also.  When 
IJcita  learned  these  facts,  he  countermanded  the  order  for  his  exe- 
cAition, 

Three  long  years  w^as  Ortiz  doonu^tl  to  watidi  this  wretched  temple 
of  the  dead.  At  the  end  of  this  time  he  was  relieved  only  by  the 
overthrow  of  the.  power  of  Ueita.  This  was  cflected  by  a  war  be- 
tween the  two  rival  chieft,  IJcita  and  Mocnso. 

The  country  over  which  Mocoso  reigned  was  only  two  days'  journey 
from  that  of  tlcitn,  anri  separated  from  it  by  a  large  river  or  estuary, 
Mocoso  came  upon  the  village  of  Deila  in  the  niglil  with  an  army, 
and  attacked  his  castle,  and  took  it,  and  also  the  rest  of  liie  town. 
llcita  and  his  people  fled  from  it  with  all  speed,  and  the  warriors  of 
,  Mocoso  biu'nt  it  to  tlie  ground.     IJcita  had  another  village  upon  the 


CAPTIVITir    or  JOHN    ORTIZ. 


310 


roast,  not  far  from  the  former,  to  which  he  and  his  people  fled,  and 
were  not  pursued  by  their  enemies.     Soon  ader  he  had  established 
hiniself  m  his  new  residence,  he  resolved  upon  making-  a  sacrifice  of 
Ortiz.     Here  again  he  was  wonderfully  preserved,  by  the  same  kind 
riend  that  had  delivered  him  at  the  beginning  of  his  captivtt""    S 
daughter  of  the  chief,  knowing  her  entreaties  would  avail  nothin-r  with 
her  father,  determined  to  aid  liim  to  make  an  escape;  accordinolv  she 
had  prepared  the  way  lor  his  reception  with  her  lather's  enenw   Mo- 
coso.     bhe  found  means  to  pilot  him  secretly  out  of  her   fhlher's 
viHage,  and  accompanied  him  a  league  or  so  on  his  way,  and  then 
left  him  with  (brect.ons  how  to  pro(H3ed  to  the  residence 'of  Mocoso 
Having  travelled  all  niMit  as  fast  as  he  could,  Ortiz  Ihund  himself 
next  mormng  upon  the  borders  of  the  river  which  bounded  the  terri- 
tories of  the  two  rival  chiefs,     fie  was  now  thrown  into  great  trouble 
lor  he  could  not  proceed  liirther  without  discovery,  two  of  Mocoso's 
inen  being  then  hsh.ng  in  the  river;  and,  although  he  came  as  a 
Ineiid,  ye   he  had  no  way  to  make  that  known  to^  them,  not  under- 
s landing  their  language,  nor  having  means  wherewith  to  discover  his 
character  by  a  sign      At  length  he  observed  their  arms,  which  they 
had  left  at  a  considerable  distance  from  the  place  where  they  then 
were.      1  horeiore,  as  h.s  only  chance  of  succeeding  in  his  entemiS 
.0  crep   shly  up  and  seized  their  arms  to  prevent  fheir  injurino\h«' 
When    liey  saw  this  they  tied  with  all  speed   towards  their' town 
Ortiz  followed   hem  for  some  distance,  tryiig  by  langua-^o  as  welUs 
y  signs  to  make  them  understand  that  he  oiily  wished  pmtec.ion  with 

em,  but  Hi  i„  vain,  and  he  gave  up  the  pursuit  and  waited  quietly 
he  result  Jt  was  not  long  belore  a  large  party  came  ruunin-lrmed 
towards  h,m,  and  when  they  approached,  hc^vas  obliged  to  cover 
hnnselt  holunc  trees  to  avoid  their  arrows.  Nevertheless  his  ch^ 
n  being  kn.od  seemed  cc..fain,  and  that  v.ry  speedily ;  but  it  provi: 
dontuilly  happened  that  there  was  nn  Indian  among  those  who  now 
snvvounAvd  bim,  who  understood  the  langua^re  in  wliK^h  he  spoke,3 
thus  he  was  again  rescued  from  another  p.^riloiis  situation 

Having  now  surrendered  himselfinto  the  bands  of  the  Indians,  four 
■.1    heir  number  were  (k-spatched  to  carry  the  tidinos  to  IMoeoso  and 
0  earn  his  pleasure  m  regard  to  the  disposition  to^be  ma.le  of  him 
hu    instead  ol  sr;nding  any  word  of  dinx^tion,  Mocoso  went  himself 
out  to  meet  Ortiz.     When  he  came  to  him,  he  exprcvssed  -reat    oy  a     ■ 
seeing  lum,  and  made-  every  prolb.sien  that  he  would  treat  him  well, 
h'tiz,  hou-ever   had  seen  enough  of  Indians  to  warn  him  a^ainsr 
t  0  imp  icit  confu  enee  m  h,s  pretensions;  and  what  added  in  nosma 
•iogrce  to  h,s  doubis  about  b,s  future  destiny,  was  this  very  <-.traord 

-mrycircuinstana;.     lmnu.diafely„:lertbep^.eliminarycon:MV.f,,lations 

1;  T'        '    !"''""'''  ""^  '■""  ""■•■^y  ''■'"»  '""'  '<>  «^«l^  out  another 

a  ter;  to  winch  he  very  readily  assented.    At  the  sametin.e  Mocoso 

Kindness  buf,  that  if  ever  an  opportunity  offered  by  which  he  could, 
return  to  ins  own  people,  he  would  do  all  in  his  power  to  Lslst  him 


i 

II 

m 

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i 

ir 

^ 

1  i 

i 

1 

1 

11  i 

1 

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Si 

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V 

1 

1 

mm 

i 

ii 

I: 

820 


EVENTS   IN   INDIAN   HISTORY. 


V 


in  it ;  and,  to  keep  his  word  inviolate,  he  swore  to  what  he  had 
promised,  "  afler  the  manner  of  the  Indians."  Nevertheless,  our 
captive  looked  upon  all  this  in  no  other  li<rht  than  as  a  piece  of  cun- 
ning, resorted  to  by  the  chief,  to  make  hi«n  only  a  contented  slave; 
but  we  shall  see  by  ' '  sequel,  that  this  Indian  chief  dealt  not  in 
European  guile,  and  ilmt  he  was  actuated  only  by  benevolence  of 
heart. 

Three  years  more  soon  passed  over  the  head  of  Ortiz,  and  he 
«!xperienced  nothing  hut  kindness  and  liberty.  He  spent  his  time  in 
wandering  over  the  dcligbtl'ul  savannahs  ol"  Florida,  and  through  the 
mazes  of  the  palmetto,  and  bemjath  the  lelVe.shing  shades  of  the  wide- 
spreading  magnolia — pursuing  the  deer  hi  the  tvviligiit  of  morning,  and 
the  scaly  fry  in  the  silver  lakes  in  the  cool  of  the  evening,  in  all  this 
time  we  hear  of  nothing  remarkable  that  hap[)ened  to  Ortiz,  or  to  the 
chief  or  his  people.  When  war  or  famine  does  not  disturb  the  quiet 
of  Indians,  they  enjoy  themselves  to  the  full  extent  of  their  natures — 
perfectly  at  leisure,  and  ready  to  devote  days  together  to  the  enter- 
tainment of  themselves,  and  any  travellers  or  Iriends  that  may  sojourn 
with  them. 

About  the  close  of  the  fu'st  three  years  of  Ortiz's  sojourning  with 
the  tribe  of  Indians  under  Mocoso,  there  came  startling  intelligence 
into  their  village,  and  alarm  and  anxiety  sat  impatiently  u|)on  the 
brow  of  all  the  inhabitants.  This  was  occasioned  by  the  arrival  of  a 
runner,  who  giive  information  that  as  some  of  Mocoso's  men  were  in 
their  canoes  a  great  way  out  at  sea  fishing,  they  had  discovered  ships 
of  the  white  men  approaching  their  coast.  Mocoso,  aller  communing 
with  himself  alter  a  short  time,  went  to  Ortiz  with  the  information, 
which,  when  he  had  imparted  it  to  him,  caused  peculiar  sensations  in 
his  breast,  and  a  brief  struggle  with  conllicting  ieclings;  for  one 
cannot  forget  his  country  and  kindred,  nor  can  he  forget  his  saviour 
and  protector.  In  short,  Mocoso  urgi^l  him  to  go  to  the  coast  and 
see  ii"  he  could  make  a  discovery  of  the  ships.  This  proceeding  on 
the  part  of  the  chief  silenced  the  fears  of  (Jrtiz,  and  he  set  out  upon 
the  discovery ;  but  when  ho  had  spent  several  days  of  watchfulness 
and  eager  expectation,  without  seeing  or  gaining  any  other  intelligence 
of  ships,  he  was  ready  to  accuse  the  cliiel'of  |)raclising  deception  upon 
him,  to  trv  his  fidelity;  h(!  was  soon  satisfied,  however,  that  his 
suspicions  were  williout  foundation,  although  no  otiier  information 
was  ever  gained  of  ships  at  tluir,  tim(,'. 

At  length,  when  six  years  more  had  elai)sed,newsof  a  less  doubtful 
character  was  brought  to  the  village  of  Mocoso.  It  was,  that  some 
white  people  had  actually  landed  upon  their  coast,  and  liad  possessed 
themselves  of  the  village  of  Ucita,  and  driven  out  him  and  his  men. 
Mocoso  immediately  imparted  this  infi)rmation  to  Ortiz,  who,  presuming 
it  was  an  idle  tale,  as  upon  the  former  occasion,  affected  to  care  nothing 
lor  it,  and  told  his  chief  that  no  worldly  thing  would  induce  him  to 
leave  his  present  master;  but  Mocoso  persisted,  and  among  arguments 
k  advanced  this,  that  he  had  done  his  duty,  and  that  if  Ortiz  would  not 
go  out  and  seek  his  while  brethren,  and  they  sliould  leave  the  country, 


CAPTIVITV    OF    JOHN    ORTIZ. 


321 


and  him  behind,  he  could  not  blame  him,  and  vvilhal  seriously  con- 
finiiing  the  news.  In  the  end  he  concluded  to  go  out  once  more,  and 
after  ihankmg  his  chief  fbr  his  great  kindness,  set  off,  ^vith  twelve 
of  his  best  men  whom  Mocoso  had  appointed  for  his  guides,  to  find 
the  white  people.  ^ 

When  they  liad  proceeded  a  considerable  part  of  the  way,  thev 
came  into  a  plain,  and  suddenly  in  sight  of  a  party  of  one  hundred 
and  twenty  men,  who  proved  to  be  some  of  those  of  whDm  they  had 
heard.  yV  hen  they  discovered  Ortiz  and  his  men,  they  pressed 
towards  them  m  warlike  array,  and  although  they  made  cvorv  si-^nal 
of  riends  lip  in  th.Mr  power,  yet  these  white  men  rushed  upon  tlfem, 
barbarously  woundmg  two  of  them,  and  the  others  saved  themselves 
only  by  /light.  Ortiz  himself  came  near  being  killed.  A  horseman 
rushed  upon  him  knocked  him  down,  and  was  prevented  from  dealing 
a  deadly  blow  only  by  a  timely  ejaculation  in  Spanish  which  he  made" 
It  was  in  these  words :  » I  am  a  Christian-do  not  kill  me,  nor  these 
poor  men  who  have  given  mo  my  life." 

It  was  not  until  'this  moment  that  the  soldiers  discovered  their 
mistake,  of  friends  for  enemies;  for  Ortiz  was,  in  all  appearance,  an 
hidian;  and  now,  wilh  the  aid  of  Ortiz,  his  attending  Indians  were 
collected,  and  they  were  all  carried  to  the  camp  of  the  white  men, 
each  riding  behind  a  soldier  upon  his  horse. 

Ortiz  now  found  himself  among  an  army  of  Spaniards,  commanded 
by  one  Fernando  do  Soto,  who  had  come  into  that  country  with  a 
great  armament  of  six  hundred  men  in  seven  ships,  in  search  of 
riches;  an  expedition  undertaken  with  great  ostentation,  raised  by  the 
expectation  ot  what  it  was  to  afford,  but  it  ended,  as  all  such  under- 
takings  should,  m  disgrace  and  mortification. 

Soto  considered  the  acquisition  of  Ortiz  of  very  great  importance, 
lor  although  lie  could  not  direct  him  to  any  mountains  of  gold  or 
silver,  yet  he  was  acquainted  with  the  language  of  thr.  Indians,  and 
he  kept  him  with  him  during  his  memorable  expedition,  to  act  in  the 
capacity  ol  interpreter. 

It  was  in  the  spring  of  1543,  that  the  ferocious  and  savage  Soto 
leli  a  prey  to  his  misguided  ambition.  Ortiz  had  died  a  lew  months 
belore  and  with  him  fell  the  already  disappointed  hop.es  of  his  leader. 
Ihey  had  taken  up  winter  quarters  at  a  place  called  Autiamque,  upon 


perhaps  Ked  river,  and  it  was  here  that  difficulties 


the  Washita,  or 

hegau  to  thicken  upon  them.  When  in  the  spring  they  would  march 
Irom  thence,  Soto  was  grieved,  because  he  had  lost  so  good  an  inter- 
i>i'eter,  and  readily  felt  that  difficulties  were  clusterin.r  around  in  a 
niucli  more  formidable  array.  Hitherto,  when  thox'  were  at  a  loss  lor 
a  knowledge  of  the  ctjuntry,  all  they  had  to  do  wa's  to  lie  in  wait  and 
seize  upon  some  Indian,  and  Orliz  always  could  understand  enough 
01  the  language  to  relieve  them  from  all  perplexity  about  their  course; 
^ut  now  they  had  no  other  interpreter  but  a  young  Indian  of 
tutifachiqui,  who  understood  a  little  Spanish;  "yet "it  required  soine- 
^,'mes  a  whole  day  for  him  to  explain  what  Ortiz  would  have  done  in 
lour  words.       At  other  times  he  was  so  entirely  misunderstood,  that 


H 

^^H 

1 

1 

I 

Mi 

III 


i  U 


f\ 


S:i2 


EVENTS    IN    INDIAN    III3T0RT. 


aflor  Ihey  harl  followed  his  direction  through  a  tedious  march  of  a 
whole  day,  they  would  fuid  tliemscl  .es  uhliyod  to  return  ugaiji  to  the 
same  place." 

Such  was  the  value  of  Ortiz  in  the  expedition  of  Soto,  as  that 
miserable  man  conceived;  but  had  not  Soto  lallen  in  with  him,  how 
difTerent  would  have  been  the  iafc  of  a  multitude  of  men,  Spaniards 
and  Indians.  Upon  the  wh')lo,  it  is  h:ird  to  say  whi"h  was  thf; 
predominant  trait  in  the  character  of  Soto  and  his  ibllowers,  avarice 
or  cruelty. 

At  one  time,  because  their  iniidos  had  led  them  out  of  the  way, 
Mocoso,  the  successor  of  Soto,  caused  ihcm  to  be  haniicd  upon  a 
tree  and  there  left.  Another,  in  the  early  part  of  the  expedition,  was 
saved  from  the  fanr^s  of  doijs,  by  the  inlcrference  of  Orli/,  because 
he  was  the  only  Indian  through  whom  Ortiz  could  <ret  information. 
It  is  didicult  to  decide  whicli  was  the  more  superstitious,  the  In- 
dians or  the  self-styled  "Christian  Spaniards;"  lor  when  Soto  died, 
a  chief  came  and  ollcrcd  two  youri'j,-  Indians  to  be  killed,  that  they 
might  accompany  and  av.i'vc  the  while  man  to  ihe  world  of  spirits. 
An  Indian  guide.',  being  violently  seized  with  some  malady,  fell  sense- 
less to  the  ground,  'to  raise  him,  and  drive  away  the  devil  which 
thoy  supposed  was  in  him,  they  read  a  passage  over  his  body  from 
the  FJible,  and  lie  immediately  recovered. 


CHAPTER  XII. 

NARRATIVE  OP  TIIK  CAI'TIVITV  Ol'"  MltS.  MAItY  UOU'LANDSON.  WIFE  OF 
RKV.  JOSKI'li  ROVVI.A.NDSO.V,  WHO  WAS  TAKKN  rillSO.VKR  WMH.V  LANCA3 
TKR  WAH  l>ESTltUYt:U  IN  'J'UIO  VCAR   IGTci;  WRITTEN  1!V  HERSELF. 

On  the  lOth  of  February,  167(5,  came  the  Indians  with  great 
numbers*  upon  Lancasier :  thcnr  first  coming  was  about  sun-rising. 
Hearing  the  noise  of  some  guns,  we  looked  out;  several  houses  were 
burning,  and  the  smok(;  ascending  to  heaven.  I'here  were  live  p(>rsons 
taken  in  one  house;  the;  lather  and  mother,  and  a  sucking  child  they 
knocked  on  the  head;  the  other  two  llu^y  took  anj)  carried  away  alive. 
There  were  two  others,  who,  being  out  of  their  garrison  upon  somt; 
occasion,  were  set  upon;  one  was  knocked  on  the  head,  the  other 
escaped.  Another  there  was,  who,  running  along,  was  shot  and 
wounded,  and  loll  down;  he  begged  of  them  his  life,  promising  them 
money,  as  they  told  me,  but  they  would  not  hearken  to  him,  but 
knocked  him  on  the  head,  stripped  him  nakei'  tnd  split  open  his 
bowels.  Another,  seeing  many  ol'  the  Indians  about  his  barn,  ven- 
tured and  went  out,  but  was  quickly  shot  down.     There  were  thra> 

*  Fifteen  hundred  was  the  number,  according  to  the  best  authorities. 
They  were  the  Warnpouoags,  led  '>y  King  Pliilip,  accompanied  by  the 
Narragansetts,  his  allies,  and  also  by  the  iNipmucks  and  Nashawas,  whom 
his  artful  eloquence  had  persuaded  to  joia  him. 


A. 


MRS.    ROWLANDSON's   CAPTIVITY.  838 

Others  belonging  to  the  sam|  garrison  who  were  killed  ;  the  Indian, 
getting  up  upon  the  roof  gffhe  barn,  had  advantage  t.  shoot  down 
upon  them  over  the.r  Ibrtiticn.ion.  Thus  these  murderous  wrenches 
went  on  destroying  and  burning  all  helbre  thorn  *  wretcnes 

At  length  they  came  and  boset  our  liouse,  and  quickly  it  was  the 
<lolelulest  day    hat  ever  n.ino  eyes  saw.     The  house  stood  upon  the 
edge  ol  a  h.l  ;t  some  o    the  Indians  got  behind  the  hill,  others  into 
,  .  barn   and  others  behind  any  thing  that  would  shelter  them     fo 
all  vh  ch  p  aces  they  shot  against  the  house,  so  that  the  bullets  4eme 
to  /  y  hke  ha      and  c.uickly  they  wounded  one  man  among  ."'^0 
another,  and  then  a  thirc .     About  two  hours,  accordin-r  to  my  obser 
vation  in  that  amazing  time,  they  had  been  about  the  house  before 
oy  prevailed  to  hre  it,  which  they  did  with  flax  and  hemp  S 
they  brought  out  of  the  barn;  and  there  luring  no  delete  ata  he 
house,  on  y  two  flankers  at  two  opposite  corners,  and  one  oPthem  not 
nshed    theylired  ,t  at  once,  and  one  ventured  out  and  m.e^ched 
It,  but  they  quickly  bred  it  again,  and  that  took.    Now  is  the  drSfuI 
hour  comothat     have  often  heard  of  in  time  of  the  war,  as  it  wa    the 
case  ot  otheivs,  but  now  mine  eyes  .r,  it.     Some  in  our  houre  were 
fighting  for  then-  lives,  others  wallowing  in  blood,  the  house  on  hre 
over  our  heads,  and  the  bloody  heathen  ready  to  knock  us  on  the 
head  d  we  stirred  out.     Now  might  we  hear  mothers  and  chlire^' 

y  mn  Hoot'""  r  M  ""'  "f  ^'"°^'""'  "^°"l'  -h'^^  «'^«llwe 
do!     1  hen  I  took  my  children,  and  one  of  my  sisters  (Mrs.  Drew)  took 

hers,  to  go  forth  and  leave  the  house,  but  as  soon  as  we  came  to  the 

door  and  appeared,  the  Indians  shot  so  thick  that  the  bullets  r^att  ed 

against  the^  house  as  if  one  had  taken  a  handful  of  stones  and  tt  ew 

them,  so    hat  we  were  forced  to  give  back.     We  had  six  stout  do^I 

elonging  to  our  garrison,^  but  none  of  them  would  stir,  thou-d  a 
another  time  il  an  Inchan  had  come  to  the  door,  they  we  e  ready  to 

ly  upon  him  and  tear  him  down.     The  Lord  hereby  would  makJus 
the  more  to  ack-nowledge  his  hand,  and  to  see  that  our  help  is  alway 
m  him      But  out  we  must  go,  the  fire  increasing,  and  comin 'a^^' 

prrison,  ne;ir  P„iir„and  &  IMa     '    c  ,  ton  tVtorT     pfi     '^  ''I-  Prescott's 
ki  ed  he.;  ..a  lilnry  Farnu-and^  E  kl&  h^^lS^^H^T^^^ 

o^^:S'h}7!:S:';:Mn:^^:^'']Z  '\'-r-f-r^-^l  hm,  on  land  now 
J£;  Sr'tyJwS?  ^'"''  "'"^  ^"''^  ""''^  «'^''^''^"  ^^'^  inhabitants,  to  the 


f 

^f 

WM 

^H 

''K^M 

Bl 

PH 

n 

■ 

$M, 

■ 

I'ilte*^'' 


824 


EVENTS    IN   INDIAN    HISTORY. 


liouse,  but  my  brother-in-law*  (being  b(^re  wounded  in  defending  the 
house,  in  or  near  the  throat,)  ibil  down^dead,  whereat  the  Indians 
scornfully  shouted  and  hallooed,  and  were  presently  upon  him,  strip- 
ping oir  his  clothes.  Tiie  bullets  flying  thick,  one  went  through  my 
side,  and  the  same,  as  would  seem,  through  the  bowels  and  hand  of 
my  poor  child  in  my  arms.  One  of  my  elder  sister's  children,  named 
William,  had  then  his  leg  broke,  which  the  Indians  perceiving,  they 
knocked  him  on  the  head.  Thus  were  we  butchered  by  those  mci;ci. 
less  heathens,  standing  amazed,  with  the  blood  running  down  to  out 
lieels.  My  eldest  sister|  being  yet  in  the  house,  and  seeing  those 
woful  sights,  the  infidels  hauling  mothers  one  way  and  children  an- 
other, and  some  wallowing  in  their  blood,  and  her  eldest  son  telling 
her  that  her  son  William  was  dead,  and  myself  wounded,  she  said, 
"  Lord,  let  me  die  with  them;"  which  was  no  sooner  said  but  she  was 
struck  with  a  bullet,  and  fell  down  dead  over  the  threshold.  I  hope 
she  is  reaping  the  fruit  of  her  labors,  being  faithful  to  the  service  of 
God  in  her  place.  In  her  younger  years  she  lay  under  much  trouble 
upon  spiritual  accounts,  till  it  pleased  God  to  make  that  precious 
scripture  take  hold  of  her  heart — 2  ('or.  12,  9,  "And  he  said  unto  me, 
my  grace  is  sufficient  for  thee."  More  than  twenty  years  after,  1 
have  heard  her  tell  how  sweet  and  comfortable  that  place  was  to  her. 
But  to  return:  The  Indians  laid  hold  of  us,  pulling  me  one  way  and 
the  children  another,  and  said,  "Come,  go  along  with  us."  I  told 
them  they  would  kill  me;  they  answered,  If  I  were  willing  to  go  along 
with  them  tliey  would  not  hurt  me. 

Oh  !  the  doleful  sight  that  now  was  to  behold  at  this  house !  Come, 
behold  the  works  of  the  Lord,  what  desolations  he  has  made  in  the 
earth.  Of  thirty-seven:}:  persons  who  were  in  this  one  house,  none 
escaped  either  present  death  or  a  bitter  captivity,  save  only  one,§ 
who  might  say  as  in  Job  1,  15,  "And  I  only  am  escaped  alone  to 
tell  the  news."  There  were  twelve  killed,  soirie  shot,  some  stabbed 
with  their  spears,  some  knocked  down  with  their  hatchets.  When  we 
are  in  prosperity,  oh  the  little  that  we  think  of  such  dreadful  sights, 
to  see  our  dear  friends  and  relations  lie  bleeding  out  their  heart's- 
blood  upon  the  ground.  There  was  one  who  was  chopt  in  the  head 
with  a  hatchet,  and  stript  naked,  and  yet  was  crawling  up  and  down. 
It  was  a  solemn  sight  to  see  so  many  Christians  lying  in  their  blood, 
some  here  and  some  there,  like  a  company  of  sheep  torn  by  wolves; 
all  of  them  stript  naked  by  a  company  of  hell-hounds,  roaring,  sing- 
ing, ranting,  and  insulting,  as  if  they  would  have  torn  our  very  hearts 
out;  yet  the  Lord,  by  his  almighty  power,  preserved  a  number  of  us 


*  Thomas  Rowlandson,  brother  to  the  clergyman. 

t  Mrs.  Kcrley,  wife  of  Captain  Ilcnry  Kerley,towhom  she  was  married 
in  1654. 

I  We  have  stated  in  a  previous  note  that  there  were  forty-two  person? 
in  the  house,  in  which  number  are  included  five  soldiers  not  reckoned  by 
Mrs.  Rowlandson. 

i  Enhraim  Roper  whose  wife  was  killed  in  attemptio'^  to  escape. 


MRS.  rowlandson's  CAPTIVITVT.  325 

rHyt*^^'  ^'"'  ^^'''''  '"'"'''  twenty.four  of  ua  taken  alive  and  carried 
I  had  oilen  beio,  •■  this  said,  that  ifthe  Indians  should  come,  I  should 
choose  rather  to  be  iu  led  by  then,  than  taken  alive,  but  whe  .  it  came 
to  the  tnal  my  ninad  changed;  their  flittering  weapons  so  daunted 
my  sjnnt,  that  I  chose  rather  to  go  along  with  Ihose  (as  I  .nay  ^v) 
ravenous  bears,  than  that  moment  to  end  my  days.  And  that  1  mav 
the  better  declare  what  happened  to  me  during  that  gri,.>vous  captiv ilv^ 
I  shall  particularly  speak  of  the  several  removes  we  had  up  and  down' 
in  the  wilderness.  ' 

The  First  Remove.-Nim  away  wo  must  go  with  those  barbarous 
crcaures,  with  our  bodies  wounded  and  bleeding,  and  our  hearts  no 
ess  than  •ur  bodij^s.     About  a  mile  we  went  that  night,  up  on  u 
hill,  within  sight  ol  the  town,  whore  we  intouded  to  lod.r,      Tlieiv  was 
hard  by  a  vacant  house,  des-rted  by  the  English  before,  for  lear  of 
the  Indians ;  I  asked  them  whether  1  might  not  lod-rc  in  the  house 
"ll'i;  V^^''""^  ^^'""^  answered,  -What,  will  you  love  ICnglish- 
men  still?"     This  was  the  dolefulest  night  that  ever  my  eycs°saw. 
Oh  the  roaring,  and  singing,  and  dancing,  and  yelling  of  thos,-  black 
creatures  in  the  night,  which  made  iho  place  a*liv.;ly  resemblance  of 
hell.     And  miserable  was  the  waste  that  was  there  made  of  horses 
cattle  sheep  swme  calves,  lambs,  roasting  pigs,  and  fowls,  (which 
hey  had  p  undered   m  the  town,)  some  roasting,  sonu;   Ivin-.  and 
burning,  and  some  boiling,  to  leed  our  merciless  enemies;  who' were 
joylul  enough,  though  we  were  disconsolate.     To  add  te  the  doleful- 
ness  of  the  lormer  day,  and  the  dismalness  of  the  present  ni-Wit,  mv 
thoughts  ran  upon  my  losses,  and  sad,  bereav..'d  condition.     All  wa« 
gone,  my  husband  gone,  (at  least  separated  from  me,  he  beino-  in  the 
bay;  and  to  add  to  my  grief,  the  Indians  told  ine  they  would  kiU 
him  as  he  came  homeward,)  my  children  gone,  mv  relations  and 
mends  gone,*  our  house  and  home,  and  all  our  comforts  within  door 
and  without,  a  1  was  gone,  (except  my  life,)  and  I  knew  not  but  the 
next  moment  that  might  go  too. 

There  remained  nothing  to  me  but  one  poor,  wounded  babe,  and  it 
seemed  at  present  worse  than  death,  that  it  was  in  such  a  pitiful 
condition,  bespeaking  compassion,  and  1  had  no  refreshina  ibr  it,  nor 
suitable  things  to  revive  it.  Little  do  many  think  what  is  the  savage. 
ness  and  brutishness  of  this  barbarous  enemy,  those  even  that  seem 
toproless  more  than  others  among  them,  when  the  English  have  fallen 
into  their  hands. 

Those  seven  that  were  killed  at  Lancaster  the  summer  before  upon 
a  babbath  day,  and  the  one  that  was  afterward  killed  upon  a  week-day 
were  slam  and  mangled  in  a  barbarous  manner,  by  One-eyed  John 
and  Marlborough's  praying  Indians,  which  Captain  Moselv  broinrht 
to  Boston,  as  the  Indians  told  ms.  ° 

The  Secand  Remove.— -Bui  now  (the  next  morning)  I  must  tura 

nr*il^i^'' •'*'*"  seventeen  of  Mr.  Rowlandson's  family  were  put  to  death 
28 


mMmCI 


n 


m 

iff- 

'1^1 

\m 

1 

iff 

1 

'  u 

t  ^^^1 

1 

1 

'till 

,^^H 

1 

■ 

990 


BVK1»TS  IN  INDIAN  niCTORY. 


;?1  with  them  into  thn  vaat  and 


18 


not  my  tongue  or 


my  back  upon  the  town,  and  trnvR 
desolate  wilderness,  I  know  not  whither.  It 
or  pen  can  express  the  sorrows  of  n  v  heart,  and  bitterness  of  my 
spirit,  that  I  had  at  (his  departure;  but  God  was  with  me  in  a  won- 
derful  manner,  carrying  nu;  along  -ind  bearing  up  my  spirit,  that  it 
did  not  quite  fail.  ()ne"^r)f  the  Indians  carried  my  poor  wounded  bate 
upon  a  horse:  it  went  moaning  aloiis-, «'  /  shall  die,  I  ithall  die'"'  I 
went  on  foot  af>er  it  with  sorrow  that  cannot  be  expressed.  At  length  1 
took  it  off  the  h  irsf!,  and  carried  it  in  my  arms,  till  my  strength  failed 
and  I  fell  down  .vith  if.  Then  they  set  me  upon  a  horse  with  my 
wounded  child  in  ny  lap,  and  there  ix-ing  no  furniture  on  the  horse's 
back,  as  wc  were  gcing  down  a  steep  hill,  we  both  fell  over  the  horse's 
"head,  at  which  they  ;ike  inhuman  cnnituros  laughed  and  rejoiced  to 
see  it.  though  I  though?  we  should  thfMc  have  ended  our  days,  over- 
•come  with  so  many  difficulties.  But  the  Lord  renewed  my  strength 
still,  and  carried  rne  along,  that  I  might  see  more  of  his  power,  yea, 
so  much  that  I  could  never  have  thought  of,  had  I  not  experienced  it. 
After  this  it  quickly  began  to  snow,  and  when  night  came  on  they 
irtopt.  And  now  down  1  must  sit  in  the  snow,  by  a  little  fire,  and  h 
few  boughs  behind  me,  with  my  sick  child  in  my  lap,  and  calling 
much  for  water,  being  now,  through  the  wound,  fallen  into  a  violent 
fever;  my  own  wound  also  growing  so  stiff,  that  1  could  scarce  ail 
down  or  rise  up,  yet  so  it  must  be,  that  I  must  sit  all  this  cold,  winter 
night  upon  the  cold  snowy  ground,  with  my  sick  child  in  my  arms. 
looking  that  every  hour  would  be  the  last  of  its  life,  and  having  no 
Christian  friend  near  me,  either  to  comfort  or  help  me.  Oh,  I  may 
Bee  the  wonderful  power  of  God,  that  my  spirit  did  not  utterly  sink 
under  my  affliction;  still  the  Lord  upheld  me  with  his  gracious  and 
merciful  spirit,  and  we  were  both  alive  to  see  the  light  of  the  next 


mornmg. 


The  Third  Remove. — The  morning  being  come,  they  pre^iared  to 
go  on  their  way;  one  of  the^ndians  got  upon  a  horse,  and  they  sat 
me  up  behind  him,  witli  my  poor  sick  babe  in  my  lap.  A  very 
wearisome  and  tedious  day  I  had  of  it;  what  with  my  own  woNnd, 
and  my  child  being  so  exceeding  sick,  and  in  a  lamentable  condition 
with  her  wound,  it  may  easily  be  judged  what  a  poor,  feebk;  condition 
we  were  in,  there  being  not  the  least  crumb  of  refreshing  that  <  ume 
within  either  of  our  mouths  from  Wednesday  night  to  Saturday  night, 
except  only  a  little  cold  water.  This  .lay  in  the  afternoon,  about  an 
hour  by  sun,  we  came  to  the  place  where  ihey  intended,  viz:  an  Indian 
town  called  Wenimesset,  (New  Braintree)  northward  of  Quabaug. 
(Brookfield.)  When  we  were  come,  oh  the  number  of  Pagans,  now 
merciless  enemies,  that  there  came  about  mt?,  that  I  may  say  as  David, 
Psal.  27 :  13,  "  /  had  fainted  unlcxs  I  had  believed,'"  &c.  The  next 
day  was  the  Sabbath."  I  then  remembered  how  careless  I  had  been 
of  God's  holy  time;  how  many  Sabbaths  I  had  lost  and  misspent. 
and  how  evilly  I  had  walked  in  God's  sight ;  which  lay  so  close  upon 
my  spirit,  that  it  was  easy  for  me  to  see  how  righteous  it  was  with 
God  to  sut  off  the  thread  of  my  life,  and  cast  me  out  of  his  presenre 


MRS.    ROWLANUSON's    CAITIVITY. 


327 


forever.     Y('t  the  Lord  still  showed  mercy  to  me,  and  helped  mc:  and 
a«  hewoundod  mn  with  one  hand,  so  ho  healed  me  with  the  other 
1  his  duy  there  came  to  mo  one  R„bort  Pepi^-r,  u  rr.;in  hclonmn.r  to 
Koxbury,  who  was  taken  at  Captain  Heor.s'  li^rl.t,  and  had  U«en  now 
a  convdorabie  tin.o  with  the  Indians,  and  up  with  thern  almost  as  iar 
as  Albany,  to  see  King  Philip,  m  he  told  me,  and  was  now  very 
ately  eo.nc  into  these   parts.     Mearinfr,  I   ^ly,  that   I   was  in  this 
nilian  town,  he  ohfamed  leave  to  eome  and  n(X!  me.     He  told  w  hr 
Imnsell  was  wounded  in  the  lejr  ru  Captain  I^eers"  (iul.f,  and  was  not 
|ible  some  tnne  (o  ^o,  but  as  they  carried  him.  and  i|,at  he  took  oak 
leaves  ind  laid  to  his  wound,  and  by  the  hlessin^r  ol'CJod  he  was  ahk 
to  tr.  el  a^am.     Then  took  1  oak  leaves  and^laid  to  mv  side,  and 
with  the  blessing  of  dod  it  ,uired  meals..;  y(t   befon- thi- .-ure  was 
wrought,  I  may  say  as  it  is  in  Psal.  ;}8:  f,,  H,  -Mv  wounds  stink 
;uid  are  eorrupt.     I  am  troubled;  I  am  \y>^^r,\  down  ..reatlv:  I  ..„ 
mourning    al     the  day    l<,iig."      I    nat    mueh    alone  wi,b    „n'  ,.oor 
woundcMl  eluld    m    my    lap,  which    moaned  night  and  day,  huviny 
nothing  to  revive  th,|  body  or  cheer  the  spirits  of  Ikt  ;  But  instead  <;f 
hat, one  Indian  would  come  and  tell  me  one  hour,  '-Your  master  will 
knock  your  child  on  the  head,"  and  then  a  second,  and  then  athird 
"  ^  our  master  will  quickl  v  knock  your  child  on  the  head  " 

This  was  the  comlorl  1  had  from  them;  miserabk;  comforters  ^u^m 
'lieyall.      I hus  nine  days  I  sat  upon  my  kn<.?s,  with  my  babe  irr 
>i'\  lap,  till  my  flesh  was  raw  again.     My  child  being  even  ready  to 
'lepart  this  sorrowlid   world,  th.-y  bid    me  cnvvv  it  out    to  anohier 
•vigwam,  1  suppos..-  because  they  would  not  be' troubled  with  such 
.^iiocfacles ;  ^\  hither  1  went  with  a  very  heavy  heart,  and  down  1  sat 
with  the  picture  of  death  in  my  lap.     About  iwu  hours  in  the  ni.rht  . 
my  sweet  babe  like  a   lamb  departed  this  life,  on  Feb,  lb,  KiTU   it' 
being  about  six  years  and  live  months  old.     It  was  nine  days  from' 
the  lirst  wounding  in  this  miserabl.;  condition,  without  any  reiVe.hiu'.r 
ot  one  nature  or  another  except  a  littk;  cold  water.     I  cannot  but  take 
no,ic<,.  how  at  another  time  I  could  not  bear  to  be  in  a  room  where  a 
><.ad  person  was,  but  now  the  case  is  chann.-J ;   i   um.l  and  c  .iild  lie 
•knvn  with  my  dead  babe  all  the  night.     I  'have  thought  sine.^  of  the 
wonderiul  goo.lness  of  Uod  to  me,  in  preserving  me  so  in  the  use  of 
my  reason   and  senses,  in  that  distressed  time,  that  1  did  not  use 
wicked  and  violent  means  to  end  my  own   miserable  lije      In  the 
morning  when  they  understood  that  my  child  was  dead,  they  sent  me 
"oine  to  my  master's  wig^^am.     15y  ,„y  master  in  this  wrilin.'  must 
K>  understood  (inannopm,  who  was  a  sagamore,  and  married  Kinif 
tKlips  wiles  sister;  not  that  he  first  took  mc,  but  I  was  sold  to  hiiS 
Jiy  a  Narragansett  Indian,  who  took  me  when  I  lirst  came  out  of  the 
garrison.    I  went  to  take  up  my  dead  child  in  my  arms  to  carry  it  with 
me,  t)ut  they  bid  me  let  it  alone.     There  was" no  n'sistin-s  bui    .-o  I 
must  and  leave  it.    When  I  had  been  awhile  at  my  master^s  wigwam,, 
i  took  the  first  opportunity  i  could  get  to  look  after  my  dead  child. 
fTnen  1  came  I  asked  then*  what  they  had  done  with  it.     They  told) 


i 


Hits 


BV£NTtl    IN    I.tOIAN    HISTORY. 


I  , 


iiic  it  was  on  the  hill.*  Then  flufy  went  and  showed  mr  wlirrr  it 
wus,  w  ht'i'o  I  saw  the  j^ronnd  wus  newly  dij^i;ed,  and  wlwrm  tbi-y  tuld 
ine  ihey  hud  buried  it.  There  I  lell  that  child  in  the  wiidorni'Hs,  and 
must  commit  it  and  myself  also  in  this  wilderness  eonditiou  to  Hint 
who  is  nlxive  all.  (lud  liavinj^  taken  a«ay  this  dear  child,  I  went  to 
«ce  my  dauj^hter  Mary,  who  was  at  tin;  same  Indian  town, at  a  wiffwaia 
not  very  I'ar  oil',  tlioiiuli  we  had  little  liherty  or  opportunity  to  s(!e  one 
another;  sIk;  was  ahont  ten  years  old,  and  taken  from  the  door  at 
first  hy  a  prayin;^  Indian,  and  afterwards  sold  for  a  ^un.  VV'iica 
I  canu;  in  sij^ht  sin-  wcnild  I'all  a  weepinu,  at  which  they  were  pio- 
volicd,  and  would  not  let  mo  cdnie  near  her,  hut  hid  .iie  begone; 
which  was  a  h<'arl-cuttintr  word  to  me.  I  had  onechild  d<'ad,  another 
in  the  wilderness,  I  knew  not  wh(!re ;  the  third  they  would  not  let  ine 
(Hin)e  nciir  to.  "  I\h'  (as  he  said)  have  ye  bereaved  of  my  •■hiklrcn; 
Joseph  is  not,  and  Simeon  is  not,  and  ye  will  take  Benjamin  also: 
all  these  things  are  against  me."  I  could  not  sit  still  in  this  condi- 
tion, but  kept  walking  from  nne  place  to  another;  and  as  1  was  going 
along,  my  liftjrt  was  even  overwiielmed  with  th(>  thoughts  of  my  con- 
dition, and  that  I  should  h'dve  children,  and  a  nalion  that  I  knew  not 
rilled  over  them.  AVhereupon  I  earnestly  entreated  the  Lord  that  he 
would  consider  my  low  (jstate,  and  show  me  a  token  t()r  good,  and  if 
it  wen.'  his  blessed  will,  some  sign  and  hop»;  of  soino  relief.  And 
indeed  quickly  the  LonI  answered  in  some  measure  my  poor  pravfr; 
liir  as  I  was  going  up  and  down  mourning  and  lamenting  my  condition, 
my  son  (.loseph)  came  to  me  and  askt'd  me  how  1  did.  I  had  not 
seen  him  befin'c  since  the  destrnction  of  the  town;  and  I  knew  not 
wl'.ere  he  was,  till  I  was  inlbrmed  by  himself  that  Ik;  was  amijiig  ft 
smaller  i.'wrcel  of  jndi.'ins,  whose  place  was  about  six  miles  oil'.  V\'ith 
tears  in  his  (>yes  lie  asl.cd  urn  whether  his  sister  Sarah  was  dead, 
and  told  me  he  had  seen  his  sister  Mary,  and  prayed  m(.'  that  1 
would  not  be  !roubl(  li  in  reference  to  himself.  The  occasion  of  his 
coming  to  s(>e  me  at  this  time  was  this:  there  was,  as  I  said,  ahniii 
six  miles  from  us,  a  small  plaiifatiiai  of  Indians,  where  it  seems  lie 
had  been  during  his  ca])iivity;  and  at  this  time  there  were  some 
l^)rces  of  the  Indians  gathered  out  of  our  company,  and  some  also 
from  them,  junongst  whom  was  mv  son's  master,  to  go  to  assault  iiiul 
burti  Medlield.  In  this  time  of  his  master's  absence  his  dame  brought 
him  to  we  me.  1  took  this  to  be  some  gracious  answer  to  my  eanicst 
and  unfeigned  desire.  The  next  dav  the  '  .dians  returned  iVom  l\Ied- 
fi'ld;  all  the  company — liir  those  that  belonged  to  the  other  sniallcr 
company  came  through  the  town  that  we  now  were  at ;  but  beliuv 
they  came  to  us,  oh  the  outrageous  roaring  and  whooping  that  then' 
was!  they  began  their  din  about  a  mile  liel()re  they  came  to  us.  By 
their  noise  and  whooping  they  signilicd  how  many  they  had  destroyed, 
which  was  at  thai  tim(^  twenty-three.    Those  that  were  with  us  at  homo 


saw  a^rain  till 


*  This  bill,  in  the  town  of  New  Urainlroe,  is  now  known  as  the  burial 
place  of  IMrs,  P()\rianiisun's  child. 


Mil.    ROWLANOHON'a    tfAPTIVITT. 


329 


-vcrc  gathered  together  as  soon  as  they  heard  the  whoopin';,  and  every 
tiino  that  the  oth.ir  went  over  their  number,  these  at  home  gave  a  shout, 
that  the  very  earth  rang  ajiain.     And  thus  they  continued  till  thoso 
that  had  bet^n  upn  th(>  expedition  were  come  up  to  the  Pagamore's 
wigwam;  and  then, oh  the  hideous  insulting  and  triumphing  that  there 
was  over  some  lOnglishmon's  senlps  that  they  had  tuktMi,  as  their 
manner  is,  and  brought  with  them.     I  cannot  "but  take  notice  of  the 
wonderfijl  mercy  of  iJod  to  me  in  those  alllictions,  in  sending  me  a 
Hiblc.     One  of  the  Indians  that  came  from  Medfield  fight,  aTid  had 
brought  some  plunder,  came  to  me,  and  asked  me  if  I  wt)uld  have  « 
Bible;  he  hiu\  got  one  in  his  bnsket.     1  was  glad  of  if,  and  asked  hiin. 
if  he  thought  the  Indians  would  let  me  read.     Ih;  answered  yes.     So 
I  took  the  Bible,  and  in  that  melancdioly  time  it  cafnu  intomv  mind  to 
read  first  the  twcnty-eighth  chapter  of  Deuteronomy,  which  I  did,  and 
when  I  had  read  it  my  dark  heart  wrought  on  this  manner:  that  thero 
was  no  mercy  for  me,  tfiat  the  blessings  were  gone,  and  the  curses 
came  in   their  room,  and  that  I  had  lost  my  opportunity.     But  the 
I>ord  helped  me  still  to  go  on  reading,  till  I  c;imr;  to  chap.  30— the 
first  seven  verses— where  I  finmd  there  was  m(Mcy  promised  again,  if 
we  would  return  to  him  by  repentance;  and  though  we  were  scattered 
from  one  end  of  the  earth  to  ifie  other,  yet  the  Lord  would  gathor  us 
together,  and  turn  all  those  curses  upon  our  enemies.     I  do  not  desire 
to  live  to  fon^et  this  scripture,  and  what  comfort  it  was  to  me. 

Now  the  Indians  began  to  talk  of  removing  from  this  place,  sonw 
one  way  and  som:!  another.     There  were  now  besides  njysolf  nine 
Knghsh  captives  in  this  place,  all  of  them  e.hildren  except  oiic  woman. 
I  got  an  o[>p(.rtiinity  to  go  and  take;  my  leave  of  them,  they  beujg  to 
go  one  way  and  I  another.     I  asked  them  whether  they  wore  earnest 
with  (}(k1  for  d,;liveranc<'.     'I'hey  told  me  they  did  as  they  were  able, 
and  It  was  some  comfort  to  mo  that  the  Lord  stirred  up"  children  to. 
look  to  him.     'J'he  woman,  viz:  goodwife  Joslin,  told  me  she  should 
never  see  me  again,  and  that  she  could  fnd  in  her  heart  to  run  away 
by  any  means,  for  we  were  near  thirty  miles  from  any  Enyjish  town,* 
•iiul  slui  very  hijr  with  child,  having  but  one  week  to  reckon,  and 
another  child  in  her  arms  two  years  o!d ;  and  bad  rivers  thqrc  were 
to  go  over,  and  we  were  fifeble  with  our  poor  and  course  entertainment. 
I  hid  my  Bible  with  me.     I  pulled  it  out,  and  asked  her  whether  she 
would  read.      \V.>  openetl  the  Bible,  and  lighted  on  Psalm  27,  in  which 
I'saim  we  especially  took  notice  of  that  verse:  "  Wait  on  the  Lord,  be 
of  good  coura.:(>,  and  he  shall  strengthen  thine  heart ;  wait  I  sav  on 
flie  Lord."  '  ^ 

The  Fourth  Remove. — And  now  moBt  I  part  with  the  little  com- 
pany  I  had.  Here  I  parted  with  my  daughter  Mary,  whom  I  never 
saw  again  till  I  saw  her  in  I)orch<;ster,  rerturned  from  captivity,  and 

»Tbi»  was  true  at  thai  time,  as  iirooiifield,  (Quat.oaff,)-withm  a  fevr 
iiules  of  Wenuiu:8«(cf,  was  destroyed  by  the  ladiani  in  August,  1675.  The 
nearest  town?  were  those  on  ('ontiecticut  river. 

28* 


330 


EVENTS    IN   INDIAN   HI8T0RT. 


from  four  little  cousins  and  neighbors,  some  of  which  [  never  saw 
atlerward ;  the  Lord  only  knows  the  end  of  them.  Among  them  also 
was  that  poor  woman  iKjfon!  nipnlioncfl,  who  camo  to  a  sad  end.  a.s 
some  of  the  coniiiany  told  me  in  my  travel.  She  having  much  jj,rior 
upon  her  spirits  about  her  miserable  condition,  being  so  near  her  firrc 
slio  would  be  olt(>n  askinf;  the  Indians  to  let  her  go  honin.  They  not 
being  willing  to  that,  and  yet  vexed  with  her  importunity,  gathered  h 
groat  company  together  about  her,  and  stript  her  naked  and  set  her 
in  the  midst  of  them;  antl  when  they  had  sung  and  danced  about  her 
in  their  h(;llisb  manner  as  long  as  they  pleased,  they  knocked  Inn-  ciii 
the  head,  and  the  child  in  her  arms  with  Imh:  When  they  had  done 
that,  they  made  a  lire  and  put  them  bn*h  into  it,  and  told  the  other 
children  that  were  with  tliem,  that  if  they  attempted  to  go  home  thcv 
would  serve  them  in  like  manner.  The  children  said  she  did  not  shn] 
one  tear,  but  prayed  all  the  while.  Hut  to  turn  to  my  own  journey. 
We  travelled  about  a  half  a  day  or  a  little  more,  and  came  to  a  deso- 
late {)!acn  in  the  wilderness,  where  there  w(>rc  no  wigwams  or  inha- 
bitants before.  We  came  about  th(^  middle  of  the  alternoon  to  this 
place,  cold,  wet,  and  snowy,  and  liungry,  and  weary,  and  no  refresh- 
ing li)r  man,  but  the  cold  ground  to  sit  en,  and  our  poor  Indian  cheer. 
'  nearl-achiiig  thouglits  her(>  I  had  about  my  poor  children,  who 
were  seattend  up  ;!iid  down  ;imong  iIk;  wild  beasts  of  the  forest.  Mv 
head  was  light  and  di/zy,  eitluM-  through  hunger,  or  bad  lodging,  or 
trouble,  or  all  touother;  my  knees  teelilc,  my  body  raw  bv  sillini' 
double  night  and  day,  that  I  .  aiuiof  'xprcs-;  to"^mnn  the  alHiction  thai 
lay  upon  my  spirit;  but  the  Lord  lu'lp'-d  i,  -  at  that  time  to  express  ii 
to  himself.  1  op(!ned  my  i^ihle  to  read,  and  the  Lord  brought  I'hat 
pnvious  seri|)ture  to  me, — .'(>r.  :)!  :  )(i,  -'Thus  saith  the  Lord^  refraif! 
thy  voice!  from  weeping,  and  thine  eyes  licm  tears,  lor  thy  woik  shali 
\xi  rewarded,  and  they  shall  come  again  iVom  the  land  of  the  enenn."' 
This  was  a  sweei  cordial  to  mr  when  1  was  ready  to  faint.  Mai.v 
and  many  a  time  have  I  sat  down  and  wept  swc.'c'tly  over  this  scriji- 
tint'.     At  this  place  we  continued  about  ((>ur  davs. 

The  Fifth  RnHorc. — The  occasion,  as  I  thought,  of  their  reinoviiiL'- 
al  tffis  time,  was  the  English  army's  being  near  and  following  theui. 
hr  they  went  as  if  they  jiad  gone  for  their  lives  I't  some  considerably 
way;  aiul  then  they  made  a  stop,  and  cliose  out  some  of  their  stoutesi 
men,  and  sent  them  hack  to  hold  the  Lnglish  army  in  pla\  whilst  ilir 
rest  escaped  ;  and  then,  like  .leliu,  they  mandied  "on  tin-iouslv,  wiili 
their  old  and  young;  some  carried  Iheir  old  ilecrepit  mothers,  seme 
curried  one,  and  st mo  imolhei'.  h'our  ol"  th'  tn  cari'ied  a  great  Indian 
upon  a  bier:  but  going  through  a  thick  W(;od  with  him,'  ihev  \ve:v 
hindered,  and  eouid  make  no  haste;  whereuiKin  they  took  him  iqnn 
their  backs,  and  carried  him  one  al  a  time  till  we  canie  to  Uaeqiiaa' 
riv T.  Upon  I'Viday,  a  little  afKa'  noon,  we  caniu  to  this  river.  VVIi(^ua>l 
the  company  was  come  up  and  gath(>red  together,  1  thought  to  count  the 


*  Or  Pay(|ir.^'f,  now  Miller's  river,     It    aLptios  into  tlie  ('oiis^ctic  ut. 
Iwtwecii  NoitlitieiiJ  ami  Mciitamic. 


MRS.  rowlandson's  captivitt.  331 

number  of  them;  but  thoy  were  so  many,  and  bein^  .omewhat  in 
motion,  U  was  beyond  my  skill.    In  this  travel,  because  of  my  wound 
,    I  was  somewhat  (avorod   i„  .ny  load.     I  ca^ied  only  m7kniZe: 
work,  and  two  quarts  of  pan.hod  „>eal.    B.ing  very  faint,7asked  my 
mistress  to  g.ye  me  one  spoonful  of  the  moal,°but  L.  would  not  .7 
me  a  taste.      They  quickly  fell  to  cutting  drt  trees,  to  make  raffs  to 
carry  them  over  the  nvcr,  and  soon  my^um  came  to  ^o  over      R 
the  advantage  of  some  brush  which  they  had  laid  uponihe    aft  tost 
on,  I  did  not  wet  my  foo,,  while  many  of  thcavsclve.s  at  tlu.  o  he    end 
were  mid-leg  dcvp,  .UrU  cannot  but  be  acknowledged  as  a  fav^r  of 
God  to  my  weaken.Hl    body,  it   being  a  very  cold  time      I  was  no 
tefore  acquamtcd  with  such  kind  of  doings  or  dangers.     -'When  th" 

pt^ver  the  river  that  nigh;;  but' i;;^!'  [ije  m^^S." ul^tlUlalh 
before  all  the  company  was  got  over.  On  th.^  ^Saturday  hey  S 
an  old  horse's  leg  which  they  had  got,  an,]  so  we  dranlfof  the  b^S 

some  hing,  and  vet  it  was  ve.y  hard  to%et  dow'n   he     filth;?rash 
but    he  third  week,  though  I  could  think  ^how  formerly  my  stoS 
would  turn  against  this  or  that,  and   1  could  starve  aiul^  oefre 
n.  Id  eat  such  thmgs,  yet  they  were  pleasant  and  savory  to  my  tai 
I  was  at  this    line  kmttmg  a  pair  of  white  cotton  stociinC  for  mv 
1.  st^ss    and  I  had  not  yet  wrought  upon  the  Sabbath  day^.     When 
the  feabbath  came    they  bid   me  go  to  work.     I  told  them  it  was 
.Sabbath  day,  and  desired  them  to  let  me  rest,  and  told  thenU  wouk 
do  as  much  more  work  lo-inorrow;  to  which  thev  answered  metrev 
would  break  my  foce.     And  here  I  cannot  but  take  no  ce  of   he 
strange  providence  of  God  in  preserving  the  heathen      Thev  we 
many  hundreds,  old  and  yo.mg,  some  sicirand  sonie    "me-  maiv  haS 
i'apooses  at  the.r  backs,-  the  greatest  numhc.r  at  this  tir  e  with  J™e 
.-quaws;  and  yet  they  travelled  wilh  all  thev  had,  bac.  and  bacn'r 
-d  they  got  over  this  river  aforesaid  ;  and  on  Mondav  th.t  soTS 
H  gwams  on  fire,  and  away  they  went.     On  that  very  day^cSne  the 
Lnghsh  army  alter  them  to  this  river,  ,,n<l  saw  the -smoke  of"  their 
Wigwams,  and  yet  this  river  put  a  stop  ,o  them.     God  did  not  .fve 
them  courage  or  activity  to  go  over  alior  us.      We  w.^-e  not  readv^for 
so  g..at  a  mercy  as  victory  and  delivenu,..e;  if  we  haS    .^i    \S 
-.^d  have  found  out  a  way  ,hr  the  |.:n.li<h  to  have  passed   hs  i^ 
a..wel  as  lor  ifie  Indians,  will,  their  squaws  and  children    and  Vll 

l^Mcl  had  walked  in  my  ways;    I   should  soon  have  subdued  their 
^^'.^.n.es,  and  turned  my  hand  against  tl.cir  adveivsaries!"-Psal.  81 : 

The  SLrth  Remove.— On  Monday,  as  1  said,  they  set  their  vvi,r 
warns  on  fir.,  and  went  away.     It  .v^^  a  cold  mornIS,  andtli^S 


332 


EVEWTS    IN    INDIAI*    aiSTOKT. 


there  was  a  great  brook  with  ice  on  it.  Some  waded  through  it  up 
to  the  kncGs  and  higher,  but  othcra  went  till  they  came  to  a  beaver 
dam,  and  I  amongst  them,  where,  through  the  good  providence  of 
God,  I  did  not  wet  my  foot.  I  went  along  that  day  mourning  and 
lamenting,  leavin'^  farther  my  own  country,  and  travelling  iarther 
into  the  vast  and  howlin'^  wilderness,  and  1  understood  something  of 
Lot's  wife's  temptation  when  she  looked  back.  We  came  that  day  to 
a  great  swan)r>,  by  the  side  of  whifh  we  took  up  our  lodging  that  night. 
VVhen  we  came  to  the  brow  of  the  hill  that  looked  toward  the  swamp, 
I  thought  we  had  been  come  to  a  great  Indian  town,  though  there 
were  none  bat  our  own  company;  the  Indians  were  as  thick  as  the 
trees;  it  scorned  as  if  there  had  been  a  thousand  hatchets  going  at 
once.  If  one  looked  before  one  there  was  nothing  but  Indians,  and 
behind  one  nothing  but  hidians,  and  so  on  the  other  hand;  and  I 
myself  in  the  midst,  and  no  Christian  soul  near  me,  and  yet  how  hath 
the  Lord  preserved  me  in  safety !  Oh  the  experience  that  I  have  had 
of  the  goodness  of  God  to  me  and  mine! 

The' Seventh  Remove.— Mier  a  restless  and  hungry  night  there, 
we  had  a  wearisome  time  of  it  the  next  day.  The  swamp  by  which 
we  lay  was,  as  it  were,  a  deep  dungeon,  and  an  exceeding  high  and 
steep  hill  before  it.  Befoio  I  got  tolho  top  of  the  hill,  I  thought  my 
heart  and  legs  and  all  would  have  broken  and  failed  me.  What 
through  faintness  and  soreness  of  body,  it  was  a  grievous  day  of  travel 
to  mcT  As  we  wctit  along,  I  saw  a  place  where  English  cattle  had 
been.  This  was  a  comfort  to  me,  such  as  it  was.  Quickly  after  that 
we  came  to  an  Enijlish  path,  which  so  took  me  that  I  thought  I  could 
there  have  freely  Tain  down  and  died.  That  day,  a  little  after  noon, 
we  came  to  Squabeag,*  when;  the  Indiana  quickly  spread  themselves 
over  the  deserted  English  fields,  gleaning  what  they  could  find.  Some 
picked  up  ears  of  wheat  that  were  crickled  down,  some  found  ears  of 
Indian  orn,  some  found  ground-nuts,  and  others  sheaves  of  wheat 
that  were  frozen  together  in  the  shock,  and  went  to  threshing  them 
out.  Myself  got  two  ears  of  Indian  corn,  and  whilst  I  did  but  turn 
my  back  one  of  them  was  stole  from  me,  which  much  troubled  m\ 
There  came  an  Indian  to  them  at  that  time,  with  a  basket  of  horso- 
liver.  I  asked  him  to  give  ine  a  piece.  "  What,"  says  he,  "can  you 
eat  horse-liver?"  I  told  him  I  would  try,  if  ho  would  give  me  a  piece, 
which  \w  did,  and  I  laid  it  on  the  coals  to  roast;  but  before  it  was 
half  ready  they  got  half  of  it  aw;iy  from  me,  so  that  I  v.-as  forced  to 
take  the  "rest  "and  eat  it  as  it  was,  with  the  blood  about  my  mouth; 
and  yet  a  savory  bit  it  was  to  me,  for  to  the  hungry  s'ud  every  bitter 
thing  was'  sweet,  A  solemn  sight  melhought  it  was,  to  see  whole 
field's  of  wheat  and  Indian  corn  forsaken  and  spoiled,  and  the  remain- 
der of  them  to  he  (i)od  ior  our  merciless  enemies.  That  night  we  had 
u  mess  of  wheat  for  our  supper. 

The  Eighth  Remove. — On  the  morrow  morning  m-c  must  go  over 
(.'onneotJcut  river,  to  meet  with  King  Philip.     Two  canoes  full  they 

♦  Or  Squakeatf,  now  Northfield. 


MBS.    ROWLANDSOn's    CAPTIVITY. 


333 


had  earned  over ;  the  next  turn  myself  was  to  go ;  but  as  my  foot  was 
upon   he  canoe  to  step  n),  there  was  a  sudden  c^itcry  among  them,  and 
I  must  step  baek;  and  n^s.ead  of  goinj,  over  the  river,  I  nmst  .«  four 
or  five  miles  up   he  nver  farther  northward.     Some  of  the  fndians 
i^n  one  vvay,  and  some  anotl,..-.     The  cause  of  this  route  was  as  I 
hought^  then-  es]>ymg  some  J^lnglish  scouts,  who  were  theSc^s 
In  l.Ls  travel  up  the  nvei',  alK,ut  noon  the  company  made  a  stem    ind 
satdown,son.eto  eat  and  others  to  rest  thcn\.    'as  I  s     t^n't 
them,  musn^g  ..n  Ih.ngs  past,  my  son  Jo.eph  unexpectedly  came°to 
nie.     We  asked  of  each  other's  welfl,re,  bemoaning  our  dolefu   coin 
.  .on,  an,   the  change  that  had  c-on.o  upon  us.     MV  luad  husband  and 
father,  and  children  and  sisfers,  mul   friends  and  relations,  and  ho    e 
and  home  and  manv  comforts  of  this  liib;  but  now  we  miaht  sav  as 

«      Tlu   r"'l  ^  ""'  "'■'"■•' ';'""'"'''^  "■•""''' ^'"^  "'-^l^'^d  shall  1 
lotum.      11  e  Lord  gavo,  and  fhr  Lord  hath  taken  away:  blessed  be 
the  name  of  the  Lorcl."'     I  asked  lun.  whethc-  he  would    e  d      it 
!..kl  n  e  he  earnestly  d.suvd  it.      1  gave  him  my  Bible,  and  he  liohted 
upon  tha    comlorlaMe  scripUue,  IValm  118;  i7,  lH,_u  f  .j^'ifnot 
<  0,  but  hvc,  and  declare  the-  works  of  the  Lord.     The  Lo  d  ha 
hastened  me  s.,e,  yet  he  hall,  no-  given  n.c  over  to  death."     "  Look 
here,  n.o  her,"  says  lu,  u  .ij,,  _,-<„.  read  this  ?"     And  Ikmv  I  may  take 
occasion  to  in-nr.on  .„«■  principal  ground  of  my  setting  forth  these 
■iiKs  even  as  the  l'>alm,st  says,  to  declare  tiu- works  of  the  Lord 
•iujl  his  uonder.al  power  in  carrying  us  aloiu;,  prc'servii,.- us  in  the 
^nlderness  while  under  the  enemy's  hand,  and  n'tirning  ofTis  I  salbty 

ml"  uiNit        ^":  '"  '"■'!;^'"^  '^  '">"  '""     ^''  '"'"'^'  <^omfbrtal,te 

ami  suitable  scriptures  m  mv  distress 

But  to  return.     We  travelle.l  on  till  nighl,  and  in  the  morning  we 

'1  Y  'f  1^^'  amazed  at  the  numerous  crew  <,f  Pagans  that  were 

;  I  about  me,  I  sitting  alone  m  the  midst.     J  observed  they  asked  one 

loWes'^'n""'  ""^^  '""?'""''  ""'  '"■'""■"^'  "^'--  ^'--  ^--  »nd 
^       (Ik    brst  tniKs  to  my   remembran..-,  that  f  wept   before  them. 

imcs  ,  v,d)  to  break    yet  <-ould  not  I  she,]  „ne  tear  in  their  sinht,  bilt 
a  her  had  been  all   this  while  i„  a  ,nai/.,>,  and   like  one  astonished. 

i.:Zl:T  "•    '"  '^"'"'  ^^^' =  l'-"J'y  ">^^  -vers  of  BaLyb.; 

It    A  ,"";  '■'''■*'  '"'  '"■''''  ^''"■"  ^^'<^  '•c'n'ombered  Zion."'    f  herJ 

n    of  them  asked  me  why  ]  wept.      1  c-ouhl  hardly  tell  what  to  say  ; 

Uns.vei-ed  tbey  would     ill  me.     ^  No^  said  he,  "  none  will  h^; 

0      niort  lie,  and  another  gave  me  half  a  pint  of  p,.as,  which  was 
u     h  .no,.e  than  many  bushels  a,  another  ti.ne.     Thin  /went  to  see 

o„|,|  ,sn,ok,^-a  usual  compliment   now-a-.lays  aniono-  the  saints 

i^  ^mners  :  but  t  as  no  w.-,y  .uifed  me ;  (br  though   1  had  Ibrmeri; 

^'Md  tobacco,  yet  I  had  left  it  oyer  since  I  was  first  taken.     It  .eoms 


Hl^^^^Hn9l^vffi 

I 

s 

334 


BVKNT8    IN    INDIAN    HISTORY. 


to  be  a  bait  Iho  devil 


to  make  men  lose  their 


time. 


precious 
reniomber  with  shMuie  liow  Ibniiprly,  when  I  had  lul\en  two  or  three 
pipes,  1  was  j)re.s(.'ntly  ready  lor  another,  sucli  a  bev/itching  thing  it 
is;  but  I  thank  (lod,  h(^  lias  now  given  ine  power  over  it.  Surely 
there  an;  niiiny  wiio  may  k;  better  employed  than  to  sit  sucking  •• 
stinking  tobacco-pipe. 

Now  the  Indians  gathered  their  fi^rces  to  go  against  Northampton. 
Over  ni^'ht  one  w(!nt  al)out  yelling  and  hooting  to  give  notice  o.*'  the 
design.  Whcrenpon  they  went  to  boiling  oi"  ground-nuts  andparcliini; 
corn,  as  many  as  bad  it,  lor  their  provision;  and  in  the  morning awav 
they  went.  During  my  abt^de  in  this  j)Iaeo,  I'hilip  spake  to  nie  to 
make  a  shirt  lijr  bis  boy,  which  I  did;  for  which  ho  gave  me  a  shilling. 
I  olI<!red  th(^  money  tn  my  mistress,  but  .she  bid  me  keep  it,  and  with 
il  1  bought  a  \nvro  of  horse-flesh,  Aderward  he  asked  me  to  make  a 
eaj)  for  his  boy,  for  which  he  invited  me  to  dinner.  I  went,  niid  ho 
gave  mo  a  pancake  about  as  big  as  two  fmgers  ;  it  was  made  ol 
parehe."  wlie;it,  beaten  and  fried  in  be.'ir's  grease,  but  I  thought  I  never 
tasted  |)leasanli'f  meat  in  my  lile.  There  was  a  squaw  who  spake  to 
me  to  make  a  shirt  liir  her  sannup;  ("or  which  she  gave  mo  a  piece  oi 
IxM.'i".  Another  asked  me  to  knit  a  jiair  of  stockings,  for  which  she 
gaviMue  a  (juiirt  of  peas.  1  boiled  my  j-eas  and  beef  together,  and 
invited  my  master  and  mistress  to  diiuier;  but  the  proud  go.ssip,  because 
t  served  them  both  in  one  dish,  would  eat  nothing  except  one  hit  that 
he  gave  her  upon  the  point  of  his  kifife.  lU'aring  that  my  son  Wiki 
i-ome  to  this  |)la(e.  I  went  to  see  him,  and  iound  him  lying  flat  on  the 
ground.  I  ask«Hl  him  how  h<!  could  sleep  so.  lie  answered  me  thai 
he  was  not  asleei),  but  at  prayer,  and  that  be  lay  so  that  they  inight 
not  observe  what  he  was  doing.  I  pray  God  he  may  remend)er  thcbe 
things  now  he  is  relumed  in  salety.  At  tliis  place,  the  sun  now  getting 
hi:,her,  what  with  the  lu\'Ui)s  and  beat  of  the  sun  and  smoke  of  the 
wigwams,  1  thought  1  should  have  been  blinded.  I  could  scarce 
discern  one  wigwam  from  another.  Tl'iere  was  one  Mary  Thurston, 
of  Medlield,  who,  seeing  how  it  was  with  me,  lent  me  a  hat  to  wear; 
but  as  soon  as  I  was  gone,  the  ,s(pKiw  that  owned  that  Mary  Thurston 
came  running  after  me,  and  got  it  away  again.  Here  was  a  squaw 
who  g;ave  me  a  spoonful  of  meal ;  I  i)ut  il  in  my  pocket  to  keep  it  sale* 
yet  nothwithstaiiding  somebody  stole  it,  hut  put  five  Indian  corns  in 
the  room  of  it ;  whu'li  corns  were  the  greatest  provision  I  had  in  my 
travel  lor  one  day. 

The  Indians  rt'turniiig  from  Northampton,*  brought  with  them  8on)t 
hor.sos,  and  sliee|i,  and  other  things  which  they  had  taken.  I  desired 
them  that  they  would  carry  me  to  Albany  upon  one  of  these  horses, 
and  sell  me  for  powder,  for  so  they  had  sometimes  discoursed.  1  was 
utterly  helpless  of  getting  home  on  foot,  the  way  that  I  came.  I  coulu 
hardly  bear  to  think  of  the  many  weary  steps  I  had  taken  to  this 
idaee. 

The  jyintk  Remove. — But  instead  of  cither  going  to  Albany  or 

*  Northamptou  was  attacked  March  14,  1676. 


the  least  ima< 


MRS.   ROWLANDSON's   CAPTIVITY. 


335 


homeward,  we  must  go  five  miles  up  the  rivor,  and  then  oo  over  it 
Here  we  abode  a  while.  Ilcie  liv(,-(l  a  sorry  Indian,  who  spake  to  mc 
to  make  him  a  shirt;  when  I  had  done  it  he  would  pay  me  nothintr 
for  it.  But  he  living  by  the  river  side,  where  I  often  went  to  fetch 
water,  I  would  often  be  puffing  him  in  mind,  and  calling  for  my  pay; 
at  last  he  told  me  that  if  i  wo-ild  muke  another  shirt  "'for  a  papoose 
not  yet  born,  he  woidd  give  mc  a  knife,  which  he  did  when  1  had 
done  it.  I  carried  tlu;  knile  in,  and  my  master  asked  me  to  ^ive  it 
him,  and  I  was  not  a  little  glad  that  I  hail  any  thing  that  they°would 
accept  ^of  and  be  pleased  wifh.  When  we  were  at  this  place  my 
master's  maid  came  home;  she  had  been  gone  three  weeks  into  the 
Narragansett  country  to  fetch  corn,  where  [hey  had  stored  up  some 
in  the  ground.  She  brought  home  (d)out  a  peck  and  a  half  of  corn. 
This  was  about  thefimc  fhat  their  great  captain,  Naonanto,  was  killed* 
in  the  Narragansett  countiy. 

My  son  being  now  about  a  jiiile  from  me,  I  asked  liberty  to  go  and 
see  hrni.  Tl»ey  bid  me  go,  .-uu!  ,iv-av  I  went;  but  quickly  lost  my- 
self, travelling  over  hills  and  ih-c^.Ji  swain[)s,  and  could  not  find  the 
way  to  him.  And  I  cannot  but  admire  the  wonderful  power  and 
goodness  of  God  to  me,  in  th?it  th.  ii^li  I  was  cone  from  home  and 
met  with  all  sorts  of  Indians,  and  :lio.se  I  had  no  knowledge  of,  and 
there  being  no  Christian  soul  near  mc,  yet  not  one  of  them  offered 
the  least  imaginabk;  miscarriage  :o  me.  I  turned  homeward  aoain, 
and  met  with  my  master,  and  he  showed  me  the  way  to  my 'son. 
When  I  came  to  him  f  found  him  not  well,  and  withal  he  had  a  boil 
on  his  side  which  much  troubled  hini.  We  bemoaned  one  another  a 
while,  as  the  Lord  helped  us,  and  then  1  returned  again.  When  I 
was  returned,  I  found  myself  as  unsatisfied  is  I  was  before.  I  went 
up  and  down  mourning  and  lauionting,  and  my  spirit  was  ready  to 
sink  with  the  thoughts  of  my  poor  children.  My  son  was  ill,  and  1 
could  not  but  think  of  his  mournful  looks,  having  no  Christian  friend 
near  him  to  do  any  office  of  love  to  him,  either  for  soul  or  body.  And 
my  poor  girl,  I  knew  not  where  she  was,  nor  whether  she  was  sick 
or  well,  alive  or  dead,  i  repaired  under  these  ihoiights  to  my  Bible, 
(my  great  comforter  in  that  time,)  and  that  .scripture  came  to  mv 
hand,  "Cast  thy  burden  upon  tJic  Lord,  and  he  shall  sustain  thee."-l 
Psal.  55 :  22. 

But  I  was  fain  to  go  look  after  sometliinc  to  satisfy  my  hunger; 
and  going  among  the  wigwams,  I  xveiit  into  one,  and  "there  found  a 
sauaw  who  showed  herself  very  kind  to  me,  and  gave  me  a  piece  of 
bear.  I  put  it  into  my  pocket  .Ind  came  home,  blit  could  not  find  an 
opportunity  to  broil  it,  for  fear  they  should  get  it  from  me.  And 
fhere  it  lay  all  the  day  and  night  in  mv  stinking  pocket.  In  the 
morning  I  went  again  to  the  squaw,  who  had  a  kettle  of  ground-nuts 
boiling.  I  asked  her  to  let  me  boil  my  piece  of  hear  in  the  kettle, 
which  she  did,  and  gave  mc  some  ground-nuts  to  eat  v/ith  it,  and  1 
cannot  but  think  how  pleasant  it  was  to  mn.  I  have  sometimes  seen 
bear  baked  handsomely  amon-jst  the  English,  and  some  liked  it,  but 
the  thoughts  that  it  was  bear  made  me  "tremble.     But  now  tliat  was 


>,S    ,     S 


IJ 

, 

1 

i.^ , 

336 


EVENTS    IN    INDIAN    HISTORY. 


I 


savory  to  me  that  one  would  think  was  enougli  to  turn  the  stomach 
of  a  brute  creature. 

One  bitter  cold  day  I  could  find  no  room  to  sit  down  before  the  fire. 
I  went  out,  and  could  not  tell  what  to  do,  but  i  wont  into  another 
wigwam,  where  they  were  also  sitting  round  the  fire;  but  the  squaw 
laid  a  skin  for  me,  and  bid  uiu  sit  down,  and  gav(;  nic  some  ground- 
nuts,  and  bid  me  come  again,  and  told  nu;  they  would  buy  uie  if  they 
were  able.  And  yet  these  were  strangers  to  me  that  1  never  knew 
before. 

The  Tenth  Remove. — That  day  a  small  part  of  the  company  re- 
moved about  tiiree  quarters  of  a  mile,  intending  to  go  farther  the  next 
day.  When  they  came  to  the  iilace  tli(;y  intended  to  lodge,  and  hud 
pitched  their  wigwams,  being  hungry,  I  went  again  back  to  the  place 
we  were  before  at,  to  get  s(jmething  to  eat ;  being  encouraged  by  tho 
squaw's  kindness,  who  bid  me  come  again.  Wlirn  I  was  tliere,  there 
came  an  Indian  to  look  alter  me;  who  when  he  liad  lound  me,  ki(;k('(l 
me  all  along.  I  went  home  and  ibund  v(;nisou  njasling  that  ni^ht, 
but  they  would  not  give  me  one  bit  of  it.  Sometimes  I  met  with 
favor,  and  sometimes  with  nothing  but  frowns. 

The  Eleventh  Remove. — The  next  day  in  the  morning,  they  took, 
their  travel,  intending  a  day's  journey  up  the  river :  I  took  my  load 
at  my  back,  and  quickly  w(!  came  to  wade  over  a  river,  and  passed 
over  tiresome  and  wearisome  hills.  One  hill  was  so  sleep,  that  1  was 
fain  to  creep  up  on  my  knees,  and  to  hold  by  the  twigs  and  buslies 
to  keep  myself  from  lalling  ba'.dvward.  My  head  also  was  so  light 
that  I  usually  reeled  as  I  went.  But  I  hope  all  those  wearisome  steps 
that  I  have  taken  are  but  a  forwarding  of  me  to  the  lieavenly  rest. 
"  I  know,  O  Lord,  that  thy  judgments  are  right,  and  that  thou  in 
faithfulness  hath  afllicled  me." — I'salm  111):  75. 

The  Twelfth  Remove. — It  was  upon  a  Sabbath-day  morning  that 
they  prepared  lor  their  travel.  This  morning  I  asked  my  master 
whether  he  would  sell  me  to  my  husband ;  he  answeicu,  nux;  which 
did  much  rejoice  my  spirits.  My  mistress,  l>efore  we  went,  was  gone 
to  the  burial  of  a  papoose,  and  returning,  she  found  me  sitting  and 
reading  in  my  Bible.  She  snatched  it  hastily  out  of  my  hand  and 
threw  it  out  of  doors.  I  ran  out  and  caught  it  up,  and  j)ut  it  in  my 
pocket,  and  never  let  her  see  it  allei'wai'ds.  Thou  th(!y  packi^d  u|) 
their  things  to  be  gont;,  and  gave  mo  my  load ;  I  complained  it  was 
too  heavy,  whereupon  she  gave  me  r;  slop  on  tlie  face  and  bid  me  be- 
gone. I  lifted  up  my  hea't  to  God,  hoping  that  redemption  was  not 
far  off;  and  the  rather  because  llieir  insolence  gi(;w  worse  and  worse. 

But  thoughts  of  my  going  iiomeward,  for  ',o  wc  bent  our  course. 
much  che^ercd  my.  spirit,  and  made  my  burden  seem  light,  and  aLnost 
nothing  at  all.  But  to  my  am  izemmt  and  great  perjik 'city,the  scale  was 
soon  turned;  for  when  we  had  i^ot  a  little  way,  on  a  sudden  my  mistress 
gave  out  she  would  go  no  further,  but  turn  back  again,  and  said  1 
must  go  back  again  with  her;  and  she  c  :!'(xi  her  sannup,  and  would 
hove  him  go  back  also,  but  he  would  iiot,  but  said  he  would  go  on, 
and  come  to  us  again  in  three  days.     My  spirit  was  upon  this^  I 


MRS.   BOWLANDSON's    CAPTIVITY. 


887 


confess,  very  impatient,  and  almost  outrageous.     I  thought  i  could 
as  well  have  died  Ji.s  went  back.     I  cannot  d.'clare  the  trouble  that  1 
v\!is  ni  about  it;  back  again  I  must  go.     As  soon  as  1  had  an  oppor- 
tuiiity,  I  took  my  j{iblo  to  read,  and  that  quieting  scripture  came  to 
fiiy  hand,  I'sahu  40:   10,— »  Me  still,  and  know  that  1  am  (^od;" 
tvliicb  sfille.l  my  spirit  Ibr  the  present;  but  a  sore  time  of  trial  1 
v;oiu;luded  1  had  to  go  through;  mv  master  being  gone,  who  seemed 
to  me  the  best  iVien.l  I  h.ul  ol'an  Indian,  both  in  cold  and  linnoer,and 
<|ijickly  so  It  pnived.     Jjown  1  sat,  with  my  heart  as  Hill  as  it  could 
iiold,  and  yet  so  hungry  that  I.  could  not  sit  neither.     But  going  out 
•(.see  what   I  could  lind,  and  walking  among  (he  trees,  I  Ibund  six 
arurns  and  two  clicsnuts,  whicjji  wcu'e'somo  relreshment  to  me.     To- 
ivards  night  [  gathered  me  some  sticks  ibr  my  own  comlbrt,  that  I 
.night  not  lie  cold;  but  when  we  came  to  lie  down,  they  bid  me  "o 
out  and   lie  somewhere  else,  (br  they  had  companv,  they  said,  come 
ia  moiv  ihau  lli-ir  own.     I  tnid  them  I  could  not'tell  where  to  go; 
Ihiy  bid  me  go  iook ;  J  told  them  if  I  went  to  another  wigwam  thev 
wuuld  be  aiigiy  and  send  me  home  again.     Then  one  oCthe  company 
(ii-cw  his  sword  and  lold  me  hi-  would  run  me  ihnuiuh  if  I  did  not  <'"o 
jin-'sently.     Then  was  I  liiin  to  stoop  to  tliis  rude  lellow,  and  go  out 
111  the  niglit  I  knew  not  whitluM-.     Mine  eyes  hath  seen  that  "ellow, 
.'tfterwards  wjilking  up  and  down  in  lloston",  under  tlie  appearance  of  a 
friendly  Indian,  and  s(!veral  (itln-rs  of  the  like  cut.      I  went  to  one 
wigwam,  and  they  told  m(;   they  had  no  room.     Tlu^n  1  went  to 
aiiotli(;r,  and  they  said  the  same.     At  last,  an  old  Indian  bid  me  come 
to  him,  and  his  squaw  gave  me  some  ground-nuts ;  she  gave  me  also 
something  to  lay  under  my  head,  and  a  good  lire  we  iiad ;  llirou<di 
the  good  providence  of  tJod,  I  had  a  comfortable  lodging  that  nighi. 
In  the  morning,  another  Indian  bid  me  come  at  niuht  and  he  Avoiild 
give  me  six  ground-nuts,  which   I  .lid.     W'e  were  at  this  place  and 
liiiio  about    two    miicjs    Irom    (,\iimecfieiit   river.     We  went   in  thf' 
morning,  to  gather  ground-nuts,  to  the  river,  and  went  back  aoain  at 
iiiglit.     1  went  with  a  great  load  at  my  back,  lor  they,  when  thev 
'.vvnt,  thoiigl)   but  a  littli;  way,  would  carrv  all  their  trumpery  with 
thoni.     I  told  them  th(!  skin  was  olf  mv  back,  but  I  had  no"  other 
coialorting  answ(>r  from  them  than  this,  "thai  it  would  be  no  matter  if 
m  head  was  olf  too. 

The  T/tin'rciith  Remove. — Instead  of  going  towards  tlie  bay,  which 
was  what  I  desired,  I  must  go  with  tluMn  live  or  six  miles  down  the 
river,  into  a   mighty  thicket  of  brush  ;  v.here  we  abode  almost  a 
fortnight.     Here  one  asked  me  td^nake  a  shirt  ibr  Iier  papoose,  for 
which  she  gave  me  a  mess  of  broth,  which  was  thickened  with  meal 
iriade  of  the  Itark  of  a  tree ;  and  to  make  it  better  she  had  put  into  it 
about  a  handful  oi'  jjcas,  and  a  few  roasted  ground-nuts.     1  had  not 
secniny  son  a  |)retty  while,  and  here  was  an  "Indian  of  whom  I  made 
eiH|uiry  after  him,  and  askf;d  him  where  he  saw  him.     He  answered 
irie,  that  such  a  time  his  master  roasted  him,  and  that  himself  did  eat 
a  piece  of  him  as  big  as  his  two  fingers,  and  that  he  was  very  good 
meat.     Hut  the  Lord  upheld  my  spirit  under  this  discouragement  ;''and 
29 


1  fi 


im 


336 


EVENTS    IN    INDIAN    UI8TORV. 


■i 


I  considered  their  liorrihit;  addictcdncss  to  lyin;,',  iind  that  lh(;re  is  not 
one  of  thou  that  niakes  \h>  ka.st  rdiiM-irnce  of  spc-ikino  (he  truth. 

Ih  this  place,  (im;  cold  iiinht,  us  I  lay  l>y  llie  lire,  I  removed  a  slick 
which  kept  iIk-  heat  IVoiii  nie;  n  scjiimw  moved  it  (kmn  u^fain,  at  which 
I  looked  iij),  ami  she  ihrewaii  Iwiiidlid  of'ashes  in  my  e\(>.s;  I  ihontiht 
I  should  have  lieen  (piih;  blinded  and  never  have  M'cn  more;  linl,  lyind 
<lown,  thti  water  ran  out  of  my  eyes,  and  carried  the  dirt  willi  it,  thilt 
hy  tlie  niorninL'  I  recovered  my  siiilit  attain.  ^Ct  upon  this,  and  the 
like  oecasioiis,  I  hdpe  it  is  not  too  much  h)  say  with  .loli.  «'  lhi\(>  pity 
upon  me,  have  pity  upon  me,  O  ye  my  friends,  lor  the  hand  of  the 
1-iOrd  lias  touched  me."  And  hvrr,  1  cjinnot  hut  rememlier  how  maii\ 
times,  sillinj;  in  ihrir  wiuwams,  and  nuisinji'  on  ihinos  past,  i  shoui'd 
suddenly  leap  up  and  run  otit,  as  if  I  had  heen  at  home,'  loroettini;  wherc 
I  was,  and  what  my  condilidii  was:  Imt  when  1  was  withoni,  a"al  saw 
nothinii;  hut  wilck'rness  and  woods,  and  a  company  of  Larharoiis 
heathen,  my  miinl  (piickly  rctiiiiK  d  u,  uu\  which  made  mo  think  of 
that  spoken  concerning  Sampson,  wlio  said,  "I  will  ^o  out  and  shakr 
myself  as  at  other  times,  hut  he  wist  not  that  the  l.uvd  was  dcpartcci 
from  him." 

Ahout  this  tini(>  1  I)(\ii;\n  to  lliink  that  all  my  hopes  of  restoration 
wouhl  come  lo  notlnnn-.  1  tiiou^lit  of  tlu;  En<j;fish  army,  and  hoped 
for  their  eomin.u;,  and  heini^  n.'takeii  hy  them,  hut  that  IJiikd.  J  ho|xd 
to  he  <-arried  lo  Alhany,  as  the  Indians  had  discoursed,  hut  that  failed 
also.  1  thouiiht  i.f  lieinii;  sold  to  my  husband,  as  my  master  spake: 
but  instead  of  that,  my  master  himself  was  j^^one,  and'[  leH  hi.'hind,  so 
that  my  spirit  was  now  (juito  ready  to  sink.  I  asked  them  to  let'inc 
SO  out  and  pick  up  some  sticks,  (hat  1  miiilit  p;et  alone  and  pour  out 
my  heart  unto  the  l.ord.  Then  also  I  tcok  my  nil.k;  lo  read,  bii: 
I  fiiund  no  eomliu-t  her(>  neither;  yet  1  can  say  in  all  my  sorrows  and 
alHictions,  God  did  not  leave  nie  to  have  any  im[iatient  \\ork  toward 
himsoli;  !is  if  his  ways  were  um-in;hteous;  hut  1  knew  that  iie  laid  upon 
me  less  than  [  deserved.  Allerward,  before  (his  d(deliil  lime  ended 
with  me,  I  was  turning;  lhc  leaves  oi"  my  IJible,  and  llir;  Lord  broufjht 
to  me  9o»no  scripture  which  did  a  little  "revive  me,  as  (hat,  Isa.  fio:  H, 
"For  my  Ihouuiils  are  not  your  thoui>;hts,  n'/tlier  ai'c  my  ways  vour 
ways,  sailh  the  Jiord."  And  also  tjiat,— Ps;d.  'M :  o,  '''(\immit  thv 
ways  unto  the  Lord,  trust  also  in  him,  and  he  shall  bring  it  lo  pass.""' 
About  this  time,  tlioy  cam*,'  yelpinic  from  ILadley,*  having  there 
lulled  three  Englishmen,  and  brought  one  eaptive'with  them,  viz: 
Thomas  Reed.  Thc^v  all  gathered  about  the  poor  man,  ;iskiiig  hirn 
many  questions.  I  (k sired  also  to  go  and  sec  him;  and  when  r"^'amc 
he  was  cryijig  bitterly,  supposing  they  would  quickly  kill  him.  Where- 
Uj)on  I  asked  one  of  them  whether  they  intended  to  kill  him;  he  an- 
swered me  they  would  not.  He  being  a  little  cheered  with  that,  I 
asked  hun  about  the  wellixre  of  my  husband ;  lie  told  me  he  saw  hirn 
swch  a  time  in  the  bay,  and  ho  was  well,  but  very  melancholy.    By 

*  In  the  beginning  of  April,  a  number  of  the  inhabitants  of  Hadiey. 
havmg  ventured  out  some  distance  from  the  guard,  for  tlie  purpose  of 
tillage,  were  attacked  by  the  Indians,  and  three  of  them  killed. 


MRS.    HOWLANDSON's    CAmviTY. 


389 


which  I  r-ortiiinly  uiidorstood,  thoiiirh  I  stisponfrd  it  hofcrc,  that  what- 


s.)r!y(!r  thn  Indiiiiis  fold  „,(;  r<-s|.(>(;ting  him  wm  vanity  and  lies.     Som 


jftllCMl 


old  me  he  was  d.;ad,  and  thoy  liad  killed  h 


was  inarncd  at',airi,  and  liiat  the  ^ovoriior  wished  him  t 


im;  somo  said  ht; 


U)ld  him  thaf  Ik 

that  I  was  dead.     So  li 


w;is  a  liar  Irom  (lie  Ixjiriiiniiur. 


o  marry,  and 

ind  that  all  persuaded  him 

ke  w«;re  these  harharoiis  eniaturcs  to  him  who 


slKiiild  have  his  choice 


As  I 


was  sitliiiLf  once  in  ih 


e  wi'iwam  here 


lie  child  111  liiM-  arms,  and  ask 


ed 


re  Miak(;  a  (lap  lor  it.      I  told  her  I  woiilil  not;  then  my  misl 

no;  (he  iiiuid  (oM  uv)  if  I  would 


iiic  <rive   it,   litif  I  slid  said 


licr  a  pi''c. 


she  won 


I.I  t 


hilip'.s  maid  cam(!  with 
me  to  iriv(!  her  a  |)iec,(!  of  my  apron 

r(;ss  hid 
not  ttivo 


>a(  1 1 


ear  a  niece  ol]  it. 


I  (old  her  I  wf)iild  t(!ur  h 
icii:  ^wilh  ihat   iny  misfri'ss  ri.ies  up,  and  takes  up  a,  stick  big 

^^ynrk  at  m(!  wilh  it;   hut  I.  stept  oiit^. 


"iioiiLi'h  lo  liav( 


Killed   me 


anil 


lid  sill!  struck  tiie  slick  iiilo  l| 


le  iii;il  (il    the  wicwai 


n. 


was  piilliiiL;'  it  oiil 


hilt  whi 


e  she 


ran  tn  the  maid  ai 


id  iravi 


er  al 


mv 


.'I  lint  sloriii  Weill  o\i' 


apron,  and 


llearinu'  that 


mv  son  was  come  to  (hi:. 


;iiid  told  him  (hat  his  liitln'r  was  well,  I 
u;is  as  miicli  u-rieved  |i»r  his  liit, 


place 


went  to  see 


inn. 


nil' 


It  ill;;  speech,  i;)r  I  (hoim-ht  I  had  eiioiiirli  iipf)ii  mv 


)iit  very  melancholy.     lie  told 
ler  iis  (i)r  himseir.     |  wondered 


111  liivse 
ilu;v  hein 


I,  to  mak(!  me  miiidic 


spirit,  ill  re|('r(!nc(.' 


mv  hiishand  and  everv 


one  else. 


-4-  sale  amoii!.-  tli-'ir  iViends.      I  |e  f,,|,|   m,;  nlso,  (hat  a  while 
icier.',  his    misler,   lonvther  with  .illi^r   Indians,   were   ^..ino-  to  the 

Kiwks  met  with  them,  and 
n.iile  till!  rest  turn  hack  a"-ain; 


''reach  lor  pow.l.'r;   hut  hy  tin;  wav  the  Mol 


kill.'d 


fear  of  tli"ir  cnuinaiiv,  which  i 


(lir  which  I 
inii>lit  have 
It  ni'ev.'d  to  1)1'  in  I 


tl.'sir.'  IhaL  iiivse 


and  he  mavey.'r  hlcss  (ho  L!)ril ;  lor 


)ivu  worse  wiih  him  hud  he  hci'U  s.)|il  to  the   ['"reiicli,  tl 
'lis  remiiiniiii  with  tli.'  In.liaii- 


it 
lan 


I  w.'uf   f.)  SCO  an  I'lun-iish  y.)utli  in  tlii-;  place,  one  John  (iilhert,  of 


.S])nii'j,!ii'ld.      I    11)1111(1 
uskcil  him  how  he  di.l 
eatiiiif  so  niiudi  hlood.    They 
wilh  him  an  luiliaii  jian 


m   lyiir.^  without  doors  ii|)oii  the  i^r.mnd 


111-  to 


ivilk'll,) 

hiiiis.'lf 


had  iiothiuu-  .)!!  1)11 
■(1 


'■iioiiffli  lo  melt  ;i.  hoiirt 


III  me  Ik;  was  vmy  sick  of  a  llux  with 

hail  turned  him  out  of  the  wigwam,  and 

p.'ipuose,  almost  deail,  (whoso  par.ails  had   bt."eii 

man 
This  siuht  was 


111  a  bitter  cold  day,  without  lire  or  clothes;  the  voiiii' 


Ins  sliiri,  and  waistco;it. 


ml 


till'  viiiilh  roiiiii 


li! 


lere  they  |;iy  (|ui Verilli!;  ill  IIk;  cold, 
k.;  a  dog,  th,;  pap.)os.'  stretched  .Hit,  with  his  eves. 


n.isc,  and  mouth  full  .)f  .lirt,  ami  v.'t  alive  and   < 
■loliii  to  go  and  gel  to  some  lire;   111'  lold  uie 


roaning.     1  advised 
le  could  not  stand,  hut  I 


persiiu.leil   him  still,   lest  he  should  lie  there  and  die;  uud  with' much 


ado 


no 


I  h 


liim  to  a  lire,  and  went  mvs.^lf  I 


tome. 


As  soon 


its  I  was 


leill 


!in.'  with 


',  his  master's  danghler  camo  after  mo  to  know  what  I   had 


the  I 


'iiiuiisliiuan; 


l.'C 


I  pi 
•That 


1  t( 


)ld  her 


had 


U'ot  llilii  to 


I  111'.!  ill  such 


xVow  had   I  iKicd  to  pray  Paul's  prayer,— -»  Thess.  :J:  2 


I'm- 1 


wo  mav  he  delivered  from 


lor  satistactioii  I  went  alonf  with  1 


imreasonabk;  and  wicked  men. 


but  before  I  got  home 


lor,  and  brought  lier  to  Jiim: 


again  it  was  noised  about  that  I  w 


as  runnintr 


away,  and  getting  the  English  youth  along  with  me;  that  as«uoa  us 


I'  I 


M 


340 


BVFNTa    IN    INDIAW    HrsTORT. 


I  camo  in,  they  began  to  rant  and  dominoor,  askinj,'  me  whorf;  1  had 
been,  and  what  !  had  h(rn  <]r,\ni/,  and  sayinu  thev  would  knock  mo 
on  Iht;  head.     1  told  thetn  I  had  heen  st'einir  the  J']nt,dish  yonih,  am] 
that  I  would  not  run  away.     They  fold  me  1  lied,  and  <;efrnijr  up  ,i 
hatch(;t,  they  came  lo  luc  and  said  they  would  kiiock'nu;  down  if  I 
stirred  out  a<fain,  untl  so  conlined  nie  to  the  wi^■walrl.     Now  may  I 
my  with  Dnv'u], — '2  Sam.  *'l:  14,  «« I  am  in  a  i^reat  strait."    If  I  kep|. 
in  {  uiusf.  die  with  hLiii>>er,  and  if  I  i^i  out  I  must  he  knocked  on  tht 
liead     Tills  distre.sscd  condition  held  that  day,  and  half  the  next,  and 
then  the  Lord  rememhend  me,  whose  mercies  ar(>  ^L^reat.    Then  carm 
an  (ndian  to  me  with  a  pair  of  Htockinti's  which  were  too  hig  lor  him. 
and  he  would  havf;  me  ravi.d  them  out  and  knit  them  tit  liir  him.     | 
showed  niy^jelf  willinj.',  and  itid  him  ask  my  niistn-ss  if  [  mioht  <.•,, 
.along  with  him  .a  lift!"  v  n\.     She  said  ye.s,  l"mi_d)f ;  and  I  was'^m/ii 
little  refreshi'd  v.;  li  that  news,  that  I  had  my  liberty  isi^^ain.     'I'licn  | 
went  along  with   him,  and   he  gave  me  some  roasted  gronnd-imts. 
which  did  again  revive  my  leehle  stomach. 

lleing  got  out  of  her  sight,  I  had  time  and  libe-rtv  again  to  look  into 
my  Bi!)le,  which  was  n'lV  guide  by  day  and  my  |»ii'iiw  at  night.     Now 
that  cornlbrtahle  scri|(tiin'  presented  itselt"to  me, — Isa.  .ir);  7,  "For;i 
.«mall  moment  have;  I  Ibrsaken  thee,   but  wi!li  <rreat  imreies  will  I 
gather  tli(!e."     'J'hus  the  Lord  carried  me  along  li-om  one  tinio  tn 
another,  and   mado  gooti  to   me  this  [uecions   i)romi>c,  and   nifiin 
others.     Then  my  son  ciuiu-  to  s(!c  nie,  and  I  asked  iiis  master  to  y. 
him  .sf^ay  a  while  with  mo,  that  I  might  comb  his  lioaii  Jind  took  ovui 
liim,  for  he  was  almost  overcome  with  lice.     Mc  told  nuj  when  1  hud 
done  that  he  was  very  hungry,  but  1  had  nothing  lo  relieve;  him,  imt 
hid  jiim  g(j  into  the  wigwams  as  he  went  along,  and  see  if  he  could 
get  anything  among  them:  which  he  did,  audit  seems  tarried  a  littk 
too  long,  (;)r  his  master  was  angry  M'itli  liim,  and  b'at  him,  and  thci! 
sold  him.     Then  ho  camo  running  to  t(;ll  me  he  had  a  new  master. 
and  that  ho  had  given  him  some  ground-nuts  already.     Then  I  went 
along  with  him  to  his  new  master,  who  told  me  he  loved  him,  and  In 
.-should  not  want.     So  his  master  carried  him  awav,  and  f  never  saw 
him  atlerwards  till  I  ^ww  him  at  Piscata«|ua,  in  I'orrsmoiill!. 

That  night  tlu-y  bid  me  go  out  of  the  wigwam  again;  my  mistresriV 
papoi)stj  was  sick,  and  it  died  that  night,  and  there  was  one  hcnetit  in 
it,  thai  there  was  more  room.  [  went  to  a  wigwam,  and  ihev  bid  mr 
come  in,  ntul  gave  me  a  skin  to  lie  npnn,  find  a  mr'ss  of  venison  iiiiu 
ground-nuts,  which  was  a  choice  dish  amou'  them.  On  the  rnornm 
they  buried  the  papoose;  and  afterward,  bnih  morning  and  evenini;, 
there  came  a  company  to  mourn  ;nid  howl  with  her;  thouL'h  1  confess 
I  could  not  much  coiiilu'e  with  them.  Many  sorrowiid  days  I  had  in 
this  place;  often  getting  alone,  '•  Jiike  a  ciant^  ov  a  swallow,  so  did  I 
chatter;  I  did  mourn  as  a  dove;  mine  eyes  fail  with  looking  upward. 
O  Lord,  I  am  oppressed,  imdertake  ihv  me." — Isa.  JH:  14.  I  could 
tell  the  Lord,  as  Ifezekiali,  verse  Ji,  "Remember  now,  O  Lord,  i 
beseech  thee,  how  I  have  walked  before  thee  in  truth.'''  Now  1  had 
time  t*  examine  all  my  ways.     My  conscience  did  not  accuse  me  of 


•MRS.    ROWLANDSon's    rAPTIVITY.  341 

.mrighteoMsnesstowanLs  one  or  another;  vet  I  .w  how  in  mv  walk 
with  (.Tod  I  hud  Ikhti  ti  ciirclpsH  rrpiitn.-..       a.  n       1        1       7 
thco  oiilv  have  I  si„M,.<l  "I  'j'^'"!"  •-'•     As  J)avid  said,  "Against 
t  ro  oiiy  liavc     smiu.l.       A.id  I  mi-ht  say  with  the  poor  r)i.UicHn 

0..'^  ''P'^'>  ^'•'^'  «u",  and  think  how  poopl...  wer.  .oi.,.  ,0  t  rh'uso  of 
<.o.l  to  have  thnr  souls   rr.r.vsh.d,  .nd   th.M,  ho.n-'mul  thei    Sir 
also;  but  1  was  (l<'stitul<-  of  both,  and  iiiinhf  smv  -,«  ti..    '  r     , 

■•','';:;"'''  '-•  ""o  m ,;.n:'t,';;;-.',;;;,i£  ;'::;•;;;;  :i;; 

'•ill,  aii.l  IK.  ,„;iii  -av(Miiit,.  hi,,,.-— Luke  lo-  ifi      i.- „.  i      ""- ""' 
.Uh...n.,.KaM.e.,,hav,.si......da,a^:;X 

Vo  ..e     I.     I  ,.,.>,„.„.  KT  how,  oM  (he  „i,l,t,  iHi.n.  and  ali^r  th.  Sab- 
"■    '.  "l,,...  M,y  lauuly  was  about  „„,  ,,„,]   ,.„|,„v,„,,  and  n.    dbors 
.nt^.us,we  eoud  pray,  and  sin;.,  an.l    ,v(n .  h  our  bod  e  \^|  U^ 
oood  ..  ..atures  01    ...d    an,    ,|,e„  have  a  <-on,li,r,ab|..  bed  to  li,'     .w^ 

;  '    '  '    -usfad  ol  all  th,s,  I   U:,l  „„,,.  .,  ,;,„,  ,,,.ii  ^j.^  (ho  holy    Z 
ihon,  like  a  swiiu',  must  he  d„uu  on  i|„.  „r,,.„Hi      r  ,..,„„'    ^^  '  '  T 
nKmUK.s,a.,.ouMl.atlay.,poinnyspint;n.,/lli,!,r^^^^^^^^ 
■..mlortablc  sc-,.ipU,re  w,.uld  olteii  con.e  to  luv  n.ind-'' lA.r  a  Ual 
.u>ment  have   I  iorsaken  the.,  but  with,  ivat  Oneirics  will  I  ^X^ 

T/,r  I^uirrnt/,  ltnno,r.~^in^v  naist  we  pack  up  and  be.rono  from 
ilus  tluekel,  bn.din.  our  eours.  towards  (ho  baySowns;1   LyTn^ 
no  lung  to  oat  l.y  ,h,.  way  this  <lay  but  a  linv  erumbs  ofn  ke  th^  "^ 
!.i'  ■■...  uavo  ,ny  ,u-l  ,bo  sanv>  ,Iay  we  were  taken.     JSho    ave      n t 
...a  1   pat   ,.    n,  n,y  p,,|<et.     Theiv  it  1,,,,  till   it  was  so  .^i     ldy  "S 
want  ot  uood  ba  ,1,   .  tlwit  0,10  could  not  tHI  what  it  was  n  a      &•  i 
ell  all  n.io  .-runibs,  ,„»!  -iivw  so  dry  and  hard  that  it  wis     h     iul 
;"'-'!ndthis,v,V,.dKdiu,Mnany^nK.swh..n[w^         J^ 
It  was  in  n.y  ihou,h,s  wh,.n  I   put  it  into  my  nmuth,  (bat^  i  '  .v  "  f 
returnod     would  „  1|  ,ho  world  what  a  blossin,^  tho  Lo  ,1  -.ne  to  su eh 
™  food       As  we  w..nt  alon.  they  killed  ad.vr,  with  a  yo.m^'one 
or      Ihev  oave  me  a  pure  of  the  fawn,  and  a  was  so  youn'an^ 
t  ..do    that  oao  naubt  ,>at  lb,,  bones  as  well  as  the  tl-sh    an     v.?  f 
hon,l,t  It  very  ,00,1.     X\  I,,,,  ni^ht  como  on  mc  sat  dovu  '         ,;^n  ,1 

t  h.:v  cpuekly  .Of  up  a  bark  wi.uani,  where  I  lay  dry  tl  at^n^^' 
i  onk,.  out  ...  II.,.  nionnny,  an,!  ...any  of  (b,  u.  ha.i  kiii  in  he  ^ia^  i 
:'i  "..hi,  I  know  by  their  reeking.  Thus  th  |.,,d  d,.rlt  men'ilX 
-'^1'  'ne  niai.y  t.in.s,  a..,l  1  lhre,l  belter  than  m  ...y  of  the,  k  (h  . 

mora.ng  they  took  the  bloo.l  of  the  deer  and  put  it  int    1    '  p,u  .^ 

Mt  tl  .  And  y,..  ,|,ey  were  so  mcv.  n,  .,tl„n-  tl,in,s,  (luit  when  I  had 
etCcly     er,  and  h:i,l  put  the  dish  I  d.ppe.i  tlK-'watcTwh    i  nfo  tl  p 

cttkM,M..er  whieh  I  brought,  they  woi.ll  say  tl."  ou  ki  "^k  tl 
tiown,  i„r  they  sn.d  .t  was  a  sluitish  t.iek.  "  ""^ 

h^,f,irnl  nf '""'''  /^'"/^''r--^^  e  went  on  our  travel.  I  havino-  cot  a 
haidlulol  oround-iiufs  lor  iny  support  that  day,  they -ave  inc"  mv 
ood,  and  I  went  on  .:heerlu!ly,  with  the  .bouuhtJ^f  ,cJ.;o  h^.^^^J^ 

mn,  ,ny  burll.en  m3re  upon  my  back  than  my  spiritf    \^^ 

aJJa(|>    iiiip  river    .•iir.-un    1  h^t   r1n„    r,r. u:„i_    _y     .'     ,  ..        V'""^ 


^'g 


1  J  ■•■  >'•  my  npiiii,     vvo  came 

river  again  that  day,  near  which  we  alwde  a  (ew  days. 


■mm 

f''      i 

\ri 

f 

1 

1 

1 

'1 

342 


■VHNTH    IN    INniAW    IIWTORY.' 


Somotimcs  one  of  thom  would  give  tni;  a  pipe,  anothrr  a  littlo  tobacco, 
anntlicr  ;i  littlr  «;ill,  wliicli  I  would  clianuc  ll)r  victuals.  I  riinnot  hut 
think  what  a  wollisli  appetite  persons  have  in  a  starving  condition; 
tor  many  times,  when  they  <;ave  me  tliat  which  was  hot,  \  was  so 
greedy,  that  I  should  iiurn  my  mi>ntli,  th.it  it  would  trouble  me  mtuiv 
hours  aOer,  and  yet  I  should  <iuiel«ly  do  the  lik<>  aoajn.  vVnd  niler  I 
was  ihoroui^ldy  huiiiiry,  I  was  never  ai^iiiu  satistied;  for  thoii^'h  i( 
sometimes  (Ml  out  that  1  liad  pot  enoutdi,  and  did  eat  till  I  could  rut 
no  more,  yet  [  was  as  unsatistied  us  I  was  whin  I  lieuan.  And  now 
eould  I  see  that  scriplure  verilieil,  tlier(>  hein^i;  many  s'-riptures  tluit 
wo  do  not  tako  nolii'e  ol'  or  iuidt;rstiuid  till  we  are  jilllieled,  Mic,  (); 
11, — "Thou  shalt  eat  and  not  he  satislind.'"  Now  iiiii^ht  I  see  inorr 
than  ever  hefon^  the  miseriis  that  sin  hrith  hriiuj^ht  n[)on  us.  iMnn\ 
times  I  should  bo  ready  to  run  out  nsiainst  the  henthen,  hut  that 
;ieripture  would  (|ui(-t  nie  aL'.'iiu,  Amos  '•):  (i, — "Shall  there  be  evil  in 
tlie  eity,  and  tin;  Lord  hath  not  (lon(>  it  ?"  The  Lord  help  nm  to  make 
a  right  improvement  oi'liis  word,  that  I  mitdit  l<  arn  that  "reat  lesson. 
iVlie.  (i :  B,  0, — "lie  hath  showed  thee,  ( )  mnii,  wliat  is  (>;ood ;  ami 
vrhat  liclh  the  Lord  n<|iiire  of  tine,  hut  to  do  justly  and  lov(!  mcicy. 
and  wtilk  lnmd)ly  wilh  thy  (lod  '  jli.'ar  ye  the  rorl,  and  who  hatli 
appointed  it." 

The  SU'tcrnlh  Rcmon'. — We  heuaii  this  rouose  with  wailing  over 
liaqutmg  river.  The  water  \v;is  up  lo  our  knees,  and  the  stream  verv 
.swift,  iuid  so  cold  that  I  tlioti'.'ht  it  would  Iiavi;  cut  me  in  sunder,  ( 
was  so  weak  and  leeble  that  I  reeled  as  1  went  alonjj;,  and  tli(ui»ht 
tlierc  I  must  end  my  days  at  last,  aller  my  heaving  and  geUinL' throuLdi 
so  many  dillieulties.  The  Indians  slt)nd  laui;hin;.';  to  see  me  slaiifff  rinu 
alonj:,  but  in  my  distress  the  J^ord  oave  nu!  experience  of  tlie  truth 
and  L'oodness  of  that  promise,  fsa.  4:> :  'J, — "When  thou  passcth 
tlirough  tlio  water  [  will  be  with  lliee,  and  throuuh  the  rivers,  thcv 
shall  not  overllow  thee."  Then  1  sat  down  to  put  on  my  stockings 
and  shoes,  with  the  Ifiars  naming  down  my  eyes,  and  mnny  sorrowliii 
tljougliLs  in  my  heart.  IJut  I  got  up  to  go  along  with  them,  liuickly 
there  came  to  u^i  an  Inuian  who  iniormed  them  tlint  [  must  ^\o  U- 
VVachuset  to  my  master,  liir  there  was  a  letter  come  frem  the  coiaicil 
to  the  sagamores  about  i-edeeming  the  captives,  and  that  there  would 
1)0  another  in  liiurteen  days,  and  that  I.  must  bo  there  ready.  My 
heart  was  so  jieavy  belore  that  I  could  scarce;  speak  or  go  in  'he  pulli. 
and  yet  now  so  light  tliat  I  could  run.  My  strength  seemed  to  como 
again,  and  to  recruit  my  leeble  knees  and  aching  heart ;  yet  it  pleased 
thciu  to  go  l)ut  one  mile  th;it  night,  and  there  we  staid  two  days,  hi 
that  time  camo  a  company  of  Indians  to  us,  iK^ar  thirty,  all  on  horse- 
hack.  My  heart  skipped  within  me,  thinking  they  had  been  English- 
men, at  the  lirst  sight  of  them;  ti)r  they  were  dressed  in  Liigllsh 
ajiparel,  wilh  hats,  white  neckcloths,  and  sashes  about  their  waists. 
and  ribbons  upon  their  shoulders.  !5ut  when  they  came  nrar  tlicro 
was  a  vast  diili:;rence  between  the  lovely  laces  of  Christians  and  thb 
ibul  looks  of  those  heathen,  which  much  damped  my  spirits  again. 

The  Seventeenth  Remove. — A  comfortable  remove  it  was  to  me. 


'4 


MRS.    ROWI,ANDaON's   CAPTIVITr.  343 

kcausc  Of  my  hopos      They  jravc  im  my  pu.-k.an.l  ulonjr  wo  wont 
dioorfu  ly      Hut  quickly  my  will  proved  .non-  than  n.v  stron.th  • 
hav.n,!,'  htti,,  „.•  n„  rdroHhuvnt,  my  ..trcn.th  fuil..!,  au.l.my  «niriu 
w..r..  ahnos.  ,,u.K>  ^.,,,0.     Now  may  I  say  as  Duvi.l,  |>sal.  10!)  •  22 
•..),^4,--»i  am  poor  an.l  iic.ly,  un.l  „.y  h.-art  is  wouu.lcl  sviihiii 
me      [  aiii  iroM(.  Uh'  a  shadow  when  it  dcdin.ith.     i  am  tossod  uo 
nnddowM  hk-  th-  lorust.     My  k„,.es  ur.  woak  through  IhstinV,  .,  ,] 
my  f  osh  la,l..,h  ol   (aU.nss  "     At  ni^ht  wo  nun.  to  au   ludiauCl 
in.i   ho  Imliaiis  sit  d  .wu  hy  a  wi:j;wain  disfoursin-,  hut  I  was  ahr»«st 
sprat  and  .-ould  srarco  sp.ak.     I  laid  .1  -wu  mv  Joad  at.d  wont  int., 
thr  wiuwaiu,  and  thoro  sat  an  Indian  Inilin-  oChorso.C.ot,  tlu'V  hnin-. 
wont  to  oat  th-  (|..sh  lirst ;  and  wh-n  tho  ll-ot  woro  old  an.l  d.'iod,  und 
tlioy  had  no-Inn-  olso,  thoy  would  rut  oil'  tho  H'ot  and  ns..  th.'m'      I 
|isk.,d  him  to  ^,vo  mo  a  liltio  of  his  hn.ih,  or  wafer  thoy  woro  hoilin.. 
It  in.     1 1-  too.<  a  dish  an.l  -rav.!  im  um  spooniid  oCsanSp,  ami  hid  mo 
Uko  as  nm.h  of  tho  hroth  as  I  woul.l.     Th-n  I  put  son','  of  tho  l7ot 
wntor  to  tho  Hamp,  an.l  drank  it  up,  an.l  my  spirits  can...  uoain.     He 
pivo  tno  als.,  a  p,oco  ol  th.,  rn(i:>,  or  riddi.,.-  of  tho  .mall  -mts,  and  f 
Imii.'d  It  on  tho  coals;  and  now  I   may  say  with  Jonathm.   ''soc  [ 
|.vay  you,  how  mino  oyos  aro  .«nligh'<MiVd  hvanso  I  tasted  a  liltio  of 
th,s   honey.'-     Sa,n.  11:  -0.     N..w  is  my  spirit  revived  a-min. 
ho.inh  moans  ho  n.^vcr  so  meonsidorablo,  yet  if  tho  j.ord  hostow  his 
bleisin^-  up)u  tinm,  thoy  shall  refr.jsli  !>  )lh  soul  and  hjdy 

The  E,i>-httrnih  /emmv.— Wo  took  up  our  pa.dvs,  and  alon- wc 
wau;  hut  a  woarisom.  d;,y  t  ha.l  ol"  it.     As  we  went  alon-s  I ''saw 
an  iMi-hshman  stripp(,.d  nak(;d  and  lyin-  dead  upon  tho  .rromid   but 
knew  not  who  ho  wa,s.     Then  wo  con.,  t.,  another  In.lian  town,  where 
^vestaul  all  nrrht.  _  In  this  town  there  were  Un-  Eiitrhsh  children 
■•Mp.ives,  and  oi,o  ol  them  my  own  sist.n-'s.     I  went  to  see  how  she 
(lid,  and  she  was  well,  eonsidorin;.-  her  captive  cjndition.     I  would 
iKivo  tarrici  t„at  ni^ht  will,  her,  but  th.^y  that  owned  hor  would  not 
sutler  It.      I  hen  I  w.a.t  to  another  wi-^wam,  where  thr.y  wore  boilin- 
corn  and  beans,  whi.-h  was  a  lovely  sight  to  see,  hut.Jcoul.l  not  r^ct 
^i  taste  there„l.       1  ho,,  [  went  into  another  wigwam,  whore  thcro 
mn:  tw.)  ol  tho  l-:u^lish  ..■hil.lren.     Th.,  srp.aw  was  boilin-  horses' 
toet      feho  cut  mo  olf  u  little  piece,  an.l  gavo  one  of  the^En-rlish 
':lnl.I>-eu  a  p.eee  a  so.      I^nng  ye,y   huun;,y,   I  ha.l  .p.ickly  oaT  up 
m!.|.,;  but  the  cluld  could  not  bite  it,  it  was  so  t,>u,h  an.l  sinewy 
ami  lay  suckm-,  g.mwinn;,  and  slabbia-in-  of  it  in' the  n,outh  aiid 
I'^UKl;  then  I  took  ,t  ol  tho  child,  and  cat  it  myself,  an.l  savory  it 
was  to  my  taste;  that  I  may  suy  as  Job,  chap.  fJ:  7,— "The  thim-s 
that  my  sold  rolusoth  to  touch  are  as  ii,y  sorrowful  meat."     Thus  the 
bor.l  nia.lo  that  pl.'asaut  and  refreshinjr  which  another  tinn^  would  have 
be<:ii  an  abomination.     Then  I  went  hr.ino  to  mv  mistress's  wigwam 
and  thoy  tol.l  ,no  [  disg,-ac«l  ,r,y  master  by  beg-rintr,  and  if  l^lid  so 
any  nio,'o  th(<y  woul.l  knock  me  on  the  head.     1  told  them  thoy  had 
as  good  do  that  as  starve  mo  to  death.  ^ 

The  Nineteenth  Rnnooe~Thvy  said  when  we  went  out  that  we 
"Hist  travel  to  VVachu^ct  tlus  day.     Biit  a  bitter  wea.-v  day  1  had 


344 


EVENTS   IN    INDIAN   HISTORY. 


ling  now  tlirc-o  days  together,  without  resting  any  day 


of  it,  traveUi 

between.  At  hist,  after  many  weary  steps,  1  saw  VVachuset  hills 
but  many  .miles  oil".  Then  we  came  to  a  great  swamp,  through  which 
we  travelled  u\)  to  our  knees  in  mud  and  water,  whieh  was  heavv 
going  to  one  tiretl  before.  Being  almost  spent,  I  thought  I  shourd 
have  sunk  down  at  last,  and  never  got  out;  but  1  may  say  as  in 
Psalm  94:  18, — "When  my  loot  slijjped,  thy  mercy,  O  Lord,  Jield 
me  up."  doing  along,  having  indeed  my  lile,  but  littk'  spirit,  Pjiilip, 
who  was  in  the  cdiupany,  came  up,  and  look  me  by  the  hand,  aiul 
said,  "'J'wo  weeks  m')re  and  you  shall  be  mistress  again/'  I  asked 
him  if  he  spoke  true.  I  h'  said,  "  Yi's,  and  (piiekly  you  shall  coine 
to  your  master  again;"  who  had  been  ii'one  from  us  thrK;  veeks. 
Alter  many  weary  sleps,  we  eami'  to  W'acluisel,  wheni  Ik^  was,  and 
glad  was  I  to  see  him.  lie  asked  me  when  1  washed  me.  I  told 
him  not  this  iiKiutli.  Then  he  jl'tehed  mo  some  water  himself,  and 
bid  nu;  wash,  and  ga\e  me  a  <;lass  lo  sec;  hciw  1  looked,  and  bid  his 
squaw  give  me  sunielliing  to  eat.  iSo  she  gave  me  a  mess  of  beans 
and  meat,  and  a  litlle  groiunl-nut  cake.  [  was  womh'rfullv  revived 
with  this  favor  showed  me.  i'salm  lOO:  40, — "  lie  made  tlieni  also 
to  be  pitied  of  all  those  that  carried  them  away  captive." 

My  niast'.T  had  thre('  stpiaws,  living  somelinies  with  one  ami 
sometimes  with  another:  Onux,  this  old  squaw  at  whose  wigwam  1 
was,  and  with  wlioni  itiy  master  had  hccn  these  three  weeks.  Another 
was  W  oltimore,"  with  whom  I  had  lived  and  served  all  this  while,  A 
severe  and  proud  dame  she  was,  bestowing  every  day  in  dressing 
herself  near  as  muidi  time  as  any  of  the  gentry  of  the  land;  pow-^ 
dering  her  hair  and  [lainting  her  lace,  going  with  her  necklaces,  with 
jewels  in  her  ears,  and  bracelets  upon  her  hands.  When  she  had 
dressed  herself,  her  work  war;  to  make  girdles  of  wampum  and 
beads.  The  third  s(juaw  was  a  \iiuiiger  one,  by  w  liom  ho  had  two 
papooses.  By  the  time  I  was  relreshed  by  the  old  squaw,  W'dti- 
morc's  maid  came  to  call  me  home,  at  wliiili  1  leil  a  weeping.  Then 
the  old  squaw  told  me,  to  c  ncoura^o  me,  thai  whvn  I  wanted  victuals 
1  should  come  to  her,  luid  th;it  I  shoidd  lio  in  her  wigwam.  Then  1 
went  with  the  n]aid,and  (piickly  I  came  back  and  lodged  there.  The 
squaw  laid  a  riiat  under  me,  and  a  good  rug  over  mc;;  the  lirst  finie 
that  1  had  an}  sucdi  kmdiie.ss  showed  me.  I  understood  that  W'eUi- 
more  thougiit,  that  if  she  slioiild  lei.  me  go  and  serve  with  the  old 
squaw,  she  shoidd  be  in  danger  to  lose  not  oidy  mv  service,  but  the 
redemption-pay  also.  And  1  was  not  a  little  glad  to  hear  this;  being 
by  it  raised  in  luy  hopes  that  in  Clod's  due  time  there  would  be  an 
end  of  this  siaTow  ful  hour.  Then  came  an  Indirui  and  asked  nie  to 
knit  lam  three  pair  of  stockings,  for  whifdi  I  had  a  hat  and  a  silk 
handkerchief.  Then  another  asked  me  to  make  her  a  shilt,  i(.)r  which 
the  gave  mo  an  apron. 

Then  came  Tom  and  Peter  with  the  second  letter  from  the  council, 
about  the  captives.     Though  they  were  Indians^  1  got  them  by  the 


*  She  had  been  the  wife  of  Alexander,  Philip's  elder  brother. 


MBS.    ROWI,.VNDSOIv's    CAPTIVITV^. 


au";:  n^onr'''"7  """^'•'  '  '"'^'"^  "''^"'  '"-  '"V  husband 
all   my   liicnds  arid  a(;(iutiint!inco.     Thov  said"  thfv  w,.,.,> 


well,  l)Ut 
iwntid  of 

;it  tho  sani'^  breath  llu^v  would  sav  tb.f   r .  ?     ,  .  ''''"'  ''•^■'''" 

,,«,  not  k,„,„,„,.Mvl„-,l  „,i,|„  i;,||,„,.  ,;„.  „,„„-^„^,  l„|    ,„„„lr« 
ynt.n   i  tamo  I  saf,  rjowii  amoiif  f  lom    as    I    wiy   v,/,mf    ♦       i 

;:':.3'c.;:;  ^t^"i"t  •^'^-;-"^  ''''^-'^'^y-- 
:..  a  great  sfraiL  I  thought  if  1  should  spei  of  t  a  it  iH 
would  bo  sl^htnl  and  hin.ler  the  matter;  if  if  a  .,;ar  s m  W 
"ot  whore  ,t  would  bo  procured;  yet  at  a  venture  f  ^aid  Ur  ?  v 
poim  s   yet  dos.rod  then,  to  take  IcL  ;  but  they  would  mt  1^  J 

i^;:..,^r;\r„:;,^'::,KL,:';;!:'::;,,:';;-^^^ 

^- ,--'  IhMv  was  a  tamaie  ni  Samaria,  and  h.hold  the^  besieged  U 
"I'   an  asss  head  was  sold  Ihr  ioursenre  pieces  of  sL'r   and  tie 
">'"■"'  I'arf  oi  n  kab  of  dove's  dung  tin-   live  nie,-,>s  of  si   ;    " 

;:r  t  at  m  a  i-'^^'  ^"'r  ';'■""?'"•''"'"  ^'--i^i-t^lt  •;';:;  ,a.wii 

t'> cat  that  n  a  aniuie  whieh  it  is  not  at  anolh.M'  timn.  -  \nrl  now'' 
^^ws  he,  "he  wd  eat  horse  with  anv  Indi.n  of  tlu-n,  all  "  IV  "T;. 
another  praying  Indian,*  who,  wh.n  he  ha.l  done  all  tl  ;mi:l^  i^  hv 
ho  co,dd,  ben-ayed  his  own   Ihfl.r   intcHhe  English's  Ss'^^iv 

Mt,  tho ULdi,  a.  he  rlesra-ved,  he  was  afterwards  hanged  lor  if.  Ther; 
w  another  prayn,g  Indian,  when  they  went  to  Sialbury  i-d,,  w  m 
wi      ">'m,and  h.s  sr,uaw  also  with   him,  with   her  papoose  at  1 

wi;wa\v.      1  he  nrumcr  was  as  followeth.  '      ° 

around  hirin'T  '^''  ^TY  'T^  ''  ^'"^''■^'""'  ^'"^  t'^-  -o'»P-nv 
around  him  m  a  nng,  who  k-aeoled,  striking  upon  the  ground  with 

*  Peter  Jethro. 


ir.|i 


e 
1 1*  i  i 


i 

1 

pi 

M^l 

H 

1 

'-■^^H 

^H 

M| 

PR' 

__^| 

a^^fl 

iM 

Ih 

<ii 

Sm^^B 

if  ^Hi 

.  tltl 

^^^H 

ill 

W^^^l 

IB! 

fl 

T  ^BeJ 

s^HI 

fHI 

mmmm 

346 


EVENTS    IN    INDIAN   HISTORY, 


thoir  hands  and  with  sticks,  and  muttering  or  humming  with  their 
moutli.s.  Besidf's  liiin  wlio  kneeled  in  tlie  ring  there  also  stood  onr 
with  a  gun  in  his  hand.  Then  he  on  the  deer-skin  made  a  spefich. 
and  allnianilestcd  assent  to  it;  and  so  they  did  many  times  togetlier. 
They  then  bid  him  with  a  gun  to  go  out  of  the  ring,  which  he  did: 
but  when  he  was  out,  tliey  called  him  in  again,  but  Ik;  seemed  to 
make  a  stand.  Tlien  they  called  the  more  earnestly,  lill  lie  lurned 
again.  Then  they  all  sang.  Then  they  gave  liim  two  guns,  in.'ach 
hand  one.  And  so  he  on  the  deer-skin  began  again;  and  at  the-  end 
of  every  sentence  in  liis  s])eaking  they  all  assented,  and  humming  or 
muttering  with  their  mouths,  and  striking  u[)on  the  ground  with  their 
hands.  Then  they  bid  him  wilh  tin;  two  guns  go  out  of  the  ring 
again;  which  he  did  a  little  way.  Then  they  called  him  again,  but 
ho  made  a  stand;  so  they  calieil  him  M'ith  greater  (■arnesluess  :  but  he 
stood  reeling  and  wavering,  as  ii'  he  knew  not  whether  he  should 
stand  or  lall,  or  which  way  to  go.  Then  they  called  hiia  with 
exceeding  great  veh(anence,  all  ot"  them,  one  and  another.  Alter  a 
little  while  he  turned  in,  staguering  as  hewenl,  with  his  arms  sfaiclied 
out,  in  i-acdi  hand  a  gun.  As  soon  as  he  came  in,  they  all  sang  and 
i-ejoiccd  exceedingly  awhile,  and  then  he  upon  the  ueer-skin  made 
anotlier  speech,  unto  wliicdi  they  all  assented  in  a  rejoicing  Uianner; 
and  so  tlicy  ended  their  business,  and  li.irthwilh  went  to  JSudhury 
fight.* 

To  my  thmkiiig,  they  went  without  any  scriipli^  l)ut  that  they  shrmM 
prosper  ;  d  gain  the  victory.  And  tlu'y  went  out  not  so  njoicing, 
but  thev  c:,,>ie  home  wilh  as  great  a  viciory;  i(>r  tlie\  said  they  killed 
two  captains  and  almost  an  luuidred  men.  One  Englishman  dioy 
brought  alive  with  them,  and  he  said  il  was  too  true,  |i»r  they  had 
made  stul  work  at  Sudbury;  as  indeed  it  proved,  'let  they  canii 
home  without  that  rejoicing  and  trinm[)hiiig  over  their  victory  which 
they  wore  wonl  to  show  at  other  times:  but  rather  like  (hgs,  as  lh<'\ 
say,  whifdi  havi'  lost  their  ears.  N  et  1  could  not  pra-ceive  thai  i;  v\a.- 
for  their  own  loss  ol' men;  I  hey  said  they  lost  not  above  liv<' or  t,i.\;  anti 
1  missed  none,  except  iu  one  wigwam.  '  When  they  went  they  acted  as 
if  tlie  devil  had  tidd  them  tlia.t  they  should  gain  the  victory,  and  now 
they  acted  as  if  (he  devil  told  tlieiti  lliey  should  have  a  liill.  Wliethcv 
it  were  so  or  no,  1  cannot  tell,  but  so  il  [jriived  :  lor  they  quicklv 
JM'gan  to  fall,  ami  s(*  held  on  that  siman"r,  till  tin  }■  came  to  utter 
ruin.  They  came  home  on  a  Sabbath  day,  and  the  pa-.vaw  tim! 
kneeled  u|ioh  the  deer-sk.in  vmur  Imnr',  I  may  say  without  any  abuse, 
as  black  as  the  (knil.  When  my  master  came  home  he  came  to  iw 
and  bid  me  make  a  siiiil  I'or  his  papoose,  (d'a  i  hdland-lac(-d  |ii!lo\vlKrr. 

Alxiut  that  time  theie  came  an  Indian  to  me.  and  bid  me  come  li- 
his  wigwam  at  inght,  and  lie  would  give  me  some  pork  (Uid  ground- 
nuts, which  1  did;  and  as  I  was  eating,  anoth(;r  Indian  said  to  m'\ 
"  He  seems  to  be  your  good  friend,  but  he  killed  two  I'higlishnien  • ' 
Sudbury,  and  there  lit;  tin;  clothes  behiml  you."     1  looked  behind  me. 


*  Sudbury  was  attacked  on  the  i]lst  of  April. 


MRS.   ROWLANDSON's   CAPTIVITY. 


347 

and  there  I  saw  bloody  clothes,  with  bullet-holes  in  them  •  vet  th. 
LiOrd  sufForcd  not  th  s  wretch  to  fin  mo  nr,..  u    *  mem,  yet  the 

he  many  ,i„«  .-ofehal     e:  Vivo  „"  ,i°  Lrjiil'''^  u'  "'  """• 
refresh  mv  feeble  caren.ss      Ir  I  ,Z,  Z    I     '  ''  '""  "I™"' 

,i,ey  would  „,w„y»  give  mo  iLl:s:^'j^-;^z:z:^  ^i^' 

that  .1  never  s.-iw  heihre      Ann(lw>,.       .,  -^  '^"  -^  ^^^'^-^'i^ngers 

H,  a„„  „  ,:,„„  .„i;^i„;t:!:,i  szn::  iwi,;;.';^,:^^']:': 

and  1  cannot  hut  remcmbor  what  a  sweef    nlnJ.  f  '    ,       ,  '^>  '! ' 

.e  capt,ves,  which  made  ,no  gricne  and  trenible.     My      ter  heme 
not  far  from  (his  place,  and  hearincr  that  1  wis  he  /  i^      ° 

masler  to  let  her  co.ne  and  see  rn^a  .  1  he     '  '         '""^  ^'^^ 

my  hearl  was  ,so  heavy  .!„„  i,  „„,  ,,,,,„k,  ,„  (...^ii^'"";    '  '"^J"' 

Wnr .,  J„m  and  Felor,  w,,l,  tho  .l,ir,l  Irtler  li-om  ,ho  oounoil.     Wh  ;,, 

ley  came  near,  I  was  abroad.     Tlioy.  nrosentlv  ,-,llnd  ,„,  ■ 

W  mo  si.  down  and„o.  stir.     Then  .lioy'  S:S    [       ;  "r^";  :,■; 

t  he  m  Jor'^'ltfu,  '°T.f' 1  "■',""""•  "'"'  "*«'  '^'■"'  »h" 
n-  iHL  matter,     1  toid  them  f  thoixj; ht  thev  had  killpfl  th»  t?.,„i-  u 

.«,  (for, hoy  had  in  :l,e  moan  ,imo  loldC  ,ha' a'  tg^^&nt 


|5  ir.)rr  w^, 


n 


!■:     I  ' ! ! 


iUM 


lUi 


348 


EVENTS    IN    INDIAN   HISTORY. 


was  come ;)  they  said  no ;  they  shot  over  his  horse,  and  under,  and 
before  liis  liorse,  and  they  puslied  him  this  way  and  that  way,  at  their 
pleasure,  showing  him  what  they  could  do.  Tlien  tliey  i(;t  him  come 
to  their  wigwams.  I  begged  ol'them  to  let  me  see  the  J'^nglishinan, 
but  they  would  not;  but  \hvw  was  1  fain  to  sit  tluir  pleasure.  When 
they  had  lalk(.'d  their  lill  wilh  Iiini,  tlicy  sutlered  iiu;  to  go  to  him. 
We  asked  each  other  of  our  welliire,  and  how  my  husband  did,  juid 
all  my  friends,  lie  told  me  they  wei'e  ail  wi'li,  and  would  be  glad 
to  se(j  me.  Among  other  ihiiigs  which  my  husband  sent  me,  there 
canKJ  a  pound  of  tobiicco,  which  I  s  )ld  liir  nine  shillings  in  money; 
tor  many  of  them,  for  want  of  toba-  co,  smoked  heinloik  and  ground- 
ivy.  It  was  a  great  mistake  in  a-,y  wh.o  thought  '  sent  lor  tobacco. 
tor  through  the  tavor  of  (lod  lt:.it  tlrsire  was  overcome. 

I  now  askrd  them  whether  I  should  go  home  wilh  Mr.  Hoar.  They 
answered  no,  one  and  another  of  them,  and  it  being  late,  we  lay  down 
with  that  answer.  In  the  morning  Mr.  lioar  invited  tiie  sagamores 
todumer:  but  Vvhen  \\e  wen*  to  get  it  ready,  we  lliund  they  had  stolen 
the  greatest  part  ol'  ilie  provisions  Mr.  Hoar  liad  brought.  And  wt: 
may  see  the  wonderful  power  of  Clod,  in  that  one  passage,  in  that 
when  there  was  >ucb  a  nundjer  of  them  together,  and  so  greedy  of  n 
little  good  find,  and  no  l',ngli,-r.h  there  but  Mr.  Hoar  and  )nyself,  tlm; 
there  th<'v  did  not  knock  us  on  the;  head  and  take;  what  we  had;  then 
being  not  only  some  provision,  but  also  trading  cloth,  a  part  of  the 
twcntv  pour's  agreed  ui)on.  ]5ut  instead  ol'  doing  us  any  mischief, 
they  seemed  to  be  ashamed  of  the  iiiet,  and  said  it  was  the  matchit* 
[nd'ians  that  did  it.  Oh  that  we  could  believe  that  there  was  nothing- 
too  hard  lijr  (iod.  (led  showed  bis  power  over  the  heathen  in  this, 
as  be  (lid  over  flui  bungi'v  lions  when  Daniel  was  cast  into  the  den. 

Mr.  Hoar  called  tiiem  belime  to  diimer.  but  they  ate  but  little,  they 
f^M'ing  so  busv  in  diessinti  themselves  and  gylting  ready  li)r  their  dance  ■ 
which  was  carried  on  by  eight  of  them,  fiur  nun  and  liiur  squaws, 
my  master  and  mistress  being  two.  He  was  dressed  in  bis  Holland 
shirt,  with  ure'at  stockings,  bis  garters  hunu'  round  with  shillings,  aiid 
had  "irdles  of  Wi.mpum  upon  his  bead  and  shoulders.  She  had  a 
kersey  coat,  eoveicd  with  girdles  ol'  wampum  from  the  loins  upward. 
Her  arms  [\<>n\  her  (dbows  to  her  hands  were  covered  with  bracelets: 
there  were  bandfuls  of  necklaces  about  her  neck,  and  several  sorts 
of  jewels  in  her  ears,  ^^he  bad  line  red  stockings,  and  white  shoes, 
her  hair  powdered,  and  her  face  jiainted  red,  that  was  always  befori 
black.  And  all  th';  dancers  were;  after  the  sanie  manner.  There  were 
two  others  singing  and  knocking  on  a  kettk'  liir  their  music.  They  kept 
hopping  uj)  and  down  one  after  another,  with  a  kettle  of  wat(3r  in  the 
midst,  standing  warm  upon  some  embers,  to  drink  of  w lien  they  were 
dry.  Thev  held  on  till  almost  nii:ht,  fia<jwing  out  their  wampum  to 
the  standers-by.  At  night  1  asked  lh(  m  again  if  1  should  go  home. 
They  all  as  one  said  no,  twcept  my  husl,and  would  come  for  me. 
When  we  were  lain  down,  my  master  went  out  ot'  the  wigwam,  and 


*  Wicked. 


Mill; 


MRS.   ROWLANDSOn's   CAPTIvrTF. 


349 


by  and  by  sent  in  an  Indian  called  James  the 


Hoar  that 


printer,  who  told  Mr. 


I.,  him  hn    -  '""'''^•''  '^'"i'"  '"  "'''  g"  *'""if'  to-morrow  if  he  would 

and  asked  mo  what  I  would  give  him'  tTtdl  n  e  sSnc tocfnews    mdTo 
speak  a  good  word  for  me,  that  I  ,night  .o  home  toCorrovv      Tf  n 
h.m  I  could  not  tell  what  to  give  him°;  1  wonlc^i  e  awthL     hai 
and  asked  him  what  he  would  h-ivo      H«      ■  i  .  -^       ^     "^"' 

.hilling.  i„™o„eyj'alfrbSoU,-«^^^^^^^^ 

My  master,  after  he  had  his  drink,  qmcklv  cnnv  rnofino-  ;.  t    .u 
w.gwam  again,  and  called  for  Mr.  Iloal,  dri  km^  o  nm  and 
he  was  a  good  man,  and  then  again  he  w     1?.    -  ''' l^f  J.^n?' 
rogue."     Being  almost  drunk,  he  would  dri,.l-  m  hi  ?°         '  "* 

sently  say  ho  should  he  hanged.  Tl^ttL  lo  ';. '"  .^^E 
tohcarhi'n,and  yet  I  was  fain  to  goto  hin.  •  and  led- nlT 
showing  no  incivility.  He  was  the  tirst  lu^i  n  It ,  I'nf  11 'Jl'' 
me  I  was  among  Uiem.  At  last  his  squu.v  ran  ou  uu  he  tVr'  h  ' 
round  the  wigwam,  with  his  money  i  n<rlin  "t  1  iV  k  Ip  T  ^f 
escaped  him;  but  Laving  an  old  squaw  lea;;  u  hJr  n  .T  u  "\ 
.ho  Lord's  mercy  we  were  no  mo  if  routed  vilT'hm  iln^hf 
Yet  I  had  not  a  comfortable  night's  rest  •  fo         h    i-  [  T.  l^  I 

not  .k.p  for  th..e  .ights  toget^r.     tL  rll^h    ^Z  l^K',  .m 
from  the  counci  ,  I  could  not  rest   I  wis  «m  <1,ii  ,  r  r  T  ^  ' 

yea,at  this  time  I  could  not^e^^ig^"^^"  vtZ^I'tiT!'''' ' 
overjoyed,  Mr.  Hoar  beina  come,  and  hu^vith  s^rh  "f'l^.''''' 
The  third  night  I  wa.  even  swallowed  p  wi  lie  ^l^lSi::' .^^ tf ' 
home  agam.and  that  [  must  leave  ...y  child  ^  WuS^^  if  '" 
wMerness,.  so  that  sleep  was  now  almost  departed  ^cm  nii"  ev" s  " 

JZh7  ^^  'r'"T!  '^'^  "'^"''^'  their  General  Court,  i?'hev 
styled  It,  to  consult  and  determine  whether  1  shnnlrl  r.    i  • 

And  they  all  seemingly  consented  thattlL    ^o  tS  p  ThilirwlK 

would  not  come  among  them.  "^  ^      "'''P' '' "" 

But  before  I  go  any  farther,  I  would  take  leave  tu  mention  «,  ih^- 

1.  Of  the  fair  opportunity  lost  in  the  lono  niarch,  a  little  nffP,.  th. 
^  hght,  when  our  English  army  was  so  nunK-rous  a  d    n    f  rsm 

he  enemy,  and  so  near  as  to  overtake  several  and  dest  ov  them 
and  the  enemy  m  such  distress  for  food  that  our  men  mS  t     ack 
S/^"".-' '"^^^'^  frf  ^'^  «--d-ts,  whilst^kel'Si 

vervnextw2-f  t  leave  their  pursuit,  and  lurr  homeward,  and  the 
2  who,  '^"'  ^^'^  ''"""^  '''^™^  "P«"  ^»r  town,  like  bears  bei-eft  of 
^^  whelps,  or  so  many  ravenous  wolves,  rending  as  and  oi^Tamb 


i:i  :•,  -'I 


3S0 


KVENTS   IN    INDIAN    HI8T0UY. 


to  death.  But  what  shall  1  siiy  ?  God  seemed  to  leave  his  people  to 
themselves,  and  ordered  all  things  I'or  his  own  holy  ends.  "  Shall 
there  be  evil  in  the  city  and  the  Lord  hath  not  done  it  f  They  lufi 
not  grieved  lor  the  afilietion  of.losei)h,  therelbre  they  shall  go  captive 
with  the  lirKt  that  go  captive."  It  is  the  Lord's  doing,  and  it  should  \tc 
marvellous  in  our  eyes. 

2.  I  cannot  but  remember  how  the  Indians  derided  the  slowness 
and  the  dulness  of  the  English  army  in  its  setting  out;  for  alter  the 
desolations  at  Lancaster  and  Mcdiicild,  as  1  went  along  with  fhein, 
they  asked  me  when  I  thought  the  Knt!,lish  army  would  come  uiler 
then>.  1  told  them  I  could  not  tell.  "■  It  may  be  they  will  come  in 
May,"  said  they.  Thus  tlu^  did  scofl'at  us,  as  if  the  English  would 
be  a  .ji;;ir<er  of  a  year  gctling  ready. 

3.  Which  also  1  have  hinted  bel()re,  when  the  English  army  with 
jiew  supplies  were  sent  Ibrth  to  pursue  after  the  enemy,  and  they, 
understanding  it,  (led  befon?  tliem  till  they  came  to  Baquaug  river, 
where  they  ibrthwith  went  ovi.-r  sali'ly — that  the  river  should  he  im- 
passable to  the  English.  I  cannot  but  admire  to  see  the  wonderful 
providencr  of  C!i)d  in  i)reserving  the  heathen  for  further  alTlictioii  to 
our  poor  crountry.  They  could  go  in  gnnit  numbers  over,  but  tlie 
Knglish  must  stop.    Ciod  hud  an  overruling  hand  in  all  those  things. 

4.  It  was  thought,  if  their  corn  wi-re  cut  down,  they  would  starve 
and  die  v\ith  hunger;  and  idl  that  could  be  Ibund  was  destroyed,  and 
thev  driven  t'rom  that  little  they  had  in  store  into  the  woods,  in  the 
midst  of  u  inter ;  and  yet  how  to  admiration  did  the  Lord  preserve 
them  for  his  holy  ends,  and  the  destruction  of  many  still  among  the 
I'inglish  !  Strangely  did  the  Lord  provide  for  them,  that  I  did  not 
six;,  all  the  time  1  was  among  them,  one  man,  womfin,  or  child  die 
with  hunger.  'I'l'.ough  many  times  they  would  eat  that  which  a  hog 
would  hardly  touch,  yet  by  that  God  strengthened  them  to  he  a 
scourge  to  his  people. 

Their  chief  and  commonest  food  was  ground-nuts;  they  cat  niso 
nuts  and  acorns,  artichokes,  lily  roots,  ground  beans,  and  sevcnil 
otlier  weeds  and  roots  that  I  know  not.  They  would  pick  i;p  old 
liones,  and  cut  them  in  pieces  at  the  joints,  and  if  they  were  full  of 
worms  and  maggots  they  would  scald  them  over  the  lire,  to  make  tlif 
vernain  come  out,  and  then  boil  them,  and  drink  up  the  liquor,  and 
then  beat  the  great  ends  of  them  in  a  mortar,  and  so  cat  them.  They 
would  eat  horses*  guts  and  ears,  and  all  sorts  of  wild  birds  which  they 
could  catcli ;  also  bear,  venisoil,  beavers,  tortoise,  frogs,  squirrels, 
dogs,  skunks,  rattlesnakes,  yea  the  very  bark  of  trees ;  besides  all 
sorts  of  creatures,  and  provisions  which  they  plundered  from  the 
English.  1  can  but  stand  in  admiration  to  see  the  wonderful  power 
ol'  God,  in  pnaiding  for  such  a  vast  numb<n'  of  our  enemies  in  the 
wilderness,  where  there  was  nothing  to  be  seen  but  from  hand  to 
mouth.  Many  times  in  the  morning  the  generality  of  them  would 
pat  up  all  they  had,  and  yet  liave  some  further  supply  against  they 
Avanted.     But  now  our  perverse  and  evil  carriages  in  the  sight  of  the 


MRS.    HOWLANBSON'.S    CAlTrviTV.  35J 

Lord  have  so  otieudod  hi,,,,  thai  i„st(.-ad  oi'  tun.ii.o  l,i.s  ha,ad  against 
fhr,,,,  he  Lord  leeds  and  iiouiishcs  th<',n  up  to  Ini  a  scour-.e  to  the 
whole  land.  = 

5.  Another  thi,.;^  I  w..uld  ..l.serve  is,  the  stran-,,  providence  ofCiod 
in  fi.rnin-  things  ahout  when  thr,  Indians  were  at  the  highest  and  the 
M.glish  at  th.;  low(;st.     I  was  with  the  en..,„v  (.jov.rn  weeics  and  hve 
days,  and  n(,t  one  werjv  p;,ss<.l  without  their  li.rv  and  some  d.3s,jlatio,i 
l)y  iirc  or  sword  upon  one;  pi,-,,-,,  or  oth.u-.     Thev  mourned  lor  their 
own  losses   yet  tru.mph,.,]  ;u,<l   njoi.rd  in  their  ,nhu,na„  and  devihsh 
•■rurlty   o  the  hnglish.     They  uould  h..ast  Hm-^h  of  their  vietories 
saying  that  ,n  two  hours' linie  th.sy  ha.l  d.-sfrovcd  sii(d,  a  eai.tain  and 
his  en,npany,  in  sue],  apla.v;  a,„)  |>,K,st  how  many  towns  they  had 
-Icstj-oyed,  and  (hen  scoir,u,d  say  th<.v  had  ikmr  th.-u,  a,  -ood  turn  ,o 
send  them  to  J,eave,i  so  soon.     Again  tl.ey  would  say  tliis  summer 
they  would  knock  all  the  rogu.-s  on  the  head,  or  .Irive^them  hito  th<- 
sua  or  make  th.iin  /ly  (he  n.untry  ;  thinking  .sui'oh-,  A..a..-.likc  "The 
intterness  ol  death  is  passe<l."     Now  the  heal  hen 'hegiil  to  think  all  is 
th<-ir  own;  an.l  the  poor  Christians'  h<.pes  tail,  (as  to  man,)  and  now 
heir  eyes  are  moiv  to  God,  an.l  their  lu.uts  sigh  heavenwa.'d,  and 
_hoy  say  in  good  ea,-nest,  "Help,  Luid,  or  we  p<..rish."     When  the 
Lord  had  hrought  his  peoph.  (o  this,  (hat  they  saw  no  help  in  anv 
llimghut  himsol,  th-nhotak-s  the  quarrel  i,ito  his  own  hand ;  and 
though  they  mado  u  pit  as  de.^p  us  Jicil  li,r  the  Christians  that  sumnier, 
yet  the  Lord  liurled  themselves  into  if.     And  the  Lo,-d  had  not  so 
many  ways   l.)elore  to  preserve  th-'m,  but  now  he  hath  as  ,nanv  to 
iJesti-oy  them.  -^ 

But  to  return  again  to   my  going  home,  where  we  ,nay  see  a 
rema,-kable  ehiing.,  of  providon.-e.     At  li,-st  th.'V  we,-e  all  ao-uinst  it, 
■xcept  „iy  husband  would  eonie  lov  me;  but  allerward  they  assented 
to  11,  and  seennng  to  i-ejoicc  in  it ;  some  asking  rne  to  send  thein  some 
broad,  othe,-s  sumo  tobacco,  oth(.M-s  shaking  me  by  the  han.i,  otlerin- 
.no  a  hood  and  scarf  to  ride  in:  not  one  movimr  hand  or  tonouc 
tio-ainst  it.      I.  bus  hath  tiie  Lord  answered  mv  poor  desires,  inidllw 
many  earnest  requ(.>sts  iA'  othcs  to  put  up  unto  (Jod  Ibv  me.     In  m\ 
travels  an  Indian  cam.-  to  ,ne,  and  told  me  if  I  wc^re  willin<r  he  and 
his  squaw  would  run  away,  and  go  iinmt'  along  with  ,ne?     I  told 
them  110,  I  was  not  willing  to  riu,  away,  but  desired  to  wait  God's 
[irae,  that  1  nsight  go  home  (piietly  and  without  frar.     And  now  God 
hath  granted  ,n(!  my  desire.    O  the  woiuJerful  power  of  tied  that  1  have 
<eeii,  aad  the  expt-nences  that  I  have  had  !     I  have  been  in  the  midst 
Ml  those  i-oa,-ing  lions  and  savage  bears,  that  (ear  neither  God,  nor 
'Ban,  nor  ti,e  devil,  by  night  and  day,  alone  and  in  con,panv,  sleepin^r 
a  i  soi-ts  together,  and  yet  Hot  one  of  them  ever  olFered  tiie  least  abuse 
■Jt  unchastity  to  me  in  word  or  action;  thouah  some  a,-e  ready  to  say 
i  speak  It  lor  my  own  cirdit ;  but  1  speak  it  in  the  presence  of  God, 
mi  to  h,«  glory.     God's  power  is  as  great  now  as  it  was  to  save 
l:faiiiel  m  the  lions'  den,  or  the  three  children  in  the  fiery  furnace 
^.specially  that  I  should  come  away  in  th(.'  midst  of  so  many  hundreds 
"1  enemies,  and  not  a  dog  move  his  tongue. 


! 


ii^-i  III! 


352 


BVBNT8   IN    INDIAN    HISTORY. 


So  I  took  my  leave  of  them,  and  in  coming  along  my  heart  melted 
into  tears  more  than  all  the  while  I  was  with  them,  and  i  was  almost 
swallowed  up  with  the  thoughts  that  ever  1  should  go  home  again. 
About  the  sun's  going  down,  Mr.  Hoar,  myself,  and  the  two  Indians, 
came  to  Lancaster;  and  a  solemn  sight  it  was  to  me.  There  had  1 
lived  many  comfortable  years  among  my  relations  and  neighbors,  ami 
now  not  one  Christian  to  be  seen,  or  one  house  lolt  standing.  We 
went  on  to  a  farm-house  that  was  yet  standing,  where  we  lay  all 
night ;  and  a  comfortable  lodging  we  had,  though  nothing  but  straw 
to  lie  on.  The  Lord  preserved  us  in  safety  that  night,  raised  us  up 
at^ahi  in  the  morning,  and  carried  us  along,  that  before  noon  we  canio 
to  Conciord.  Now  was  f  full  of  joy,  and  yvt  not  without  sorrow:  joy 
to  see  such  a  lovely  sight,  so  many  (Jhristians  together,  and  some  of 
them  n)y  neighbors.  There  I  met  with  my  brother  and  brother-in- 
law,"  who  asked  me  if  1  knew  where  his  wile  was.  Poor  heart!  he 
had  heljied  to  bury  her  and  knew  it  not.  She,  being  shot  down  by 
the  house,  was  ])artly  burnt ;  so  that  those  who  were  at  Boston  at  the 
desolation  of  the  town  came  back  afterward  and  buried  the  dead,  but 
did  not  know  her.  Yet  1  was  qot  without  sorrow,  to  think  how  many 
were  looking  and  longing,  and  my  own  children  among  the  rest,  to 
enjoy  that  deliverance  that  I  had  now  received;  and  1  did  not  know 
whether  ever  I  should  see  them  aiiain. 

Being  recraited  with  food  and  raiment,  we  w  ent  to  Boston  that  day, 
where  I  met  my  denr  husb.-iiid;  but  the  thoughts  of  our  children,  oni- 
iK^ing  dead,nnd  the  other  we  could  not  tell  where,  abated  our  comfort 
in  each  other,  1  was  not  before  so  much  hemmed  in  by  the  merciless 
and  cruel  hcathf:n,  but  now  as  much  with  pitiful,  tender-hearted  and 
compassionate  Christians.  In  that  poor  and  beggarly  condition  I  was 
received  in,  I  was  kindly  entertained  in  several  liouses.  So  much  love 
1  received  from  several,  (many  of  whom  I  knew  not,)  that  1  am  not 
capable  to  declare  it.  But  the  Lord  knows  them  all  by  name;  the 
Ijord  reward  them  seven-fold  into  their  bosoms  of  his  s|)irituals  for 
their  temporals.  Tlie  twenty  pounds,  the  price  of  my  r(^deniption, 
wns  raised  by  some  Boston  gentlewonien,  and  Mr.  (Jsher,  (Hezekinh?) 
whose  bounty  and  charity  1  would  not  ibrget  to  make  mention  of. 
'Jlicn  Mr.  Thomas  Shej)ard,  of  Charlestown,  received  us  into  his 
ho«se,  where  we  continued  eleven  weeks ;  and  a  father  and  mother 
they  were  unto  us.  And  many  more  tender-hci'Tted  friends  we  met 
with  in  that  place.  We  were  now  in  the  midst  of  love,  yet  not 
without  much  and  frequent  heaviness  oi'  heart  for  our  poor  children 
and  other  I'darions  who  were  still  in  ailhction. 

The  week  following,  after  my  coming  in,  the  governor  and  council 
sent  to  the  Indians  again,  and  that  not  without  success;  for  they 
brought  in  my  sister  and  goodwife  Kettle.  'I'heir  not  knowing  where 
our  children  were  was  a  sore  trial  to  us  still ;  and  yet  we  were  not 
without  secret  hopes  of  seeing  them  again.  That  which  was  dead 
lay  heavier  upon  my  spirits  than  those  which  were  alive  among  the 


»  Captain  Kerley. 


MR8.    ROWLAWDSON's  CAPTIvrTY. 


353 


heathen;  thinking  how  it  sufTercd  with  its  wounds,  and  I  was  not  able 
to  relieve  it,  and  how  it  wus  buiicci  by  the  heathen  in  the  wildernesa 
from,  among  all  Christians.     We  were  hurried  up  and  down  in  our 
thoughts,-  sometimes  we  should  hear  a  report  that  they  were  gone  thia 
way  and  sometimes  that,  and  that  (liey  were  come  in  at  this  place  or 
that;  we  kept  inquiriiig  and  list<!ning  to  hear  concerning  them,  but  n«^ 
certani  news  as  yet.     About  this  time  the  council  had  ordered  a  day 
of  public  thanksgiving,  though  I  had  f-cill  cause  of  mourning;  and  beino- 
unsettl(>d  in  our  minds,  uv'  thou^^ht  we  would  ride  eastward,  to  see  iT 
we  could  hear  any  thing  con.  '^raing  our  children.     As  we  were  ridinw 
along  between  Ipswich  and  i,     vley,  we  met  with  William  Hubbard'l 
who  told^us  our  son  Joseph  an    iiy  sister's  son  were  come  into  Major 
VValdren's.     1  asked  him  lio-v  .     kntnv  it.    Me  said  the  mnjor  hin)seir 
told  him  so.     So  along  wo  went    ill  we  came  to  Newbury;  and  their 
minister  bf-in,'  absent,  they  desire  1  my  husband  to  preach  the  thanks* 
giving  lor  th.  m;  but  he  was  not  willing  to  stay  there  that  ni^ht,  but 
he  would  go  over  to  Salisbury,  to  hc;.Marther,and  come  again  in  the 
morning,  wh.ch  lie  did,  and  preui-hed  there  that  day.     At  night,  when 
h.;  had  done,  or;e  camo  and  told  lii'Ti  Miat  his  daughter  was  come  into 
Providence.     Here  was  mercy  on  lv)tii  hnnds.    Now  w- were  between 
them,  the  on«  on  the  east,  and  tl.-  other  on  the  west.     Our  son  being 
nearest,  we  went  to  him  first,  to  i\)rtMnoutli,  where  we  met  with  him» 
and  with  the  major  also;  who  told  us  he  had  done  what  he  could,  but 
could  net  redcen-i   him  under  seven  pounds,  which  the  good  people, 
thereabouts  uxre  Jeased  to  pay.     Tl;e  Lord  reward  the  major,  antj 
all  the  reyt,  thoj  ,h  unknown  to  me,  for  their  labor  of  love.     My 
Pister's  son  was  redeemed  for  four  rjounds,  which  the  oouncil  -ave 
order  for  the  ])aymeiit  of.     Having  n^nv  received  one  of  our  children, 
we  hastened  toward  :he  other.     Coinir  bnck  throu"h  Newbury,  my 
husband  i)j-eachcd  there  on  the  S:-bbath  day,  for  whicli  they  rewarded 
him  miinilbld. 

^On  .Alonday  wo  came  to  Charle.stown,  where  we  heard  that  the 
(iwernor  of  Rhode  Island  had  :senl  over  for  <Hir  daughter,  to  take  care 
of  her,  being  now  Nythm  his  jurisdiction;  which  should  not  pass  without 
oiiracknowleduments.  But  she  boing  nearer  Rehoboth  than  Rhode 
Island,  Mr.  Nev,  inan  went  (jver  uml  took  care  of  her,  and  brought  Jier 
to  his  own  hou:-  I.  And  the  gocx'iess  of  God  was  admirable  tu  us  in 
eur  low  estate,  ii  that  he  ruisei'  up  compassionate  friends  on  every 
side,  when  wo  1  ad  nothing  to  re  (  )ii|  ense  any  for  their  love.  The 
Indians  were  new  gone  that  wa/,  mci  it  was  a'pprehended  dangerous 
to  goto  her;  1.  ,t  the  carts  wh  d.  carried  provision  to  the  English 
army,  being  gi  ..rded,  brought  he:  with  them  to  Dorchester,  where  we 
received  her  su.; .  Blesser!  be  th(  L<.rd  for  it.  Her  coming  in  was 
after  this  manner:  she  was  traveii  n^  one  day  with  the  Indians,  with 
her  basket  at  lu.r  back  ;  th"  ctMn()!;  ly  of  Indians  were  got  before  her, 
and  gone  out  of  .dght,  all  except  oi :  3  .squaw.  She  followed  the  squaw 
till  night,  and  then  both  of  th(>ni  lay  down,  having  nothing  over  them 
but  the  heavens,  nor  under  th-ui  but  the  earth.  Thus  she  travelled 
three  days  toge  her,  having  nothing  to  eat  or  driak  but  water  and 

30* 


1 

f 

1 

1 

JH^HJ 

>»  1 

{ 

^^^^^B 

HHH 

fik 

i 

1  ^^^^^^^m 

TV 

m 

I^^^^^^^H 

Ti    ' 

i 

.!54 


VENTS   IN    INDIAN    UIBTOaT. 


green  hirllcberrica.  At  last  thoy  cumc  into  Trovidcnoe,  where  she 
W113  kindly  cntortainod  hy  scvrnil  of  flint  town.  The  Indians  of>pn 
jaid  that  I  sUouM  never  have  her  under  twenty  jiounds,  but  now  the 
Ijord  hiith  broiiglit  licr  in  upon  free  cost,  and  ji-. 'n  her  >  me  th»" 
second  time.  The  Lord  make  us  a  blesHing  iudnd  toeachoth«r. 
Thus  hath  tlic  Lord  brought  me  and  mine  out  of  the  horrible  pit,  and 
hath  set  us  in  the  midst  of  tender-hearted  and  eompassionuto  Chris- 
tians. 'Tis  the  desire  of  my  soul  that  we  may  walk  worthy  oi  the 
morcies  receivi-d  and  which  we  are  receivin<];. 

Our  family  b(>ing  now  gathered  tog(!thor,  the  iSonth  ehureh  in  Hoston 
hired  a  house  for  us.  'I'hen  we  removi^d  from  Mr.  Shepard's  (those 
cordial  friends)  and  went  to  Hoslon,  wher(>  we  continued  about  thrw' 
quarters  of  a  year.  Still  the  Lord  went  I'long  with  us,  and  provided 
graciously  for  us.  I  thought  it  somcnvliat  strange  to  set  up  house- 
Keeping  with  l)are  walls,  but,  as  SolonK^n  says,  "money  answers  ali 
tilings;"  and  this  w(!  had  through  the  Ixnevolenee  of  Christian  friends, 
some  in  (his  town,  and  some  in  that,  and  others,  and  seme  from 
I'aigland,  that  in  a  little  time  \  •  might  look  and  sec  the  house  fur- 
nished with  love.  The  liord  hath  Ikmmi  exceeding  good  to  u>  i  our 
low  estate,  in  that  when  wv.  had  neither  house  nor  home,  noi  >ther 
n(H::essaries,  tlic  Lord  so  moved  the  hearts  of  these  and  those  towards 
us,  that  we  wanted  neither  food  nor  raiment  for  ourselves  or  ours. 
Prov.  18:  21,  "There  is  a  friend  that  sticketh  closer  than  n  b'other." 
And  how  many  such  friends  have  we  found,  and  now  living  amontr 
us !  And  truly  li.-.vo  we  f -und  h'nn  to  be  such  a  friend  unto  us  in 
who«;  house  we  lived,  viz :  James  W'iiitcomb — a  friend  near  hand  and 
far  off. 

I  can  reinemb<-'r  the  'ifne  when  T  used  to  slec^p  euietly,  without 
working  in  my  thoughts,  whole  nights  topether;  but  now  it  is  other- 
wise with  me.  When  all  are  ff»st  about  me,  and  no  t  \e  open,  but  His 
who  ever  awaketh,  my  thoughts  are  upon  things  p;ist,  upon  the  awful 
dispensations  of  the  Lord  towards  us,  upon  his  W(>nderful  power  and 
might  in  carrying  of  us  through  so  many  difficulties,  in  returning  us 
in  safety,  and  suffering  none  to  liint  us.  I  remember  in  the  night 
season  how  the  other  day  I  was  in  the  midst  of  thousands  of  (nernics, 
and  nothing  but  death  Ijefore  me.  If  was  then  hard  work  to  persuade 
mys<;lf  tbal  v.vcr  I  should  1)0  satisfied  with  !ir(-ad  again.  Ihit  now  we 
are  fed  with  the  finest  of  the  wheat,  and,  as  I  may  say,  with  "honev 
out  of  the  rock."  Inste:id  of  the  "husks"  we  have  "the  "  fat  calf.*' 
The  thoughts  of  these  ;liings  in  the  particulars  of  them,  and  of  the 
love  and  goodness  of  God  towards  us,  )nake  it  trueof  me,  what  David 
said  of  himself, — Psal.  (>;  G,  "  I  water  my  couch  with  my  tears."  0 
the  wonderful  power  of  God  that  mine  (yes  have  seen,  affording 
matter  enough  for  my  thouglit.s  to  run  in,  that  when  others  art- 
sleeping  miric  eyes  are  weeping. 

I  hare  seen  the  extrcn,(;  vanity  of  this  world.  One  hour  I  have 
been  in  health,  and  wealth,  wanting  nothing,  but  the  next  hour  in 
sickness,  and  wounds,  and  death,  having  nothing  bi't  sorrow  and 
afHiction.    Before  I  knew  what  afliiction  meant  I  was  ready  sometimes 


UTOCKWELt'a   CAPTIVITY.  3^5 

to  vwsh  for  it.  When  1  lived  in  prosperitv,  having  the  comforta  of 
hmword  about  me,  my  relations  by  mo,  n'.ul  my  heart  cheerful,  and 
akm|.  httic  care  for  any  tbin-r,  and  yet  seein/mnny  whom  n " - 
terrocJ  teforo  myself  under  many  trials  and  aflUctions,  in  IknL 
weakness,  poverty,  lo.sc«.  crossed,  and  eares  of  the  world  sh3 
be  sometnnos  j.alou.s  le.t  I  should  have  my  port...,  in  thin  life.  But 
now  I  see  the  Lord  b,  1  his  time  to  scour-e  and  chasten  me.     The 

,  stonishment,  l,|.  -swrepm-  rain  that  ieavclb  no  food,"  did  the 
Lord  prepare  40  I,  .,.y  portion.  Affliction  I  wanted,  and  affliction  I 
had,  lull  measure,  pressed  down  and  runnintr  over.  Yet  I  •  •  e  when 
<  .od  calls  persons  to  nev(M-  so  many  dilheulties,  yet  he  is  able  o  carry 
J.r;m  th--  noh,  and  make  ib-m  say  they  have  been  p/.iners  thereby;  and 
nojK)  I  ,n  sny,  1,1  some  measure,  as  Di.  vid,  "  It  is  frood  (or  me  that  I 
have  l.en  alH.-ted."     The  Lord  hn.h  show'ed  .no  the  vanityTf  thl 

of  lirt"  H '^- L'"'  ^'^r^''"  '^'  "vanities  ofvanilies  and  vexation 
ot  sp.rjt,  that  they  are  but  u  shadow,  a  blast,  a  bubble,  and  things 
of  m,  Conlinuanee.  If  trouble  IVom  smaller  matter  be-in  to  rise  Tn 
me,  I  have  somethin,.;  at  hand  to  check  mvself  witb  and  say,  .'Why 
am  roubled?"  ft  ^  ,  but  the  other  day  that  if  1  bad  the  world  I 
would  have  gwen  it  lor  n.y  free.lon.,  or  to  have  lx=en  a  servant  to  a 
t  hristian.  I  have  learned  to  look  l^yond  present  and  smaller  troubles, 
and  to  be  quieted  under  them,  as  Moses  said,-l':xod.  14:  13,  "Stand 
>itjli  and  sue  the  salvation  of  the  Lord." 


(•nAPrb:R  mil 

AT  DKKKFIKI.D,    IIV    >1  ASS ACaitVSKTI  S    BY    \     ■  AKTV   OP   INI  a^ 

hi  the  year  1077,  .Sepfomber  the  lOth,  between  sunset  and  dark 
the  Indians  earn-  upon  us.     I  and  another  man  beinjr  tocrether  we 
ran  away  at  tl.e  uulery  the  Indian,  made,  shouting  and  sdjootincr  at 
soine  othe.-s  ol  the  llnglisb  that  we,-c  hard  by.     We  took  a  swamp 
that  was  at  baud  lor  our  rc.'uue;  the  enemy  espvinir  us  so  near  them 
run  alter  us,  and  shot  many  guns  at  us;  thive  guns  were  diseharcred 
upon  me,  the  enemy  beincr  wjthin  three  rods  of  nu',  besides  mmv 
otlier.s  belore  il.af.     15ein^-  in  this  swamp,  which  was  miry,  I  slumped 
in  and  fell  down,  wheiT,u[.on  one  of  the  enemy  stepped  to  me,  with  his 
hatchet    ifted  up  to  knock  mo  on  the  hc^nd,  supposing  that  I  had  been 
wounded,  and  so  unfit  for  any  other  travel.     I,  as  it  happened,  had  a 
pistol  by  me,  which,  thounb  .uiehar-cd,  I  pirsented  to  the  Indian,  who 
presently  stepped  back,  and  told  me  if  I  would  yield  I  should  have  no 
hurt;  be  said,  which  was  not  ti^ue,  that  they  had  destroyed  all  flat- 
held,  and  that  the  wor,ds  were  full  of  Indians,  whereupon  I  yielded 
myself,  and  falling  into  their  hands,  was  by  ihrge  of  them  led  awav 


inl' 

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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  I4S80 

(716)  87!2-45C3 


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956 


BVENT8    IN   INDIAN    UI8TOBY. 


unto  the  place  whence  first  I  began  to  make  my  flight.  Here  two 
otaer  Indians  came  running  to  us,  and  the  one  lifting  up  the  butt  end 
of  his  gun  to  knock  me  on  the  head,  the  other  with  his  hand  put  by 
the  blow,  and  said  I  was  his  friend.  I  was  now  by  my  own  house, 
which  the  Indians  burnt  the  last  year,  and  1  was  about  to  build  it  up 
again ;  and  there  I  had  some  hopes  to  escape  from  them.  There  was 
a  horse  just  by,  which  they  bid  me  take.  I  did  so,  but  made  no 
attempt  to  escape  thereby,  because  the  beast  was  slow  and  dull.  Then 
was  I  in  hopes  they  would  send  me  to  take  my  own  horses,  which 
they  did ;  but  they  were  so  frightened  that  I  could  not  come  near  to 
them,  and  so  loll  still  into  the  enemy's  hands.  The/ now  took  and 
bound  me  and  led  me  away,  and  soon  was  1  brought  into  the  company 
of  other  captives,  who  were  that  day  brought  away  from  Hatfield, 
who  were  about  a  mile  off;  and  l^ere  methought  was  maiter  of  joy 
and  sorrow  both:  joy  to  see  company,  and  sorrow  for  our  condition. 
Then  were  we  pinioned  and  led  away  in  the  night  over  the  moun- 
tains, in  dark  and  hideous  ways,  about  four  miles  further,  before  we 
took  up  our  place  for  rest,  which  was  in  a  dismal  place  of  wood,  on 
the  east  side  of  that  mountain.  We  were'kept  bound  all  that  night. 
The  Indians  kept  waking,  and  we  had  little  mind  to  sleep  in  This 
night's  travel.  The  Indians  dispersed,  and  as  they  went  made  strange 
noises,  as  of  wolves  and  owls,  and  other  wild  beasts,  to  the  end  that 
they  might  not  lose  one  another,  and  if  followed  they  might  not  be 
discovered  by  the  English. 

About  the  break  of  day  we  marched  again,  and  got  ever  that  great 
river  at  Pecomptuck  (Deerfield)  river  m^outh,  and  there  rested  about 
two  hours.  Here  the  Indians  marked  out  upon  trees  the  number  of 
iheir  captives  and  slain,  as  their  manner  is.  Now  was  I  again  in 
great  danger,  a  quarrel  having  arose  about  me,  whose  captive  I  was, 
for  three  took  me.  I  thought  I  must  be  killed  to  end  the  controversy; 
so  when  they  put  it  to  me  whose  I  was,  I  said  three  Indians  took  me; 
so  they  agreed  to  have  all  a  share  in  me.  I  had  now  three  masters, 
and  he  was  my  chief  master  who  laid  hands  on  me  first;  and  ihu^ 
was  1  fallen  into  the  hands  of  the  worst  of  all  the  company,  as  Ash- 
palon,  the  Indian  captain,  told  me;  which  captain  was  all  along  very 
kind  to  me,  and  a  great  comfort  to  the  E'-nglish.  In  this  place  they 
gave  us  some  victuals,  which  they  had  brought  from  the  English. 
This  morning  also  they  sent  ton  men  forth  to  the  town  (of  Deerfield) 
to  bring  away  what  they  could  find.  Some  provision,  some  corn  out 
of  the  meadow,,  they  brought  to  us  ou  horse.s,  which  they  had  there 
taken. 

From  hence  we  went  up  about  the  falls,  where  we  crossed  that 
river  again;  and  whilst  I  was  going,  1  fell  right  down  lame  of  my  ohl 
wounds,  which  I  had  in  the  war;  and  whilst  I  was  thinking  I  sliouM 
therefore  be  killed  by  the  Indians,  and  what  death  I  should  die,  my 
pain  was  suddenly  gone,  and  I  was  much  encouraged  again.  We  had 
about  eleven  horses  in  that  company,  which  the  Indiatis  used  to  con- 
vey burthens,  and  to  carry  women.  It  was  afternoon  when  we  now 
crossed  that  river.     We  travelled  up  it  till  night,  and  then  took  \i\t 


our  lodgii 

en  our  ba 

They  told 

That  time 

manner  of 

were  stake 

stir  noway 

slept  as  a 

and  crosse 

Our  provis 

Indiana  we 

Then  the  I 

into  many , 

At  night,  hf 

The  next  di 

our  quarter 

miles  above 

fear  of  the  : 

built  a  lono- 

eluded  to  bu 

understood 

Plimpton  an 

knew  not  wl 

thereunto;  s 

could  not  sle 

with  the  dam 

wore  all  loos 

fire,  and  ma 

any  of  the  E 

removed  out  i 

me,  I  put  all 

were  to  be  b 

evil  wasprei 

together.     H( 

said  it  should 

way.     I  told  1 

whereupon  on^ 

rose  up  in  ang 

hubbub,  and  t1 

humble  mysell 

came  to  this  pi 

with  another  Ii 

with  this  India 

hatchet,  and  h< 

and  run  away; 

that  much  to 

would  provoke 

away. 

Whilst  we  w 


STocKWBtt'g  oAPTivrrr.  357 

They  told  me'  their  law  w^thi  TsLllTh.^  "'•  '"^  T"^  "'8^^^- 
that  time  it  was  thought  we  shouTd  t  J  .  r'*"  "T  "'S^^^'  ^""^  ^y 
manner  of  staking  down  was  thus    om-  «  ""l^'',  '^"^^'^^ge.     The 

were  staked  fast  down  ".rd  a  rZ'.T.'  ^"f  ^^S"'  ^''"^^'^^^d  out, 
stir  noways.     The  ^^t  ni^ht  nf  t«l       T  """t"'  ^°  '^^'  ^«  ««"W 
slept  as  comfortable  a    ett     The  Tef  t  dT'  ^'"^  "'"^^  *'^^'^'  ^ 
and  crossed  it,  and  at  niohU«v  in  ^       lu    ^  T  ""^"^  "P  *he  river. 
Our  provision  was  soon  snen^nnH'l"?^'''T  (^^'''hfield)  meadows 
Indians  went  a-hundn"    and  the  Fn"r  T  ^"^  '"  ''^^^^  '"^^'^°^«  ^^e 
Then  the  Indians  move^d  a  "ain  divfd^f'^S  'T  '^""'"^  ""^  ^"^^  "«• 
into  many  companies    th^^r.'  Fn  1  T  ''^T'"''^^'  ^"'^  ^^e  captives 
At  night,  havinrc^ssed  the    vo.  ^    *"  .'"'=''•'  ""'  ^°"°^  ^heir  tracks. 
The  ,Wt  day  we  crossed' u  on  Snn 'iT    '='f  "'  '^'^  P'«^^  ^PP^^nted. 
our  quarters  for  a  lonrtLlT^"^^'^'^^.'.'^"'  '^"^  ^^ere  we  took  up 

-iles  above  Squakfrc'S  here  K?  th'"l '^l'"'*  "^^  "'""^  ^^'^^' 
fearof  theEnJlish,  bSt'  in,!::t%::ro\VtZT^  1^" 
built  a  bno-  w  ffwam   nnH  hnS  „  ,       /j  ^wonawKs.     Here  they 

eluded  to  b^,rn1hree'of  us  and  S  ^l"V'  ^5^>^^^"  •^'  ""^^  <^o^- 
understood  afterwards    I  w^"   n^     ,f    ^^'^  '•"  ^°  *'  ^^''^^  «"d,  as  I 

Plimpton  ar..h:r:nd'  L^^in  W^,^^^, I'^^.h" r^TrTJ 
knew  not  wh  ch  wa<5  to  lv>  K-.-^f  '  ^s  *^iie  me  third.     1  hough  I 

thereunto,,  so  IT rulTde'r  'd '^  IS^ZtlT  Th^'^^Tl 
could  not  sleep  for  fear  of  next  dayWork-  thfZf'  u^^  "'^'^^  ^ 
with  the  dance,  lay  down  to  sleepTLT  Lt  toS"''Tri>T? 
were  all  oose;  then  I  went  nm  nn  1 1        V^  sounaly.     The  English 

fire,  and  made  a  n"  isc  orT  nloso    ^1^°'''  '"  '''"^'  ^''^  "^^"^^^  the 

anyof  the  English  wourda^air^etlrdllT'^'-n  V'""^'^^  '^ 
n^moved  out  of  the  way  all  the  uns  and  £h^  ^T  ""^  f '^^'"g-  ^ 
me,  I  put  all  things  where  theyCil  alfn  ^t'  ^"'  ""J  ^'^'^  ^^'""^ 
were  to  be  burnt  our  r^^lt2  IT  °  V  ^^^  "^''''  ^^-V'  ^^en  we 
evil  was ,  prevented Tn  thfs  nhce  T'  'k'^'  ^P'^'^'  ^''  "^'  ^"^  ^^e 
together.     Here  I  had  TJl^7'     "^^'^^^^^^^  ^'^  lay  three  weeks 

humble  myself  to  mv  mast .    «n^  h^      ""'  ^^°"'  ""^-     ^  ^««  ^«i^  ^ 

s:£t^iS---r--  ---  ■ -- 

»ill>  •h«  India"  w  ;1 1  sM  Tr,^"'"*?""  "  ""'"=''•    1  W"»  left 
WluU.  we  we.e  here,  Be„ja™„  S.ebbin,,  „„(„,  ^,^  ,„„^  ,„j,„„^ 


358 


EVENTS    IN    INDIAN    H3ST011Y. 


to  Wachuset  Hills,  made  his  escape  from  them,  and  when  the  news  of 
his  escape  came  we  wore  all  presently  called  in  and  bound;  one  of  the 
fndians,  a  captain  among  them,  and  always  our  great  friend,  met  me 
commg  in,  and  told  me  Stebbins  was  run  away,  and  the  Indians 
spake  of  burning  us;  some,  of  only  burning  and  biting  off  our  fingers, 
by  and  by.    He  said  there  would  be  a  court,  and  all  would  speak  their 
mmds,  but  ho  would  speak  last,  and  would  say,  that  the  Indian  who 
left  Stebbins  run  away  was  only  in  fault,  and  so  no  hurt  should  be 
done  us,  and  added,  "  fear  not;"  so  it  proved  accordingly.     Whil&t 
we  hngered  here  about,  provision  grew  scarce-;  one  bear's  foot  must 
serve  five  of  us  a  whole  day.     We  began  to  eat  horse-fiesh,  and  eat 
up  seven  in  all ;  three  were  left  alive,  and  not  killed.     After  we  had 
been  here,  some  of  the  Indians  had  been  down,  and  fallen  upon 
Hadley,  and  were  taken  by  the  English,  agreed  with  and  let  go  again. 
They  were  to  meet  the  English  upon  such  a  plain,  there  to  make 
lurther  terms.    Ashpalon  was  much  for  it,  but  the  Wachuset  sachems, 
when  they  came,  were  much  against  it,  and  were  for  this :  that  we 
should  meet  the  English,  indeed,  but  there  fall  upon  them  and  fioht 
them,  and  take  them.     Then  Ashpalon  spake  to  us  English,  not°to 
speak  a  word  more  to  further  that  matter,  for  mischief  would  come  of 
It.     When  those  Indians  came  from  Wachuset  there  came  with  them 
squaws  and  children,  about  four-score,  who  reported  that  the  English 
had  taken  Uncas,  and  all  his  men,  and  sent  them  beyond  seas.    They 
were  much  enraged  at  this,  and  asked  us  if  it  were  true;  we  said  no. 
Then  was  Ashpalon   angry,  and  said   he  would   no  more  believe 
Englishmen.     They  examined   us  every  one  apart,  and  then  they 
dealt  worse  with  us  for  a  season  than  before.     Still  provision  was 
scarce.     We  came  at  length  to  a  place  called  Squaw-Maug  river; 
there  we  hoped  for  salmon,  but  we  came  too  late.     This°place  I 
account  to  be  above  two  hundred  miles  above  Deerfield.     We  now 
parted  into  two  companies;   some  went  one  way,  and  some  went 
another  way;  and  we  went  over  a  mighty  mountain,  it  taking  us 
eight  days  to  go  over  it,  and  travelled  very  hard  too,  having  every 
day  either  snow  or  rain.     We  noted  that  on  this  mountain°all  the 
water  run  northward.     Here  also  we  wanted  provision;  but  at  length 
we  met  again  on  the  other  side  of  the  mountain,  viz:  on  the  north  side, 
at  a  river  that  runs  into  the  lake;  and  we  were  then  half  a  day's 
Journey  off"  the  lake. 

We  staid  here  a  great  while,  to  make  canoes  to  go  over  the  lake. 
Here  I  was  frozen,  and  asain  we  were  like  to  starve.  All  the  Indians 
went  a  hunting,  but  could  get  nothing :  divers  davs  they  pawawed, 
and  yet  got  nothing;  then  they  desired  the  English  to  pray,  and 
confessed  they  could  do  nothing.  Th(  y  would  have  us  pray,  and 
see  what  the  Englishman's  God  could  do.  I  prayed,  so  did  serjeant 
I  Iimpton,in  another  place.  The  Indians  reverently  attended,  morning 
and  night.  Next  day  they  got  bears ;  then  they  would  needs  havens 
desire  a  blessing,  and  return  thanks  at  meals ;  after  a  while  they  grew 
weary  of  it,  and  the  sachem  did  forbid  us.  When  I  was  frozen,  they 
were  very  cruel  towards  me,  because  I  could  not  do  as  at  other  times. 


■n 


mm 


STOOKWELt's   OAITIVITY.  359 

When  w«  camo  to  the  lake  we  were  again  sadly  put  to  it  for  provision 
VVe  were  fam  to  eat  touchwood  fried  in  bear's  grease.  At  ?ast  w^ 
found  a  company  of  raccoons,  and  then  we  made  a  feasf;  and  the 
manner  was  that  we  must  eat  all.  I  perceived  there  would  be  oo 
much  for  one  time,  so  one  Indian  who  sat  next  to  „,o  bid  me  shp 
away  some  to  ium  under  his  coat,  and  he  ^vould  hide  it  for  ^MiS 
another  time.  This  Indian,  as  soon  as  he  had  got  my  meat,  stood 
up  and  made  a  speech  to  th.  rest,  and  discovere^d  me-  so  tha  Uie 
Indians  were  very  angry  and  cut  ...  another  piece,  and  gave  me 
raccoon  grease  to  dnnk,  which  made  me  sick  and  vomit.    I  told  !hem 

el'lThfl'  ^'«  ^^«r  «ft«V'''^^j'"'y  --'W  give  me  none,  but  stS 
tell  me     had  raccoon  enough.     So  I  sufTin-cd  much,  and  being  frozen 
was  full  of  pum,  and  could  sleep  but  little,  yet  must  do  my  work' 
When  they  went  upon  the  lake,  ar,d  as  ihcy  came  to  it,  they^it  on  a 
moose  and  killed  it,  and  staid  there  till  they  had  eaten  it  all  np 

After  entering  upon  the  lake,  there  arose  a  great  stoi    ■  and  wp 
thought  we  should  all  be  cast  awny,  but  at  last  we  got  to  an  "and 

W  i  e  anVa^oZ"'  ''  ^"""""^^-     ''\  "^^^^^^  -'^  ^^at  Beil  amm' 

cLt  them  a^!      Th'"  T  '""i'"^'  """^  ^^'"^  ""  ^'«™  ''^'  '^^^^^  to 
cast  them  away.     Ihis  afterward  ap,)eared  to  be  true,  though  then  I 

l>eheved  them  not.     [Jpon  this  island  we  lay  still  several  days  and 

then  set  out  agam   but  a  storm  anA  us,  so  that  we  lay  to  and  to 

upon  certain  islands  about  three  weeks.     We  hod  no  provisS     bS 

raccoons,  so  that  the  Indians  themselves   tho„,l.t  they  should    te 

starved.     They  gave  me  nothing,  so  that  I  was  sundry  days  ^khoS 

ny  provision.     We  went  on  upou  the  lake,  upon  that^  isle,  aC  t  ^ 

days  journey.     We  had  a  little  sled  upon  which  we  drew  our  load! 

Before  noon,  I   tired,  and  just   then   the  Indians   met  with   some 

Frenchmen;  then  one  of  the  Indians  that  took  me  came  to  me  and 

mp      T  K       k/'."  ^  ''""''^'l  "^' ''"  ^'"y  '"•^'•^;  'hen  he  said  he  must  kiU 

me.     I  though  he  was  about  to  do  it,  lor  he  pulled  out  his  knife  ad 

cut  out  my  pockets,  and  wrapped  thom  about  my  face,  helped  me  up 

and  took  my  sled  and  went  away,  ^,  ^  ■  •      "  • '       '  P' 

a  walnut,  which  he  had  of  the  Fren 

me  a  pipe  of  tobacco.     When  my 

him,  but  at  last  I  could  not  run,  bu' 

were  soon  out  of  sight.     I  followed 

falls  upon  the  ice. 
At  last,  I  was  so  spent,  I  had  n.  . 

but  I  crept  to  a  tree  that  lay  aloiur,  ■■. 
It  was  now  night,  and  very  sharp  . 
that  I  must  die  here.     Whilst  i    ». 
hallooed,  and  I  answered  him  ;  I     , 
names,  and  told  me  if  [  could  m 
I  told  him  he  must  then  do  so;   ■  • 
snow,  but  could  not  rise ;  then  h     Uk 
and  went  back  and  sent  two  Indi 
knock  me  on  tlie  head;  the  otiier  :•     , 


'iig  me  a  bit  of  biscuit,  as  big  as 
lien,  and  told  me  he  would  "ive 

d  was  gone,  I  could  run  after 
"K  a  foot-pace.     The  Indians 

well  as  I  could,  and  had  many 

■•(reugth  enough  to  rise  again, 
'i.l  got  upon  it,  and  there  I  Ity. 

''Iit'r;  1  counted  no  oth'jr  but 
.-  ihiuking  of  :.eath,  an  Indian 
"ne  to  me,  and  called  me  bad 

'■  must  knock  me  on  the  head. 

aw  how  I  had  wallowed  in  the 

•■'•  liis  coat  and  wrapt  me  in  it, 

H  .-led.     One  said  he  must 

t  'loy  would  carry  me  away 


m4 


<ri! 


360 


EVENTS    IN    INDIAN    HISTORY. 


I 


and  burn  me.     Then  they  bid  me  stir  my  instep,  to  see  if  that  were 
frozen ;  I  did  so.     When  they  saw  that,  they  said  that  was  Wurrec^en. 
There  was  a  chirurseon  among  the  French,  they  said,  that  could  cure 
me ;  then  they  took  me  upon  a  sled,  and  carried  me  to  the  fire,  and 
made  much  of  mo;  pulled  off"  my  wet  and  wrapped  me  in  dry  clothes, 
and  made  me  a  good  bed.  They  killed  an  otter,  and  gave  me  some  of  th(" 
broth  made  of  it,  and  a  bit  of  the  flesh.     Here  I  slept  till  towards  dav. 
and  then  was  able  to  get  up  and  put  on  my  clothes.     One  of  the 
Indians  awaked,  and  seeing  me  walk,  shouted,  as  rejoiced  at  it.     As 
soon  as  it  was  light,  I  and  Samuel  Russell  went  before  on  the  ice,  upon 
a  river.     They  said  1  must  go  where  I  could  on  loot,  else  I  should 
freeze.     Samuel  Russell  slipt  into  the  river  with  one  foot;  the  Indians 
called  him  back,  and  dried  his  stockings,  and  then  sent  us  away,  and 
an  Indian  with  us  to  pilot  us.     We  went  four  or  five  miles  before  they 
overtook  us.     I  was  then  pretty  well  spent.     Samuel  Rus.sell  was,  he 
said,  faint,  and  wondered  how  I  could  live,  for  he  had,  he  said,  ten 
hneals  to  my  one.     Then  I  was  laid  on  the  sled,  and  they  ran  away 
with  me  on  the  ice ;  the  rest  and  Samuel  Russell  came  shortly  aller. 
Samuel  Russell  I  never  saw  more,  nor  know  I  what  became  of  him. 
They  got  but  half  way,  and  we  got  through  to  Shamblee  about 
midnight.     Six  miles  off  Shamblee,  (a  French  town,)  the  river  was 
open,  and  when  1  came  to  travel  in  that  part  of  the  ice,  I  soon  tired ; 
and  two  Indians  ran  away  to  town,  and  one  only  was  left ;  ha  would 
carry  me  a  few  rods,  and  then  I  would  go  as  many,  and  then  a  trade 
we  drove,  and  so  were  long  in  going  the  six  miles.'    This  Indian  was 
now  kind,  and  told  me  that  if  he  did  not  carry  me  I  would  die,  and 
so  I  should  have  done,  sure  enough ;  and  he  said  I  must  tell  the 
English  how  he  helped  me.     When  we  came  to  the  first  house,  there 
was  no  inhabitant.     The  Indian  was  also  spent,  and  botb  were  dis- 
couraged; he  said  we  must  now  die  together.     At  last  he  left  me 
alone,  and  got  to  another  house,  and  thence  cami;  some  French  and 
Indians,  and  brought  mo  in.     The  French  were  kind,  and  put  my 
hands  and  feet  in  cold  water,  and  gave  me  a  dram  or  brf.ndy,  and  a 
little  hasty  pudding  and  milk;  when  I  tasted  victuals  I  was  hun<fry. 
and  could  not  have  forbone  it,  but  I  could  not  get  it.     Now  and  tlien 
they  would  give  me  a  little,  as  they  thought  best  for       :.     I  laid  by 
the  fire  with  the  Indian  that  night,  but  could  not  sleep  ,or  pain.    Ne.<t 
morning  the  Indians  and  French  fell  out  about  me,  because  the  French, 
as  the  Indians  said,  loved  the  English  better  than  the  Indians.     The 
French  presently  turned  the  Indians  out  of  doors  and  kept  me. 

They  were  very  kind  and  careful,  and  gave  me  a  little  something 
now  and  then.  While  I  was  here  all  the  men  in  that  town  came  to 
see  me.  At  this  house  I  was  three  or  four  days,  and  then  invited  to 
another,  and  after  that  to  another.  In  this  place  I  was  about  thirteen 
days,  and  received  much  civility  from  a  young  man,  a  bachelor,  who 
invited  me  to  his  house,  with  whom  I  was  for  the  most  part  of  the 
time.  He  was  so  kind  as  to  lodge  me  in  the  bed  with  himself,  gave 
me  a  shirt,  and  would  have  bought  me,  but  could  not,  as  the  Indians 
nskod  one  hundred  pounds  for  me.     We  were  then  to  go  to  a  place 


called  Son 

Indians  sIk 

(lay's  journ 

water  on  tl; 

and  [)rovi.s 

a!,'ain,  for  r 

Sore  I.     W 

here  again 

asked  the  I 

niiscd,  at  w 

to  knock  rn 

and  kicked 

\)lhca  two  o 

I  came  to  tl 

to  pitv  me. 

While  I  , 

to  see  me ;  i 

provisions  \ 

Indians  trie 

chirurgoon, 

face  with  hii 

not  what  h 

captain  of  ti 

and  asked  v 

took  him  an( 

The  Indians 

tenanccs  ant 

bid  mo  not 

Indian  was  i 

fo  that  captn 

"  You  are  a 

say  one  thin 

prevailed  wi 

captain  by  a 

f'roo,  and  tol( 

rogue,  and  si 

this  reason,  t 

ho  wore  han 

said  "  that  w 

this  conditior 

bring  me  to  1 

people  did  nc 

When  the  In 

middle,  and  s 

and  he  had  s 

me  drink,  an 

there,  the  Im 

saying  Wuri 

thinking  no  c 

31 


STOCKWELL's   CAPTIVITir. 

oallod  Sorol  nnd  that  young  man  would  go  with  me,  because  the 
ndmns  should  not  hurt  me.  This  man  cm-ricd  me  on  the  ice  one 
.lay  s  journoy,  (or  I  could  not  now  go  at  all,  and  there  was  so  much 
WH  er  on  th,;  ,co  n'c  could  go  no  further.  So  the  Frenchman  leil  me, 
a.  d  ..ovision  lor  me.  Here;  we  staid  two  nights,  and  then  travelled 
auM.i ,  for  now  the  ice  was  stn.ng,  and  in  two  days  more  we  came  to 
horei.  When  wo  got  t..  the  first  house,  it  was  late  in  the  night ;  and 
h.re  aga.n  the  pooplo  were  kind.  Next  day,  being  in  much  pain,  I 
asked  the  Indians  t,.  carry  m(,.  to  the  chiruro:( on's,  as  they  had  pi'o- 
nnscHl,  at  which  (hey  were  wroth,  and  one  oi  them  took  up  his  <.un 
to  knock  me,  but  the  Frcuichman  would  not  milhr  it,  but  set  upon  him 
.ml  locked  hn_n  out  of  door..  Thou  we  went  awav  from  theice,  to  a 
plf.r(^  two  or  thiY-e  miles  off,  whore  the  Indians  had  wigwams.  When 
t„ 'itTmV       "  ''■'''^''''''"''  ''"'"'  "''  ^^''  '"^'''^"«  '^"e^^  nie,  and  seemed 

VVhilo  1  >vas  hero,  which  was  three  or  four  days,  the  French  came 
to  see  me;  and  it  Ik  ,„g  Christmas  time,  they  brought  cakes  and  other 
provisions  with  thorn  and  gave  to  me,  so  that  I  had  no  want.     The 
Indians  tried  to  cure  me,  but  could  not.     Then  I  asked  for  the 
chn-urgeon,  at  which  Olio  of  the  Indians  in  anger  struck  me  on  the 
face  with  his  hst      A  Fren'-hman  being  by,  spoke  to  him,  but  I  knew 
not  what  he  said,  and  then  went  his  way.     By  and  by  came  the 
captain  of  the  olace  inio  tho  wigwam,  with  about  twelve  armed  men 
ant  asked  where  the  Indian  was  that  struck  the  Fnglishman.     They 
took  him  and  told  him  he  should  go  to  the  bilboes,  and  then  be  hanged. 
I  he  Indians  were  much  terrified  at  this,  as  appeared  by  their  coun- 
ciiances  and  h-embling.     I  would  have  gone  too,  but  the  Frenchman 
bid  me  not  fear;  that  the  Indians  durst  not  hurt  mo.     Wlien  tlie 
Indian  was  gone,  I  had  two  masters  still.     I  aslccd  them  to  carry  mo 
to  that  captain,  that  J  might  speak  for  the  Indian.     They  answered 
"  Vou  are  a  fool.     Do  you  think  the;  French  are  like  the'  En<.|ish   to 
say  one  thing  and  do  another  >.     They  are  men  of  their  woixls."'    I 
prevailed  with  them,  however,  to  help" me  thither,  and  I  spoke  to  the 
captain  by  an  interpreter,  and  told  him  I  desired  him  to  set  the  Indian 
.roe,  and  told  him  what  he  had  done  for  me.     He  told  me  he  was  a 
rogue,  and  should  be  hanged.     Then  I  spoke  more  privately,  alleain" 
this  reason,  that  because  all  the  English  captixes  were  not  come  in   if' 
iio  wore  hanged,  it  might  fare  the  worse  with  them.     The  captain 
said  "  that  was  to  be  considered."     Then  he  set  him  at  liberty  upon 
this  condition,  that  he  should  never  strike  me  more,  and  every  day 
bring  me  to  his  house  to  eat  victuals.     I  perceived  that  the  common 
people  did  not  like  what  the  Indians  had  done  and  did  to  the  English 
When  the  Indian  was  set  free,  he  came  to  me,  and  took  me  about  the 
middle,  and  said  I  was  his  brother;  that  I  had  saved  his  life  once 
and  he  had  saved  mine  thrice.     Then  he  called  for  brandy  and  made 
me  drink,  and  had  me  away  to  the  wigwams  again.     When  I  came 
there,  the  Indians  came  to  me  one  by  one,  to  shake  hands  with  me, 
saying  Wurregen  Netop,  (Friend,  it  is  well,)  and  were  very  kind, 
thinkmg  no  other  but  that  I  had  saved  the  Indian's  life. 
31 


i 


362 


EVENTS   llf    INDIAN   HISTORY. 


The  next  day  he  carried  me  to  that  captain's  house,  and  set  me 
down.  They  gave  me  my  victuals  and  wine,  and  being  left  there  a 
while  by  the  Indians,  I  showed  the  captain  my  fingers,  which  when 
he  and  his  wife  saw  they  ran  away  from  the  sight,  and  bid  me  lap  it 
up  again,  and  sent  for  the  chirurgeon ;  who,  when  he  came,  said  he 
could  cure  mo,  and  took  it  in  hand,  and  dressed  it.  The  Indians 
towards  night  came  for  me ;  1  told  them  1  could  not  go  with  thorn. 
They  were  displeased,  called  me  rogue,  and  went  away.  That  night  I 
was  full  of  pain;  the  French  feared  I  would  die;  five  men  did  watch 
with  me,  and  strove  to  keep  me  cheevly,  for  I  was  sometimes  ready 
to  faint.  Oftentimes  they  gave  me  a  little  brandy.  The  next  dav 
tho  chirurgeon  came  again,  and  dressed  me;  and  so  he  did  all  the 
while  I  was  among  the  French.  1  came  in  at  Christinas,  and  went 
thence  May  2d. 

Being  thus  in  the  captain's  house,  I  was  kept  there  till  Benjamin 
Waite  came ;  and  now  my  Indian  master,  being  in  want  of  nioney, 
pawned  me  to  the  captain  for  Iburtecn  beavers'  skins,  or  the  worth  ot 
them,  at  such  a  day ;  if  he  did  not  pay  ho  must  lose  his  pawn,  oi- 
else  sell  me  for  twenty-one  beavers;  but  he  could  not  get  beaver,  and 
so  I  was  sold.  By  being  thus  sold,  adds  Dr.  Mather,  he  was  in  God's 
good  time  set  at  liberty,  and  returned  to  his  friends  in  New  Entrland 
again.  '^ 


CHAPTER  XIV. 

OP  TIIR  CAPTIVITY  AND  SUFFF.RINOS  OF  MISS  SARAH  GEIIISH  WHO  IVAM 
TAKEN  AT  THE  SACKING  OF  DOVER,  IN  THE  YEAR  1089  B^Y  THE  INUUN^^^ 
AS  COMMUNICATED  TO  THE  REVEREND  DR.  COTTON  MATHER  BY  T^^^^^ 
REVEREND  JOHN  IMKE,  MINISTER  OF  DOVER.   ^^^^'^'^   mAlHJ-.K,  UY   THE 

^  Sarah  Gerish,  daughter  of  Captain  John  Gerish,  of  Quochecho  or 
(Jocheco,  was  a  very  beautiful  and  ingenious  damsel,  about  seven 
years  of  age,  and  happened  to  be  lodging  at  the  garrison  oi"  Major 
Waldron,  her  affectionate  grandfather,  -.vhen  the  Indians  brought  that 
horrible  destruction  upon  it,  on  the  night  of  the  27th  of  June"  1689. 
She  was  always  very  fearful  of  the  Indians ;  but  fear  may  we  think 
now  have  surprised  her,  when  they  fiercely  bid  her  go  into  a  certain 
chamber  and  call  the  pco])le  out !  She  obeyed,  but  finding  onlv  iv 
little  child  in  bed  in  the  room,  she  got  into  the  bed  with  it,°and  hid 
herself  in  trie  clothes  as  well  as  she  could.  The  fell  savages  quickly 
pulled  her  out,  and  made  her  dress  for  a  march,  but  led°her  awav 
with  no  more  than  one  stocking  ujion  her,  on  a  terrible  march  throuirh 
the  thick  woods,  and  a  thousand  other  miseries,  till  they  came  to  the 
Norway  Planes.*  From  thence  they  made  her  go  to  the  end  ol 
Winnipioiogee  lake,  thence  eastward,  through  horrid  swamps,  where 
sometimes  they  were  obliged  to  scramble  over  hucje  trees  fallen  bv 

*  These  planes  are  in  the  present  town  of  Rochester,  N.  H. 


'^^"^mmmmm 


BAHAH   OKRiSH'a   CAPTIVITY. 


aea 


storm  or  age,  for  a  vast  way  togetlier,  and  sometimes  they  must  climb 
up  long,  steep,  tiresome,  and  almost  inaccessible  tnoiuitfiius. 

Her  first  master  was  an  Indian  named  Sebimdowit,  a  dull  sort  of 
Ihllow,  and  not  such  a  devil  as  many  of  them  were,  but  ho  sold  her  to 
a  fellow  who  was  a  more  harsh  and  mad  sort  of  a  draj^on.  He 
carried  her  uway  to  Canada. 

A  long  and  sad  journey  now  ensued,  throujrh  the  midst  of  a  hideous 
desert,  in  the  depth  of  a  dreadful  winter;  and  who  can  enumerate  the 
frights  she  endured  Ix'fbre  the  end  of  her  journey?  Onco  her  master 
commanded  her  to  loosen  some  of  her  u{)per  garments,  and  stand 
against  a  tree  while  he  charged  his  gun;  whereat  the  poor  child 
shrieked  out,  "  He  is  going  to  kill  me!"  God  knows  what  he  was 
going  to  do;  but  the  villain  having  charged  his  gun,  he  called  her 
liom  the  tree  and  forbore  doing  Jier  any  du.nage.  Upon  another 
lipe  her  master  ordered  her  to  run  niong  the  shore  with  some  Indian 
girls,  while  Ik;  paddled  up  the  river  in  his  canoe.  As  the  girls  were 
passing  a  precipice,  a  tawny  wench  violently  pushed  her^headlong 
into  the  river,  but  so  it  (ell  out  that  in  this  very  place  of  her  fall  the 
bushes  from  the  shore  hung  over  the  water,  so  that  she  was  enabled 
to  get  hold  of  them,  and  thus  saved  herself.  The  Indians  asked  her 
how  she  became  so  wet,  but  she  did  not  dare  to  tell  them,  from  lear 
of  the  resentment  of  her  that  hud  so  nearly  deprived  her  of  lile 
already.  And  hero  it  may  bo  remarked,  that  'it  is  almost  universally 
true,  that  young  Indians,  both  male  and  female,  arc  as  much  to  be 
dreaded  by  captives  as  those  of  maturer  years,  and  in  many  cases 
much  more  so;  for,  unlike  cultivated  people,  they  have  no  restraints 
upon  their  mischievous  and  savage  propensities,  which  they  indulgf 
in  cruelties  surpassing  any  examples  here  related.  'I'hey  oilen  vie 
with  each  other  in  attempting  excessive  acts  of  torture. 

Once,  being  spent  with  travelling  all  day,  and  lying  down  wet  and 
exhausted  at  night,  she  fell  into  so  profound  a'  sleep  that  in  the 
morning  she  waked  not.  Her  barbarous  caplors  decamped  from  the 
plap(^  of  their  night's  rest,  leaving  this  little  captive  girl  asleep  and 
covered  with  a  snow  that  in  the  night  had  fallen;  but,  at  length 
awaking,  what  agonies  may  you  imagine  she  was  in,  on  lindfng 
herself  left  a  prey  for  bears  and  wolves,  and  without  any  sustenance^ 
in  a  howling  wilderness,  many  scores  of  leagues  from  any  plantation ! 
In  this  dismal  situation,  however,  she  had  fortitude  sufficient  to  attempt 
to  follow  them.  And  here  again,  the  snow  which  had  been  her  covering 
upon  the  cold  ground,  to  her  great  discomfort,  was  now  her  only  hope, 
for  she  could  just  discern  byit  the  track  of  the  Indians  !  How  long  it 
was  before  she  overtook  them  is  not  told  us,  but  she  joined  them  mid 
continued  her  captivity. 

Now  the  young  Indians  began  to  terrify  her  by  constantly  reminding 
her  that  she  was  shortly  to  be  roasted  to  death.  One  evening  much 
iliel  was  prepared  between  two  logs,  which  they  told  her  was  for  her 
torture.  A  mighty  fire  being  made,  her  master  called  her  to  him,  and 
told  her  that  she  should  be  presently  burnt  alive.  At  first  she  stood 
amazed ;  then  burst  into  tears ;  and  then  she  hung  about  her  tiger  of 


304 


KVEfm    Ilf    INDIAN    HiaTOKT. 


a  master,  begging  of  him,  with  an  inexpressible  anguish,  to  save  her 
from  the  fire.     Hereupon  the  monster  so  far  relented  as  to  tell  her 
"  that  if  she  would  be  a  good  girl  she  should  not  be  burnt."  ' 

At  last  they  arrived  at  Canada,  and  she  was  carried  into  the  Lord 
Intendant's  house,  where  many  persons  of  quality  took  much  noticp 
of  her.  It  was  a  week  after  this  that  she  remained  in  the  Indian's 
hands  before  the  price  of  her  ransom  could  be  agreed  upon.  But 
then  the  Indy  intendanl  sent  her  to  the  nunnery,  where  she  was 
comfortably  provided  for ;  and  it  w  s  the  desi^n■,  as  was  said,  to 
have  brought  her  up  in  the  Romish  relij^ion,  and  then  to  have  married 
her  unto  the  son  of  the  Lord  Intendant. 

She  was  kindly  used  there  until  Sir  William  Phips,  lying  before 
Quobtjc,  did,  upon  exchange  of  prisoners,  obtain  her  liberty.  After 
sixteen  months'  captivity  she  was  restored  unto  her  friends,'  who  had 
the  consolation  of  having  this  their  desirable  daughter  auain  wi.th 
them,  returned  as  it  were  from  the  dead.  But  this  dear  child  was  not 
to  cheer  her  parents'  path  for  a  long  period  ;  for  on  arriving  at  her 
sixteenth  year,  July,  1697,  death  carried  her  off  by  a  malianant 
lever.  " 


CHAPTER  XV. 
\AunATrvE  or  the  remaukabi.e  esc'"r  of  wjuow  emzaheth  iiFAnn 

nnv?J'\''i^'?<.^,L?;i!P  DESTRUCTION  OP  MAJOR  WALD^ON  «  GARRISON^' 

Mrs.  Elizabeth  Heard  was  a  widow  of  good  estate,  a  mother  of 
many  children,  and  a  daughter  of  Mr.  Hull,'  a  reverend  minister  for- 
merly living  at  Piscataqua,  but  at  this  time  lived  at  Quochocho,  the 
Indian  name  of  Dover.  Happening  to  bo  at  Portsmouth  on  the  day 
iK'foro  Quochecho  was  cut  off,  she  returned  thither  in  the  night  with 
one  daughter  and  three  sons,  all  masters  of  families.  When  they 
came  near  Quochecho,  they  were  astonished  with  a  prodigious  noise 
of  Indians,  howling,  shooting,  shouting,  and  roaring,  accordino-  to 
their  manner  in  making  an  assault.  ° 

Their  distress  for  their  families  carried  them  still  further  up  the 
river,  till  they  secretly  and  silently  passed  by  some  numbers  of  the 
ragmg  savages.  They  landed  about  an  hundred  rods  from  Major 
Waldron's  garrison,  and  running  up  the  hill,  thev  saw  many  lights 
m  the  windows  of  the  garrison,  which  they  concluded  the  English 
within  had  set  up  for  the  direction  of  those  who  might  seek  a  refuge 
there.  Coming  to  the  gate,  they  desired  entrance.'^which  not  being 
readily  granted,  they  called  earnestly,  bounced,  knocked,  and  cried 
out  to  those  within  of  their  unkindness,  that  they  would  not  open  the 
gate  to  them  in  this  extremity. 

No  answer  being  yet  made,  they  began  to  doubt  whether  all  was 
well.  One  of  the  young  men  then  climbing  up  the  wall,  saw  a  hor- 
rible tawny  savage  in  the  entry,  with  a  gun  in  his  hand.    A  grievous 


ELIZABJiTII    UMAKu'li    KaCAPB. 

consternation  seized  now  upon  them,  nnd  Mrs.  Heard,  sitting  down 
without  the  gate,  through  despair  and  (aintness,  was  unable  to  stir 
any  furtlier;  but  had  stn;ngth  only  to  charge  her  children  to  shift  for 
themselves,  which  she  did  in  broken  accents,  adding,  also,  that  she 
must  unavoidably  th(!r(!  (u\(i  hor  days. 

Her  children,  finding  it  impossible  to  carry  her  with  them,  with 
ht;avy  hearls  lorsook  her.    Immediately  alter,  however,  she,  teginninjj 
to  recover  from  her  fright,  was  able  to  fly,  and  hide  herself  in  a  bunch 
(.1  barberry  bushes  in  the  garden;  and  then  hastening  from  thence, 
tecause  the  daylight  advanced,  she  sheltered  hersell",  though  seen  bv 
two  of  the  Indians,  in  a  thicket  of  bushes  about  thirty  rods  from  the 
house.     She  had  not  been  long  here  belbre  an  Indian  came  towards 
her  with  a  pistol  in  his  hand.     Th«  Ihllow  came  up  to  her  and  stared 
her  in  the  face,  but  said  nothing  to  her,  nor  she  to  him.     He  went  a 
little  way  back,  and  came  again  and  stared  upon  her  as  before,  bui 
said  nothing;  whereupon  she  asked  him  what  he  would  have.     He 
still  said  nothing,  but  went  away  to  the  house,  whoopuig,  and  returned 
unto  her  no  more. 

Being  thus  unaccountably  preserved,  she  made  several  essays  to 
l«ss  the  river,  but  found  herself  unable  to  do  it,  and  finding  all  places 
oil  that  side  of  the  river  filled  with  blood,  and  fire,  and  hideous  out- 
(;nos,  she  thereupon  returned  to  her  old  bush,  and  there  poured  out 
her  ardent  prayers  to  (iod  for  liel|)  in  this  distress. 

She  continued  in  this  bush  until  the  garrison  was  burnt  and  the 
iTiemy  had  gone,  and  then  she  stole  along  by  the  river  side  until  she 
<:ame  to  a  boom,  on  which  she  passed  over.  Many  sad  effects  of 
cruelty  she  saw  loll  by  the  Indians  in  her  way.  She  soon  afler  safely 
arrived  at  Captain  Gerish's  garrison,  where  "she  found  a  refuge  from 
the  storm.  Here  she  also  had  (he  satisfaction  to  understand  that  her 
i.wn  garrison,  though  one  of  the  first  assaulted,  had  been  bravely 
(lelendod,  and  successfully  maintained  against  the  adversary. 

This  gentlewoman's  garrison  was  on  the  most  extreme  frontier  of 
fho  province,  and  more,  obnoxious  than  any  other,  and  therefore  more 
incapable  of  teing  relieved.  Nevertheless,  by  her  presence  and 
courage,  it  held  out  all  the  war,  even  for  ten  years  together;  and  the 
('crsons  in  it  have  enjoyed  very  eminent  preservations.  It  would  have 
t»een  deserted,  if  .«he  had  accepted  offers  that  were  made  her  by  her 
Incnds  to  abandon  it,  and  retire  to  Portsmouth  amon.o  them,  which 
would  have  been  a  damage  to  the  town  and  land ;  but  by  her  encou- 
ragement this  post  was  thus  kept  up,  and  she  is  vet  (1702)  living  in 
much  esteem  among  her  neighbors. 


31' 


nefi 


EVENTS    irr    INDIAN    HISTORY. 


CnAI'TF<:R  XV [. 

*','';i'iM.!'v..,'l''"  'I!*'.'  '^i>vi;NTi'nr.H.  htranci;  I)i;i,ivkra\<kp,  f.t«v,  in  tiif 

OKOUUi;   KIVKK,    IN   Till;    nit^lUKT   OK   MAIpTK,     VVKnTLN    IIY     llMHi.fl 
0RK;INAI,I,V  IMHMSIIKI)  AT  llOHTON,  17:m  """it-tV    U\    lllWBtu 

iNTRoDircTioN. — Thosfi  privut(!  memoirs  were  collected  from  my 
minutes,  iit  the  enrnest  re(|iieHt  of  my  scrond  consort,  lor  the  use  of 
our  fmiiily,  thixt  we  mij^hl  have  a  memento  ever  ready  at  hand  to 
excite  in  ourselves  gnititude>  and  thankfulness  to  (iod,  and  in  our 
ofKspring  a  (liie  sense  of  th<Mr  depenrli'iice  on  the  Soveieifri,  „|'  the 
universe,  iVom  the  precariousness  and  vicissitudes  of  all  .suhluiiary 
enjoyments.  In  this  state,  and  (or  this  end,  they  have  laid  by  me  li.V 
some  years.  'I'hey  al  leni-lh  liilliii<,r  int..  the  hands  of  s<.iih!  lor  whose 
judgment  I  ha<i  a  value,  I  was  jires.sed  li)r  a  eoiiy  ti)r  the  puhlir. 
()th(!rs,  desirinir  of  me  to  <'.\trnct  jjarticulars  from*  iheni,  which  tin" 
mullii)liciiy  and  ur;jency  o|  my  atlidrs  would  not  admit,  1  have  now 
deti-rmiiied  to  sulli'r  their  |Mii)licalior'.  I  have  made  scarcely  luiv 
addition  to  this  manual,  except  in  the  chapter  of  creatures,  wliicli  I 
was  urged  to  make  larger.  I  might  have  greatly  enlarged  it,  Imt  ' 
leared  it  would  vrow  heyoud  ils  proportion,  I  have  Leen  likewise 
advised  to  giv-i  a  particular  account  of  my  lather,  which  I  am  not 
very  fond  of,  having  no  d(>pendeiice  on  the  virtues  or  honors  of  mv 
ancestors  to  recomi.Mnd  mo  to  the  liivorofdod  or  men;  nevprtlie- 
less,  because  some  think  it  is  a  resjx-ct  due  to  the  memory  of  mv 
parents,  whose  name  I  was  obliged  to  mention  in  the  lollowing  story, 
and  a  satisliiction  which  their  posterity  might  justly  expect  from  mo] 
I  shall  give  some  account  of  him,  thiuigh  as  brii'l'its  possible. 

'I'ht!  (loiirishing  State  of  New  Mnulnnd,  before  the  unha[)py  cHstem 
wars,  drew  my  liuher  hither,  whose  lirst  setllement  was  on  Kennc- 
l)eck  river,  at  a  place  called  iVhrrymeeting  bay,  where  he  dwelt  Irn 
some  years;  until,  on  the  death  oV  my  gramrpareiits,  h(-,  with  his 
liimily,  returned  to  Knglaiid  to  settle  his  atiairs.  Tjiis  done,  he  came 
over  with  the  design  to  have  relurnrd  to  his  larni;  hut  on  his  an-iv;il 
at  Boston,  lh(>  eastern  Indians  had  hegiui  their  iiostililies.  He  there 
tore  began  a  settlement  on  l.oug  Island.  The  air  of  that  place  ndi 
so  well  agreeing  with  his  constitution,  and  tlu;  Indians  haviiiu  become 
peaceable,  he  atiain  pro[)()sed  to  resettl(>  his  lands  in  Merrymeotini: 
bay;  but  tinding  that  i)la(;e  deserted,  and  that  plantations  were  uoiiii! 
on  at  Penunaquid,  he  purchased  several  tracts  of  land  of  the  mh;i- 
hitants  there.  Upon  iiis  higlui(>ss  the  Duke  ol"  York  resuming  a  claim 
to  those  parts,  my  tiither  took  out  patents  under  that  claim;  and  when 
Pemmaquid  was  set  o\Y  by  the  name  of  the  County  of  (.'ornwall,  in 
the  province  of  N(>w  York,  he  was  commissioned  chief  justice  of  the 
same  by  Gov.  Duncan  (Di^niran.)  He  was  a  strict  Sabbatarian,  and 
met  with  considerable  ditliculty  in  the  discharge  of  his  otfice,  from  the 
immoralities  of  a  peojdc  who  "had  long  lived  lawless.     He  laid  out  no 


CAKTIVITY    OF  JOHN   0YLE8. 

inmnsidrrablo  income,  whit-h  ho  had  annually  from  England,  on  this 
plaro,  and  at  last  lost  his  iUV  'hero,  m  will  be"horealh)r  n.'lated. 

am  not  mwM.siblo  of  '  3  truth  of  an  assertion  of  Sir  Kojier 
LKstmniro,  that  "Hooks  and  dish.;s  havo  this  common  fate,— no  one 
ol  either  .;v..r  ,.l,.«sed  all  tastes."  And  i  am  fully  of  his  opinion  in 
this,  "It  IS  as  little  to  Im;  wished  for  us  exiuicted,  lor  a  universal 
applause  is  at  Uvisf,  two  thirds  of  a  s.-an.lal."  To  e^n.cludc,  with  Sir 
Kof,'erj  »  lh<)u;,'h  I  iiv'Ai'.  ihis  composilioi.  principally  Im  my  liunily 
yot,  It  any  man  has  a  mind  t,,  tul«>  part  with  me,  he  has  free  leave 
and  IS  vvelcrne;"  |,„t  l,.t  him  carry  this  consideration  alon«  with' 
him,  "that  hv.  IS  u  very  uMmaim..Hy  j/u.'st  wh..  Ibrc(>s  himself  upon 
another  man  s  table,  and  then  «iuarrels  with  his  dinner." 

(^iCAi'TKK  I — Containinar  //„.  ornirrenres  of  the  first  year.     On 
fho  second  day  of  Autmsf,  liiHU,  in  the  ..mriiiuir,  luy  h-amrcd  liither, 
I  nomas  ( ryles,  hsq.,  went  with  som(>  laborers,  my  two  elder  brothers 
and  mysell,  to  on,;  of  his  Hums,  which  laid  upon  the  livr  about  three 
milcsabove  l-o,t  Charles,*  adjoining  I'.-mma.p.id  falls,  there  to  «ather 
111  his  iMi^hsh  harvest,  and  we  labored  socuiT-ly  till  noon.     Alier  we 
had  dmed,  our  p.'opi,.  went  to  tlu^ir  labor,  some  in  one  fu^ld  to  their 
hnijlish  hay,  tli(>  others  to  another  li.'ld  of  Kn-lish  corn.     My  liither 
the  younnesf  o|-  my  two  brothers,  and  myself,  tarried  near  the  farm' 
house  111  which  we  had  di.ie.l  till  about  (me  of  the  clock,  at  which  time 
we  li,>ard  I  Ik.  report  of  several  -.reat  l-uus  at  the  fort.    Upon  which  my 
lather  said   k^  hoped  it  was  a  sijrnal  of  j^'ood  news,  and  that  the  .^reat 
<'<.Mn.-il   had  sent  back  the  soldiers  to  cover  the  inhabitants,  (tbr  on 
tvport  .)t  the  revolution  they  had  deserted.)     Hut,  to  our  .rreut  sur- 
prise,  about  thirty  or  Ibrty  hulians  at  that  moment  dischar.red  a  volley 
oLsliot  at  us  from  belimd  a  risiny  yroimd  near  our  barn.    The  yellimr 
'•I  tlx'   lmlians,t  the  whistlinjr  „f  their  shot,  and  the  voice  of  my 
lather   whom  I  heard  cry  out,  "What  now!  what  now!"  so  terrified 
nic,  (thouj^di  lu.  seemed  to  he  handlin-r  a  irun,)  that  J  endeavored  to 
make  my  escape.     My  brother  ran  one  way  and  1  another,  and  look- 
ing over  my  shoulder,  I  saw  a  stout  Ibllow,  painted,  pursuin<r  me  with 
a  -mi,  and  a  cutlass  irlitterin^r  i„  hjs  hand,  which   I  expected  every 
moment  in  my  brains.     \  so..n  tbll  down,  and  the  Indian  seized  me 
hy  the  lell  hand.      He  oflenul  me  no  abuse,  but  tied  my  arms,  then 
h  ted  me  up  and  pf.inted  to  the  place  where  the  people  "were  at  work 
ahoiit  the  hay,  and  led  me  that  way.     As  we  went  we  crossed  where 
my  father  was,  who  |„oke.l  v(,ry  pale  and  bloody,  and  walked  verv 
slowly.     When  wc-  came  to  the  place,  I  saw  two  men  shot  down  on 

*  Fort.  C'fiarlcs  stew,]  on  tlio  spot  where  Fort  Frederick  wis  not  Inn^r 
sa.ce     onndc!  by  Colonel  IJunlmr.    The  township  Xinin  A. ere"o  \vaf 

iejJamcslown.iM  honor  to  the  I)„ke  of  York.^  la  this  tow  rwhh  n  a 
luaUeroluMiilooi  the  lort,  was  my  luthcr's  dwelling-house,  Irom  w  ieh 
he  went  oi.t  on  thnt  nnlirippy  morning.  " 

t  The  Indians  have  a  custom  of  uttering  a  most  horrid  howl  when  thev 
d.».charge  guns,  designing  thereby  to  terrify  those  whom  they  fight  agaS 


;iVBNTB    IN    INDIAN    HIBTOKV. 

fhr  HfUs,  Mnd  oiu^  nr  (wo  mom  knocked  on  (lioir  hpuda  with  hatchets, 
rrviiiir  out,  "O  IaihI,"  vVc.  'I'hi'n-  the  liuliiuis  hroujjjhl  two  ciiptiveH, 
ono  n  uuni.  (iiul  my  ItrolhiM  .Imncs,  who,  wilh  in<%  hmJ  ondcavon'd  to 
<'<4i';ipf>  hv  nninintr  iVom  lh'>  house  whc.i  vvc  w.to  lirst  iittiwked.  This 
hroihcr  w.is  ,il>out  lourtcini  yoi\fs  o|"  ay  •.  My  ohh\st  hrolhiM*,  whiwe 
iimne  wiis 'I'lioiu.is.  wondcrliilly  I'Hcijx  d  hy  laud  to  tho  llirhicaii.  u 
|»oiii(  ol"  land  ou  ll'o  ni>st  side  ol"  the  river,  opposil"  the  fori,  wliorr 
srv(>ral  lishing  vessels  lay.  He  iijol  om  hoard  one  of  them  and  sailod 
that  uiij;ht. 

Alter  douio-  wiial  miseiiiel'  ihey  could,  ihey  s:;'.  down,  and  made  us 
><it  wilh  iheui.  Alh'r  si>uie  tinii>  we  arose,  aud  ihe  Indians  ()ointed  lor 
Us  to  Mt  easlward.  WC  niareh<Ml  altoiil  a  t]iiarter  of  a  niil(!,  aud  then 
niad(>  a  hall.  Here  they  hmuo.hl  miv  liilher  lo  us.  They  made  pro- 
po.sals  tt>  him.  I»y  old  \lo\us,  who  'old  huu  that  those  wore  stranw 
Indians  who  shot  him.  aud  (hal  hi'  was  sorrv  ior  it.  My  lallicr 
n^pli(-d  Ihal  he  was  a  dyiiuv  niau,  aud  wauled  no  favor  of  them  but 
lo  pray  wilh  his  ehildreu.  This  hv'\\][r  ifranleii  him,  h(^  itwmnneinicd 
us  to  llu'  prolei'iiou  and  hlessiui;  of  ( ieil  \lmii;hly;  (hen  jrave  us  Win 
Ik'sI  atlvire.  ;,u(l  l(tiiN  his  l.'ave  for  this  111!',  hnjinn);  in  '.lod  (hat  wc 
should  UK-el  ill  a  lii'llt>r.  He  parled  wilh  a  cheerlid  voieo,  out  looked 
very  pal<>.  Ii\  r<\'Hou  ot'liis  i;r(>al  loss  oi'  hiooil,  whieh  ni>w  mished  oul 
y)C  his  shoes.  The  Indians  led  him  aside, — I  heard  Ihe  hhm's  ol'  llir 
hatehet.  but  neither  shriek  nur  jiroan!  1  allerwards  heard  th.i*  ho 
had  live  or  seven  slmt-holes  throuoh  his  waisteoat  or  jacket,  and  (hat 
he  was  oov(MV'd  wilh  some  hoiuvhs. 

The  ludians  led  ii:;,  iheir  eaplives.  on  the  east  side  of  the  rivei', 
towanis  die  Cort,  and  when  we  came  wilhiu  a  mile  and  n  half  o("  (he 
fori  an<i  town,  .and  could  .see  t'i.  (iirt.  we  saw  lirintr  -iiid  smoke  on  all 
sides.  Here  w(>  madt^  a  short  stop,  and  then  moved  wit liin  or  near 
!he  distaui'e  el'  thn-e  tjuarlers  ol'  a  mile  iVom  the  foil,  n)(o  a  thick 
swrmp.  There  I  saw  my  modier  and  my  lw'<i  lillh*  si.sters,  and  niaav 
other  captives  wlio  W(>re  (ak<'n  i'roiu  Ihe  (own.  iVIv  u.othor  askni  nic 
alwnt  my  liilher.  i  (old  her  he  was  killed.  1ml  could  suy  no  more  lor 
grirr.  vSJK'  hurst  mio  tears,  and  th(>  Indians  moved  mr  a  little  (iirtlu'r 
olK  and  hound  me  with  cords  to  a  tree. 

The  !n(lia;»s  came  to  N'ew  Harhor.  and  sent  spies  .sevcai  days  l*. 
ohserve  how  aiui  where  t!i(>  peo))l"  were  einploved,  (!V(',,  who  (oiiiid 
tiie  men  W(>re  ;:en(a-allv  a>  wdrk  at  lUHiti,  and  le!)  ahout  Iheir  houses 
only  women  oid  ,'hildnm.  '''h^relore  ihe  liiuians  divided  thenii^elvos 
everai  parlies,  some  amhushiiiu  llu-  uav  helween  Ihe  l(ir(  and 
the  houses,  as  likewise-  hetwcen  them  aiai  the  distant  (ields;  and  then 
a1armin;j;  tlu-  liirlhest  otrCirst.  tliey  killed  mul  took  the  peo|)I(>  as  diov 
moved  (tiwar^'s  ihe  (own  and  lort  .at  (h(-ir  pleasure,  tmd  verv  few 
escape(i  io  if.  Mr.  Tatt-shidl  was  taken  .and  killed,  as  he  lay  with  his 
sloon  near  (he  I^iohioan. 

On  (he  lirsi  stir  alumt  tl'it  tort,  my  younp-st  hro(her  was  at  phn 
noar  it,  and  running-:  in,  was  hy  (/Sod's  noodiiess  thus  preserved. 
(.'nptain  Woems.   with  great  courag'?  and  resolution,  defended  the 


CAPTIVITY    or  JOHN    OYIBS. 


369 


weak  old  fort  two  days;  when,  being  much  wounded,  and  the  best  of 
hm  mm  killed,  he  beat  for  a  parley,  which  eventuated  in  thcsf;  con- 
(Jitions  : 

1  That  they,  the  Indians,  .should  ^ive  him  Mr.  I'ateshairs  sloop. 
i    i  hat  they  .should  not  molest  him  in  currying  off  the  few  people 

:•"?,,'"., u^'"r'"r/^';  ''f;  ""'^  three  captives  that  they  had  lakin. 
..  I  hat  the  bnKl.Hh  should  carry  off  in  their  hands  what  they  could 
Irom  th(!  fort.  •' 

On  tJKvse  cH.nditionH,  th.3  (ort  was  surrendered,  and  (Captain  Weems 
went  on  ;  and  soon  allc-r,  thf;  Indians  .set  on  fire  the  fort  and  houses, 
whK^h  made  a  terrd)Ie  bla.st,  and  wa.s  a  melancholy  sight  to  us  poor 
captivfvs,  who  W(!re  .sad  spectators! 

A  ler  (In,  Indians  had  ihns  laid  waste  Peminaquid,  they  moved  us 
'..  N.-w  llarhor,  about  hvo  inilrs  easi   of  I'.'inmaoimJ,  a  cove  much 
l>;"'|"<'"tec    by  hslu'rm(>n.     At  this  pla.ie,  th.-rc;  wore  before  the  war 
about  twelve  boK.ses.     The.se  the  inbabilant.s  <leserted  as  soon  as  the 
minor  ol  war  reached  the  place.     Wb...  we  tunuMl  our  bucks  on  the 
lown,  my  heart  was  ready  to  break  !     I  saw  my  mother.     She  spoke 
;•>  "»N  l"'f     c-o„ld  not  .-uiswer  her.     That  niubt  we  tarried  at  New 
llarl,rr  and  thi;  next  day  went  in  their  cunm-'s  for  Penob.s(;ot.     About 
noon,  the  canoe  m  which  my  mother  wa.s,  and  that  in  which  I  was 
'liMM;  si,l..  by  side;  whether  accidentullv  or  by  my  mother's  desire  j' 
<ai)iiot  ,suy.     She  u.sked  me  how  I  did.     I  think  I  .said  "pretty  well  " 
)ut  my  heart  was  .so  full  of  .rief  I  s.^■lr<^ly  knew  whether  audible  io 
i'!r.      I  ben  sh,.  .said,  «()  my  <d.i'd  !  how  joyful  and  pleasant  it  would 
K  il  we  were  ^roM.j,  to  old  I'^n-^lund,  to  .see  your  uiu^le  Cbulker,  and 
I  luT  tnends  fb(Me!     Poor  babe,  we  are  goirio   into  the  wildern(,>ss, 
he  l..,rd  knows  wh.;re!''      Then  bunstin- i„iu  tears,  the  canoes  ..urted. 
'  "'  mubt  lollowmg,  the  Indians  with  their  captives  lod-ed  on  an 
island.  '^ 

\  lew  ilays  after,  we  urrited  at  Penobscot  Ibrt,  where  I  a.ruin  saw 
my  niotheT,  my  brother  and  sist(u-s,  and  many  oilur  captives."  I  think 
w."  turned  !u<r(.  (Mgbt  days.     In  that  time,  the  .lesuit  of  the  place  hud 
il  ^reat  mind  to  buy  me.     My  Indian  master  made  a  visit  to  the 
e.smt    and  carried  m(.  with  him.     And  hen;  I   will   note,  that  the 
I'll  lan  who  takes  a  captive  is  uceounled  his  master,  and  bfis  a  perfect 
nsl.l  (o  bim,  until  he  gives  or  .s.-ILs  him  to  another,     i  saw  the  Jesuit 
sfiow  my  master  prees  of  gold,  and  understood  ulk^rwards  that  he 
was  „.„denng  them  Ibr  my  ran.som.     lie  gave  me  a  biscuit,  which  I 
Ijut  into  my  pocket,  and  not  daring  t(,  (^at  it,  buried  it  und(;r  a  loo- 
leariiig  he  had  put  something  int(j  it  to  make  me  love  him.     Bein'i 
very  young,  and  having  h(;ard  much  of  the   Papists  torturing  the 
rotestants,  cause.l  me  to  act  thus ;  and  I  hated  the  sight  of  a  .fesuit. 
VVirn  my  mother  heard  ilie  talk  of  my  being  sold  to  a  Jesuit,  she 
JUKI  to  me,  "Oh,  my  deur  child,  if  it  were  God's  will,  I  had  rather 
tollovv  yo„  to  your  grave,  or  never  .s(!e  you  more  in  this  world,  than 
IZ  I'' "u    r  '"^;'  ^";^  •^^^«"»''  <«r  a  Jesuit  will  ruin  you,  body  and 
"oul        It  pleased  God  to  grant  her  request,  for  she  never  saw  me 


I    -I'l 


ivion 


\  el  she  and  my  two  little  sisters  were,  after  several  years' 


370 


EVERTS  IN  INDIAN  HISTORY. 


captivity,  redeemed,  but  she  died  before  I  returned.  My  brother,  who 
was  taken  with  me,  was,  after  several  years'  captivity,  most  barbar- 
ously  tortured  to  death  by  the  Indians. 

My  Indian  master  carried  me  up  Pmobscot  river,  to  a  village 
called  Madawamkee,  which  stands  on  a  point  of  land  between  the 
main  river  and  a  branch  which  heads  to  the  east  of  it.  At  home  1 
had  ever  seen  strangers  treated  with  the  utmost  civility,  and  bein^ 
a  stranger,  I  expected  some  kind  treatment  here ;  but  I  soon  found 
myself  deceived,  for  I  presently  saw  a  number  of  squaws,  who  had 
got  together  in  a  circle,  dancing  and  yelling.  An  old  grim-lookintr 
one  took  me  by  the  hand,  and  leading  me  into  the  ring,  some  seized 
me  by  my  hair,  and  others  by  my  hands  and  feet,  like  so  manv 
furies ;  but  my  master  presently  laying  down  a  pledge,  they  releasee! 
ine. 

A  captive  among  the  Indians  is  exposed  to  all  manner  of  abuses, 
and  to  the  extremcst  tortures,  unless  their  master,  or  some  of  their 
master's  relations,  lay  down  a  ransom;  such  as  a  bag  of  corn,  a  blanket, 
or  the  like,  which  redeems  them  from  their  cruelty  for  that  dance! 
The  next  day  we  went  up  the  eastern  branch  of  Penobscot  river  many 
leagues ;  carried  over  land  to  a  large  pond,  and  from  one  pond  to 
another,  till,  in  a  few  days,  we  went  down  a  river,  called  Medocktack, 
which  vents  itself  into  St.  John's  river.  But  belore  we  came  to  the 
inouth  of  this  river,  we  passed  over  a  long  carrying  place,  to 
Medocktack  Ibrt,  which  stands  on  a  bank  of  St.  John's  river.  Mv 
master  went  before,  and  left  me  with  an  old  Indian,  and  two  or  three 
squaws.  The  old  man  often  said,  (which  was  all  the  English  he 
could  speak,)  "  By  and  by  come  to  a  great  town  and  fort."  I  now 
comforted  myself  in  thinking  how  finely  I  should  be  refreshed  when 
I  came  to  this  great  town. 

After  some  miles'  travel  we  came  in  ^ght  of  a  large  cornfield,  and 
soon  after  of  the  fort,  to  my  groat  surprise.  Two  or  three  squaws 
met  us,  took  oft'  my  pac':,  and  led  me  to  a  large  hut  or  wigwam, 
where  thirty  or  forty  Indians  were  dancing  and  yelling  round  five  or 
six  poor  captives,  who  had  been  taken  some  months  before  from 
Quochecho,  at  the  time  Major  Waldron  was  so  barbarously  butchered 
by  them.  And  before  proceeding  with  my  narrative  I  \vill  give  a 
short  account  of  that  action. 

Major  Waldron's  garrison  was  taken  on  the  night  of  the  27fh  of 
June,  1689.  •  I  have  heard  the  Indians  say  at  a  feest,  that  as  there  was 
a  truce  for  some  days,  they  contrived  to  send  in  two  squaws  to  fake 
notice  of  the  numbers,  lodgings  and  other  circumstances  of  the  people 
in  his  garrison,  and  if  they  could  obtain  leave  to  lodge  there,  to  open 
the  gates  and  whistle.  (They  said  the  gates  had  no  locks,  but  were 
fastened  with  pins,  and  that  they  kept  no  watch.)  The  squaws  had 
a  favorable  season  to  pnjsecute  their  projection,  for  it  was  dull  weather 
when  they  came  to  beg  leave  to  lodge  in  the  garrison.  They  told 
the  major  that  a  great  number  of  Indians  were  not  far  from  thence, 
with  a  considerable  quantity  of  beaver,  who  would  be  there  to  trade 
with  him  the  next  day.     Some  of  the  people  were  very  much  against 


CAPTIVITY   OP  JOHN   GYIES.  371 

Ittuiestte  L\t  r'^' '"^^^  '^'  """J"'-  ^^^d'  "Le^  ^^e  poor 
creatures  lodge  by  the  hre."     The  squaws  went  into  every  apartment 

and  observing  the  numbers  in  each,  when  all  the  pJnle  we?e  S' 

T.\  tn  th'P'"'^'\'  S-^^'^'  S^"^'  ^h^  «'g"^f'  «nd  the  other  In  Hans 
came  to  them;  and  havmg  received  an  account  of  the  state  of  the 
garrison   they  divided  according  to  the  number  of  people  in  each 
apartment,  and  soon  took  and  killed  them  all.     The  major  locked 
T  ?  uwu  '°'"^'  ^""^  ^h™  ^he  Indians  broke  in  u,x  n  h  rn^he 
cned  out   »  What  now!  what  now!"  and  jumping  out  o    bed  ^ith 
only  his  shirt  on,  seized  his  sword  and  drove  them  telbJe  Hm  thro"  S 
two  or  three  doors;  but  tor  some  reason,  turnin.r  about  Z-  rrk    h. 
apartment  he  had  just  left,  an  Indian  came  up  belh  d  him  1  nod  ed 
im  on  the  head  with  his  hatchet,  which  stunned  him     nd  he  tl 
Ihey  now  seized  upon  him,  dragged  him  out,  and  settii  c    him  ,po  j 
a  long  table  in  his  hall,  bid  him  "judge  Indians  again."  °  mn  thev 
cut  and  stabbed  him,  and  he  cried  out,  .^O,  Lord  !  O,  Lord '"They 

h     Xn  debt "  rhe  I  l^'^'Tl  T  '"  '^ -"^^'  '''^'  '^  -"-  -'^^ 
the  Indian  debts,  (he  having  traded  much  with  them.)     After  thev 

had  tortur^l  him  to  ck^ath,  they  burned  the  garrison  ind    itw  off 

Th  s  narration  I  ha<l  1mm  their  own  mouths,"at  a  general  meetin"' 

and  have  reason  to  think  it  true.     But  to  return  to  m^y  na    atTve      ^' 

Was  whirled  in  among  this  circle  of  Indians,  and  we  ploner. 
looked  at  each  other  with  a  sorrowful  countenance.     Pres en  y  one 
of  them  was  seized  by  each  hand  and  foot,  by  four  Indians    who 
swinging  him  up,  let  his  back  fall  on  the  ground    virn,l'f^-cc' 

us  they  repeated,  till  they  had  danced,  as  they  called  it,   ound  th^ 
whole  wigwam,  which  was  thirty  or  forty  lect  in  Irnath      n,       u 
they  torture  a  boy  they  take  hi.^  up  beLee;  tw    "'^is  t    I  ;:;• 
their  customs  of  tortur  no- captives       Anmhnr  ;.  t    f  i 
by  the  middle,  with  his  hlad  Ifown;^^^."  olt    .  m  rZd' /ri""^ 
would  think  his  bowels  would  sha^.e  out  of  his  nis^.^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
will  take  a  captive  by  the  hair  of  the  head,  and  stoopin.  WmTrward^ 
.fnke  him  on  the  back  and  shoulder,  till  the  blood  gus^rout     t"  h  1' 
mouth  and  nose.     Sometimes  an  old  shrivelled  squaw  will  take  u-^ 
.hovel  0    hot  embers  and  throw  them  into  a  captL'    bo  om      1?^ 
cry  out,  the  Indians  will  laugh  and  shout,  and  Lay,  ''  Wl^^a  f  av e 

wirz;s!ir"'"''"^" '" '°"""  «°-t-- they  uiuie ';:;:, 

The  Indians  looked  on  me  with  a  fierce  countenance,  as  much  is 
0  say  It  will  be  your  turn  next.     They  champed  corn  ta  ks    vhic^ 
hey  threw  into  my  hat,  as  I  held  it  in  my  hand.     I  sm  led tl   hem 
though  my  heart  ached.     I  looked  on  one,  and  anotheT lut  c  m  d  n"; 
perceive  that  any  eye  pitied  me.     Presently  came  a  sqlw       d 
ittle  girl   and  laid  down  a  bag  of  corn  in  the  rinc..    The  mtlo     i 
too     me  by  the  hand,  making  signs  for  mo  to  goout  of    fciSo 
with  them.     Not  knowing  their  custom,  I  supposed  they  de  ianed    o 
kill  me,  and  refused  to  go.     Then  a  grave  Indian  came  and  raver  c 

hoi     /'^'rri''"'^'  '"  English,  "Smoke  it;"  then  he  "ookTe  bv 
the  hand  and  led  me  out.     My  heart  ached,  thinking  myself  ne^rmv 


372 


EVENTS   IN   INDIAN   HISTORY. 


end.  But  he  carried  me  to  a  French  hut,  about  a  mile  from  the 
Indian  fort.  The  Frenchman  was  not  at  home,  but  his  wife,  who  was 
a  squaw,  had  l^me  discourse  with  my  Indian  friend,  which  I  did  not, 
understand.  Wc  tarried  about  two  liours,  then  returned  to  the  liidiim 
village,  where  they  gave  me  some  victuals.  Not  long  alter  this  1 
saw  one  of  my  fellow-cnptives,  who  gave  me  a  melancholy  account 
of  their  sufleriiigs  alter  1  left  them. 

After  some  weeks  had  passed,  we  left  this  village  and  went  up  St. 
John's  river  about  ten  miles,  to  a  branch  called  Medockscenecasis, 
where  there  was  one  wigwam.  At  our  arrival  an  old  squaw  saluted 
me  with  a  yell,  taking  me  by  the  hair  and  one  hand,  but  I  was  so 
rude  as  to  break  her  hold  and  free  myself.  She  gave  me  a  filthv 
grin,  and  the  Indians  set  up  a  laugh,  and  so  it  passed  over.  Here 
we  lived  upon  fish,  wild  grapes,  roots,  &c.,  which  was  hard  living  to 
me. 

When  the  winter  came  on  we  went  up  the  river,  till  the  ice  cam(,' 
down,  running  thick  in  the  river,  when,  according  to  the  Indian  custom, 
we  laid  up  our  canoes  till  si)ring.  Then  we  travelled  sometimes  on 
the  ice,  and  sometimes  on  the  land,  till  we  came  to  a  river  that  was 
open,  but  not  fordable,  where  we  made  a  raft,  and  passed  over,  bag 
and  baggage.  I  met  with  no  abuse  from  them  in  this  winter's  hunting, 
though  1  was  put  to  great  hardships  in  carrying  burdens  and  lor  want 
of  food.  But  they  underwent  the  same  difficulty,  and  would  often 
encourage  me,  saying  in  broken  English,  "  By  and  by  great  deal 
moose."  Yet  ihey  could  not  answer  any  question  I  asked  them. 
And  knowing  little  of  their  customs  and  way  of  life,  I  thought  it 
tedious  to  be  constantly  moving  from  place  to  place,  though  it  might  be 
in  some  respects  an  advantage ;  for  it  ran  still  in  my  mind  that  wc 
were  travelling  to  some  settlement ;  and  when  my  burden  was  over- 
heavy,  and  the  Indians  left,  me  behind,  and  the  still  evening  coming 
on,  I  fancied  I  could  see  through  the  bushes,  and  hear  the  people  of 
some  great  town;  which  hope,  though  some  support  to  me  in  the  day. 
yet  I  found  not  the  town  at  night. 

Thus  we  were  hunting  three  hundred  miles  from  the  sea,  and  know 
no  man  within  fifty  or  sixty  miles  of  us.  We  were  eight  or  ten  in 
number,  and  had  but  two  guns,  on  which  we  wholly  dcjjended  for 
food.  If  any  disaster  had  happened,  we  must  all  have  perished. 
Sometimes  we  had  no  manner  of  sustenance  for  three  or  four  day.s: 
but  God  wonderfully  provides  tor  all  creatures.  In  one  of  these  fasts. 
God's  providence  was  remarkable.  Our  two  Indian  men,  who  had 
guns,  in  hunting  started  a  moose,  but  there  being  a  shallow  crusted 
snow  on  the  ground,  and  the  moose  discovering  them,  ran  with  great 
force  into  a  swamp.  The  Indians  went  round  the  swamp,  and  finding 
no  track,  returned  at  night  to  the  wigwam,  and  told  what  had 
happened.  The  next  morning  they  followed  him  on  the  track,  and 
soon  found  him  lying  on  the  snow.  He  had,  in  crossing  the  roots  of 
a  large  tree,  that  had  been  blown  down,  broken  through  the  ice  made 
over  the  water  in  the  hole  occasioned  by  the  roots  of  the  tree  taking 
up  the  ground,  and  hitched  one  of  his  hind  legs  among  the  roots,  so 


Indians ;  but  w 


CAPTIVITY   OP   JOHN   GYLES. 


S73 


1  ?.  ^^  ?""'"=,  *°  set  it  out  he  pulled  his  thi^h  bone  out  of  its 
socket  at  tho  h,p ;  and  thus  extraordinarily  were  we  provided  for  in  our 
great  strait.  Sometimes  they  would  take  a  bear,  whfch  'o  in  o"  ens 
in  the  fa  of  the  year,  without  any  sort  of  food,  and  lie  there  fouo 
hvc  months  without  food,  never  r^oin^r  out  till  spring;  in  which  t  me 
ey  neither  lose  nor  gain  in  flesh.  If  they  went  into  "he  r  den  Ta' 
h.y  came  out  so,  and  if  they  went  in  lean  they  eame  ou  1  an  I 
have  seen  some  which  have  come  out  with  four  whelps  ad  both 
very  fat,  and  then  we  feasted.  An  old  squaw  and  a  cant  ve  if  any 
present,  must  stand  without  the  wigwam  shaking  theii-  hand  and 
Mies  as  in  a  dance,  and  singing,  u  sy  „,,  „=,o  woh,"  w    ch"n 

Success.  "*'"  '"'''''y  "■''  '^'''''  ''"^  ^''^^  till  further 

The  way  they  preserve  meat  is  by  taking  the  flesh  from  the  bones 
and  drying  It  in  smolce,  l,y  which  it  is  kept  sound  months  o^  ears 
without  salt  AVe  moved  .still  further  u^  the  country  after  moose 
when  our  store  was  out,  so  that  by  the  sprinc.  we  had  ^ot  ZX 
northward  of  the  Lady  mountains.     When'the^.pring  cam%  a  d   ho 

vers  broke  up,  we  moved  back  to  the  head  ol"  St.  John's  r've  and 
there  made  canoes  of  moose  hides,  sewing  three  or  four  ton^the;  and 
pitching  the  seams  with  balsam  mixed  with  charcoal.     Then  we  w^nt 

own  the  river  to  a  place  called  Madawescook.     There  an  old  man 
.ved  and  kept  a  sort  of  trading  house,  where  we  tarried  several  daTs 
hen  went  further  down  the  river  till  we  came  to  the  "rcatest  fall  in 

ose  parts,  called  Checanekepeag,  where  we  carried  a^li  tie  ay  tS 
-he  land,  and  putting  off  our  canoes  sve  went  down  stream  stilh^  3 
swe  passed  down  by  the  mouths  of  any  larce  branches  we  "^w 
Indians;  but  when  any  dance  was  proposed,  I  was  bou'h 'off  Z 
ength  we  arrived  at  the  place  where  we  left  our  birch  canoes  n  the 
.all  and  putting  our  baggage  into  them,  went  down  to  the  ibrt. 

1  here  we  planted  corn,  and  after  planting  went  a-fishin-,  and  to 
ook  lor  and  dig  roots,  till  the  corn  was  fit  to  weed.     After  weeding 

coin      After  hilling,  wc  went  some  distance  from  the  fort  and  field 

up  the  river,  to  take  salmon  and  other  fish,  which  we  dried  ?b    food 

here  we  continued  till  corn  was  filled  with  milk ;  some  of  it  we  dried 

hen  the  other  as  it  ripened.     To  dry  corn  when'  in  the  mil  cthey 

athcr  It  in  large  kettles  and  boil  it  on  the  ears,  till  it  is  pretty  hard 

•hen  shel    it  from  tho  cob  with  clam-shells,  and  dry  it  on'ba  :  in  the 

^un.     VVhen  it  is  thoroughly  dry,  a  kernel  is  no  bigger  than  a  pea 

vZ  n  tb?  '""',r'  "'^"  '' ''  '"^'^^  «8^^'"'  ^^--"«  ^^«  1   ?e 
wren  we  .,n,       Ir'"1  '"'''•'  '"^°"^P''^'-«'^ly  sweeter,  than  other  corn. 

Vliennc  had  gathered  our  corn,  and  dried  it  in  the  way  already 
tecribed  wo  put  some  into  Indian  barns,  that  is,  into  holes  n  the 
ground,  lined  and  covered  with  bark,  rnd  then  with  dirt      The  rett 

c  earned  up  the  river  upon  our  nex  -.nter's  hunting.  Thus  God 
wonderiiilly  favored  me,  and  carried  me  through  the  fifst  year  of  my 

32 


874 


EVENTS   IN    INDIAN   HISTORY. 


Chapter  II. — Of  the  abusive  and,  harharovs  treatment  which 
several  captives  met  with  from  the  Indians.  When  any  great  num- 
ber of  Indians  met,  ov  when  any  captives  liad  been  lately  taken,  or 
when  any  captives  desert  and  are  retaken,  ihey  have  u  dance,  niul 
torture  the  unhappy  people  wlio  have  lallcn  into  tlieir  hands.  My 
unfortunate  brother,  A\ho  was  taken  with  nic,  alter  about  three  years' 
captivity,  deserted  with  another  JMi<;iislini;in,  A\ho  had  been  taken 
from  Casco  bay,  and  was  retaken  by  tlie  Indians  at  New  Harbor,  and 
carried  ])ack  to  Penobscot  ic)rt.  J  lero  they  wen;  both  tortured  at  a 
stake  b;,  lire  lor  some  time,  then  their  no,;es  and  ears  were  cut  off, 
and  they  made  to  cat  them.  Alifcr  this  tiiey  A\ere  burnt  to  death  !it 
the  stake,  the  Indians  at  the  ^anie  time  declaring  that  tju  y  would 
serve  all  deserters  in  the  same  maimer.  Thus  ihey  divert  themselves 
in  their  dances. 

On  the  second  spring  of  my  cajitivity,  my  Indian  master  and  his 
squaw  went  to  Canada,  but  sent  me  down  the  river  with  several 
Indians  to  the  Ibrt  to  plant  corn.  The  day  bclbre  A\e  came  to  tlie  plant- 
ing ground,  we  met  two  young  Indian  men,  who  seemed  to  be  in  great 
haste.  Alter  they  had  passed  us,  I  understood  tliey  were  going  with 
an  express  to  Canada,  and  that  there  was  an  English  vessel  at  the 
niouth  of  tlie  river.  I  not  being  perlect  in  their  language,  nor  knov- 
ing  that  English  vessels  traded  with  the m  in  time  of'war,  supjjosed  a 
peace  was  concluded  on,  and  tliat  tl!c  eaptiv(-s  wcjuld  be  released.  I 
was  so  transjiorted  with  this  fancy,  that  1  slept  but  little,  if  any,  that 
night.  Early  the  next  morning  mo  came  to  the  village,  where  my 
ecstacy  ended ;  ibr  I  had  no  sooner  landed  but  three  or  lour  Indians 
dragged  mo  to  the  great  wigwam,  where  they  were  yelling  and  dancinu 
round  James  Alexander,  a  Jersey  man,  wlio  was  taken  from  FalmoutL 
in  Casco  bay.  This  was  occasioned  t)y  two  families  of  Cape  Sable 
Indians,  who,  liaving  lost  some  friends  by  a  number  of  English  lishor- 
mcn,  came  som.e  himdreds  of  miles  to  revenge  t'.iemselves  on  poor 
captives.  They  soon  came  to  me,  and  tossed  me  about  till  I  was 
almost  breathless,  and  then  threw  me  into  the  ring  to  my  frllow- 
captive;  and  taking  him  out,  repeated  their  barbarities  on  him.  Then 
I  was  hauled  out  again  by  three  Indians,  who  seized  mc  by  the  hnir 
of  the  head,  and  bending  me  down  by  my  hair,  one  beat  me  on  the 
back  and  shoulders  so  long,  that  the  breath  was  almost  beat  out  of  my 
body.  Then  others  put  a  tomhake  (tomaha^vk)  into  my  hands,  and 
ordered  me  to  get  up  and  sing  and  dance  Indian,  which' I  perlbrmcfl 
with  the  greatest  reluctance,  and,  while  in  the  act,  seemed  determined 
to  purchase  my  deatli  by  killing  two  or  three  of  those  monsters  of 
cruelty,  thinking  it  impossible  to  survive  their  bloody  treatment;  but 
it  was  impressed  on  my  mind  that  it  was  not  in  their  power  to  take 
away  my  life,  so  I  desisted. 

Then  those  Cape  Sable  Indians  came  to  mc  again  like  bears  bt- 
reaved  of  their  whelps,  saying,  "  Shall  we,  who  have  lost  relations 
by  the  English,  suffer  an  English  voice  to  be  heard  among  us?"  kc. 
Then  they  beat  me  again  with  the  axe.  Now  I  repented  that  I  had 
not  sent  two  or  three  of  them  out  of  the  world  before  me,  for  i  thought 


CAPTIVITV    OP   JOHN   GYLES.  375 

I  had  much  mthor  die  than  suffer  anv  longer.     Thov  left  me  the 
second  timo,  and  the  other  In.linn*  n„t"  fi.    f     1    1      -^  "® 

least  eo,np.i„  „,  t  .iJ'iiT{.Jt!;i:^^,'^z^;^::^ ;  ^ 

.hoeks  01  a  Frenchman  w.io  sat  behind,  thoi.crh  ir  <  M     n  '  1?    •  . 
the  tortures  that  poor.fam.s  an,l  I  w.ne   b  cSl^  .teS  f.         . 
purt  oi  this  tedious  day;  for  they  were  conUnu^    i    t  "c^.^"^ 
wore  the  most  severe  that  I  ever  nv.t  with  in  the  whol^six  3"  tin 
i  was  a  captive  with  the  Indians.  ^  "^^ 

Aller  they  had  thus  inl.umanly  al3used  us,  two  Indians  took  us  iw 
and  threw  us  out  of  the  wigwam,  and  we  craNvled  away  01  ou    1    nds 
and  feet,  and  were  scarce  able  to  ^valk  Ibr  several  days.     Som    tht 
ll<  1-  they  again  concluded  on  a  merry  dance,  when^l  was  ^Vomc 
distance  from  the  w  nwam  dre^^in'-  if..ithni.    ...1         t  V 

kind  as  to  tell  me  they  ha      o    [    4     I    v  '       '^  '"',  ^"'^^^'"  ^"^^  «° 
I  111    im.v  j,,i(i  goi  .lames  Alexander,  and  were  n  senr^h 

.me.     My  Indian  master  and  his  squaw  bid  me  run  for  my    ife 

iutu  a  swamp  and  hide,  and  not  to  discover  myself  m,le,he7both 

1  the)  had  com.  upon  mo,  1  had  resolved  to  show  them  a  nair  of 
i>eels,  and  they  must  have  had  good  luck  to  have  caiu-h   n4^    IZ-xnl 
no  more  ol  tiiem  till  about  evening,  Ibr  I  think  I  slept^^  h^n    hey 
.m.  again,  calling,  "Chon!  Chon!"  bat  John  would  no        :  tl  em 
A  ter  they  vvere  gone,  my  master  and  his  squaw  came  whore  thev 
tod  me  to  hide,  but  could  not  find  me;  and  when  I  heard  then  lav 
w  1.  some  concern  they  believed  the  other  Indians  had  w' Sd  S^ 
0  the  woods,  and  that  I  was  lost,  I  came  out,  and  they  simed  wS! 
pleased.      1  hey  told  me  James  ])ad  had  a  bad  day  of  it  •  that  as  soon 
as  he  was  released  he  ran  away  into  the  woods,  and  they  believed  he 
was  gone  to  the  Mohawks.    James  soon  returned,  and  4e  a  min 
J  V  account  of  his  sulFerings,  and  the  Indians'  f  ioht  e^nccmin' tl 
Mohawks  passed  over.     Tiiey  ollen  had  terrible  airprehensionTol-  the 
mcursions  of  those  Indians.     Thev  arc  also  c-ilie  1  Af;  nn  ? 

^^^f^iy,  and  biood-thirst;;j^;i;£:i  ^rrz^ 

Ser  a  the  vilf  *        77^  '"^^  ''^''""'  ^  S-'^at  number  gathered 

ogether  at  the  village,  and  being  a  very  droughty  (thirstyf  nconle 

tliey  kept  James  and  myself  night  and  day  fetcirin-^ter  from  a  co Id 

pnng  that  ran  out  of  a  rocky  hill  about  three  quarters  o  a  mTl^fJom 

fort      In  going  thither  we  crossed  a  large  interval  coin-field  and 

hen  a  descent  to  a  lower  interval,  before  we  ascended  the  hll  t^he 

spnng.    James  being  almost  dead,  as  well  as  I,  with  thi    con  fnual 


376 


EVENTS   IN   INDIAN   HISTORY. 


fatigue,  contrived  to  frighten  the  Indians.  He  told  me  of  his  plan, 
l)iit  conjured  mo  to  secrecy,  yet  said  ho  knew  I  could  keep  counsel. 
Tlie  next  dark  niglit,  James,  going  lor  water,  set  liis  kettle  down  on 
the  descent  to  the  lowest  interval,  and  running  back  to  the  f  trt,  pudintr 
aud  blowing,  as  though  in  the  utmost  surprise,  told  his  master  that  he 
saw  something  near  the  spring  that  looked  like  Mohawks,  (wiuck 
were  only  stumps.)  His  master,  being  a  most  courageous  warrior, 
went  with  him  to  make  discovery.  Wiien  they  came  to  the  brow  of 
the  hill,  James  pointed  to  the  stumps,  and  withal  touching  his  kettle 
with  his  too,  gave  it  motion  down  the  hill ;  at  every  turn  its  bail 
clattered,  which  caused  James  and  his  master  to  see  a  Mohawk  in 
every  stump,  and  they  lost  no  tim-j  in  "turning  tail  to,"  and  he  was 
the  b(!st  fellow  who  could  run  the  lastest.  This  alarmed  all  the 
Indians  in  the  village.  Tiicy  were  about  thirty  or  forty  in  number, 
and  Ihcy  i)ackod  oil',  bag  and  baggage,  some  up  the  river,  and  olhors 
down,  and  did  not  return  under  lift(;en  days;  aud  then  the  boat  of  the 
weather  being  finally  over,  our  hard  service  was  abated  lor  this 
season.  I  never  h  ;ard  thiit  the  Indians  understood  the  occasion  of 
their  fright;  but  James  and  1  had  many  a  private  laugh  about  it. 

But  my  most  ifitimatc  and  dear  companion  was  one  John  Evans,  a 
young  man  taken  from  (iuochecho.  We,  as  often  as  wo  could,  met 
together,  and  made  known  our  grievances  to  each  other,  which  seoinaci 
to  ease  our  minds;  but  as  soon  as  it  was  known  by  the  Indians,  we 
were  strictly  examined,  apart,  antl  falsely  accused  of  contriving  to 
desert.  We  were;  too  far  Irom  tlie  sea  to  have  any  thought  of  that, 
and  linding  our  stories  agreed,  they  did  not  punish  us.  An  English 
captive  girl  about  this  time,  who  was  taken  by  Medocawando,  would 
often  falsely  accuse  us  of  plotting  to  desert;  but  we  made  the  truth  so 
plainly  appear,  that  she  was  checked  and  wo  were  released.  PmI  the 
third  winter  of  my  captivity,  John  Evans  went  into  the  country,  and 
the  Indians  imposed  a  heavy  burdeni  on  him,  while  ho  was  extremely 
weak  from  long  fisting;  aud  as  he  was  going  otf  the  u])land  over  a 
place  of  ice,  which  was  very  hollow,  he  broke  through,  fell  down,  and 
cut  his  knee  very  mu  h.  Notwithstanding  ho  travelled  for  some  time, 
but  the  wind  and  cold  were  so  forcible  that  they  soon  overcame  him,  and 
he  sat  or  fell  down,  and  all  the  Indians  passed  by  him.  Some  of 
them  went  back  the  next  day  after  him,  or  his  pack,  and  found  him 
witii  a  dog  in  his  arms,  both  irozen  to  death.  Thus  ail  uf  my  fi>IIow- 
captivcs  were  dispersed  and  dead,  but  through  infinite  and  umnorited 
goodness  I  was  supported  under  and  carried  through  all  difficulties. 

Chapter  III. —  Of  further  difficulties  and  deliverances.  One 
winter,  as  we  were  moving  from  place  to  place,  our  hunters  killed 
some  moose.  One  lying  some  miles  from  our  wigwams,  a  young 
Indian  and  myself  were  ordered  to  letch  part  of  it.  We  set  out  in 
the  morning,  when  the  weather  was  promising,  but  it  proved  a  very 
cold,  Qloudy  day.  It  was  late  in  the  evening  before  we  arrived  at  the 
place  where  the  moose  lay,  so  that  we  had  no  time  to  provide  mate- 
rials for  fire  or  shelter.     At  the  same  time  came  on  a  storm  of  snow, 


CAPTIVITY    OP   JOHN    CYtBS. 


377 


very  thick,  which  continuod  until  the  novt  morning     \v         a 

loll,  and  scyn.r  dothas  wore  iillod  with  wat.r.    However  o^rvnth 
inormn:r  wo  took  our  loids  of  n...n^,.  fi,..i.        y^'^^^'e,  early  m  the 
our  wigwams.     Wo  I  ad    ot   nvHi:^  1  f^;  1    T      ""'  ""'  '"  '''''''''  ''' 

sl.o^v.shoos  and  .shoo-clcts  to  mv  Ibo  Tl, ,  r  J  i'  ?  T'''.'"-'' 
d«v  without  fire  or  <i,od       At  flT^M  w.    •  ^  '"■"■'''",''^  Hk' whole 

l.ca.0  nu.nl,,  and  IrH.o  "l  Id^  e  t  n  '  ;S^  ^^^X'H't 
not  travel  one  foot  larthor,  hut  I  wondorlulf^^  :e  hSl!!^^"  '  ''''' 

down  h3i  'S  "?  '  "'  "T^  ''Ty^  ''"J  '-^'  ^h-^I^t;  of  sittin. 
•  own,  wj..ch  had  1  dono,  without  doubt  f  had  fallen  on  mv  fin  .f 
sleep,  as  my  dear  eouipanion  Evans  had  done  ho    re      M    fnr) 

AOM,  and  slrippcd  off  tho  clouls  from  mv  feet  which  L!.  ^f,    ' 
ol  leelins  as  anv  frozen  flesh  eonlH  1,„   "7  "=°  >  >'""=li  «™e  as  void 

lire  before  the  blood  bo^tloe  It    Lli"''LTj''"'\T 
.»r.K»i  black,  and  swelled  wl,h  blo^tis,"        I  v^e  iJwe"S 

without  a  nail,  and  the  ends  of  mv  "reat  toe  hones  hni  Zl  u        ' 

aongas  I  sat  upon  the  ground  over  the  snow,    rom  one  ti^  t 
not  or,  till  I  got  some  balsam.     This  I  burned  i'n  a  clam   he  H^U  U 
^^a   0  a  eonsis  tence  like  salve,  which  I  applied  to  my  feet  and  anile 
and    by  the  d.v.ne  blessing,  within  a  week  I  could  oLaboi't  upon   S 
heels  with  mv  staff.     And  through  God's  goodness  we  had  prov^i^ 

t  ic  Indians  made  two  httle  hoops,  something  in  the  form  of  a  snmv 
J  )oo   and  sewing  them  to  my  C.cU  I  was  able  to  follow  UkI In  S 
a  k     on  my  heels,  from  place  to  place,  though  sometimes  liSf  el 

burr  '" V''*?.'  ^''^"J'  save  me  the  mast  acute  pain  ima^in! 
be     but      must  walk  or  die.     Yet  within  a  year  my  feet  were 

CliZ  -^;|;| —ly  perceive  any  part  missing,  or  that  they  haj 

In  a  time  of  great  scarcity  of  provisions,  the  Indians  chased  u  lar^e 

32*  ° 


378 


EVKPTTS    IN   INDIAN    IIIHTORY. 


8 


moose  into  the  river,  uiid  killed  him.  They  brought  the  llesh  tu  the 
village,  urid  raised  it  on  u  acuiluld  in  a  larji;o  wigvvum,  in  order  to 
make  n  feast.  1  was  vcrv  odicious  in  supplying  llicin  with  wood  and 
water,  which  pkused  tin  lii  su  \v(  11,  ihiit  tiny  now  and  then  gave  mo 
a  piece  of  Hcsh  iiall"  boiled  or  rousted,  which  1  ate  will)  eaptrness,  and 
I  doubt  not  without  due  tlianklulncss  to  tin;  J)iviiie  Hcuig  who  so 
extraordinarily  ihd  mo.  At  kupth  flu;  scallold  bearing  the  moose 
meat  broke,  uud  1  [)eing  nuder  it,  a  large  piece  lell  and  l<nocked  ine 
oil  the  head.  'I'ho  Indians  siid  1  lay  stunned  a  considerable  timo. 
1  he  first  1  was  sensible  ol"  wus  a  nuinuuriug  noise  in  my  ears;  then 
my  sight  gradually  returned,  with  an  extremo  pain  in  mv  hand, 
whicii  was  very  much  bruised;  and  it  was  very  long  bolure  I  re- 
covered,  the  weather  U'ing  very  hot. 

^  was  once  fishing  with  an"  Indian  for  sturgeon,  and  the  Indiim 
darting  one,  his  Icet  slipped,  and  he.  lurned  the  canoe  bottom  upward, 
with  me  und(;r  it.  I  held  last  to  the  cross-bar,  as  I  could  not  swim,' 
with  my  face  to  the  bottom  of  the  canoe;  but  turning  mysell",  I  brought 
my  breast  to  bear  on  the  cross-bar,  expecting  eveiy  miuule  the  Indmn 
to  tow  me  to  the  bank.  But  "he  had  other  lisii  to  fry."  Thus  I 
continued  a  quarter  of  an  hour,  (though)  without  want  of  breath, 
till  the^curi'cut  drove  ma  on  a  rocky  |)oint  where  1  could  reach  bot- 
tom. There  i  stopped,  and  tunied  up  my  canoe.  On  looking  about 
for  the  Indian,  I  saw  him  ludf  a  mile  oil" up  the  river.  On  g-oing  to 
him,  I  asked  him  why  he  had  not  lowed  me  to  the  bank,  sclnniThe 
knew  I  could  not  swim,  lie  said  he  know  [  was  under  the  canoe, 
for  there  were  no  bubbles  any  where  to  be  seen,  and  that  I  should  be 
driven  to  the  point.  So,  while  he  was  taking  care  of  his  fine  stur- 
geon, which  was  eight  or  ten  leet  in  Ien9;tli,  I  was  left  to  sink  or 
swim. 

Once  as  we  were  fishing  for  salmon  at  a  liill  of  about  fifteen  feet  of 
water,  I  came  near  being  drowned  in  a  dec|)  hole  at  the  loot  of  the 
fall.  The  Indians  went  into  the  water  U>  wash  thenisolves,  and  asked 
me  to  go  with  them.  1  told  them  I  could  not  swim,  but  they  insisfcd, 
and  so  I  went  in.  They  ordered  me  to  dive  across  the  deepest  [jIucc, 
and  if  I  fell  short  of  the  other  side  they  said  they  would  help  me. 
But,  instead  of  diving  across  the  narrowest  part,  1  was  crawling  on 
the  bottom  into  the  deepest  place.  Tli(>v  not  seeing  me  risc,'\nd 
knowing  whereabouts  I  was  by  the  bubbliuL!:  of  the  water,  a  young 
girl  dived  down,  mid  brought  me  up  by  the  hair,  otherwise  'l  kd 
perished  in  the  water.  Though  iIk;  Ind'inns,  bolh  mule  and  female, 
go  into  the  waKa-  together,  they  have  each  of  llioin  such  covering  on, 
that  not  till;  least  indecency  can  be  observed,  and  neither  chastity  nor 
modesty  is  violated. 

Whije  at  the  Indian  village,  I  had  been  culling  wood  and  binding- 
it  up  with  an  Indian  rope,  in  order  to  carry  it  to  I'hc  wiuwam;  a  stout^ 
ill-natured  young  fellow,  about  twenty  years  of  age,  threw  me  back- 
ward,  sat  on  my  breast,  pulled  out  liis  knile,  and  'said  he  would  kill 
me,  for  !io  had  never  yet  killed  one  of  the  English.  I  told  him  lie 
might  go  to  war,  and  that  would  he  more  inuniy  than  to  kill  a  poor 


,  CAPTIVITY    OF   JOHN   GYLES.  Qjg 

him  by  ri.e  hu.r,  and  tumWin  r  l.iin  o'F  m  •   li.M.L   i  i  f"'"'' 

lists  and  knco  will,  siifl,  -umWrJ    !  m    /  u  '  '''""^'-''J  '"m  with  my 

not  li.  ,lH-n.  like  a  <loTf  "j'l  i;    ,      .;  f'"''  '""','"•'  '"'"  '■'"'  "P'  «nd 
again,     would  p.y  |,im  dui.ble.     I  s-nt  |,i.„  b'l:   .  ,n      'n     n.-""'" 

rir;  ;n:^.r;:"r;:::  nierw*;:^^  i:""i  'r"^-'-.'-o^ 

to  have  dcMpalchod  two  ofmc.  '   ''^'^'^  ^''"  ^'"^  "^'^  «"°"Sh 

then-  errors  in  roli,ion,  (ho  English  wore  a  I 'n '    ™.o    ^  \lfan ^^'"^ 

such  m:umrn-  th.y  nil  died,  so  that  not  one  o     1,T^  1   tniHe.r^ 
10  return  hom  >.     Wci-c  if  nat  C.,.  ti,„  ^  <n.jsi.  iwo  lamilies  lived 

..o|,  re,-i,,,.  i..„o  ,v:.;»j  ;;i:';;,;;s„':'.:';'^"-'-  ■"  "■=  i*".  <  ".a 

■uiy  |>),>i,  n  ivfil,  starving  rapun-s  were  siltin  r  ,„.:,,  il,"  i;,.,.  ;,■  ,i 
'f  m».t  ol  ,1,.,;  wl,o  «>v  ll,ose  straago  liUians !     The  ,,-rio.t  B^Ti 


.1«0 


KVKNTfl    IN    INDIAN    IIISTORV. 


was  It  sort  of  plumio.  A  person  sfntning  in  pcrlijct  lirulth  would 
I>|('f(l  at  iIk!  mouth  and  nose,  turn  hluo  in  Hftots,  and  dio  in  two  or 
thr«'<'  hours.  It  wun  vi-ry  tfdious  fn  nio  to  rouiovo  (Voni  placn  to 
phi<'(!  this  cold  season.  'I'lio  Indians  applied  red  ochre  to  my  sorffs, 
(which  h.'id  Ihm'ii  occasioned  l»y  'he  allVay  iK-fore  mentioned,)  wjiicji 
by  (lod's  Itlessini;  <Mired  me.  This  sickness  JH-in^r  nt  the  worst  as 
winlir  ciiiiH'  on,  tin*  Indians  all  scattered;  and  the  blow  was  so  i^niul 
to  them,  that  they  did  not  settle  or  plant  at  their  villaife  wliile  I  was 
on  tlie  river,  (St.  John's,)  and  I  know  not  whether  they  have  to  this 
day.  Hel'ori'  they  thus  deserted  the  village,  when  lliey  came  in  from 
huntiu|i;-,  !ln'y  would  he  dnaik  and  iii^ht  llir  several  davs  and  ni'/hts 
loj{(>ther,  till  th(>y  had  s|)eiit  most  of  their  skins  in  wine  and  hrandv, 
winch  was  hrouj^dit  to  the  village  hy  a  l''renchinan  called  Mousieiir 
Si^fcnioncour. 

CiiAi'TKH   V. — (tf  their  famUidrifif  with  and  fris^httf  from  thr 
f/<'Pt/,  \'c.     The  Indians  are  very  oDen  surprised  with  the  appearance 
of  }|hosts  and  demons.     Sometimes  they  are  encouraged  hy  thodm'il, 
li)r  they  ii;o  to  him  lor  success   in  huntinij,  iVe.      I  was  once  hinitini' 
witii    Indians,  who  were  not   hrouuht  over  to  the  Uomish   faith,  aiul 
afler  several  days  they  proposcvl  to  in(]uire,  accordiuif  to  tlioir  oustom, 
what  success  tliey  should  have.     They  accordingly  prepared  many 
hot  stones,  and  layinu;  them  in  a  hea|),  made  a  small  hut  covered  with 
skins  and  mats;  then  in  a  dark   ninht  two  of  the  pawaws  wont  into 
this  hot  house  with  a  lari;e  vessel  ol  water,  which  at  times  thev  pourrd 
on  those  hot  rocks,  which  raised  a  thick  steam,  so  that  a  third  Indian 
was  ohlii',ed  to  stand  without,  and  till  up  a  triat,  to  give  jt  vent  when 
they  w(>r(>  almost  sulfocatcd.     There  was  no'v  an  old  scpiaw  who  was 
kind  to  captives,  and  never  joined  with  them  in  their  pawawinj;.  u> 
whom  I  manifested  an  (Nuaiest  desire  to  sco  their  maiiat!;(anent.     She 
ttdd  me  that  if  they  kninv  ol'  my  heini^  there  they  would  kill  me,  ami 
that  when  she  was  a  i^irl  she  had  known  younj:;  persons  to  ho  taken 
away  hy  a  hairy  man,  and  th(>ri'lore  she  would  not  advise  mo  to  iro, 
lest  the  hairy  man  should  carry  me  away.     I  told  her  I  was  not 
afraid  of  the  hairy  man.  nor  could   he  hurt   nie  it'  she  would  nut 
discover  me  to  the  pawaws.      At   leiiL'th  sIk^  promised  me  she  would 
not,  but  charjied  me  to  be  carelul  of  myselt'.      I  went  within  three  or 
tiuir  feet  of  the  hot  house,  for  it  was  very  dark,  and  h^ard  strange 
noises  and  yellini.s,  such  as  I  never  lu-ard  lielore.    At  times  the  liuliiui 
who  tended  without  would   lil'l   u]>  the  mat,  and   a   steam  Voild  issue 
which  looked  likt>  lire.      I  lay  lljrM'e  two  or  three  horn's,  f-.m  fa\'  none 
of  their  biiry  men.  or  demmis.      And  when  I  linnu'  i!;  'x  Irir!  I'wished 
tlieii"  ceremony,  I  went  to  the  wiL^wam.  and  told  iho  squaw  wh;if  had 
passed.     She  w;is  i^lad  1  had  eseaped  without   hurt,  and   never  disco- 
vered what   I   ha. I  done.      Alter  some  lime  iniir.iry  was  made  of  the 
pawaws  what  success  we  were  lik(Hy  to  have  in  our  huntiuir.     Thoy 
loid  t^ie"  had  via'v  likely  siiius  of  success,  but  no  u-al  ones  as  ut 
otfjei-  iii  es.      A,  fi-w  days  after  we  moved  up  the  river,  and  had  pretty 


( )no  ullci 
barkod,  and 
that  tht>  WH 
shut  at  him, 
llio  woods  t( 
tiitch  you  lit 
our  two  wi^ 
the  river,  \ 
\vo<ids;  and 
li'llowin^j;. 
wii^ warns,  tl 
the  dovil  wa 
in  .some  iliin 
That    il    „ 

:illIueilC(!     of 

lK'l'e\ed  by  | 
iiy  a  larg(!  b 
rock  or  moii 
the  |()ot  of  a 
llu!  air,  i^ras] 
ten  years  of 
her  vouiijf. 
you/ig  birds 
iipou.     Tijc 
in  her  claws 
liiin.     I  hav( 
have  said,  "' 
iioy.''     Indec 
toirethor  like 
lliey  said,  "  'J 
what  iio  was 
ami  speckled 

When  fi 
And  cla 

'I'bcv  su 

*      "* 

Our  \o\\ 

The  other 
belated,  and  U 
"i^wam  full  (. 
Hhich  he  livei 
the  house,  anc 
the  atlair  to  hi 

Clt.«PTER  \ 

%  the  Indian. 
1.  Of  tiik 
his  fore  teeLli, 


CAITIVITV  OK  JOHN   OYIM. 


Ml 


).u)  ullemcK,,,  as  I  was  ,„  n  cvm.K,  witi,  o.ic  oi'  th,.  puwaws,  tho  do^ 
irk.d,  ,u.,l  ,,n3s..nlly  a  ......s-  ,,uh.su.1  l,y  within  u  Ibw  rods  „V  uh,  so 

shut  at  hi.n,  h  U  thn  nioosc.  t.n.k  v.-ry  litrlr  notice  of  it,  and  went  into 
ho  woods  to  th.,  southward.     The  li.Uow  said,  »  1  wi  I  t.v    fen' 
lotd.  yon  hack  for  all  your  haste."     'I'he  evenh..  lollowinl  wo  b nil 
our    -  ;.Kwa,ns  on  a  sandy  p.,   ,  .,..  „.e  u,.por"end  of  an^ishu.d 
he     .V..,,  northwest  o|    the   phue  where  the  moose  went  into  the 
woods;  and  here  tho  huhan  pawaw.-d  the  i,Mvatest  part  of  the  ni.  t 
lollowin,..     In  ,  K3  n.ommi,  we  had  a  lair  track  of  a  Lose  round  ou 
w.i.AVun,s,  ihoM^d.  we  did  ..ot  see  or  taste  of  it.      1  nn,  .,f  opinion  tha 

ilrion:;' ;:;n;i:"'"'"'^' ''  '"""^  '"-^^  "'"'"••'•^  ^^^-'••"'^  ^•-■'--. 

'l"l'"t  i'   .nay  appear  how  n.u.d.  they  were  deluded,  or  uml..-  the 
■■' I'" 'K  •  ol    sa  an    read   the  two   .stories   whieh   wen;   related  and 
.1:....    hy  the  Indians.     T|.  hrst,  of  a  hoy  who  was  carricnl  a^^y 
l.y  I  hirge  l,n-d  .•ailed  a  anUo,m,  who  huildeth  her  nc>st  on  a  hiii 
rock  or  mountan,.     A  hoy  was  huntin.ir  with  his  how  and  arrow  at 
'-  loot  ol  a  rorky  mountain,  when  the  -ulloua  came  diving  throu-h 
lie  air,  umsped  th.|  hoy  ,n  her  talons,  and  althou-rh  he  was  ci-d.t  or 
■n  years  of  aj^e,  she  soared  al,.a  and  laid  hin,  in'dier  nest,  lbo"d  lor 
iH'r  yomiK.     1  he  hoy  lay  still  on  his  face,  but  obscrv.^d  two  of  the 
young  b.rds  ,n  the  n.-st  with  him,  having  much  fish  and  liesh  to  feed 
iipun.      111.!  old  O.K.  seeing  they  would  not  eat  the  hoy,  took  him  up 
...  hor  claws  and  returne.1  him  to  the  place  from  whence  she  took 
i.'ii.     I  have  passcKl  near  the  mountain  in  a  canoe,  and  the  Indians 
.a^e  said,      Ihere  is  the  nest  of  the  great  bird  that  carried  away  the 
hoy.       Indeed  there  seemed  to   be  a  great  number  of  sticks  ,,ut 

iloy  saul,  .'  Iheix.  ,s  the  bird,  but  he  is  now  as  a  bov  to  a  giant  to 
what  ho  was  m  lor.ner  days."  The  bird  which  we  sa\v  was  a  large 
and  speckled  one,  like  an  eagle,  though  somewhat  larger. 

When  from  llio  m.)untiiin  tops  with  iiitloon^  cry 

Ami  clattornur  ujngs,  the  hungry  imrpies  lly, 

J  hey  snatched  *  *  *  -J 

*        *         And  whothur  gods  or  birds  obscene  they  were, 

Uur  vows  lor  pardon  and  lor  peace  prelor.  • 

Diu'den's  Vmori,. 

I'i.e  other  notion  is,  that  a  young   huHan  in  his  hunting  was 

belated,  and  losing  his  way,  was  on  a  sudden  introduce.!  to  a'  lar.re 

w.gwam  Ijill  ol  .  ried  .xds,  whieh  proved  to  be  a  beaver's  house,  in 

hich  he  lived  till  the  spring  of  the  year,  «hcn  he  was  turned  out  of 

he  house  and  being  set  upon  a  beaver's  dam,  went  liome  and  related 

the  atlair  to  his  Inends  at  large. 

/...^f' r^^"  ^^'~i  '^^'^'^^'Pt'^on  of  several  creatures  commonly  taken 
oy  the  Indians  on  St.  John's  river. 

I  Of  the  Beavi  k.— The  beaver  has  a  very  tliick,  strong  neck  ; 
lus  lore  teeth,  wliicli  are  two  m  tlie  upper  and  two  in  tho  under  jaw, 


382 


EVENTS   IN   INDIAN   HISTORY. 


are  concave  and  sliarp"  like  a  carpenter's  irouge.     Their  side  teeth  are 
like  a  sheep's,  for  they  cliew  the  cud.     Their  legs  are  short,  the  claws 
soinothing  longer  than  in  other  creatures.     The  nails  on  the  toes  of 
their  hind  iect  are  like  an  ape's,  but  joined  together  by  a  membrane 
as  those  of  the  water-fowl;  their  tails  broad  and  flat  like  the  broad  onii 
of  a  padillo.     Near  their  tails  they  hnve  four  bottles,  two  of  which 
contain  (jil,  the  others  gum ;  the  necks  of  these  meet  in  one  common 
orilicc.     The  latter  of  these  bottles  contain  the  proper  castorum,  and 
not  th(;  testicles,  as  some  have  lixncied,   for  they  arc  distinct  and 
separate  from  th(.m,  in  the  males  only :  whereas  tlic  castorum  and  oil 
bottles  arc  common  to  male  and  li-male.      With  this  oil  and  gum  thev 
preen  themselves,  so  that  when  they  come  out  of  the  water  it  runs  otf 
of  them,  as  it  does  from  a  IbwI.     Tli(;y  have  lour  teats,  which  are  on 
their  breasts,  so  that  they  hug  up  their  young  and  suckle  thein,  as 
women  df)  their  intants.     They  have  generally  two,  and  sometimes 
ii;ur  in  a  litter.     1  have  seen  seven  or  five  in  :hc  matrix,  but  the 
Indians  think  it  a  strange  thing  to  lind  so  many  in  a  litter;  and  they 
assert  that  when  it  so  happens  the  dam  kills  all  but  four.     They  are 
the  ino.-t  laborious  creatures  that  1  have  met  with.     J   hav(;  known 
them  to  build  dams  across  a  river,  thirty  (u-  iin'ty  perches  wide,  with 
wood  and  mud,  so  as  to  How  many  acres  of  land."    in  the  deepest  part 
of  a  pond  so  raised,  they  build  their  houses,  round,  in  the  iiguro  of  an 
Indian  wigwam,  eight  or  ten  li^et  high,  and  six  or  eight  in  dianietci 
on  the  iloor,  which  is  made  descending  to  the  water,  the  parts  near 
the  centre  about  four,  and  near  the  circumlerence  between  ton  and 
tvycnty  inches  above  the  water.     These  Uoors  are  covered  with  strip, 
pings  of  wood,  like  shavings.     On  these  they  sleep  with  their  tails  in 
the  water ;  and  if  the  fresliets  rise,  they  have  the  advantage  ofrisin;; 
on  their  Iloor  to  ihc!  highest  part.     The")-  leed  on  the  leaves  and  bark 
of  trees,  and  pond  lily  roots.     In  tlu;  fall  of  the  year  they  lay  in  their 
provision  for  the  approaching  winter ;  cutting  down  trees  great  and 
small.     With  one  end  in  their  mouths  they  drag  their  branches  near 
to  their  house,  and  sink  many  cords  ol"  "it.     (They  will  cut  [gnaw] 
down  trees  of  a  liithom  in  circumferi'uce.)     Thciy'havi;  doors  U>  uo 
down  to  the  wood  under  the  ice;  and  incase  the  freshets  rise,  break 
down  and  carry  olf  th(.'ir  store  of  wood,  they  often  starve.     They 
havi.!  a  note  for  conversing,  calling  and  warning  each  other  when  at 
work  or  leeding;  and  while  tlu;y  arc  at  labor  they  keep  out  a  guard, 
who,  upon  the  iirst  approachof  ancnemy,  sostrikc>^s  the  water  with  his 
tail  that  he  may  be  heard  half  a  mi[(\  '  This  so  alarms  the  rest  that 
they  are  all  silent,  quit  their  labor,  and  are  to  be  seen  no  more  for 
that  time.     If  the  male  or  lemale  die,  the  survivor  seeks  a  mato,  and 
conducts  him  or  her  to  their  house,  and  carry  on  aflairs  as  above. 

n.  Ol'  TiiK  VVoLVKUKXK.  (Giilo  Li/scus  oH j.)  Tlic  wolvcrcno 
is  a  very  tierce  and  mischievous  creature,  about  the  bigness  of  a 
middling  dog ;  having  short  legs,  broad  feet  and  very  sharp  claws, 
and  in  my  opinion  may  be  reckoned  a  species  of  cat.  They  will 
clirnb  trees  and  wait  for  moose  and  other  animals  which  feed  below, 
and  when  opportunity  presents,  jump  upon  and  strike  their  claws  in 


t     CAPTIVITV  OF  JOHN   GYLES.  ggg 

^^^i:^^:i^l!s''',^r^ ''  ^^^^  ^-^n-d  the 

known  many  moio  Sled  h  !  '  T  ''  ''"''''  '^'''  '^'^'^'-  ^  have 
behind  seveml  Ind  ans  wl  n?*  T"  T""  ''''^^""'"S  ^  ''"'^  way 
up  r  asked  tl. LrZ  ;au  0  il  hoS  ?'™,  ^ '"'^  ^ ^•^■"-^'  ^^^^^  »  -«"i"- 
track  of  a  moose,  a  d  W-.  1  r  T'','-    ^^''^  ^h"^"'^'  "^«  the 

moose  had  taken  so 3     h,   oT  .  '"  l>>'PPoncd,  ti.at  alicr  the 

containing  sovcnil  iioimds  „r  .i,„,ler  k-       „.,?''■      ,  "°''™  """'^ 

■'  ''M  into  ,1,0  fir.,,c,v,d,,d,';i  w  ,    ;,f^l- ,,  .tr  ■■'■'V'"!'''™'"*'' 

ihe  >vi,-iva,n  in  all  dilution,        ,  li^         «"l%f  rc-no,  and  sca,tcring 

"W.     liis  liaH,-,  si,i.-s  and  tail  a,-,-  1  ,1     a'  T  ?'  °'  "'''  ''™""> 

n.a,nrc  a,,,„™cl,  Inm  hl/lviV"  a  ,  V  a  3'!;;*;  11'"!'  'V"'^ 
and  when  touched  bv  hi^  r.n,.n,..   i  .''"  '.'  '"^^'^  '"to  a  globular  fJirm, 

•I'v'' '-^^^>l::-^:^u:^l::;^'':z'"'T'°r 

>vi,l,  g,Ta,  face  wi,l,  ihci,-  ,„ib,  .„  ,  a,"^^'!!;?",-,,,'''"^'/'''  "'"''■" 
.f  tl.™  a„=  certainly  filL-d  „„lV  ,1  i  ,  ickic,  1 1  '"..'"l^i'  "'=  °* 
111",  <|nill»,  as  so,„e  assert  Ibev.lo  is  a     v!   ^  ,  '"'J'  *°°' 

A,no,.i,;an  l,e.lgel„s,  nn.l  I?, it;,  a  o  tSn'heT'T''  "^° 

"fl>ro,,aaa,ino'  their  sneries  is  , , ,  '      1     ' "'  "•<'"■  ™nn<!r 

obervid  U,at-;„  ™  f  Si  t,Z  sd.ell'isT"  'r  '^"""■"-     '  '"™ 


til 


,i     ! 


h    'i' 


It'  J 


;'.■!» 


Si  ir 


364 


EVENTS    IN    INDIAN   HISTORY.  ^ 


covering  them ;  so  that  there  is  not  the  least  mixture  of  it  amongst 
them,  nor  the  least  rising  of  sand  on  the  beach  where  they  are  de- 
posited.  I  have  often  searched  for  thorn  with  the  Indians,  by  thrusting 
a  stick  into  the  sand  at  random,  and  brought  up  some  part  of  an  egg 
clinging  to  it ;  when,  uncovering  the  place,  we  have  found  near  one 
hundred  and  fifty  in  one  nest.  Both  their  eggs  and  flesh  arc  good 
eating  when  boiled.  I  have  observed  a  ditlerence  as  to  the  length  of 
time  in  which  they  are  hatching,  which  is  between  twenty  and  thirtv 
days ;  some  sooner  than  others.  Whether  this  ditlerence  ought  to  be 
imputed  to  the  various  quality  or  site  of  the  sand  in  which  they  are 
laid,  (as  to  the  degree  of  cold  or  heat,)  I  leave  to  the  conjecture  of  the 
virtuosi.  As  soon  as  they  are  hatched,  the  young  tortoise  break 
through  the  sand  and  betake  themselves  to  the  water,  and,  as  far  as  I 
could  discover,  without  any  further  care  or  help  of  the  old  ones. 


I 


fii 


1*1': 


CiiArTKR  VII. — Of  their  f canting.  1.  Before  they  go  to  war. 
When  the  Indians  detcrminu  on  war,  or  arc  entering  upon  a  jiarticular 
expedition,  they  kill  a  number  of  their  dogs,  burn  off  their  hair  and 
cut  them  to  pieces,  leaving  only  one  dog's  head  whole.  The  rest  of 
the  flesh  they  boil,  and  make  a  fine  feast  of  it.  Then  the  dog's  head 
that  was  lelt  whole  is  scorched,  till  the  nose  and  lips  have  shrunk 
from  the  teeth,  leaving  them  bare  and  grinning.  This  done,  tliev 
ihsten  it  on  a  slick,  and  the  Indian  who  is  proposed  to  be  chief  in  the 
expedition  takes  the  head  into  his  hand,  and  sings  a  warlike  song,  in 
whicli  he  mentions  the  town  they  design  to  attack,  and  the  principal 
man  in  it ;  threatening  that  in  a  Cow  daj^s  he  will  carry  that  man's 
head  and  scalp  in  his  hand,  in  the  same  manner.  When  the  chief 
has  finished  singing,  he  so  places  the  dog's  head  as  to  grin  at  him 
who  he  supposes  will  go  his  si  cond,  who,  if  he  accepts,  takes  the  head 
in  his  hand  and  smgs ;  but  it'  he  refuses  to  go,  he  turns  the  teeth  to 
another ;  and  thus  from  one  to  another  till  they  have  enlisted  their 
company. 

The  Indians  imagine  that  dog's  flesh  makes  them  bold  and  cou- 
rageous. I  have  seen  an  Indian  split  a  dog's  head  with  a  haichet, 
take  out  the  brains  hot,  and  cat  them  raw  witli  the  blood  running  down 
his  jaws ! 

2.  Wheji  a  relation  dies.  In  a  still  evening,  a  squaw  will  walk 
on  the  highest  land  near  her  abode,  and  with  a  loud  and  mournful 
voice  will  exclaim,  "  Oh  hawe,  hawe,  hawe,''^  with  a  long  monrnliil 
tone  to  each  hati'c,  for  a  long  time  together.  After  the  mourning 
season  is  over,  the  relations  of  the  deceased  make  a  feast  to  wipe  off 
tears,  and  the  bereaved  may  marry  freely.  If  the  deceased  was  a 
squaw,  the  relations  consult  together,  and  ciioose  a  squaw,  (doubtless 
a  widow,)  and  send  her  ^o  the  widower,  and  if  he  likes  her  he  takes 
her  to  I'c  his  wife,  if  not,  he  sends  her  back,  and  the  relations  choose 
and  send  till  they  find  one  that  he  approves  of. 

If  a  young  fellow  determines  to  marry,  his  relations  and  the  Jesuit 
advise  him  to  a  girl.  He  goes  into  the  wigwam  where  she  is,  and 
looks  on  her.     If  he  likes  her  appearance,  he  tosses  a  chip  or  stick 


CAPTIVITY   OF  JOHN   GYIE^.  395 

irXiThSu't^rtandr.r'''.-"  '^""^'  -^  '-^.  view, 

chip  10  hin,  will,  a  mod  ",t  liir„;d  ,i        't'  •""•  "'^  ""•""  'h" 

.eremony  ,vi,h  ,he  JeS  ^clLttt^,ri?rir "t ?  i^"'." 
d  slikes  her  suitor  <hp   w^tu  „        1  '"uiruige.     iJut  if  g^p 

...idc,  and  ho  corjst'n:,;;'  L7'  <^™"'°"""«'-  "■»-  .ho  chip 

(Indian  bag,^,  bi.h'dilhos '  *,  S^  ZltT^'.iluTtT'""^'"'' 
.tr.ng  wampum  b„|„,  ^w  birch  canoosT  andM  the  &"  t™""' 
esteemed  a  lady  of  fine  accomnlislimom.      i  •  .i  ''''  *<!  i» 

he,-  husband  i,avo  a  .'u„  a„d"m  ,!^2''  „  ""  ""'"  '=™S'"  ™'  f"'- 
a  „,o„ood„h,  a  crooked  ^-^^'^ ::Z^Z7' ""' ,'"?'"'""' 
and  knot-bowl  (o  toss  a  kind  oC  dico°i,?  ho  l,  '""'"'"PT".  '"tocco, 
»r  a  plentilui  foitiin,      Wh„o  o?  ^L  accounted  a  gomloman 

flrs.  fear  belongs  "o  l,i  w  11",  a™,"/"' ,7:™'  ™°  '"■•""='*  "«^ 
child  wilhin  a  yoar  and  nine  ,™n?b.  ,k  I"""*  I'""'  have  a 

forward  and  libidin™,"  persons  '  *'^  "'"  "'°"8'«  '°  ""^  ^"y 

an^nS;:  ^i^.h':^.  ti^o'S^^c^.h'ru^^'i  T-*,  ^"^^ 

th,s  ,s  accounted  a  groal  vice  by  the  „|3  ™„  '""" '  """'S'' 

ra,n1ly*Slrd7'l"h;:,"n,a.''r^  '°"'"T=  ""^  '"*"»  "'^  « 
havin'g  been  ador"„od  li!"  %,fp  Jr;„,"3':^„  "J  '  "-hod  beauty, 

'Ze^  t=;::  tr\of  ^r'""- *?"f ^°'- ^^^^^^^^^ 

^a„tiM  .youtXrwbol  tr  1r^         ot/S^doSt,"""," 
one  of  tlse  kind  IX^,^'!!^'^^^^^^^  '"he 

ipil^ngt^fri-fhriiis:  feSl:?5^^ 

by  the  river,  at  the  foot  of  the  Teddon   thp  ton    ?    f  \  V^  *  ^^  ''^^"^ 

his  wigwam,  where  he  becran  his  iournov      H.  =     ^^  ^'■°™ 

...  m  ts"  ^"n  "T  '"^  '"'"'"""'  "'"'  ^''™™'  ■"h<^-  have  a  in  like 
atlcmpls     Once  three  young  men  climbed  towards  its  ,ummi,"h«e 


^,>         I'l 


;i86 


EVENTS   II?    INDIAN    HISTORY. 


days  and  a  half,  at  the  end  of  which  time  they  became  strangely  dis- 
ordered with  delirium,  &c„  and  when  their  imagination  was  clear,  and 
they  could  recollect  where  they  were,  they  found  themselves  returned 
one  day's  journey.  How  they  came  to  be  thus  transported  they  could 
not  conjecture,  unless  the  genii  of  the  place  had  conveyed  thern.  These 
White  hills,  at  the  head  of  Penobscot  river,  are,  by  the  Indians,  said 
to  be  much  higher  than  those  called  Agiockochook,  above  Saco. 

But  to  return  to  an  Indian  least,  of  which  you  may  request  a  bill  of 
liire  before  you  go.  If  you  dislike  it,  stay  at  home.  The  ingredients 
an!  fish,  flesh,  or  Indian  corn,  and  beans  boiled  together ;  sometimes 
hasty  pudding  made  of  pounded  corn,  whenever  and  as  ollen  as  these 
are  plenty.  An  Indian  boils  four  or  five  large  kettles  full,  and  .sends 
a  messenger  to  each  wigwam  door,  who  exclaims,  "  Kuh  menscoon- 
hah!''' — that  is,  "I  come  to  conduct  you  to  a  feast."  The  man  within 
demands  whether  ho  must  take  a  spoon  or  a  knile  in  his  dish,  which 
he  always  cari'ies  with  him.  They  appoint  two  or  three  young  men 
to  mess  it  out,  to  each  man  his  portion  according  to  the  rmmber  of  his 
family  at  home.  This  is  done  with  the  utmost  exactness.  When 
they  have  done  eating,  a  young  fellow  stands  without  the  door,  and 
cries  aloud,  '■'■  Mensecominook,'' — "come  and  letch!"  Immediately 
each  squaw  goes  to  her  husband  and  takes  what  he  has  left,  which 
she  carries  home  and  eats  with  her  children.  For  neither  married 
women,  nor  any  youth  under  twenty,  are  allowed  tu  "  i  present ;  but 
old  widow  squaws  and  ca()tive  men  may  s't  by  the  door.  The  Indian 
men  continue  in  the  wigwam ;  some  relating  their  warlila;  exploits, 
others  something  comical,  others  narrating  their  hunting  exploits. 
The  seniors  give  maxims  of  prudence  and  grave  counsel  to  the  young 
men ;  and  though  every  one's  speech  be  agreeable  to  the  run  of  his 
own  fancy,  yet  they  confine  themselves  to  rule,  and  but  one  speaks 
at  a  time.  After  every  man  has  told  his  story,  one  rises  up,  sings  a 
feast  song,  and  others  succeed  alternately  as  the  company  sees  tit. 

Necessity  is  the  mother  of  invention.  If  an  Indian  loses  his  lire. 
he  can  presently  take  two  sticks,  one  harden-  than  the  other,  (the  drier 
rhe  better,)  and  in  the  softest  one  make  a  hollow  or  socket,  in  which 
one  end  of  the  hardest  stick  being  inserted,  then  holding  the  softest 
piece  firm  between  his  knees,  whirls  it  round  like  a  dril',  and  fire  will 
kindle  in  a  lew  minutes. 

If  they  have  lost  or  left  their  kettle,  it  is  but  jjutting  their  victuals 
;nto  a  birch  dish,  leaving  a  vac-ancy  in  the  middle,  filling  it  with 
water,  and  putting  in  hot  stones  alternately ;  they  will  thus  thoroughly 
boil  the  toughest  neck  of  beef. 

CiiAiTER  VIII. — Of  my  three  years'  captivity  with  the  French. 
When  about  six  years  of  my  dulelijl  captivity  1:  d  passed,  my  second 
Indian  master  died,  whose  squaw  and  my  first  Indian  master  disputed 
whose  slave  I  should  be.  Some  malicious  jiersons  advised  them  to 
end  the  quarrel  by  putting  a  period  to  my  life;  but  honest  Father 
Simon,  the  priest  of  the  river,  told  them  it  would  be  a  heinous  crime, 
and  advised  them  to  sell  me  to  the  French.     There  came  annually 


CAPTIVITY    OP   JOHN   GYLES.  3^7 

!!;L?"/r.  "l«n.of-war  to  supply  the  fort,  wj.ich  was  on  the  rivr 
about  h.rty  four  league,  from  the  sea.  The  Indians  Imvir !  adTice 
ofthe  arrival  of  a  man-of-war  at  the  mouth  of  the  river,  they  ahou 
thirty  or  forty  m  number,  went  on  board;  for  the  .rent  emeu  from 
France  made  a  present  to  them  everv  year,  and  set  fimh  the  ricT,^ 
and  victories  of  the.r  monarch,  &e.  At  this  time  thev  pLente  the 
ndmns  w.th  a  bag  or  two  of  flour,  with  some  prunes,-  I-  in'red I 

^.  ir  or  s^^T^  u'^r'r  "\'"'  "'^  ^' ^-y  blanket:  wUh^^ 
cap,  Imt,  01  shirt  (for  I  had  had  no  shirt  for  the  six  years  excer.t  the 
one  had  on  at  the  time  I  was  made  prisoner,)  vvns  invitedTmo  e 
great  cabm,  where  many  well-rigged  gentlemen  wer  s  t  ina  J 
wouM  fam  have  had  a  fi.ll  view  o^..  ^I  en^^avo^"  o  K.;  "^^ 
behind  the  hangmos,  for  I  was  mu-h  ashamr.l ;  thinkin^r  how  f  In 
Si  rihetS'^^r'  of  ir^  living  with  people  who  ^JZ  n^t 

c^untrv      r     ''^'f  ''!'''  '— '--ar,  or  to  f  0  inhabitants  of  ,1^ 

ZoL  i  nS  h  <•  ""^  'rV^'''  '  •^'^™'^  ''^  ^''•'^^'  i^  f-  -<H'ld  sell 
ne  to  Uie  LngI  sh  from  whom  I  was  taken ;  but  that  if  I  must  b-  sold 

to  the  French,  I  wished  to  be  sold  to  the  lowest  inhabitants  on  th 

nver,  or  those  nearest  to  the  sea,  who  were  about  twc  my-^e  |  ; l  ,^. 

irom  the  mouth  ofthe  river;  for  I  thought  that  if  I  were  sold  to  the 

gentlemen  m  the  ship^,  1  shoul.l  neverreturn  to  tlK-  Emdi  h      T    . 

z  njd  tir  if;t  is:r  -^  '-^  -y  -p-''^  -^^^^  '^^ 

frieralTn^^  f'''l-  '^  T'  °"  ^'^^^  with  me  "uu 

arriedal!  iiight.     The  master  of  the  house  spoke  kindly  to  me  i,, 

ndian,  for  ]  could  not  then  speak  one  word  of  French.     .4adam  al 

oked  p  easant  on  me,  and  gave  me  some  bread.     The  next  day 

uas  sen    six  leagues  further  up  the  river  to  another  French  hmie 

My  master  and  the  friar  tarried  with  Monsieur  Dechouf     ,r    t    ; 

gentleman  who  had  entertained  us  the  night  before.     Not  Ion    'af  er 

Fa  her  Simon  came  and  said,  ''  Now  yoi^are  one  of  us,  lb    vou       • 

e^d  u^r  7T  ^y;rho- y-  ---  ontertained  theothei-ni"h  '' 
1  epied,  "bold  -to  a  Frenchman!"  I  could  say  no  more  went 
mto  the  woods  alone,  and  wept  till  1  could  scarce  see  or  sS  d  '   \Z 

mo  her  so  much  detested,  and  in  her  last  words  manifested  so^'e 

When"?-;  ,"=  '"•"'  ^^'''  ''""8''ts  almost  broke  my  heai^ 
When  1  had  thus  given  vent  to  my  grief,  1  wiped  my  eves,  endea- 
onngto  conceal  Its  effects;  but  Father  Simon  perceivino  my  eye. 
were  swollen,  called  me  aside,  bidding  me  n^t  to  orie.'e  fbr Ihc 
gen  leman,  he  said,  to  whom  I  was  sold,  was  of  a  good  h"mo  t  ^^^t 
Boston  Tk'^^  "^^'  '^'  "'P*'^''^^^'  ^'^  «<*whom^had  been  s;nt  to 
suto^;  TwnVr  ''""''  T'"'^  '"''^"^  "'"'  '^"^  he  added  he  did  not 
•suppose  I  would  ever  wish  to  go  to  the  English,  for  the  French  reli 

about  ten  days,  and  if  I  did  not  like  to  live  with  the  French  better 


ff^i"' 


3fl8 


EVENTS   IN   INDIAN   HISTORY. 


than  with  the  Indians,  he  would  buy  me  again.  On  the  day  follow- 
ing, Father  Simon  and  my  Indian  master  went  up  the  river,  six  and 
thirty  leagues,  to  their  chief  village,  and  I  went  down  the  river  sixty 
leagues  with  two  Frenchmen  to  my  new  master.  He  kindly  received 
me,  and  in  a  few  days  Madam  made  me  an  Osnuburg  shirt  and  French 
cuj),  and  u  coat  out  of  one  of  my  umsfer's  old  coats.  Then  1  threw 
away  my  gri'iisy  blanket  kvA  Indian  llap,  and  looked  as  smart  as  — . 
And  I  never  more  saw  the  old  friar,  the  Indian  village,  or  my  Indian 
master,  till  about  lourteen  years  after,  when  I  saw  my  old  Indian 
master  at  Port  Royal,  v\  hither  I  had  been  sent  by  the  government  with 
a  flag  of  truce  for  an  exchange  of  prisoners;  and  again,  about  twenty- 
Ibiu-  years  since,  he  came  to  St.  John's,  to  Fort  Cieorge,  to  see  me, 
where  1  made  him  very  welcome. 

My  French  masler  held  a  great  trade  with  the  Indians,  which 
suited  Mie  \ery  well,  I  being  thorough  in  the  languages  of  the  tribes  at 
( 'ape  Sable  and  St.  John's. 

I  had  not  lived  long  with  this  gentleman  before  he  committed  to  me 
the  keys  of  his  store,  &c.,  and  my  whole  emi)loyment  was  trading 
and  hunting,  in  which  I  acted  faithfully  li)r  my  master,  and  never, 
knowingly,  wronged  him  to  the  value  of  one  farthing. 

They  spok<;  to  nie  so  mucli  in  Indian,  that  it  was  some  time  before 
I  was  perfect  in  the  French  tongue.  Monsieur  generally  had  his 
•^•oods  from  the  men-of-war  which  came  there  annually  from  France. 
In  th(."  year  1(51)0,  tsvo  men-of-war  came  to  the  mouth  of  the  river. 
In  their  uay  they  had  captured  the  Nevvi)ort,  Captain  Fayson,  and 
brought  him  witii  them.  They  made  the  Indians  some  {)resents,  and 
invited  them  to  join  in  an  expedition  to  Pemmaquid.  They  accepted 
it,  and  soon  after  arrived  there.  Captain  Chubb,  wOio  commanded 
that  post,  delivcn^d  it  up  without  much  dispute  to  Monsieur  D'Hxt- 
ville,  as  I  heard  the  gentleman  say  with  whom  I  lived,  who  was  there 
present.* 

l^arly  in  llu;  spring  I  was  sent  with  three  Frenchmen  to  the  mouth 
of  the  river  i()r  jirovision,  which  cauic  from  Port  Royal.  We  carried 
over  land  from  the  river  to  a  large;  bay,  where  we  were  driven  on  an 
island  by  a  northeast  storm,  where  we  were  kept  seven  days  without 
any  sustenance,  for  we  expected  a  quick  passage,  and  carried  nothing 
with  us.  The  wind  continuing  boisterous,  we  could  not  return  back, 
and  the  ic(!  prevented  our  going  forward.  After  seven  days  the  ice 
broke  up,  and  we  went  forward,  though  we  were  so  weak  that  we 
could  scarce  hear  each  otlu!r  speak.  The  people  at  the  mouth  of  the 
river  were  surprised  to  see  us  alive,  and  advised  us  to  be  cautious  and 

*  The  licv.  Dr.  Matlier  says  wittily,  as  he  says  every  thing,  "This 
C'hubl)  round  opportiiiiity,  in  a  pretty  Cliubbish  manner,  to  kill  the  farrous 
Kdgercniet  and  Alienquid.  a  couple  of  principal  Indians,  on  a  Lord's  day, 
the  IGth  of  Tcbniary,  lG9r).  If  there  is  any  unfair  dealing  in  this  action 
of  Ctiubb,  there  will  he  anollier  February  nut  far  o!!',  wherein  the  avenger 
of  blood  will  take  satisfaction."— Hist.  N.  E.  (Magnalia)  B.  vii.,  79. 

Mr.  Mather  adds.  "On  the  4th  or  Sth  of  August,  Chubb,  with  an  un- 
eoinmon  baseness,  did  surrender  the  bravo  fort  of  Peinnmquid  into  their 
hands." 


CAPTIVITY    OF   JOHN   GVI^. 


389 


abstemious  ,n  eatmg.  By  th.s  time  I  knew  as  much  of  fasting  ^ 
they,  and  dieted  or.  broth,  and  recovered  very  well,  as  did  one  of  the 
others;  but  the  other  two  would  not  be  advised,  and  I  never  saw  my 
persons  ,n  greater  distress,  till  at  length  they  had  action  of  the 
bowels,  when  they  recovered.  ^  j 

A  friar,  who  lived   in  the  Varnily,  invited  me  to  confession,  but  \ 
excused  myself  as  well  as  I  could  at  that  time.     One  evening  he  took 
mo  into  h.s  apartment  in  the  dark,  and  advised  me  to  confess  to  him 
what  sins   I   had  committed.     I  told  him  I  could   not  rememl.er  a 
thousandth  part  of  them,  they  were  so  numerous.     Then  he  bid  me 
remember  and  re  ate  as  many  as  I  could,  and  he  would  pardon  them, 
signifymg  he  had  a  bag  to  put  them  in.     I  told  him  I  did  not  believe 
It  was  in  the  power  of  any  but  God  to  pardon  sin.     He  asked  me 
whether  I  had  read  the  Bible.     I  told  him  1  had,  when  1  was  a  little 
boy  but  It  was  so  long  ago  ]  had  forgotten  most  of  it.     Then  he  told 
me  he  did  not  pardon  my  sins,  but  when  he  knew  them  he  prayed  to 
God  to  pardon  them,  when,  perhaps,  I  was  at  my  sports  and  plays 
le  wished  nie  well,  and  hoped  I  should  be  better  advised,  and  said 
he  should  call  for  me  m  a  little  time.     Thus  he  dismissed  me,  nor  did 
he  ever  call  me  to  confession  aHor wards. 

The  gentleman  with  whom  1  lived  had  a  fine  field  of  wheat,  in 
which  great  numbers  of  black-birds  continually  collected  and  made 
great  havoc  in  it.  The  French  said  a  Jesuit  would  come  and  banish 
them.  He  did  at  length  come,  and  having  all  things  prepared,  he 
took  a  basin  of  holy  water,  a  stafl-with  a  little  brush',  and  havin.r  on 
his  white  robe,  went  into  the  field  of  wheat.  I  asked  several  prisoners 
u  u;  t^^'^y  ^^""'^  ^*''"'  ^y  P'-'vateers,  and  brought  in  there,  viz^: 
Mr.  Woodbury,  Cocks,  (Cox?)  and  Morgan,  whether  they  would  ^o 
and  see  the  ceremony.  Mr.  Woodbury  asked  me  whether  I  desianed 
to  go,  and  1  told  him  yes.  He  then  said  I  was  as  bad  as  a  pa^pist, 
and  a  d— d  fool.  I  told  him  I  bcjiieved  as  little  of  it  as  he  did  but 
that  I  was  inclined  to  see  the  ceremony,  that  I  might  tell  it  to  mv 
Iriends.  •' 

With  about   thirty   following  in  procession,   the  .Jesuit   marched 
hrough  the  lidd  of  wheat,  a  young  lad  going  before  him  bearimr  the 
holy  water.      Then  the  Jesuit,  dipping  his  brush  into  the  holy  w°ater, 
sprinkled  the  field  on  each  side  of  Jiini,  a  little  bell  iin'rlin^  at  the 
same  time,  and  all  singing  the  .vords  Ora  pro  nobu.     M  the  end  of 
the  field  they  Nvhccled  to  the  left  about  and  returned.    Thus  they  passed 
and  repassed  the  field  of  wheat,  the  black-birds  all  the  while  rising 
bfjiorc  them  only  to  light  behind.     At  their  return  I  told  a  French  lad 
that  the  friar  had  done  no  service,  and  recommended  them  to  shoot 
the  birds.     I  he  lad  left  mo,  as  I  thought,  to  see  what  the  Jesuit  would 
sny  0  my  observation,  which  turned  out  to  be  tlie  case,  for  he  told 
the  lad  that  the  sins  of  the  peo[)le  were  so  great  that  he  could  not 
prevail  against  those  birds.     The  same  iriar  as  vainly  attempted  to 
banish  musquitoes  from  Signecto,  but  the  sins  of  the  people  there  were 
ulso  too  great  for  him  to  prevail ;  but,  on  the  other  hand,  it  seemed 


390 


BVENTS    in    INDIAN    niSTOBY. 


that  more  came,  which  caused  the  people  to  suspect  that  some  had 
ojme  for  the  sins  of  the  Jesuit  also. 

Some  time  after,  Colonel  Hawthorne  attempted  the  taking  of  the 
French  fort  up  this  river.  We  heard  of  him  some  lime  before  he 
camo  up,  by  the  guard  which  Governor  Villebon  had  stationed  at  thr 
river's  mouth.  Monsieur,  my  master,  had  gone  to  France,  and 
Madam,  his  wife,  advised  with  me.  She  desired  mc  to  nail  a  paper 
on  ihe  door  of  h(;r  house,  which  paper  read  as  follows: 

''  I  entreat  the  general  of  the  English  not  to  burn  my  house  or 
burn,  nor  destroy  my  cattle.  I  don't  suppose  that  such  an  army 
<>)mea  here  to  destroy  a  fi^w  inhabitants,  but  to  take  the  fort  above  us. 
I  have  shown  kindness  to  the  English  cai)tives,  as  we  were  capaci- 
tated, and  have  bought  two  of  the  Indians,  and  sent  them  to  Beaton; 
we  have  one  now  with  us,  and  he  shall  go  also  when  a  convenient 
<Ji)ortunity  presents,  and  he  desires  if." 

When  I  had  done  this,  Madam  said  to  me,  "Little  English,"  (which 
was  the  familiar  name  she  used  to  call  mo  by,)  "we  have  shown  you 
kindness,  and  now  it  lies  in  your  power  to  serve  oruJisserve  us,  as 
you  know  where  our  goods  are  hid  in  the  woods,  and  that  Monsieur 
is  not  at  home.  I  could  have  sent  you  to  the  fort  and  put  you  under 
confinement,  but  my  respect  to  you  and  your  assurance  of  love  to  us 
have  dispos(!(l  mc  to  confide  in  you,  persuaded  you  will  not  hurt  us  or 
our  aflairs.  And  now,  if  you  will  not  run  away  to  the  English,  who 
are  coming  up  the  river,  but  serve  our  interest,  I  will  acquaint  Men- 
sieur  cf  it  on  liis  return  frcm  France,  which  will  be  very  pleasing  to 
him;  and  I  now  give  my  word  you  i^hall  have  liberty  to  go  to  Boston 
on  the  first  opportunity,  if  you  desire  it,  or  any  other  favor  in  mv 
power  shall  not  be  denied  you."     I  replied: 

"  Madam,  it  is  contrary  to  the  nature  of  the  English  to  requite  evil 
tor  good.  I  shall  endeavor  to  serve  you  and  your  interest.  I  shall 
not  run  to  the  English,  hut  if  I  am  taken  by 'them  I  shall  v.illingly 
go  with  them,  and  yet  endeavor  not  to  disserve  you  either  in  ;)er.^en 
or  goods." 

The  place  where  w(!  lived  was  called  ITagimsaek,  twenty  five 
leagues  from  the  river's  mouth,  as  I  have  before  stated. 

We  now  embarked,  and  went  in  tx  large  boat  and  cance  two  or 
three  miles  up  an  eastern  branch  of  the  river  tliat  cc  rnes  'h  m  a  Iari.e 
pond,  and  on  the  following  evening  sent  down  four  hands  to  makr 
discovery.  And  while  they  were  sitting  in  the  heu;;e,  tlie  English 
surrounded  it  and  took  one  of  the  four.  'I'ho  other  three  made  their 
escape  in  the  dark  and  through  the  English  soldiers:,  and  coming  to 
UH,  gave  a  surprising  aocount  of  affairs.  Upon  this  news  Madam 
said  to  me,  "Little  English,  now  you  can  ;  o  from  us,  hut  I  hope  you 
will  rememlx-r  your  word."  f  iiaid,  "Madam,  be  not  concerned ;  1 
will  not  leave  you  in  tlii.-!  s'rnif."  She  said,  "I  know  not  what  to 
do  with  my  two  poor  little  b;;h<\s."  1  said,  «  Madnni,  the  sooner  we 
embark  and  go  over  the  great  pond  the  belter."  Aeeordingiy  v.t: 
embarked  and  went  over  the  pond.  The  next  day  v/e  spoke  witli 
Indians,  who  were  in  a  canoe,  and  they  gave  us  an  account  that  Sig- 


CAPTIVITY    OF   JOnX   OYLE8. 


Hi 


necto  town  was  taken  and  burnt.     Soon  after  we  heard  the  rrr^m 

.f  p  lo  o- ^r  r=Jr^::^.^"i?;  tiij  r  o.e.. 

lad  who  was  tak.u  by  the,  English  when  tlu'y  went  up  the  rTver^  S 
general  had  shown  himself  so  honorable,  that  on  rcadi    ^hn  n^, 
our  door,  ho  ordered  it  not  to  be  burnt,  nor  tt    arn      ttttle  and" 

Oku  r'Vr/''"?'"'  r'^'  «"^  «'-^-"'  «"d  the  poult '.ft 
tlK,ir  U.C      At  their  return  they  ordered  the  youn.^  lad  to  be  m  t  nn 

:l;^:;oun;':i';t  '""^^  -' '''-  ^-'--^  -^  ---^  -^  ^- ^s^ 

She  aeknowlodged  the  many  favors  which  the  English  had  shnwn 
her  w,  h  gratitude^  and  treated  me  with  .T,cat  civil  v  Thn  n  . 
spnng  Monsieur  arrived  from  France  in  the  rial  !wi7' He  thanked 

I  put  Moiisiour  in  niiud  of  his  word    lellin^  him  il,,.,,'  ,.       ^°°™- 

A  ad  un,  and  Alon.sieur  went  down  to  the  mouth  of  the  river  to  si  me 
safely  on  boai-d.  He  asked  the  master  Mr  i^tnrhnJ  Ji  ! 
whether  I  .nust  pay  for  my  passaoc^nd  ift,  ^^"^  "^^Z:: 
sell  r./.her  than  I  should  have  it  to  pay  at  my  a  rival  hi  Boston  b,  h." 
gave  mo  not  a  penny.  The  master'toid  him'there  was  .In  "'toly 
.1  the  owner  should  make  any  demand,  he  would  Z  'k 
•lor  than  that  a  poor  prisoner  should  sufier,  for  he  was  .dad 
'nolisn  person  come  out  of  captivity.  •= 

;ii..  of  June  1  took  my  leave  ol"  Morisieur,  and  the  sIood 
lail    or  Boston,  where  wo  arrived  on  tlie  19th  of  the  same 

and  ;,!..  I    "         '''"'■"•"°  •"^'^''  '""y  ^'■'■'^■^''  ^  y""fh  ^«"ie  on  beard 
and  asked  many  questions  rolatin-  to  my  cantivitv    nnd  o    )Z  ,u 

.(ave  me  to  understand  that  he  was  my  litt^  bSe  ^^wj^a^^gj 

w.th,some  other  children  at  Pemmoquid  when  I  wi    fZt  ca/i' 

.  d  who  esc-aped  mto  the  <hrt  at  that  perilous  time.     He  o hJ  m  ■  mv' 

-Mdcr  brother   who  made  his  escape  from  the  farm  when  it  was^aken 

d"ad"l'""  "''  %f  "•-  '''''  ''^'^^  '-^  ^hat  our  mo  h  r  l^d  btn 
dead  s  me  years    Then  wo  went  on  shore  and  saw  our  elder  brother 

im  '^;^/'' ^-/"y-i^^  !««»>  I  ^vas  taken,  and  on  the  Unh  of  W 
16 J8,  I  arrived  at  Boston;  so  that  f  was  absent  ei>rht  yea  s  en 
months,  and  seventeen  days.     In  all  which  time,  though  I  mu.'len 


u, 
came  .o 
at  niiiiit, 


i 


aM 


BVBNT8    IM    INDIAN    ItlHTORY. 


nxtroiuc  (litViculti(?s,  ycU  [  huw  much  ol  (iud's  ^oodnuas.  And  may 
tho  must  pwort'ul  and  hciu^ficoiit  Dciii};  accoiit  of  this  |)ubli(;  tustimony 
of  it,  and  hioss  my  cxpcricncuH  to  uxcitt;  others  to  contidu  in  iiia  all- 
.NuUiuiunoy,  through  Ihe  intiuilu  inorits  of  Jchus  Christ. 


CIIAITKR  XVII. 


NARIIATIVI-M  OF  KXCKHHIVK  DISTIIKMH  OF  IM'.UflONS  TAKHN  AT  TIIK  UE 
flTRtimoV  or  SALMON  I'AM.H,  IN  'I'llll  s,  ,  I'K  OK  VIHV  M AMI'HIIIItP,  ON 
THK  TWKNTV  SHVKNTU  OK  MAU(;il.  liiliO, 

VVhi'ii  tht!  news  of  the  dcstrut-tion  ol"  Si  luMi(>ctady  niachod  New 
I'iUglund,  it  spnuid  jL^rciat  alarm  over  tin;  whole  country.  'I'he  wise 
men  j^avi-  parlit^idar  caution  to  all  the  frontier  posts,  urginjf  thcin  to 
kt^'p  strict  watch,  and  to  make  strong  their  fortifications;  hut  tlu: 
people  in  the  cast  did  not  their  duty,  and  iSalmon  I'alls,  a  line  settle  - 
men!  upon  a  l)raiich  of  I'iscataqua  river,  loll  into  the  hands  of  an 
infuriated  and  eruel  enemy;  the  particulars  wliiM'fiof  an;  at  large  set 
forth  in  the  work  entitled  Tlie  Hook  of  the  Indians. 

But,  as  has  heen  observed,  notwilhstanding  these  warnnigs,  the 
(Kjople  dreamed  that  whili^  the  deep  snow  of  the  wintc-r  coniinucd, 
they  were  safe  enouifh,  which  proved  as  vain  as  a  dr(>am  of  a  dry 
sununer.  Near  thirty  persons  w(;ro  slain,  and  more;  tiian  filly  were 
led  into  what  the  reader  will  hy  and  hy  call  tin;  worst  ca[)tivity  in  the 
world.  It  would  he  a  long  story  to  tell  what  a  particular  share  in  this 
calamity  fell  to  the  lot  of  the  family  of  on(!  Clement  Short.  This 
honest  man  with  his  pious  wife  and  three  childrciu  were  killed,  and  six 
or  seven  oIIkms  of  their  children  W(!re  maiki  prisoners.  Tlu!  inost  of 
these  arrived  safe  at  ('anaila,  through  a  thousand  hardships,  and  the 
njost  of  these  were  with  more;  than  a  thousand  m(-ri;ies  allerwardf. 
redeemed  from  Canada, and  leturned  unto  their  haiglisli  friends  again. 
But  as  we  cannot  take  notice  ol'all  tho  individuals,  we  will  passjothe 
notice  of  those  mentioned  at  tlu;  connii(;ncement  of  this  narrative. 

Among  the  prisoners  was  one  liohert  Rogers,  with  whom  as  the 
Indians  journeyed  tlusycame  to  a  hill,  where  this  man,  (being  through 
his  corpulency  called  llohi.n  I'ork)  being  under  such  an  intolerable 
and  unsupportable  burden  ol' Indian  luggage,  was  not  so  able  to  travel 
as  the  rest;  he  th(M'ofore,  walclung  lor  an  opixn'tunify,  made  lii> 
e.sca})e.  The  wretches,  missing  bin),  innnediately  went  in  pursuh  ot' 
ium,  and  it  was  not  long  beibri' they  found  bis  btu'den  cast  in  tbewa\. 
and  the  tracks  oi'  his  feet  going  out.  of  tlu;  way.  This  they  iullowfuL 
and  found  him  bid  in  a  hollow  tree.  Tlu^y  dragged  him  out, stripped 
him,  beat  aiul  pricked  him,  jjusIkmI  him  forwartl  with  the  ()oints  ni 
their  swords,  until  they  got  back  to  the  bill  from  wbenci'  In;  liml 
esca|)ed.  It  teing  almost  night,  tliey  fasten(Ml  him  to  a  tree,  with  hid 
iiands  behind  him,  then  mack;  tbiMnselves  a  suj)i)er,  singing  and 
dancing  aroutid  him,  roaring,  and  uttering  great  and  many  signs  ol 


I    d,A 


MKiiETAiii.R  oonttwia. 


.393 


joy,  but  with  joy  littlo  onou^rh  to  thn  poor  creature  who  foresaw  what 
iill  this  ten(l(Hl  to. 

Th(!  Indimis  next  cut  a  imrcci  of  wooH,  and  brinf,nn<?  it  into  a  r)laiii 
place,  they  cut  olf  th(!  top  ol'  a  small  rcd-ouk  treo,  leaving  tli<;  trunk 
lor  a  stake,  whereunto  they  hound  their  sacrifice;.  Th.-y  first  made 
a  great  lire;  near  this  Inr  of  (hatli,  and  brinirin<r  Holers  unto  it,  hid 
bun  take  his  leave  (.f  his  friends,  which  he  did  in  a  doleful  manner, 
such  as  no  pen,  fhouoh  made  of  a  liarpy's  (paill,  were  ahh;  to  desetrilM' 
fh(!  dolor  of  it.  Th(<y  (hen  allowed  him  a  little  time  to  make  his 
layers  unto  h(!aven,  which  he  did  with  an  extreme  fervency  and 
aiiony;  whereupon  they  hound  him  to  the  stake,  and  hroiedit  the  rest 
ol"  th(!  prisoners,  with  their  arms  tied  each  to  the  oth<!r,'and  seated 
tlu'in  round  the  lire.  'J'his  beiuir  done,  thr^y  went  behind  the  fire,  and 
thrust  It  forwards  upon  the  man  with  much  hmyhter  and  shouting; 
.Hid  when  th(!  (ire  had  burnt  some  time  upon  him,  even  till  he  was  almdsl 
sullocated,  they  pulled  it  aw/iy  from  him,  to  prolong  liis  existence. 
They  now  resiimefj  their  dancing  around  him,  and  at  every  turn  they 
did  with  their  knives  cut  co||„ps  of  his  flesh  out  of  his  naked  limbs, 
Mild  throw  them  with  bis  blood  into  his  face.  In  this  manner  was 
tlioir  work  eontiniuid  until  be  ex|)ired. 

Heing  now  dead,  they  set  his  body  down  upon  the  glowinn-  coals  of 
lire,  and  thus  lell  liim  tied  with  his  back  to  the;  stake,  wlu^re  ho  was 
lound  by  yomo  English  forces  soon  aller,  who  were  in  i)ursuit  of  these 
Indians. 

MKifKTAnr,K  Goodwin,  another  of  the  captives  of  tliis  band  of 
ndians,  who,  it  will  be  proper  to  nntw.c,  were  led  by  the  renowned 
Indian  chief  Ilopehood,  had  a  child  with  her  about  five  months  old 
Uiis,  through  hunger  and  hardship,  sb(!  being  unable  to  nourish  from 
her  breast,  occasioned  it  to  make  grievous  and  distressing  ejaculations 
ilcr  Indian  master  told  her  that  if  the  child  were  not  quiet  he  would 
.sc)on  dispose  of  it,  which  caused  her  to  us.^  all  possible  means  that  his 
Notopship  might  not  he  ofli'nded ;  and  sometimes  she  would  carry  it 
from  tlu!  fire  out  of  his  heaririLS  wh(>n  she  would  sit  down  up  to  her 
waist  111  the  snow,  for  sev(;ral  hours  together,  until  it  was  (>xhausted 
and  lulled  to  sleep.     She  tlius  for  several  days  preserved  the  life  of 
her  babe,  until  he  saw  cause  to  travel  with  his  own  cubs  farther  afield  ; 
and  then,  lest  he  should  b(!  retarded  in  his  travel,  he  violently  snatched 
the  babe  out  of  its  mother's  arms,  and  before  her  face  knocked  out 
Its  brains;  and  having  stripped  it  of  its  ihw  rags  it  had  hitherto  enjoyed, 
ordered  the  mother  to  go  and  wash  them  of  the  blood  wherewith  they 
were  stained!     Returning  from  this  sad  and  melancholy  task,  she 
found  the  mOmt  hanging  by  the  neck  in  a  forked  bough  of  a  tree. 
^ho  requested  liberty  to  lay  it  in  the  earth,  but  the  savage  said,  «  It 
is  better  as  it  is,  lor  now  the  wild  beasts  cannot  come  at  it;"  (I  am 
sure  they  had  been  at  it ;)  «  and  you  may  have  the  comfort  of  seeina 
It  again,  if  ever  you  come  that  way."  "^ 

The  journey  now  before  them  was  like  to  be  verj*»lon<r,  as  far  as 
Unada,  where  Mrs.  Goodwin's  master's  purpose  was  to°make  mer- 


au4 


EVBNTfl    IN    INDIAN    IIIHTOUY. 


chandiao  of  h(!r,  and  glad  was  she  to  hear  such  huppy  tidings,  f^ut 
tho  dasporiitt!  lonyth  of  the  way,  and  wiint  oflbod,  mid  <,'rief  of  niiiuj, 
whorewitli  shn  huh  now  cnfiounterod,  caused  her  within  a  few  days 
to  faint  undor  hor  ditfu'iilties ;  when,  at  Icnifth,  she  sat  down  for  aoine 
roposc,  witli  many  prayer.s  and  icur.s  unto  God  lor  the  salvation  of 
hor  soul,  she  found  herself  unable  to  rise,  until  she  saw  her  furious 
executioner  ooniiui,'  towards  h(>r  with  (ire  in  his  eyes,  the  devil  in  his 
heart,  and  his  hatehcit  in  his  hand,  ready  to  bestow  a  mercy-stroke  of 
death  upon  her.  'J'hen  it  was  that  this  poor  captive  woman,  in  this 
extreme  misery,  jroi  u|)on  h<!r  knees,  and  with  weepin<r  and  wailirii; 
and  all  expressions  of  ayony  and  entreaty,  prevailed  on  him  to  spun 
her  liio  a  little  longer,  and  she  did  not  <iui'stion  but  God  would  enabh 
her  to  walk  a  little  faster.  The  merciless  tyrant  was  pn.'vailed  with 
to  spare  her  this  time;  nevertheless  her  former  weakness  quickly 
retu.ning  upon  her,  he  "was  just  going  to  murd(;r  her,  whcui  a  couple 
of  Indinns,  just  at  this  moment  coming  in,  called  suddenly  upon  him 
to  hold  his  liand.  At  this  such  a  horror  surprised  his  guilty  soul,  thai 
lie  ran  away  from  her;  but  hearing  them  call  his  name,  he  returned, 
and  then  permitted  these  his  friends  to  ransom  his  prisoner. 

Aller  these  ev(!nts,  as  we  were  seated  by  the  side  of  a  river,  we 
heard  several  guns  go  off  on  the  opposite  side,  which  the  Indians 
concluded  was  occasioned  by  a  party  of  Albany  Indians,  who  wen 
their  eneinics.  Whereupon  this  bold  blade  (her  old  niaster)  would 
needs  go  in  a  canoe  to  discover  what  they  were.  They  fired  upon 
and  shot  him  through,  together  with  several  of  his  friends,  before  the 
discovery  could  be  made.  Some  days  allcr  this,  divers  of  his  friends 
gathered  n  party  to  revenge  his  death  on  their  supposed  enemies. 
With  these  they  soon  joined  battle,  and  after  several  hours'  hard 
fighting  were  themselves  put  to  rout.  Among  the  captives  which  they 
left  in  their  flight  was  this  poor  woman,  who  was  overjoyed,  supposing 
herself  now  at  liberty;  but  her  joy  did  not  last  long,  for  these  Indian? 
were  of  the  same  sort  as  the  others,  and  had  been  by  their  own  friends 
thus,  through  a  strange  mistak(%  set  upon. 

However,  this  crow  proved  more  favorable  to  her  than  the  former, 
and  went  away  silently  with  their  booty ;  being  loath  to  have  any 
noise  made  of  their  foul  mistake.  And  yet  a  fc^w  days  after,  such 
another  mistake  happened;  for  meeting  with  another  party  of  Indians, 
which  they  imagined  were  in  the  English  interest,  they  also  furiously 
engaged  each  other,  and  many  were  killed  and  wounded  on  both 
sides ;  but  the  conquerors  proved  to  bo  a  party  of  French  Indians  this 
tiine,  who  took  this  poor  Mrs.  Goodwin  and  presented  her  to  the 
French  captain  of  the  party,  by  whom  she  was  carried  to  Canada, 
where  she  continued  five  years.  After  which  she  was  brought  safely 
back  to  New  England. 

Thomas  Toogood's  short  narrative  is  introduced  to  relieve  the 
reader  from  the  contemplation  of  blood  and  misery.  At  the  same 
time  the  other  cj^ptives  were  taken,  three  Indians  hotly  pursued  this 
man,^  and  one  of  them  overtook  him,  while  the  rest,  perceiving  it, 


CAPTIVITY    or    ELIZA  IIRTII    It  ANSON.  S05 

jmul  bohind  thn  hiil,  having  seen  him  quietly  yield  himself  a  prisoner 
Vh  le  the  Indian  was  getting  out  his  slrinnH  fo  bind  hin  prii^morhe 
hold  h.s  gun  un.ler  h.s  arm,  whieh  TocTgood  oh.ervi,..^  suddenly 
.prnng  and  wrested  .t  Ih.rn  him;  and  n>o,n,.ntarily  proM-ntT,.  it  a  the 
Indian,  protested  he  wou  I  shoot  him  down  if  he  m,  de  the  k"as  noise 
And  so  away  he  ran  with  it  unt.  (iuo<:heeho.  If  my  read' tL  now 
inehned  to  smile,  when  he  thinks  how  simply  poor  /.vx.ri,«  Lied 
r.-.urmng  to  h.s  mates  hc.hind  the  hill,  witholt  either  guS  or  prey  «; 
any  thing  l.u    strm^.s,  to  remind  Inm  ,,f  his  c.wn  deserts,  T  im^s'ure 

mi.sadventu.e  I  he  In.lians  are  singularly  (excessive  in  the  praet  cc 
•'I  sporun.  at  the  m.slbrtunes  of  one  another  in  any  case  th  y  a^^ 
outwitted,  or  have  been  guilty  of  eommitting  any  blundtT  ^ 

Mary  Plaisted  was  another  of  the  unfortunate  eaptives  at  that 
T;;r     ^ri^^r^y  -^  ''•«■  particulars  of  extreme    uffi'dn^l  are 

r-lu  nd.  hhe  had  beer,  out  of  her  lK,d  of  family  siekness  butlhrec 
.■oks  when  she  was  taken,  and  like  others  she  was  obliged  to  wade 

hrough  swamps  and  snow,  when  at  k-nglli  she  was  relieved  of  the 
UP  hen  oi  her  mfant  son  by  her  cruel  master,  who,  after  dishing  ou^ 

Its  brams,  threw  it  into  a  river !  >         »      ^i  uubinng  oui 


CHAPTER  XVI IL 

GODS  MERCV  SURMOtJNTIN(;    MANS  CRIfFITV    ptpmp.  iP.T,r.   ...  ^ 
TIVITV  AND  HURI'KISINC;  UKM  VFIMNr     op  Tu  ^yY.fJ.^r^^^^  TflE  CAP 

JOHN  HANSON.  OF  KN(LXm\  si/  Xt  KKriM' A  '  fv  rv  '  .nv^^^^  WIFKOP 
WHO  WAS  TAKEN  OAI'TI ViO  vViTII  II^Vt  ri  Vi  in, rv  a  «  VKI^^^  'JOWNSHIJ'. 
IIVTHE  INDIANS  IN  NEW  ENgVandI  IN  TiIe'yK  ,7'^!)',^  MAID  SEKyANT, 

Remarkable  and  many  are  the  providences  of  God  towards  his 
p.op  c  for  heir  deliverance  in  a  time  of  trouble,  by  which  we  may 
b-hold,  as  m  lively  characters,  the  truth  of  that  sluying,  "  That  he^s 
a  (xod  near  at  hand,  and  always  ready  to  help  and'ass Lt  those  that 
Icar  him  and  put  then- confidence  in  him."  •"''«  mai 

The  sacred  writings  give  us  instances' of  tbo  truth  hereof  in  days 
ol  old,  as  in  the  cases  of  the  Israelites,  Job,  David,  Daniel,  Paul,  Sila, 
a  many  others  Besides  which,  our  modem  histories  have  'pS 
ful>  abounded  with  instances  of  (Jod's  fatherly  care  over  his  people 
m  heir  sharpest  tr,als,  deepest  distresses,  and  sorest  exercises"  by' 
which  we  may  know  he  ,s  a  God  that  changeth  not,  but  is  the  same 
yesterday,  to-day  and  forever. 

Among  the  many  modern  instances,  I  think  I  have  not  met  with  a 
more  angular  one  of  the  mercy  and  preserving  hand  of  God,  than  in 
tho  case  ol  Elizabeth  Hanson,  wifb  of  John  Hanson,  of  Knoxmarsh 
m  Kccheachy,  (Co.hecho)  in  Dover  township,  in  New  Englanrwho 

'a  .?  unn  "  79a''''' r''  "'■  l"-^"^y-««^«"'h  day  of  the  sixth  month, 
utlkd  June,  1724,  and  earned  away  (with  four  children  and  a  servant) 


396 


EVENTS    IN    INDIAN    HISTORY. 


by  the  Indians ;  whicli  relation,  as  it  was  taken  iVom  her  own  mouth, 
by  a  friend,  is  as  follows : 

As  soon  as  the  Indians  discovered  IhemseivcH,  (having,  as  wc 
afterwards  understood,  been  sivuikinir  in  the  fi(;lds  soinc;  days,  watching 
their  opporiiinily,  when  my  dear  husband,  willi  tiie  rest  of  our  men, 
were  ^one  out  of  thi:  way,)  two  of  them  cimu>  in  upon  us,  and  tin 
eleven  more,  all  naked,  with  their  guns  and  lomaliawks,  and  in  great 
fury  killed  on(^  child  immediat(!ly,  as  soon  as  they  entered  the;  (lu(3r, 
thinking  thereby  to  strike  in  us  the  greater  terror,  and  to  make  us 
more  learlid  oi"  them.  All(!r  which,  in  like  fury,  the  c:iptain  came 
up  to  me;  but  at  my  re(iuest  he  gave  \nc  cpiartcr.  There  were  with 
m(!  our  servant  and  six  of  our  children  ;  two  of  the  little  ones  being 
at  play  about  the  orchard,  and  my  yoimgest  child,  but  liMirteen  days 
old,  whether  in  cnulle  or  arms,  1  now  remember  not.  Being  in  this 
condition,  I  was  very  unfit  lor  the  hardships  I  alter  met  with,  which 
I  shall  endeavor  briefly  to  relate. 

They  went  to  rifling  the  house  in  a  great  hurry,  (tearing,  as  1 
8upy)oso,  a  surprise  from  our  people,  it  being  late  in  th(>  allcrnoon,) 
and  packed  v\,  some  linen,  woollen,  and  what  other  things  pleased  them 
best,  and  when  they  had  done  what  they  would,  they  turned  out  of  the 
house  immediately ;  and  while  they  were  at  ihc  door  two  of  my  younger 
children,  one  six,  and  the  other  four  years  old,  came  in  sight,  and 
being  undtM*  a  great  surprise,  cried  aloud,  upon  whicli  one  of  the 
Indians,  running  to  tluun,  took  them  under  the  arms,  and  brought  them 
to  us.  My  maid  prevailed  with  the  biggest  to  be  quiet  and  still;  but 
the  other  couhl  by  no  means  bo  prevailed  with,  but  continued  shrieking 
and  crying  very  much,  and  the  Indians,  to  ease  theniscilves  of  the 
noise,  and  to  prevent  the  danger  of  a  discovery  that  miyht  arise  from 
it,  immediately,  before  my  face,  knoci\cd  his  brains  out.  1  bore  this 
5is  well  as  I  could,  not  daring  to  appear  disturbed  or  tti  show  much 
uneasiness,  lest  they  should  do  the  same  to  the  others;  but  should 
have  been  exceeding  glad  if  they  had  ke[)t  out  of  sight  until  we  had 
gone  from  the  house. 

Now  having  killed  two  of  my  children,  they  scalped  them,  (a 
practice  common  with  these  people,  which  is,  wlieiu-vcr  they  kill  any 
enemies,  they  cut  the  skin  off  from  the  crown  of  their  heads,  and 
carry  it  with  them  for  a  testimony  and  evidence  that  they  have  killed 
so  many  receiving  sometimes  a  reward  for  every  seal;),)  and  then  put 
forward  to  leave  the  house  in  great  haste,  without  dt)ing  any  other 
spoil  than  taking  what  they  had  packed  together,  with  myself  and 
little  babe,  fourteen  days  old,  the  boy  six  years,  and  two  daughters, 
the  one  about  fourteen  and  the  other  about  sixte(;n  years,  with  iny 
servant  girl. 

It  must  1)0  considered,  that  I  having  lain  in  but  fourteen  days,  and 
being  but  very  tend(;r  and  weakly,  and  removtul  now  out  of  a  good 
room  well  accommodated  with  lire,  bedding,  and  other  things  suiting 
a  person  in  rriy  condition,  it  made  these  hardships  to  me  greater  than 
if  I  had  been  in  a  strong  and  healthy  frame ;  yet,  for  all  this,  I  must 
go  or  die.     There  was  no  resistance. 


MM 


CAPTIVITY  OP   ELIZABETH   HANSON. 


397 


son"  L.    "n  M  w  ,?"'''1  T  '''",  '^'^  ^°'^^^'  ''^'^  ^"dian  having 
hoTns    V,?.'     tL        /  .'"y  ^^'-^'^V^'J  throe  chil,h-on  that  could  go  of 

wci!  ciuy  and  was  helped  up  with  it,  did,  for  ail  that,  carry  niv  babe 
for  me  ni  Ins  arms,  which  1  took  to  be  a  favor  from  him  ^TlL  we 
went    hrougi,  several  swamps  and  some  broolcs,  thev  caTefuliy  avofd 
SlrJr  ^'^"^  ''''''  '''^^  '  ^'^'^  '-^  '^y  "-•  footsteps  weTukl 

We  got  that  night,  I  suppose,  not  quite  ten  miles  from  our  bouse  in 
a  direct  line  •  then  taking  up  their  quarters,  lighted  a  fire  some  "f 
them  lying  down,  while  others  kept  watch.  Tbein.  both  w^rand 
lEst."'  '^'"=  ""  ''"  ^"''^  S'-ound  in  the  open  woods!  t'^k  Tul 

However,  early  in  the  morning,  we  must  go  just  as  the  dav  anneirefl 
travelhng  very  hard  all  that  day  through  l^uidryrie'^.S 
swamps,  they,  as  before,  carefully  avoiding  all  paths  for  the  reason 

itin/r'""'^-  M  "'■^'^^'  ^  "^^  '"^^'^  '^''  «"d  tired  ex  eed  n' " 
having  the  same  lodging  on  the  cold  ground,  in  the  open  woods 
Thus,  for  twenty.six  days,  day  by  da>  we  travelled  vc"y  hard* 
sometimes  a  little  by  water,  over  lakes  and  ponds;  and  in  this  L  nev 
we  went  up  some  high  mountains,  so  steep  Ihat  [was  fo  ced  o  S 
upon  my  hands  and  knees;  under  which  diiHculty,  the  Ind  an   mv 

favor  of  God   that  his  heart  was  so  tenderly  inclined  to  assist  me 

hough  he  had,  as  it  is  said,  a  very  heavy  burden  of  his  ovvn     nTv' 

IT.  t"r™"'"r:  /''f  ""^  ''^y  '''•^"'«'^'  «"  ^hat  I  had  no  h  JS 

as  wen  as  J  could,  taking  him  up  in  my  arms  a  little  at  times,  because 

0  sma!  ;  and  when  we  came  to  very^bad  places,  he  would    end  mo 

IS  hand,  or,  coming  behind,  woul.l  push  me  before  him;  in  a  I  whiSi 

he  showed  some  hunmmfy  and  ..vility,  more  than       could  have 

.  e^^pccted :  lor  which  privilege  I  was  secretly  thankful  to  God  as  the 

moving  cause  fhereol.  '        ^"^ 

Next  to  this  we  had  some  very  great  runs  of  water  and  brooks  to 
vado  hrough,  in  which  at  times  we  met  with  much  clifr.culty,  wad  n^ 

r.ir  '  ^t  /'"'''^"^  '^''y^S  '"v  boy  on  their  shoulders.     At 

Ac  s  de  of  one  of  these  runs  or  rivers,  the  Indians  would  have  my 

Idest  daugliter,  Sarah,  to  sing  them  a  son<v.     Then  was  brou<.ht  into 

Bab  Ion,    (&c.)     When  my  poor  child  had  given  me  this  account 
was  vp- affecting,  and  my  heart  was  verylull  of  trouble,  Ton 
my  child  s  account  1  was  glad  that  she  had  so  good  an  inc  ination 

at  the'  '"'  ?"/'"r  "'^'l"''^'^'"'  '"  '""^'"^^  ^-  ^  «i'^'«'  that".  S 
spirLa  cl'r  T  1  '""'''"S-  'h"  h"'3^  ^«--t  at  vacant  times,  for  our 
spiritual  comfort  under  our  present  affliction. 

Next  to  the  difficulties  of  the  rivers,  were  the  prodi-rious  swamns 

nd  duckets,  very  difficult  to  pass  through,  in  which  places  my  maTter 

would  sometimes  lead  me  by  the  hand,  a  great  wav  tLther  Lh  I'l 

34  _  .      ^,      -- _  _ — 


if,:,  ;*.,i| 


pmmtm 

11 

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i  i 

mK  U 

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■ 

P    !■ 

IRh 

1 

■ 

398 


EVENTS   IN   INDIAN   HISTORY. 


me  what  help  he  was  capable  of,  under  the  straits  we  went  through ; 
and  we,  passing,  one  after  another,  the  first  made  it  pretty  passable 
for  the  hindmost. 

But  the  greatest  difficulty,  that  deserves  the  first  to  be  named,  was 
want  of  food,  having  at  times  nothing  to  eat  but  pieces  of  old  beavrr- 
skin  match-coats,  which  the  Indians  having  hid,  (for  they  came  naked  an 
was  said  before,)  which  in  their  going  back  again  they  took  with  them, 
and  they  were  used  more  for  Ibod  than  raiment.  Being  cut  into  long 
narrow  strips,  they  gave  us  little  i)ieces,  which  by  the  Indians'  exam- 
ple we  laid  on  the  fire  until  the  hair  was  singc^d  away,  and  then  we 
ale  them  as  a  sweet  morsel,  experimentally  knowing  "  that  to  the 
hungry  soul  every  bift(?r  thing  is  sweet." 

It  is  to  be  considered  fiirtlier,  that  of  this  poor  di(!t  we  had  but  very 
scanty  allowance;  so  that  we  were  in  no  danger  of  being  overcharged. 
But  that  wiiich  added  to  my  trouble,  was  the  complaints  of  my  poor 
children,  especially  the  little  boy.  Sometimes  the  Indians  would  catch 
a  squirrel  or  beaver,  and  at  other  times  we  met  with  nuts,  berries,  and 
roots  which  they  digged  out  of  the  ground,  with  the  bark  of  some 
frees  ;  but  we  had  no  corn  for  a  great  while  together,  though  some  of 
the  younger  Indians  went  back  and  brought  some  corn  from  the 
English  inhabitants,  (the  harvest  not  being  gathered,)  of  which  we 
had  a  little  allowed  us.  But  when  they  cauglit  a  beaver,  we  lived 
high  while  it  lasted  ;  they  allowed  me  the  guts  and  garbage  for  myself 
and  children;  but  not  allowing  us  to  clean  and  wash  them,  as  they 
ought,  made  the  food  very  irksome  to  us  to  feed  upon,  and  nothing 
besides  pinching  hunger  could  have  made  it  any  way  tolerable  to  be 
borne. 

The  next  difficulty  was  no  less  hard  to  me ;  for  my  daily  travel  and 
hard  living  made  my  milk  dry  almost  quite  up,  and  how  to  preserve 
my  poor  babe's  life  was  no  small  care  on  my  mind ;  having  no  other 
sustenance  for  her,  many  times,  but  cold  water,  which  I  took  in  my 
mouth,  and  let  it  fall  on  my  breast,  when  I  gave  her  the  teat  to  suck 
in,  with  what  it  could  get  from  the  breast ;  and  when  I  had  any  of 
the  broth  of  the  beaver's  guts,  or  other  guts,  I  fed  my  babe  with  it. 
and  as  well  as  I  could  I  preserved  her  life  until  I  got  to  Canada,  and 
then  I  had  some  other  food,  of  which,  more  in  its  place. 

Having  by  this  time  got  considerably  on  the  way,  the  Indians  parted, 
and  we  were  divided  amongst  them.  This  was  a  sore  grief  to  us  ail; 
but  we  must  submit,  and  no  way  to  help  ourselves.  My  eldest  daughter 
was  first  taken  a\vay,  and  carried  to  another  part  of  the  country,  Ihr 
distant  from  us,  where  for  the  present  time  we  must  take  leave  of  her, 
though  with  a  heavy  heart. 

We  did  not  travel  far  after  this,  before  they  divided  again,  taking 
my  second  daughter  and  servant  maid  from  me,  into  another  part  ot 
the  country.  So,  I  having  now  only  my  babe  at  my  breast,  and  little 
boy  six  years  old,  we  remained  with  the  captain  still.  But  my  daughter 
and  servant  underwent  great  hardships  after  they  were  parted  from 
me,  travelling  three  days  without  any  food,  taking  nothing  for  support 
but  cold  water ;  and  the  third  day,  what  with  the  cold,  the  wet,  and 


CAPTIVITV   OF  ELIZ    HETH   HANSON. 


390 


hunger,  the  servcant  foil  down  as  dead  in  a  swoon,  being  both  verv 
cold  and  wot,  at  which  the  Indians,  with  whom  they  were,  wen- 
surprised,  showing  some  kind  of  tenderness,  being  unwilling  then  to 
ose  them  by  death,  having  got  them  so  near  home;  hopino-,  if  they 
lived,  by  their  ransom  to  make  considerable  profit  of  them    ° 

In  a  few  days  after  this,  they  got  near  their  journey's  end,  where 
tlicyhad  more  plenty  of  corn,  and  other  ibod.'  But  flesh  often  fell 
very  short  having  no  other  way  to  depend  on  (or  it  but  huntino-;  and 
when  that  had  failed,  they  had  very  short  commons.  It  was  not  lon<.- 
ore  my  daughter  and  servant  were  likewise  parted,  and  my  daughter's 
master  being  sick,  was  not  able  to  liunt  for  flesh;  neither  Irid  they 
any  corn  in  that  place,  but  were  fbrced  to  <!at  the  bark  of  trees  for  'a 
wliole  week. 

Being  almost  famished  in  this  distress,  Providence  so  ordered  that 
some  other  Indians,  hearing  of  their  misery,  came  to  visit  them,  (tiiese 
people  being  very  kind  and  helpful  to  one  another,  which  is  very 
oomniendable,)  and  brought  to  them  the  guts  and  liver  of  a  beaver, 
whu^h  afforded  them  a  good  repast,  being  but  four  in  number,  the 
fndian,  his  wife  and  daughter,  and  my  daughter. 

By  this  time  my  master  and  our  company  got  to  our  journey's  end 
where  we  were  better  fed  at  times,  having  some  corn  and  venison,  and 
wild  fowl,  or  what  they  could  catch  by  hunting  in  the  woods  ;  and  n.v 
master  having  o  large  family,  fifteen  in  number,  we  had  at  times  ver'y 
short  commons,  more  especially  when  game  was  scarce. 

But  here  our  lodging  was  still  on  the  cold  ground,  in  a  poor  wiowam, 
(Which  is  a  kind  of  little  shelter  made  with  the  rind  of  trees,  and  mats 
ior  a  covering,  something  like  a  tent.)  These  are  so  easily  set  up  and 
taken  down,  that  they  often  remove  them  from  one  place" to  another 
Uur  shoes  and  stockings,  and  our  other  clothes,  being  worn  out  in  this 
long  journey  through  the  bushes  and  swamps,  and  the  weather  comin.v 
in  very  hard,  we  were  poorly  defended  from  the  cold,  (or  want  oT 
necessaries;  which  caused  one  of  my  (eet,  one  of  the  little  babe's,  and 
both  o  the  httle  boy's,  to  freeze;  and  this  was  no  small  exercise,  yet, 
through  mercy,  we  all  did  well. 

Now,  though  we  got  to  our  journey's  end,  we  were  never  lon^^  in 
one  place,  but  very  often  removed  from  one  place  to  another,  carryino- 
our  wigwams  with  us,  which  wc  could  do  without  much  difficulty! 
I  his  being  for  the  convenience  of  hunting,  made  our  accommodations 
much  more  unpleasant,  than  if  we  lutd  continued  in  one  place,  bv 
reason  the  coldness  and  dampness  (.('the  ground,  where  our  wigwams 
were  pitched,  made  it  very  unwholesome,  and  unpleasant  lodoin^. 

Having  now  got  to  the  Indian  fort,  many  of  the  Indians°came  to 
visit  us,  and  in  their  way  welcomed  my  master  iiome,  and  held  a 
great  rejoicing,  with  dancing,  firing  of  guns,  beating  on  hollow  trees, 
instead  of  drums  ;  shouting,  drinking,  and  feasting  after  their  manner, 
in  much  excess,  for  several  days  together,  which  I  suppose,  in  their 
thoughts,  was  a  kind  of  thanks  to  <W],  put  up  for  their  safe  'return 
and  good  success.  But  while  th.  •.  were  in  their  jollity  and  mirth, 
snymmdwas  greatly  exercised      wards  the  Lord,  that  I,  with  my 


Ill  '  i     •  '■ 


51     uf 


V]> 


EVENTS    IN   INDIAN   HISTORY. 

dear  children,  separated  from  me,  might  be  preserved  from  repining 
against  God  under  our  trials  and  afflictions  on  the  one  hand,  and 
on  the  other  we  might  have  our  dependence  on  Him,  who  rules  the 
hearts  of  men,  and  can  do  what  he  pleases  in  the  kingdoms  of  the 
earth,  knowing  that  his  care  is  over  them  who  put  their  trust  in  him; 
but  I  found  it  very  hard  to  keep  my  mind  as  I  ought,  in  the  resignation 
which  is  proper  if  .should  be,  under  such  atllictions  and  so  j  trials  as 
at  that  time  I  suffered  in  being  under  various  fears  and  aoubts  con- 
cerning my  children,  that  were  separated  1V(  ai  me,  which  helped  to 
add  to  and  greatly  increase  my  troubles.     And  here  I  may  truly  say, 
my  affliclions  are  not  to  be  set  forth  in  words  to  (he  extent  of  thcni.' 
We  had  not  been  long  at  home  ere  my  master  went  a  hunting,  and 
was  absent  about  a  week,  he  ordering  mo  in  liis  absence  to  get  in 
wood,  gather  nuts,  &c.     I  was  very  diligent  cutting  the  wood  and 
putting  it  in  order,  not  having  very  far  to  carry  it.     But  when  he 
returned,  having  got  no  prey,  he  was  very  much  out  of  humor,  and 
the  disappointment  was  so  great  that  he  could  not  forbear  revenging 
it  on  us  poor  captives.     However,  he  allowed  me  a  little  boiled  corn 
for  myself  and  child,  but  with  a  very  angry  look  threw  a  stick  or  corn- 
cob at  me  with  such  violence  as  did  bespeak  he  grudged  our     dim. 
At  this  his  sf'uaw  and  daughter  broke  out  into  a  great  crying.     Th?s 
made  me  fear  mischief  was  hatching  against  us.     I  immcdiat'ely  went 
out  of  his  jircsence  into  another  v.-igwani ;  upon  which  he  came  afler 
me,  and  in  a  great  furv  tore  my  blanket  off  my  back,  and  took  my 
little  boy  from  me,  and  -truck  him  down  as  lie  went  along  before  iiim; 
but  the  poor  child  not  being  hurt,  only  frightened  in  the  fall,  started 
11])  and  ran  away  without  crying.     TJicn  the  Indian,  my  master,  left 
me ;  but  his  wife's  mother  came  and  sat  down  by  me,  and  tcjjd  me  I 
must  slec])  there  that  night.     She  then  going  from  me  a  little  time, 
can)e  bacli:  with  a  small  skin  to  cover  my  feet  w  thai,  informing  me 
that  my  master  infcnded  now  to  IviU  us,  and  I,  being  desirous  to  know 
the  reason,  expostulated,  that  in  his  absence  I  had  been  diligent  to  do 
as  I  was  ordered  by  hiin.    Thus  as  well  as  I  could  I  made  her  sensible 
hov,-  unreasf)nable  lie  was.     Now,  though  she  could  not  understand 
me,  nor   1  her,  but  by  signs,  we  reasoned  as  well  as  we  could.     She 
therefore  made  signs  that  I  must  die,  advising  me,  by  pointing  up  with 
her  fingers,  in  her  way,  to  pray  to  Cod,  endeavoring  by  her  signs 
and  tears  to  instruct  me  in  that  which  was  most  needful,  viz:  to 
prepare  fir  death,  which  now  thrfiatened  me.   Th(>  poor  old  squaw  was 
so  very  kind  and  tender,  that  she  would  not  leave  me  all  the  night, 
but  laid  herself  down  at  mv  feet,  designing  what  she  coidd  to  assuage 
her  son-in-law's  wrath,  who  liad  conceiv(;d  evil  against  me,  chiefly,  as 
I  understood,  because  the  want  of  victuals  urgedhim  to  it.     My  rest 
was  little  ibis  night,  my  poor  babn  sleeping  sweetly  l)y  me, 

I  dreaded  the;  tragical  design  of  my  iua,-;ler,  looking  every  hour  fir 

s  coming  to  execute  his  bloody  will  upon  us;  but  he  being  weary 

with  hunting  and  travel  in  the  woods,  having  toiled  for  nothing,  wcrit 

to  rest  and   forgot  it.     Next  mrtrning  he  applied  himself  again  to 

muting  iti  the  woods,  but  I  dreaded  his  returning  enipty,  and  prayed 


u^. 


CAPTIVITV   OF   ELIZABETH   HANSON. 


401 


secretly  in  my  heart  that  he  might  catch  some  food  to  satisfy  hi. 
hunger,  and  cool  his  ill  humor.  He  had  not  been  gone  but  a  liuie 
tune,  when  he  returned-  with  booty,  having  shot  some  wild  ducks ;  and 
novv  he  apfKJared  ui  a  better  temper,  ordered  the  fowls  to  be  dressed 
with  speed;  for  these  kind  of  people,  when  they  have  plenty,  spend  it 
as  freely  as  they  get  it,  using  with  gluttony  and  drunkenness,  in  two 
days  time  as  much  as  with  pruder.t  management  might  serve  a  week 
Ihus  do  they  live,  for  the  most  part,  either  in  excess  of  gluttony  and 
drunkenness,  or  t-nder  great  straits  of  want  of  necessaries.  Howei'cr 
m  this'plentilul  tune,  I  ielt  the  comfort  of  it  in  part  with  the  family- 
having  a  portion  sent  for  me  and  my  little  ones,  which  was  very 
acceptable.  Now,  I  thinking  the  bitterness  of  death  was  over  for 
tfiis  time,  my  spirits  were  a  little  easier. 

Not  long  after  this  he  got  into  the  like  ilUhumor  again,  threatenino- 
to  take  away  my  hie.  But  I  always  observeo  whenever  he  was  in 
such  a  temper,  he  wanted  food,  and  was  pinched  with  hunoer.  But 
when  he  had  success  in  hunting,  to'takc  either  bears,  bucks,°or  fowls 
on  which  he  could  fill  his  belly,  he  was  better  humored,  though  he  was 
naturally  of  a  very  hot  and  passionate  temper,  throwing  sticks,  stones 
or  whatever  lay  ,„  his  way,  on  every  slight  occasion.  This  made  me 
in  continual  danger  of  my  life;  but  God,  whose  providence  is  over  all 
his  works,  so  preserved  me  that  I  never  received  any  damacre  from 
liim,  that  was  of  any  great  consequence  to  me;  for  which°l  ever 
desire  to  be  thankful  to  my  Maker. 

When  flesh  was  scarce  we  had  only  the  guts  and  garbage  allowed 
to  our  part,  and  not  being  permitted  to  cleanse  the  guts  any  other 
wise  than  emptying  the  dung  (out),  without  so  much  as  washing 
them,  as  before  noted;  in  that  filthy  pickle  we  must  boil  them  and  eat 
ihem,  which  was  very  unpleasant.  But  hunger  made  up  that  diffi. 
culty,  so  that  this  food,  which  was  very  often  our  lot,  became  pretty 
tolerable  to  a  -harp  appetite,  which  otheiwise  could  not  have  been 
dispensed  with.  Thus  1  considered,  none  know  what  they  can 
undergo  until  they  are  tried;  for  what  I  had  thought  in  my  own 
family  not  fit  food,  wo  ,ld  here  have  been  a  dainty  dish  and  sweet 
morsel. 

By  this  time,  what  with  fatigue  of  spirits,  hard  labor,  mean  diet, 
and  often  want  of  natural  rest,  I  was  brou^nt  so  low  that  my  milk 
was  dried  up,  my  '  ^.be  very  poor  and  weak,  just  skin  and  bones,  for 
I  could  perceive  all  her  joints  from  one  end  of  the  back  to  the  other 
and  how  to  get  what  would  suit  her  weak  appetite,  I  was  at  a  loss,' 
on  which  one  of  the  Indian  squaws,  pefceiving  my  uneasiness  about 
my  child,  began  some  discourse  with  me,  in  which  she  advised  me 
fo  take  the  kernels  of  walnuts,  clean  them  and  beat  them  with  a  little 
water,  which  I  did,  and  when  I  had  so  done,  the  water  looked  like 
milk;  then  she  advised  me  to  add  to  this  water  a  little  of  the  finest 
of  Indian  corn  meal,  and  boil  it  a  little  together.     I  did  so,  and  it 
became  palatable,  and  was  very  nourishing  to  the  babe,  so  that  she 
began  to  thrive  and  look  well,  who  was  before  more  like  to  die  than 
"ve.    I  found  that  with  this  kind  of  diet  the  Indians  did  often  mum 

34* 


402 


HVEirrs   IN   INDIAN   HI9T0RT. 


their  infants.  This  was  no  small  comfort  to  me;  but  this  comfort 
was  s(x)n  mixed  with  bitterness  and  trouble,  which  thus  happened: 
my  master  taking  iintire  of  my  dear  baljo's  thriving  condition,  would 
often  look  upon  her,  and  say  when  she  was  fnt  enough  she  would  bo 
killed,  and  he  would  eat  her;  and,  pursuant  to  his  pretence,  at  a 
ceriain  time  he  made  me  fetch  him  a  stick  that  he  had  prepared  for 
a  spit  to  roast  the  child  upon,  as  he  said,  which,  when  I  had  done,  he 
made  me  sit  down  by  him  and  undri'ss  the  infant.  When  the  child 
was  naked  he  li^lt  her  arms,  legs,  and  thighs,  and  told  me  she  was 
not  fat  enough  yet;  i  must  dress  her  again  until  she  was  in  better 
case. 

Now,  though  he  thus  acted,  I  could  not  persuade  myself  that  he 
intended  to  do  tis  he  pretended,  '>■/  'v  co  aggravate  and  afflict  rne; 
neither  ever  could  I  think  but  ou?  •  'ould  be  preserved  from  his 

Iwrbarous  hands,  by  the  overrulinf,  i  'er  of  llim  in  whose  providence 
1  put  my  trust  both  day  and  night. 

A  little  time  after  this,  my  master  fell  sick,  and  in  his  sickness,  as 
lie  lay  in  his  wigwam,  he  ordered  his  own  son  to  beat  my  son;  but 
the  old  s(|uaw,  tlic  Indian  boy's  grandmother,  would  not  suffer  him  to 
do  it;  th(!n  his  father,  being  provoked,  caught  up  a  stick,  very  sharp 
at  one  end,  and  with  givat  violence  threw  it  from  him  at  tny  son,  and 
hit  him  on  the  breast,  with  which  my  child  was  very  much  bruised, 
and  the  pain,  Milh  the  surprise,  made  him  turn  as  pale  as  death;  1 
eulrc'iiljng  him  not  to  cry,  and  the  boy,  though  but  six  years  old,  bore 
it  with  wonderful  patience,  not  so  much  as  in  the  least  complaining, 
so  that  the  child's  patience  assuaged  the  barbarity  of  his  heart;  who, 
no  doubt,  would  have  carried  his  passion  and  resentment  much  higher 
had  he  cried,  as  always  complaining  did  aggravate  his  passion,  and 
his  auger  grew  hotter  upon  it.  Some  little  time  after,  on  the;  same 
day,  he  got  upon  his  (i'ef,  but  far  from  being  well.  However,  though 
he  was  sick,  his  wife  and  daughter  let  me  know  he  intended  to  kill 
us,  and  I  was  under  a  tear,  unless  Providence  now  interposed,  how  it 
would  end.  I  therefore  put  down  my  child,  and  going  out  of  his 
presence,  went  to  cut  wood  for  the  fire  as  I  used  to  do,  hoping  that 
would  in  part  allay  his  passion;  but  withal,  ere  I  came  to  the  wigwam 
again,  I  expected  my  child  would  I  Julled  in  this  mad  lit,  having  no 
other  way  but  U^  cast  my  care  upon  God,  who  had  hith(;rto  helped 
and  cared  ibr  n)e  and  mine. 

Under  this  gre  tt  feud,  the  old  squaw,  my  master's  mother-in-law, 
left  him;  but  my  mistress  and  her  daughter  abode  in  the  wigwam 
with  my  master,  und  when  I  came  with  my  wood,  the  daughter  cainc 
to  me,  whom  1  asked  'f  her  father  had  killed  my  child,  and  she  made 
me  a  sign,  no,  with  a  countenance  that  seemed  pleased  it  was  so;  for 
instead  of  his  further  venting  his  passion  on  me  and  my  children,  thf 
Lord  in  whom  I  trusted  did  seasonably  interpose,  and  I  took  it  as  a 
merciful  deliverance  from  him,  and  the  Indian  was  under  some  sense.' 
of  the  same,  as  himself  did  confess  to  them  about  him  afterwards. 

Thus  it  was:  a  little  after  he  got  upon  his  feet,  the  Lord  struck 
him  with  great  sickness,  and  a  violent  pain,  as  appeared  by  the  com- 


CAPTiVITY   OF   BLIZABBTH   HAWSON.  '  403 

plaint  he  mtde  in  a  doleful  and  hideous  manner;  which,  when  I 
understood,  not  having  yet  seen  him,  I  went  to  another  squaw  tha 
was  come  to  see  my  ma„or,  which  could  both  speak  and  undemand 
Lnghsh    and  m.purt^d  of  her  if  my  mistress  (for  so  1  always  caUed 
her,  and  hun  nmster,)  thought  that  master  would  die.     ShTanswe  ed 
yes,  U  was  very  hkoly  ho  would,  boinji  worse  and  worse.    "iTen  I 
told  her  he  struck  my  boy  a  dreadful  blow  without  any  nrovocatk., 
at  all  and  had  threatened  to  kill  us  all  in  his  fury  and  pa  sion;  npo 
wh.eh  the  squaw  told  me  my  master  had  confessed  tie  abrZ  abuse 
he  offered  .ny  child   and  that  the  n.ischief  he  had  done  was  the  cause 
why  God  allhcted  hun  with  that  sickness  and  pain,  and  he  had  pro! 
mi.«l  never  t.,  abuse  us  in  such  sort  more;  and  alter  this  he  soon 
recovered,   but  was  not  so  passionate;   nor  do  1  remember  he  e^e 
after  struck  either  me  or  my  children,  so  as  to  hurt  us,  or  with  tha 
mischievous  .nt,>„t  as  belbre  he  used  to  do.    This  1  took  as  the  Lordt 
<loing,  and  it  was  marv,.||„i,s  in  my  eyes. 

Some  ihw   weeks  alier  (his,   my   master  made  anoth<>r  remove 
having  as   belore  made  several;    but  this  was  the  lonc^est  evrhe 
made,  It  beu,,  two  days' journey,  and  mostly  upon  ice!     The  firs! 
days  journey  the  ,cc  was  bai-e,  but  the  next  day,\some  snow  fhllin' 
made  it  very  troub  esome,  tedious,  and  dilHcult  tmvelling;  and  I  tool^ 

liott  ^:T  '"      '"  "•"'"^'  ^^^^'"^'  ^^^  '-'''  «'■  "^y  ^^«^«  ^hat  added 
not  a  little  to  mv  uneasiness.     An.l  the  last  night  when  we  came  to 

encamp,  It  being-  ui  the  night,  1  was  ordered  to  fetch  water;  but  Sno 

-at  awhile  on  l|„.  cold  ground,  I  could  neither  go  nor  stand    but° 

crawling  on  uiy  hands  and  knees,  a  young  Indian  squaw  came  lo  see 

oui  people,  beu.gol  another  family,  in  c°om passion  took  the  kettlT 

Hiid  knowing  where  to  go   which  I  did  not,  filtched  the  water  for  rne' 

I  now  saw  the  design  of  this  journey.  My  master  being,  as  I  sun- 
|H)se,  weary  to  keep  us,  was  willing  to  make  what  he  could  of  our 
mnsom;  therc-lore  he  went  further  towards  th,3  French,  and  left  hi 
amily  in  tins  place,  where  they  had  a  great  dance,  sundry  other 
luhans  conung  to  our  p-eople.  This  held  some  time,  ^nd  whife  they 
«ore  ,n  it    I  got  out  of  thiur  way  in  a  corner  of  the  wig^^■am  as  well 

loll  T     '    T  T'^  ''r  '^'^  ^""'^  "^y  "^^  '"  th-''-  ^'^'"cing,  they 
would  bow  my  head  towards  the  ground,  and  frequently  kick  m;  wkh 

grea   fury  as  ,hey  could  bear,  being  sundry  of  them  barefoot, TnS 

hers  having  Indian  moccasins.     This  dance  held  some  time,  and 

riiev  made,  u.  their  manner,  great  rejoicings  and  noise 

t  was  not  nil  ny  days  ere  my  master  returned  from  the  French- 

Hit  he  was  in  such  a  humor  when  he  came  back,  he  would  not  suftei' 

me  in  his  presence.     Therefore  1  had  a  little  shelter  made  wi^  some 

lx).iuhs  they  having  digged  through  the  snow  to  the  around    S  hZl 

pretMecp.     In  this  hole  1  and  my  poor  children  we^re    ut'to  i:^ 

he  weather  being  very  sharp,  with  hard  frost,  in  the  month  called 

anuary,  made  it  more  tedious  to  me  and  my  children.   Our  stay  was 

not  long  in  tins  place  before  he  took  me  to  the  French,  in  order^fra 


"hi 


%; 


Cl 


1,11 


404 


KVBNTa    IN    INDIAN    HiSTOSTi 


chapman,  Wlien  we  cnnie  among  them  1  was  exposed  lor  sale,  and 
he  asked  for  me  ei<i;ht  hundred  livros.  Hut  his  chupman  not  comply, 
ing  with  his  demand,  pnt  him  in  a  great  rage,  oflering  him  but  six 
hundred;  he  said,  in  a  gn^at  [)assion,  if  he  could  not  lmv(!  hi.s  demand, 
he  would  mak(^  a  great  lire  and  burn  me  and  the  babe  in  the  view  of 
the  town,  which  was  nruiicd  l"'ort  Royal.  Tht;  Frenchman  bill  the 
Indian  make,  the  lire,  "and  i  will,"  says  he,  "help  you,  if  you  think 
that  will  do  you  more  good  than  six  hundred  livres;"  culling  my 
master  a  fool,  and  si)eakiiig  roughly  to  him,  bid  him  begoie.  But  at 
the  some  time  the  Frenchman  was  civil  to  me;  and,  for  my  encou- 
ragemcMJt,  bid  me  be  of  good  cheer,  for  1  should  l)C  redeemed,  and  not 
go  back  with  tluMii  again. 

Retiring  now  with  my  muster  for  this  night,  the  next  day  I  was 
redeemed  for  six  hundred  livres;  and  in  treating  with  my  master,  the 
Frenchman  queried  why  he  askcnl  so  much  for  the  child's  ransom, 
urging,  when  she  had  her  belly  full,  she  would  die.  My  muster  said, 
"No,  she  would  not  die,  having  already  lived  twenty-six  days  on 
nothing  but  water,  lK>lieving  the  child  to  be  a  devil."  The  Frenchman 
told  him,  "No,  the  child  is  ordered  for  longer  lile;  and  it  has  pleased 
(tod  to  preserve  her  to  admiration."  My  master  said  no,  she  was  a 
devil,  and  he  believed  she  would  not  die,  unless  they  took  a  hatchet 
and  bent  her  brains  out.  'J'hus  ended  their  discourse,  and  I  was,  as 
aforesaid,  with  my  babe,  rnnsouKMl  lor  six  hundred  livres;  my  little 
boy,  likewise!,  at  the  same  time,  lor  an  additional  sum  of  livres,  was 
redeemed  also. 

[  now  having  changed  my  landlord,  my  table  and  diet,  as  well  as 
my  lodging,  the  French  were  civil  beyond  what  1  could  either  desire 
or  expect.  But  the  next  day  alter  1  was  redeemed,  the  Romish  i)riest 
took  my  babe  from  me,  and  according  to  t!?ir  custom,  they  baptized 
her,  urging  if  she  died  before  that  she  would  hc:  damned,  like  some  of 
our  modern  pretended  reformed  priests,  and  they  gave  her  a  name  as 
pleased  them  test,  which  was  Mary  Ann  Frossways,  telling  me  my 
child,  if  she  now  died,  would  be  saved,  being  baptized;  and  my  land- 
lord speaking  to  the  priest  that  baptized  her,  said,  "It  would  be  well, 
now  Frossways  was  baptized,  for  her  to  die,  being  now  in  a  state  to 
Ix;  saved;"  but  the  priest  said,  "No,  the  child  having  been  so  mira- 
culously preserved  through  so  many  hardships,  she  may  be  designed 
by  Got!  Icir  some  great  work,  and  by  her  lile  being  still  continued, 
may  much  more  glorify  God  than  if  she  should  now  die."  A  very 
sensible  remark,  and  I  wish  it  may  prove  true. 

i  having  been  about  five  months  amongst  the  Indians,  in  about  one 
month  after  I  got  amongst  the  French,  my  dear  husband,  to  my 
unspeakable  comfort  and  joy,  came  to  me,  who  was  now  himself 
concerned  to  redeem  his  children,  two  of  our  daughters  being  still 
captives,  and  only  myself  and  two  little  ones  redeemed;  and,  through 
great  difficulty  and  trouble,  he  recovered  the  younger  daughter.  But 
the  eldest  we  could  by  no  means  obtain  from  Iheir  hands,  for  the 
squaw  to  whom  she  was  given  had  a  son  whom  she  intended  my 
daughter  should  in  time  be  prevailed  with  to  marry.     The  Indian* 


OAPTIVITY  OF    KLIZAHETir    riANSON. 


40S 


are  vory  civil  towards  thoir  captive  women,  not  ofFcrin^nnv  inrivilitv 

11-  <  iiiKl,  an.l  .ill  t ,  „o  pm-p-.s.,.,  wo  were  forced  to  rniiko  homeward 
•avin.  ,„„•  daughter,  to  ,.,u-  ..-eat   .rief,  behind   us,  ar     nsH^^^ 
".iiun.,and  set  .,rward  over  the  lal<e,  wM.h  thn..  oi-c,„    chi  1  C ,  and 

tu.  servant  ma.d,  ,n  company  with  sun.lry  others,  and  hy  t  e  kn  d,' "s 

Irov    ence,  we  ,ot  wHl   hen.e  e„   the   l.st  dav  of  tlu.  7th      on 
7..>.     J-rom  which  it  appears  I  had  h,.,..  ihnn  home,  amongst  the 

1"'  i.ms  and  hVeneh,  ahout  twelve  months  and  six  days  " 

inJvi.W  ;;i^  •'"  r''";''  ''""'  'l'^  """^  ''"'Iverancci  ',uu\  wonderad 
pievKicnu!.  ol  Cod  nnto  us,  and  over  us,  hath  heen,  arul  I  hone  will 
..  vmam  to  ho,  as  a  continued  obligation  on  my  n.ind,  ev,  •    o  ^ 
1"   i'.it  l<'ar,  love,  an.l  ol,ed,..nce  to  (;,Kl,,|,dy  re.rardin-,  hv  his  omn 

10  M,  .ss  ol  hie  and  -o.llmc.ss  ol  conversation,  to  the  praise  ol'him  that 

Imth  called  me,  who  is  (led  blessed  (or<;v<T.  ^       ^     "  i"'i' 

Hut  my  d,.ar  husband,  po..r  man  !  could  iK.t  enjoy  hims(,lf  in  nuiet 

it h  us,  l.,r  want  of  his  dear  daughter  Sarah,  thilt  was  lei    bele      • 
and  not  wdhnu'  to  on„l  anythi.,^  lor  her  reden.plion  which  lay  in    I' 
power   he  could  not  be  easy  without  n.akin,  I.  second     tS,       in 
;    mrniy'i; '^  '"'  his  .io.m.ey  about  th.A.th  day  of  thet;,;; 
month,  1/.7,  I     company  w.tn  a  kmsman^md  his  wile  who  went  to 

Vwem2>u    ^'-7^''''''7' -''--•-"  '.appy  as  to  obtain'whm 
Uity  went  about      But  my  dear  husband  Ikuu-  taken  sick  on  the  wav 
^  ew  worse  and  worse,  as  we  were  inlhrmed,  and  was  sr  .s  bl^^: 
d  not  oet  over  it;  tellin.  n.y  kinsn,an  that  if  it  was  the     ord's 

Altnvi;  (C  -''^'M-'-l^-S,'"  about  the  half  way  between 

Albany  and  Canada,  m  my  kuisnian's  arrus,  and  is  at  rest,  1  hot.e  in 

lK3  Lord  :  and  thouoh  my  own  chil.lren's  loss  is  very  c^eat^'t  " 

cH..K>t  butlns  pun   is  much  more;   [  therefi.re  deJr,rS  pi 

at  the  Lord  wdl  enable  me  pati..ntly  to  subnat  to  his  will  i ,  ,1 

ng.s  he  ,s   pleased  to  sutler  to  be  n.y  lot  while   here,  earr.es 

m  l,lh  tudy  rich,  and  adds  no  sorrow  with  it;  that  as  they  crow  in 
a.    they  may  g.-ow  m  irn.c,  a.id  experien,-e  the  joy  of  Wivation 
^^l.ich  IS  co.ne  by  Jesus  (Jl.rist,  our  Lord  and  SaviouJ.     Amen  ' 

cilT:,fu'^r'''^  ''"'^^'"'^  '""'*'  '^>'  "■^"•'^°"  ""^  ^^hich  his  labor  was 
tW      \\       -        ""'■'"  pn^secuted  the  tl.in.ir,  and  leil  no  stone  unturned 

£  Ite  "r"'^'  ''  T'^  ^'^Z^'^^''^^^''  ^-«  P'-P^^'-  ''^  the  obtaining  my 
was,  dhd  given  to  an  old  squaw,  who  intended  to  marry  her  in  time 


m\ 


406 


KVENT8   IN    INDIAN    HISTORY. 


to  her  son,  iisinp  what  persuasion  she  could  to  effect  her  end,  some- 
times  by  lUir  iiicniis,  and  .soni;'tiincs  hy  severe. 

In  the  mean  time  u  Frt-ncliinaii  interposed,  and  they  by  persuasions 
enticinij;  my  cliiid  to  iiiarry,  in  order  to  obtain  her  freedom,  by  reasdn 
that  those  (•aptiv(;s  married  l)y  the;  French  are,  by  that  marriage,  made 
free  among  them,  the  Indians  having  then  no  pretence  longer  to  keep 
them  as  captives  ;  she  thereli)re  was  prevailed  upon,  for  the  reasons 
afore  assigned,  t<^  iriarry,  and  she  was  accordingly  married  to  the  said 
Frenchman. 

Thus,  as  well,  and  as  near  as  1  can  from  my  memory,  (not  beiiii 
capable  of  keeping  a  journal,)  1  have  given  a  short  but  a  true  account 
of  some  of  the  remarkable  trials  and  wonderful  deliverances  which  I 
never  pur])osed  to  expose;  but  that  1  hope  thereby  the  inerciliil 
kin(hu>ss  and  go(j(lness  of  (lod  n)ay  Ix;  magnified,  and  the  reader 
hereof  |)rovoked  \vith  more  care  and  i(>ar  to  serve  him  in  righteousness 
and  humility,  and  then  my  designed  end  and  purpose  will  be  answered. 

F.  H. 


CHAPTER  XIX. 

A  NARUATIVi;  OF  Till;  C Al'TIVITY  Of  NKIIIIMIAH  HOW,  WHO  WAS  TAKF.N 
l!V  'rilF,  INDIANS  AT  'llli;  (IllKAT  MKADOW  FOKT  AIKJVE  FORT  DUMiMlCK, 
WHERK  UK  WAS  A\  IMIAHITANT,  OL'TOUER  IITII,  ITIo. 

At  the  Great  iVIeadow's  fort,  fourteen  miles  above  Fort  Dumnior, 
Octolx^r  nth,  1745,  where  I  was  an  inhabitant,  I  went  out  from  the 
fort  about  fitly  rods  to  cut  wood ;  and  when  I  had  done,  1  walked 
towarils  the  f()rt,  but  in  iny  way  heard  the  crackling  of  fences  behind 
me,  and  turning  about,  saw  twelve  or  thirteen  Indians,  with  red 
painted  heads,  running  arter  me ;  on  which  I  cried  to  God  for  help, 
and  ran,  and  hallooed  as  I  ran,  to  alarm  the  fort.  But  by  the  time  I 
had  run  ten  roils,  the  Indi;uis  came  up  with  me  and  took  hold  of  me. 
At  the  same  time  the  men  at  the  fort  shot  at  the  Indians,  and  killed 
one  on  the  spot,  wounded  another,  who  died  fourteen  days  after  h( 
got  home,  and  likewise  :shot  a  bullet  through  the  i)owder-horn  of  oik 
tliat  had  hold  of  me.  They  then  led  me  into  the  swamp  and  pinioned 
me.  I  then  committed  my  case  to  God,  and  prayed  that,  since  it  was 
his  will  to  deliver  me  into  tlx;  hands  of  those  cruel  men,  I  might  find 
favor  in  their  eyes;  which  request  God  in  his  infinite  mercy  was 
pleased  to  grant ;  for  they  \vero  generally  kind  to  me  wliilo  I  was 
with  them.  fSome  of  the  Indians  at  that  time  took  charge  of  me: 
others  ran  into  the  Held  to  kill  cattle.  They  led  me  about  half  a 
mile,  whore  we  staid  in  open  sight  of  the  fort,  till  the  Indians  wlu' 
were  killing  cattle  came  to  us,  laden  with  beef.  Then  they  went  n 
little  further  to  a  house,  where  they  staid  to  cut  the  meat  from  the 
bones,  and  cut  the  helve  otf  of  my  axe,  and  stuck  it  into  the  ground, 
pointing  the  way  we  went. 

Then  we  travelled  along  the  river  side,  and  when  we  had  got  about 


CAPTIVITY   OF    NEHEMIAH    HOW. 


407 


fhrpe  miks     esp.ed  a  canoe-  comin-  down  on  tho  further  sido  of  tho 
nvor,  with  Davd  Uugg  and  Uohort  Huknr,  l^^lon^in.  to  o,  r  for       I 
made  as  mud,  no.so  a.s  I  could,  l,y  hauum-rin-,  ^c,  that  th.-v  miah 
S.-.M.S  b<.foro  tho  Indians  saw  th.m,  and  so  «;!  as  k>  o  a     WaJ . 
But  the    nd.ans  saw  ihr-.n,  and  shot  across  tho  river  tw.>ntv  o     hiL" 
guns  at  them   by  winch  tho  (irst.n,ontioncd  .nan  was  kiilc^l,  bu    t^e 
other,  Robert   Hukor,  pot  ashore  an.l  esca,KMl.     Then  some  of   he 
huhans  swam  across  the  r.ver  and  brought   .he  canoe  to  us;  |"avinL' 
str.p,x>d  and  sculped  the  dead  m:u.,  an.i  Uu.,  we  w(>nt  abou    a  mile 
lurther,  vvIkm,  wc  came  ,o  another  house,  where  wo  stopped.     VVh  e 
hen.  we  heard  men  runnmi^  by  the  bank  of  the  river,  whom  J  knew 
obe  Jonathan    Thayer,  San.uel  Nnttin.,  and  mv  s^n  Caleb  How 
iMveof  he    -uhans  ran  to  h.-ad  then,.     My  heart  ached  for.hem   and 
prayed   o  God  to  save  then,  fn.n  ,he  hands  of.he  enemy.    1  su  '  ose 
hey  l,.d  under  the  bank  of  the  rive.-,  ibr  the  lndia..s  were  .one  some 
time,  l)ut  came  back  without  them,  blessed  be  God 

VVe  went  about  a  mile  furtht.r,  where  we  lodired  that  ni^ht    and 

roasted  the  ,j.eat  they  had  ,..,.     The  next  day  wcrtraveired  v  uy  kow 

y  reason  of  the  wounded  Indian,  which  was  a  orcat  li.vor  i7o 

V  II^'t  ^hi^ri  '"^^'Vl"^'"^^  ^""^''^^  FourO^inceCharlestown; 
N.  II )  Ihc  hud  day  we  hkew.se  t.-avelled  slowly,  and  stopperl  otlen 
0  rest,  and  get  alouf?  the  wounded  man.  Wo  lodged  that'  ni.ht  by 
-he^^second  small  r.ver  that  runs  into  the  great  river"  agair,st  N^mter 

The  fourth  day  morning  the  Indians  held  a  piece  of  l,ark,  and  bid 

mo  wr.te  my  nanie,  and  how  ma..y  days  we  had  travelled;  "  h."'sa.'d 

hoy,  "may  he  Lnghslni.en  will  con.e  here."     That  was  a  ha,'d  day 

0  me,  as  ,t  was  wet  a..d  we  went  ove.-  prodigious  nu.untains,  so  tS 

became  weak  and  fa.nt ;  lor  I  had  not  eate.i  the  value  of  one  mea 

mm  the  time  I  wa^s  taken,  and  that  l,eing  Ix^ef  ain.ost  raw,  withou 

road  or  salt.*  When  I  came  li.'st  to  the  loot  of  those  hills,     though 

t  was  impossible  for  mc  to  ascend  them,  without  immediate  help  frSm 

(.od;  therefore  my  constant  recourse  was  to  bi.n  Ibr  stren^   h,  which 

he  was  grac.ously  pleased  to  grant  me,  and  for  which  I  desire  i^  praise 

Wc  got  that  day  a  little  before  night  to  a  place  where  they  had  a 
anting  house,  a  kettle,  some  beer,  some  Indian  corn,  and  salt^  Thev 
boiled  a  good  mess  of  .t  1  drank  of  the  broth,  eat  of  the  .neat  and 
;wn,  and  was  wonderlully  refreshed,  so  that  I  felt  like  another  ,r.an 
I  he  next  moi^.ng  we  got  up  early,  and  alter  wc  had  eaten,  n,y  master 
^aid  to  me,  "You  must  walk  quick  to  day,  or  I  kill  vou."  I  fold  h  m 
would  go  as  fast  as  I  could,  and  no  faster,  if  he  did  kill  me       U 

vt ,;  ""i^  1  ..","'  ""'^^  'T  '^'  ^'"'^  '■'•'^"'1  '  h^d'  took  care  of  me. 

.  trave  led  that  day  very  hard,  and  over  steep  hills,  but  it  bein<r  a 

'ool  wmdy  day,  I  performed  it  with  mo.-e  ease  than  before-  vet  I  wa. 

much  tn-ed  before  night,  but  dure  not  complain  ^  ' 

tnleLl  w-tfl'^V^"^'""' "'"^  pair  of  their  shoes,  so  that  I 

Mvelled  with  abundant  more  ease  than  when  I  wore  mv  own  shoes 
1  ate  but  very  httle,  as  our  victuals  were  almost  spentf    When  S 


vDB 


BVEJfTS    IN    INDIAN    HI6TORY. 


8un  wns  about  two  hours  high,  the;  fiuliann  ncnttcrfd  to  hunt,  and  fhoy 
soon  killed  a  Itivvn,  and  tlircc-  sinidl  hears,  so  that  wci  had  aj^ain  niout 
tjnough;  some  of  which  we  hoiled  and  cat  henrtily  of,  by  which  \  Iclt 
strong. 

The  next  day  we  travelled  very  hard,  and  i)erl(irnked  it  witli  ease, 
ins«)much  that  one  of  the  Indians  told  me  I  was  a  very  strong  mau. 
About  three  o'clock  we  came  to  the  lake,  whfu'e  they  had  live  canoos, 
pork,  Indian  corn,  and  tobacco.  V\'(!  got  into  tlu;  canoes,  and  the 
Indians  stuck  up  a  pole  about  eight  feet  long,  with  the  .scalp  of  Uavid 
Rugg  on  the  top  of  if,  piiinf<'(l  red,  with  the  likeiiesp  of  eyes  and 
mouth  on  it.  VVe  sailed  about  tc'ii  inil(\s,  and  then  wcjit  on  shore, 
and  aller  we  had  made  a  fire,  wr  boiled  a  good  supper  and  cut 
heartily. 

The  next  day  wo  set  sail  for  Oown  i'oint,  but  when  we  were 
within  a  mile  of  the  place  they  went  on  shore,  wIkto  were  eight  or 
ten  French  and  Indians,  two  ol"  whom,  belbre  I  got  on  shore,  came 
running  into  the  water,  knee  deej),  and  pulled  me  out  of  the  canoo. 
There  they  sung  and  danced  ai-oinid  me  a  while,  wlien  one  of  them 
bid  me  sit  down,  which  1  did.  Then  they  pulled  otf  my  shoes  and 
buckles,  and  took  thein  from  me.  Soon  atler  w<;  went  along  to  Crown 
Fo'nt.  When  w(!  got  there  the  people,  both  French  and  Knglish,  were 
very  thick  by  the  water-sidi;.  Two  of  th(i  Indians  took  me  out  of  the 
canoe,  and  leading  me,  bid  me  run,  which  I  did,  about  twenty  rods  to 
the  tort.  The  fort  is  large,  built  with  stone  and  lime.  Tlu-y  li;d  me 
up  to  the  third  lo(>,  where  was  the  captain's  chamber.  A  chiiir  was 
brought  that  I  might  sit  by  the  fire  and  warm  me.  Soon  after,  the 
Indians  that  I  belonged  to,  and  others  that  were  there,  came  into  the 
<',hamber,  among  whom  was  one  I  knew,  named  Pealtomy.  He  came 
and  spoke  to  me,  and  shook  hands  with  mo,  and  1  was  gkid  to  see 
him.  He  went  out,  but  soon  returned  and  brought  to  me  another 
Indian,  named  Amrusus,  husband  to  her  who  was  Euifice  Williams, 
daughter  of  the  late  Rev.  .lohn  Williams,  of  Ueeriield ;  he  was  glad 
to  see  me,  and  I  to  .see  him.  He  asked  lue  about  his  wile's  relations, 
and  showed  a  great  deal  of  respect  to  me. 

A  while  after  this,  the  Indians  sat  in  a  ring  in  the  chamber,  and 
Pealtomy  came  to  me,  and  told  me  1  must  go  and  sing  and  dunce 
belbre  the  Indians.  I  told  him  I  could  not.  He  told  me  over  some 
Indian  words,  and  bid  me  sing  them.  I  told  him  I  could  not.  With 
that  the  rest  of  the  fort  who  could  speak  some  Fnglish  came  to  me, 
and  bid  me  sing  it  in  English,  which  was,  "I  don't  know  where  1 
go,"  which  I  did,  dancing  round  that  ring  three  times.  I  then  sat 
down  by  the  fire.  The  priest  caine  to  me  and  gave  me  a  dram  of 
rum,  and  afterwards  the  cnptain  brought  me  part  of  a  loaf  of  bread 
and  a  plate  of  butter,  and  asked  me  to  eat,  which  I  did  heartily,  for  I 
Iiad  not  eaten  any  bread  from  the  time  I  was  taken  till  then.  The 
French  priest  and  all  the  c»tHcers  showed  me  a  great  deal  of  respect. 
The  captain  gave  me  a  pair  of  good  buck-skin  shoes,  and  the  priest 
fixed  them  on  my  feet.  We  staid  there  that  night,  and  I  slept  with 
the  priest,  captain,  and  the  lieutenant.    The  lieutenant's  name  was 


CAPTIVITY    OF    IfBHIMIAH    HOW. 


409 


I  wuH  well  trea  J    y  tk  iSch  ot^^'^' :'''^'  ""?  ^'"'  ^^''•••"^"'' 
W.;  turned  thrvc  fill  .  .V       "*  ''"'''  victunLs  and  drirdi. 

.i.o,.;xt":,,ev  u ' ;;  ':;::;";:'^.,';'"''' vi"''^  -'  i-  ■- 

■  iKin,  hiusl  „|-lh.',i  wen-    „,H     ,.  '''  J-  '""I  I'uvi,,;,.  run,  will, 

ii«it  Willi,-,,,,  n,i,„  uii'  •!,'„,  ■>    ,  ''>"  ""■'" '  '""■"'  "•" 

if  i.  >va.  .r,„.  n,„"!  Hi/,,:,  fi',!': '  !z  o';;,„"t::;;;r;:L  T" 

wus  suspected.  ''">  '^"^■"  """g 

hurt,  if  not  kill  m  .     'k  Vme 2    r     *•        T'  "^''",^'  ""'^  ^^■^'"'^' 
Indians  hindered  U.em  that  we      in        ,'    TV'  '""'  ''■  '  ^''^^  '''^' 

hud  a  great  dance  that  nioht,  and  hnn.  .„,  Duvi^  Ru.';s    cn|„  nn  J 
polo  dancing  ronnd  it.    Ailer  they  had  dcno,  the;  lay  down  to  leo 

™sci,ior  all:: '     Si;  r^  '7,  :''K„'"'r7',r''° "'"  "^ 

two  Frerifhrnr...         i  'n  ,  '^^  taken  out  of  the  canoe  bv 

lid  mn    r'fn'l      '^^';.  ^«.^  house  about  ten  rods  off  as  fast  as  I 
o-u  a  run,  the  Indians  /hnguig  snow-balls  at  me.     As  soon  as  I  ant 
to  ho  house,  the  In.lians  stood  round  ,ne  very  thick  and  W    n,n    ^ 
and  daiif'P    ii.).;.-.!.  t    i- i      -.i     ,  .  ■>  '•"'^'^>  "I'tJ  oici  me  sin"' 

shout    S  lea  o  •     T     ^'f  :/h^™'  '"  ^heir  way;  then  they  gave  I 

took^nie  under  each  arm,  and  ran  so  fast  that  the  Indians  couW 


■'I  * 


EVENTS    IN   INDIAN    HISTOKY. 

not  keep  with  us  to  hurt  me.  ^Vc  ran  about  (brty  rods  to  ancrther  house, 
whcro  a  chair  was  brouglit  A.f  mo  to  sit  down.  The  house  was  soon 
full  of  French  and  Indians,  and  oUkts  surrounded  it,  and  some  were 
looking  into  the  windows.  A  French  gentleman  came  to  mc,  took  me 
by  thc°hand,  and  led  me  into  a  small  room,  whore  none  came  in  but 
such  as  he  admitted.  He  gave  me  victuals  and  drinlc.  Several  French 
gentlemen  and  Indians  ca^me  in,  and  were  civil  to  me.  The  Indians 
who  came  in  could  speak  English,  shook  hands  with  mc,  and  called 
me  brother.  They  told  mo  they  A\erc  all  soldiers,  and  were  going  te 
New  England,  thev  said  they  should  go  to  my  town,  which  was  a 
great  damp  to  my  spirits,  till  I  hcsird  of  their  re1,u-n,  where  they  bad 
been,  and  what  they  had  done.  A  while  after  this,  the  Indians  v,honi 
I  belonged  to  came  to  me  and  told  mc  we  must  go.  I  went  with  them. 
After  opting  down  the  river  about  two  miles,  we  came  to  the  thickdst 
of  the°town,  where  was  a  large  fort,  built  with  stone  and  lime,  and 
very  large  and  fine  houses  in  it.  Here  was  the  general  of  the  army 
I  sp'okc  of  before.  He  asked  me  what  news  from  London  and  Boston. 
I  told  him  such  stories  as  I  thought  convenient,  and  omitted  the  rest, 
and  then  went  down  to  the  canoes.  Some  of  the  Indians  went  and 
got  a  plenty  of  bread  and  beef,  which  they  put  info  the  canoes,  and 
Then  we  went  into  a  French  house,  where  we  had  a  good  supper. 
There  came  in  several  French  gentlemen  to  see  me,  who  were  civil. 
One  of  them  gave  me  a  erown,''sterling.  We  lodged  there  till  about 
two  hours  beibre  day,  when  we  arose,  and  went  down  the  river,  I 
suppose  we  went  a  bundled  miles  that  day,  which  brought  us  into  a 
great  river,  called  Quebec.  We  lodged  that  night  in  a  French  house, 
and  were  civillv  treated. 

The  next  day  we  went  down  the  river,  and  I  was  carried  before 
the  governor  there,  which  was  the  Sabbath,  and  the  sixteenth  day 
aflcr  my  being  taken.  We  staid  there  about  three  hours,  and  were 
well  treated  hv  the  French.  The  Indians  were  tticn  ordered  to  carry 
me  down  to  Quebec,  which  was  ninety  miles  further.  We  went  down 
the  river  about  three  nfiles  that  night,''lhen  going  on  shore,  lodged  tlw 
remainder  of  the  night. 

The  next  morning  we  set  oil",  and  the  second  day,  which  was  th<i 
eighte(>nth  from  the  "time  I  was  tak(-n,  we  arrived  at  Ciucbec.  The; 
land  is  inhabited  on  both  sides  of  the  river  from  tlie  lalce  to  (iucbec. 
which  is  at  least  two  hundred  miles,  especially  below  Chamblce,  very 
thick,  so  that  the  houses  are  within  sight  of  one  another  all  the  way. 

But  to  return:  After  we  arrived  at  Ciuebec,  I  was  carried  up  into  u 
large  chamber,  which  was  full  of  Indians,  who  were  civil  to  mc. 
Many  of  the  French  came  in  to  sec  me,  and  were  -^Iso  very  kind.  1 
staid  there  about  two  hours,  when  a  French  genueman,  who  could 
speak  good  En^rlish,  came  in  and  told  mc  I  must  go  with  him  to  tho 
governor,  which  I  did  ;  and  afler  answering  a  great  many  questions, 
und  being  treated  with  as  much  bread  and  wine  as  I  desired,  I  w.is 
sentAvith  an  officer  to  the  guard-house,  and  led  into  a  small  room, 
where  was  an  Englishman  named  William  Stroud,  a  kinsman  of  the 
Hon.  Judge  Lynd,  in  New  England.   He  belonged  to  South  Carolina. 


CAI'TIVITV    OF   NBHEMIAH    HOW.  4n 

and  had  been  at  Quebec  six  years.  The  governor  kept  him  confined 
for  fear  he  .should  leave  him  and  go  to  New  England,  and  discover 
their  strength.  Mr.  Stroud  and  I  were  kept  in  the  guard-house  one 
week,  with  a  suffieicncy  of  food  and  drink.  The  French  gentlemen 
kept  coming  in  to  see  ino,  and  I  was  very  civilly  treated  bv  them.  I 
had  the  better  opportunity  of  discoursing  with  them,  as  Mr  Stroud 
was  a  good  interpreter. 

After  this  we  were  sent  to  prison,  where  I  found  one  James  Kin- 
lade,  who  was  taken  fourteen  days  before  1  was,  at  Sheepscot,  at  the 
eastward,  in  New  England.  1  was  much  ])loased  with  his  conversa- 
tion,  esteeming  him  a  man  of  true  piety.  Wc  were  kept  in  this  prison 
eight  days,  with  liberty  to  keep  in  the  room  with  the  i)rison-keeper 
VVe  were  daily  visited  by  gentlemen  and  ladies,  who  showed  crreat 
kindness  in  giving  us  money  and  other  things,  and  their  behaviour 
towards  us  was  pleasant.  Blessed  bo  (5od  therefore,  lor  I  desire  to 
asciube  all  the  lavors  I  have  been  the  partaker  of,  ever  since  my 
cupavity,  to  (he  abundnnt  grace  and  goodness  of  a  bountiful  God,  as 
the  nrst  cause. 

After  this  Mr.  Kinladc  and  I  were  sent  lo  another  prison,  where 
wore  twenty-two  seamen  belonging  to  several  parts  of  our  king's 
dominions;  three  of  them  captains  of  vessels,  viz:  James  Southerland, 
oi  Cape  Cod;  ^Hilliam  Chipman,  of  Marblehead ;  AVilliam  Potc,  of 
Usco  Bay.  This  prison  was  a  largo  house,  built  with  stone  and 
lime,  two  Icet  thick,  and  about  one  hundred  and  twenty  feet  lon-^ 
He  had  two  large  stoves  in  it,  and  wood  enough,  so  that  avc  coufd 
keep  ours(;Ives  warm  in  the  coldest  weather.  Wc  had  provision 
suliicient,  viz:  two  pounds  of  good  wheat  bread,  one  pound  of  beef 
and  peas  answerable,  to  each  man,  ready  dressed  every  day.  ' 

When  I  had  been  there  a  lew  days,  the  captives  desired  mc  to  lead 
thcni  111  carrying  on  morning  and  evcnino-  d(n-otion,  which  I  was 
wil ling  to  do.  Wc  had  a  Bible,  psalm-book,  and  some  other  good 
books.  Our  constant  i)racticc  was  to  read  a  chapter  in  (he  Bible,  and 
sing  part  of  a  psalm,  and  to  pray,  niolit  and  morning. 

^Vhen  1  was  at  the  firs^  prison,  Twa.s  stripped  of  all  my  old  and 
ousy  clothes,  and  had  other  .•lothing  given  me  from  head  to  foot,  and 
had  many  kindnesses  shown  me  by  those'  that  lived  thereabouts;  more 
especially  by  one  Mr.  Corby  and  his  wife,  who  gave  me  money  there, 
and  brought  me  many  good  things  at  the  other  prison.     But'lierc  I 
was  taken  ill,  as  was  also  most  of  (he  other  prisoners,  with  a  flux 
which  hisfed  near  a  moiKh,  so  that  1  was  gro^\■n  very  weak.     After 
that  I  was  healthy,  through  divine  goodness.     Blessed  be  Crod  for  it. 
1  was  much  concerned  for  my  country,  especially  for  tlie  place  1 
was  taken  from,  by  rcjison  that  I  met  an  army  going  thither,  as  they 
told  me.     The  :27(h  day  of  November  we  had  news  come  to  the  prison 
that  this  army  had  returned  to  Chamblee,  and  had  taken  upwards  of 
a  fiundred  captives,  which  increased  my  concern  ;  for  1  expected  our 
tort,  and  others  thereabouts,  were  destroyed.     This  news  put  me  upon 
earnest  prayer  to  CJod  that  he  would  give  me  grace  to  submit  to  his 
will ;  after  which  I  was  easy  in  my  mind. 


vl  ;' 


Hi!' 


•wani 


41s 


EVENTS  IN  INDIAN  HISTOET. 


About  a  fortnight  after,  a  Dutchman  was  brought  to  prison,  who 
was  one  of  the  captives  the  said  army  had  taken.  He  told  me  they  ■ 
had  burnt  Mr.  Lydin's  fort,  and  all  the  houses  at  that  new  township, 
killed  Capt.  Schuyler  and  five  or  six  more,  and' had  brought  fifty 
wliites  and  about  sixty  negroes  to  Montreal.  I  was  sorry  to  hear  of 
so  much  mischief  done,  but  rejoiced  they  had  not  been  upon  our  river, 
and  the  towns  thereabouts,  for  which  1  gave  thanks  to  God  for  his 
great  goodness  in  preserving  them,  and  particularly  my  iamily. 

When  Christmas  came,  the  governor  sent  us  twenty-four  livres. 
and  the  lord-intcndant  came  into  the  jM-ison  and  gave  us  twenty-four 
more,  which  was  about  two  guineas.  lie  told  us  he  hoped  we  should 
be  sent  home  in  a  little  time.  He  was  a  pleasant  gentleman,  and 
very  kind  to  captives.  Sometime  after,  Mr.  Shearly,  a  gentleman  of 
(piality,  came  to  us,  and  gave  to  the  three  sea-captains  twenty-four 
livres,  and  to  me  twelve,  and  the  next  day  sent  me  a  bottle  of  claret 
wine.  About  ten  days  after  he;  sent  me  twelve  livres  more ;  in  all 
night  pounds,  old  tenor. 

January  20lli,  1740,  eighteen  captiv(>s  wen;  brought  from  Montreal 
to  the  prison  at  (Quebec,  which  is  one  bundrcd  and  eighty  miles. 

February  22d,  seven  captives  more,  who  were  taken  at  Albany, 
were  brought  to  the  ]mson  to  us,  viz:  six  men  and  one  old  woman 
seventy  years  old,  who  had  been  so  infirm  for  seven  years  past  that 
she  had  not  been  able  to  walk  the  sti-ects,  yet  performed  this  tedious 
journey  with  ease. 

March  15tb,  one  of  the  captives  taken  at  Albany,  after  fourteen  or 
fifteen  days'  sickness,  died  in  the  hospital  at  Quebec, — a  man  of  a 
sober,  pious  conversation.  His  name  was  Lawrence  Platfer,  a  German 
born. 

May  3d,  three  cnptives  taken  at  No.  Four,  sixteen  miles  abovp 
where  I  Mas  taken,  viz:  Ca])t.  John  Spafford,  Isaac  Parker,  and 
Stephen  Fansworth,  were  brought  to  prison  to  us.  They  informed 
mo  my  family  Avas  well,  a  fi.nv  days  before  they  were  taken,  which 
rejoiced  me  much.  I  was  sorry  lor  the  nfis!brtun<>  of  these  my  friends, 
but  was  glad  of  their  company,  and  of  their  biding  well  used  bv  thosi 
who  took  them. 

May  14(li,  two  captives  were  brought  into  prison,  Jacob  Read  and 
Fid  ward  C'loutman,  taken  at  a  new  township  called  (iorhamtown,  near 
(^JasGO  Bay.  They  informed  us  that  one  man  and  lour  children  of 
one  of  them  were  killed,  and  his  wife  taken  at  the  same  time  with 
them,  and  was  in  the  hands  of  the  Indians. 

May  16tli,  two  lads,  James  and  Samuel  Anderson,  brothers,  taken 
at  Sheepscot,  were  brought  to  prison.  On  the  17th,  Samuel  Burbank 
and  David  Woodwell,  who  were  taken  at  New  Hopkinton,  near 
Rumford,  (Concord,  N.  H.)  were  brought  to  prison,  and  informed  us 
there  were  taken  with  them  two  sons  of  the  said  Burbank,  and  the 
wife,  two  sons  and  a  daughter  of  the  said  VVoodwell,  whom  they  letl 
in  the  hands  of  the  Indians. 

May  24th,  Thomas  Jones,  of  Ilolliston,  who  was  a  soldier  at 
Coutoocook,  was  brought  to  prison,  and  told  us  that  one  Elisha  Cook, 


CAmviTY    OF   NEHEMIAH   HOW. 


419 


and  a  negro  belonging  to  the  Rev.  Mr.  Stevens,  were  killed  when  he 
was  taken. 

June  1st,  William  Aikings,  taken  at  Pleasant  Point,  near  Fort 
George,  was  brought  to  prison.  June  2d,  Mr.  Shearly  brought 
several  letters  ot  deacon  Timothy  Brown,  of  Lower  Ashuelot,  and 
money,  and  delivered  them  to  me,  which  made  me  think  he  was  killed 
or  taken.  A  iew  days  after,  Mr.  Shearly  told  me  he  was  taken  I 
was  glad  to  hoar  he  was  alive. 

June  Cth,  Timothy  Cummings,  aged  sixty,  was  brought  to  prison,' 
who  informed  us  he  was  at  work  with  five  other  men,  about  Ibrtv 
rods  from  the  block-house,  (4eorge's  (fort,)  when  live  Indians  shot  at 
them,  but  hurt  none.  The  men  ran  a^ay,  and  left  him  and  guns  to 
tic  Indy-y  IJc  told  us  that  the  ensign  was  killed  as  he  stood  on 
tJie  top  of  the  tort,  and  that  the  English  killed  five  Indians  at  the  same 
lime. 

June  i:]th,  Mv.  Shearly  brought  to  the  captives  some  letters  which 
were  sent  irom  Albany,  and  among  them  one  from  Lieut.  Cov  Phips 
d  the  Massachusetts  Ray,  to  the  Governor  of  Ctmada,  for  the  ex-' 
change  ol  prisoners,  which  gave  us  great  hopes  of  a  speedy  release 

June  22(1,  eight  men  were  brought  to  prison,  among  whom  were 
JJcacon  Brown  a  ml  Jiobert  JVforse,  who  infbrmcd  me  that  there  were 
SIX  or  eight  Indians  killed,  a  little  before  they  were  taken,  at  Upper 
Ashuelot,  and  that  they  learnt,  by  the  Indians  who  took  them  there 
were  SIX  move  of  the  English  killed  at  other  places  near  Connecticut 
nvcr,  and  several  more  much  wounded  ;  these  last  were  supposed  to 
be  the  wife  and  children  of  the  aforesaid  Burbank  and  VVoodwell 

July  .5tli,  wo  sent  a  petition  to  the  chief  governor  that  we  mi^ht  be 
cxchunged,  and  the  7th,  Mr.  Shearly  told  us  we  should  be  exchancred 
lor  other  captives  in  a  short  time,  which  caused  great  joy  amon.r°us 
Ihe  same  day,  at  night,  John  Berran,  of  Northfield,  was  brou^rht  to' 
prison,  who  told  us  that  an  expedition  against  Canada  was  on  foot 
which  much  rejoiced  us.     Ho  also  told  us  of  the  three  fmhts  in  No' 
Four,  and  who  were  killed  and  taken,  and  of  the  mischief  done  in 
other  places  near  Connecticut  river;    and  that  mv  brother  Daniel 
Hows  son  Dame!  was  taken  with  him,  and  was  in'the  hands  of  the 
Indians,  who  designed  to  keep  him. 

July  2()th,  John  Jones,  a  seaman,  was  brought  into  prison,  who 
told  us  he  was  going  from  Cape  Breton  to  Newfoundland,  with  one 
bnglishman  and  lour  Frenchmen,  who  had  sworn  alleoiance  to  King 
George,  and  in  the  passage  they  had  killed  the  other  Englishman 
but  carried  him  to  the  bay  of  Arb,  where  there  was  an  army  of 
trunch  and  Indians,  to  whom  they  delivered  him,  and  by  them  was 
sent  to  Quelx^c.  "^ 

July  21st,  John  Richards,  and  a  bov  of  nine  or  ten  years  of  ao^ 
who  belonged  to  Rochester,  in  New  Hampshire;;,  were  brouoht^to 
prison.  They  told  us  there  were  four  Englishmen  killed  when  thev 
were  taken.  ^ 

August  15th,  seven  captives,  who  with  eight  more  were  taken  at 
^t.  John  s  Island,  were  brought  to  prison-     they  told  as  that  several 

35* 


IM 


414 


BVBNT8   IN    INDIAN   HI6TOBT. 


were  killed  after  quarters  were  given,  among  whom  was  James  Owen, 
late  of  Brookfield,  in  New  England.  On  the  16th,  Thomas  Jones, 
late  of  Sherburne,  in  New  England,  after  seven  or  eight  days'  sick- 
ness, died.  He  gave  good  satisfaction  as  to  his  future  state.  On  the 
■25th  wc  had  a  squall  of  snow. 

September  12th,  Robert  Downii'^%  who  had  been  a  soldier  at  Capr 
Breton,  and  was  taken  at  St.  Jolm  ,  imd  who  was  with  the  Indians  twc 
montlis,  und  sufH-rcd  great  abuse  from  them,  was  brought  to  prison. 

On  the  1.5th,  twcnty-three  ol'  the  captives  taken  at  Hoosuck  fort 
were  brought  to  prison,  among  whom  was  the  Rev.  Mr.  John  Norton. 
They  informed  us  that  aftoi'  fighting  twenty-five  hours,  with  eighi 
liundred  French  and  Indians,  they  surrendered  themselves,  on  capi'n- 
lation,  prisoners  of  war;  that  Tbomas  Nalton  and  Josiah  Read  wen 
killed  when  they  were  taken.  The  names  of  those  now  brought  in 
are  the  Rev.  Mr.  Norton,  John  Hawks,  John  Smead,  his  wile  auc 
six  children,  John  Perry  and  his  wile,  Moses  Scott,  his  wife  and  tw( 
children,  Samuel  Goodman,  Jonathan  Bridgman,  Nathan  Eames. 
Joseph  Scott,  Amos  Pratt,  Benjamin  Sinconds,  Samuel  Lovet,  Davi(i 
Warren,  and  Phinehas  Furbusli.  The  two  last  of  these  informed  me 
tliat  my  brother  Daniel  How's  son  was  taken  from  the  Indians,  am: 
now  lives  with  a  French  gtintlcinan  at  Montreal.  There  wore  foiii 
captives  more  taken  at  Albany  the  last  summer,  who  were  broiijih: 
to  prison  the  same  day. 

On  the  26th  (Sept.)  seventy-four  men  and  two  women,  talcen  a: 
sea,  were  brought  to  prison.  October  1st,  Jacob  Shepard,  of  VVes). 
borough,  taken  at  Hoosuck,  was  brought  to  prison.  On  the  lie. 
Jonathan  Batherick  was  brought  in ;  and  on  the  5th,  seventeen  otlic 
men,  three  of  whom  were  taken  with  Mr.  Norton  and  oUiers,  viz: 
Nathaniel  Hitchcock,  John  Aldrick,  and  Stephen  Scott.  Riclian 
Subs,  who  was  taken  at  New  Casco,  says  that  one  man  was  killed  ;;; 
the  same  time.  Also  Pilce  Gooden,  talcen  at  Saco,  Mas  brought  tr- 
prison.  He  says  he  had  a  brother  killed  at  the  same  time.  On  th( 
12th,  twenly-ibur  seamen  were  brought  in,  and  on  the  19th,  six  morr . 
On  the  20th,  Jacob  Read  died.  ()n  tlie  23d,  Edward  (.'loutman  an(: 
Robert  Dunbar  broke  prison  and  escaped  lor  New  England.  Tk 
37th,  a  man  was  brought  into  prison,  who  said  the  Indians  took  live 
more  (besides  himself,)  and  brought  ten  scalps  to  Montreal. 

November  1st,  John  Read  died.  The;  9tli,  John  Davies,  taken  with 
with  Mr.  Norman,  died.  The  17th,  Nathan  Eames,  ol"  Marlborough. 
died.  On  the  19th,  Mr.  Adams,  taken  at  Sheepscot,  was  brought  to 
prison.  He  says  that  James  Anderson's  father  was  killed,  and  liis 
uncle  taken  at  the  same  time.  The;  20th,  Leonard  Lydle  and  the 
widow  Sarah  Briant  were  married  in  Canada,  by  the  I'ev.  Mr.  Nortoti. 
On  the  22d,  the  above  said  Anderson's  uncle  was  brought  to  prison. 
Two  days  after,  (24th)  John  Bradshaw  died.  He  had  not  been  wcl; 
for  most  of  the  time  he  had  been  a  prisoner.  It  is  a  very  melancholy 
time,  with  us.  There  are  now  thirty  sick,  and  dcatlis  afnong  us  daily. 
Died  on  the  28th,  Jonathan  Dunham,  and  on  the  89th,  died  also  Capi. 
Bailey  of  Amesbury. 


CAPTIVITY    OP   NBHEMIAH   HOW.  4^5 

December  1st,  an  Albany  man  died,  and  on  tbe  0th   Pike  Gooden 
who,  we  have  reason  to  believe,  made  a  happy  chan  '      On  the  7th' 

w  le  died  on  the  Ibth,  a  pious  woman.     John  Perry's  wife  ,y-,\  thl 
^Jd.     On  the  26th,  William  Dayly,  of  P^ew  York,  die^l 

January  H  1747,  Jonathan  IJai^han  died.     On  tl  o  12th  Phinehn, 
Andrews,  of  Cape  Ann,  died.     He  was  one  of  the  twenty'  camts 
who,  the  same  n.ght,  had  been  removed  to  anothe    ,'^1^1^ 
thereby   o  get  rid  of  the  infection.     Jacob  Bailey  Iroilerlcanf 

Mendon,  in  New  Engllndrdi^d  '  '  ""  "^  ^^''^J°'  ^°^^^'  °^' 

March  18th,  James  Margra  died,  and  on  the  09,1  c■^x^i   Tr>t,r,  v    . 
and  Samuel  Goodman;  the  2eth,  the  wile  of  Join \s^;^ydie,  ^and 

^^^t^^^'^'T^^'f'f'^'^  «"^  ^'^'  day  John  Saneld, 
C  p:^  ,  ?  '  P '"  ^^^^%}^^-<^^n  and  one  of  his  men,  died.  On 
.he  12th,  Amos  Pratt,  of  Shrewsbury,  and  on  the  14tl  Timothv 
Cummmgs,-  the  17th  John  Dill,  of  Hull  in  ^...  eJZ\  thelsSf 
Samu.l  Venhon,  of  Plymouth,  died.     On  the  2Gth,Up     Jonathan 

on  snccpscot  luei.     Ihe  same  day  came    n,  also,  three  men  who 

were  1  illcd,  U  pt.  I  rent  bcmg  one.  They  were  all  soldiers  for  the 
t^^^'^t:  ^^"^"^^^<'!' J-P'^J>enox,  andontl^2S; 
hmrL,7ti     ,1  .,     '•''  ''*'™'  "'S''t  "'^  P^'^on  took  fire,  and  was 

;;S' Jir ::  ^::Sh  ''"^-^ '-'''  ^^^^^^^^  --'^-  ^^^^  --  ^-p^  ^^a^ 

May  7th,  Sarah  Lydlc,  whose  name  was  Briant  when  she  was 
taken,  and  married  while  a  captive,  died;   and  on  the  13th    Mr 
Wd's  son,  Daniel   died,  and  Christian  Tether  the  14  h     T  le'same 
clay  died  also  Hezekiah  Huntington,  a  hopeful  youth,  of  a  libra! 
education      i  c  was  a  son  of  Colonel  Huntington,  of  C;nneeticu?n 

'  thHv'endf -to  nmt  ''''''  ^""^  '^'  '''^  ^'^^'^'^^  ^^'^^  --  P-  ""I 

ml  llllZl  ^  '""'f ''•';''  ''"''  ^'■"'^  ^^^••°^'  ^'"«'-d'  d^-^fed  March 
i  nil  1747,  wherein  he  informs  me  my  family  were  well  which  wn« 
joyful  news  to  me.    May  19th,  Abraham  Fort  died 


LUiliM-il 


416 


EVENTS   IN    INDIAN   HlSTOHy. 


CHAPTER  XX. 


PARTICUr-AnS   RKr,ATIN«  TO  THE  CAPTIVITY   OF   JOHN   FITCII,  OP  ASHDY, 
MASS.,  UKLATKO  BV  MK.  KXOS  JONES,  OP  ASHBUUNIIA.M. 

The  town  of  Lunon1)urg,  in  Massnchiif5otts,  was  incorporated  Au- 
gust  1,  1728,  and  received  its  name  in  compliment  to  George  II.,  who, 
the  preceding  year,  came  to  the.  I'ritish  Ihrone,  and  was  styled  Dukf; 
of  Lunenburg,  having  in  his  (Jerman  dominions  a  town  of  that  name. 
On  the  3rd  of  February,  1704,  a  part  of  Lunenburg  was  detached 
and  incorporated  as  a  distinct  town  by  the  name  of  Fitchburg,  In 
1767,  a  part  of  Fitchburg  was  disannexed,  to  aid  in  forming  the  town 
of  Ashby.  Mr.  John  Fitch  lived  on  the  frontiers  of  the  county,  in  the 
tract  now  included  in  Ashby.  Arter  the  commencement  of  the  French 
and  Indian  war  of  1715,  Fitch  proposed  to  the  government  to  keep  a 
aarrison,  with  the  aid  of  three  .soldiers,  who  were  immediately  de- 
spatched to  him.  Mr.  Fitch  was  a  gentleman  of  much  enterprise, 
and  had  had  consiilerablc  dealings  with  the  Indians  in  peltries,  furs, 
&c.,  and  was  generally  well  known  among  them.  Soon  after  the 
breaking  out  of  the  war,  they  determined  to  make  him  a  prisoner; 
and  in  July,  174R-7,  they  came  into  the  vicinity,  to  the  number  of 
about  eighty.  The  inhabitants  of  the  garrison  were  Fitch,  his  wife, 
five  children,  and  the  three  soldiers.  One  of  these  last  letl  tl  •  garri- 
son early  in  tlu;  morning  of  the  disaster,  on  fuF|.ough,  to  visit  a  house 
at  the  distance  of  three  or  four  miles.  Another  went  out  in  quest  of 
game.  He  liad  not  proceeded  far  when  he  discovered  the  Indians 
•crawlino;  in  the  high  grass  between  him  and  the  garrison.  He 
attempted  to  return,  but  was  instantly  shot  down.  (Jne  soldier  only 
remained  with  Fitch  and  his  family,  and  they  determined  to  defend 
themselves  to  the  best  of  their  power.  Tiie  soldier,  whose  name  was 
Jenninos,  tired  several  times,  when  an  Indian  shot  him  through  the 
neck,  and  he  IMl.  Mrs.  Fitch  regularly  loaded  the  guns  for  her 
husband,  and  they  continued  to  defend  themselves  for  some  time; 
when  the  Indians  informed  them  that  if  they  would  surrender  they 
should  have  quarter,  but  if  they  refused  they  should  perish  in  the 
flames  of  the  garrison,  Afler  some  consultation  with  his  wife.  Fitch 
concluded  to  surrender.  The  Indians  then  burned  the  garrison,  and 
after  committing  various  mischiefs  in  the  neighborhood,  they  took  the 
captive  family  to  Canada.  Immediately  after  the  garrison  was  burnt, 
Perkins,  the  soldier  on  furlough,  espied  the  smoke,  and  on  ascending 
a  hill  in  the  vicinity  he  could  .see  the  ruins.  He  immediately  gave 
the  alarm,  and  in  the  evening  nearly  an  hundred  had  assembled  in 
arms  tor  the  pursuit  of  the  enemy.  It  being  dark,  ho\  er,  they 
concluded  to  wait  till  the  following  morning,  and  ere  day  l)roke  they 
aet  out.  After  proceeding  a  short  distance  in  the  track  of  the  Indians, 
they  saw  a  piece  of  paper  tied  to  a  limb  of  a  tree,  which,  on  examining, 
they  found  to  be  in  the  hand-writing  of  F'^ch,  requesting  them  by  no 
means  to  pursue  him,  as  the  Indians  had  assured  himof  safety  if  they 
were  not  pursued,  but  would  destroy  him  if  his  friends  should  attempt 


CAPTIVITY    OP    MARV    FOWLRB. 


41f 


I  he  th.rd  soldier,  whose  nan.e  was  I'crkins,  e^c^pjj 


wMs  Blodnet 


CHAPTER  XXI. 

CAPTIVITY  OF  MARV  FOVVI.KU,  OF  JIOIMCliVTON. 

Mary  Fowler,  formerly  Mary  Woodwoll,  now  livin.  in  Cnntorhnrv 

l:^'^i::-.v^;' vr  jr'  ^!/t;r  ■ -'  't-  ^^"^'  ^^'"' 

..f  what  is  called  Putney'rHill.     °  '  '"'  °"  *'^'  ^^'"^^^'-'y  ^'^0 

On  the  2:.>d  day  of  April,  in  the  year  1740   whilo  in  fl,o 

other  four  were  altcrwards  exchan-Tod  '»  l)u,  on.     ihe 

The  circurnslances  relative  to  their  beinir  taken  were  as  follow.- 

on  persons,  v,z:  the  eight  above  mentioned.     Sam  rel  Bur     nT^ 

'heir  captivity,  Samuel  Bui.nk  lei     t  o^n  ^     .    ^'n^to^l"' 

latal  consequences.     However    she  sernrprl   T     i     ^f     '  ^^'^""^ '"^^ 
liofX..^  .u  ii^^uLvi.1,  .biic  sccuied  the  lead  V  weanon    nnrl 

l^etore  they  commenced  their  march  threw  it  into  fho  woM    r 


.1 


418 


EVENTS   IN   INDIAN    UlSTORV. 


when  a  chief  by  the  name  of  Pennos,  wlio  had  previously  received 
numerous  kindnesses  from  her  lather's  family,  instantly  interfered, 
and  kept  him  Irom  his  cruel  design,  taking  her  for  his  own  captive, 

Arter  having  arrived  at  St.  Francis,  Pennos  sold  Mary  to  a  squaw 
of  another  family,  while  J.  Burbank  continued  in  some  remote  part  of 
the  neighborhood  under  his  own  master.  Mary's  father  and  brothers, 
after  they  were  exchanged,  solicited  a  contribution  for  her  redemption, 
which  was  at  last  obtained  with  great  dilHculty  for  one  hundred  livres, 
through  the  stratagem  of  a  French  doctor,  all  previous  efforts  made 
by  her  father  and  brothers  having  failed.  This  tender  parent,  though 
reduced  to  poverty  by  the  savages,  and  having  no  pecuniary  assist- 
ance except  what  he  received  through  the  hand  of  charity  from  his 
distant  friends,  had  frequently  visited  St.  Francis  in  order  to  have  an 
interview  with  his  only  daughter,  and  to  compromise  with  her  mis- 
tress, offering  her  a  large  sum  for  Mary's  redemption,  but  all  to  no 
effect.  She  refused  to  let  her  go  short  of  her  weight  in  silver. 
Moreover,  Mary  had  previously  been  told  by  her  mistress  that  if  she 
intimated  a  word  to  her  father  that  she  wanted  to  go  home  with  him, 
she  should  never  see  his  face  again;  therefore,  when  interrogated  by 
him  on  this  subject,  she  remained  silent,  through  fear  of  Avorse  treat- 
ment; yet  she  could  not  conceal  her  griel",  fjr  her  internal  agitation 
and  distress  of  mind  caiised  the  tears  to  flow  profusely  from  her  eyes. 
Her  father,  at  length,  worn  out  with  grief  and  toil,  retired  to  Montreal, 
where  he  contracted  with  a  Frenchman  as  an  agent  to  effect,  if 
possible,  the  purchase  of  his  daughter.  This  agent,  after  having 
attempted  a  compromise  several  times  in  vain,  employed  a  French 
physician,  who  was  in  high  reputation  among  the  Indians,  to  assist  him. 
The  doctor,  under  a  cloak  of  friendship,  secretly  advised  Mary  to 
feign  herself  sick,  as  the  only  alternative,  and  gave  her  medicine  for 
the  purpose.  This  doctor  was  soon  called  upon  for  medical  aid,  and 
although  he  appeared  to  exert  the  utmost  of  his  skill,  yet  his  patient 
continued  to  grow  worse.  After  making  several  visits  to  no  effect, 
he  at  length  gave  her  over  as  being  past  recovery,  advising  her  mis- 
tress, as  a  real  friend,  to  sell  her  the  first  opjjortunity  for  what  she 
could  get,  oven  if  it  were  but  a  small  sum;  otherwise,  said  he,  she 
will  die  on  your  hands,  and  you  must  lose  her.  'I'he  squaw,  alarmed 
at  the  doctor's  ceremony,  and  the  dangerous  appearance  of  her  cap- 
tive, immediately  contracted  with  the  French  agent  i'or  one  hundred 
livres;  whereupon  Mary  soon  began  to  amend,  and  was  shortly  after 
conveyed  to  Montresil,  where  she  continued  six  months  longer  among 
the  French,  waiting  for  a  passport. 

Thus,  after  having  been  compelled  to  three  years'  hard  labor  in 
planting  and  hoeing  corn,  chop[)ing  and  carrying  wood,  pounding 
samp,  gathering  cranberries  and  other  wild  fruit  for  the  market,  &c., 
this  young  woman  was  at  length  redeemed  from  the  merciless  hands 
and  cruel  servitude  of  the  savages,  who  had  not  only  wrested  her 
from,  her  home,  but  also  from  the  tender  embraces  of  her  parents,  and 
from  all  social  intercourse  with  her  friends. 

Jonathan  Burbank  was  redeemed  about  the  same  time, — became 


CAPTIVITY    or   MHS.    MABELtA    H'COY. 


41» 


an  officer,  and  wns  afterwnrds  killed  by  the  Indians  in  the  French 

war.  1  heso  sons  of  the  forest,  supposing  him  to  have  been  Uocrerg, 
their  avowed  enemy  ru.i.pd  upon  him  and  slew  him  without  cerc^! 
mony,  after  he  had  g.ven  hn„  -If  up  as  a  prisoner  of  war. 

Afler  S.X  months'  dofontion  .-.mong  the  F.x.neh  at  Montreal,  Mary 

was  conveyed  (mostly  by  water)  to  Albany  by  (he  iJutch,  who  had 

proceeded  to  (  anada  m  order  to  redeem  their  black  slaves,  whom  the 

Indians  had  previously  taken  and  carried  thither;  IVom  thence  she 

was  conducted  to  the  place  of  her  nativity,  when,  she  continued  about 

ivc  years,  and  was  married  to  one  Jesse  Corbett,  by  whom  she  had 

two  sons.     iM-om  thence  they  moved  to  ITopkinton,  in  this  State,  to 

he  place  where  Mary  had  been  taken  by  the  Indians.     Corbett,  her 

hiisband,  was  drowned  m  Almsbury  river,  (now  Warner  river )  in 

Ilopkinton,  m  the  year  17.39,  in  attempting  to  swim  across  the  river,- 

was  earned  down  into  the  Contoocook,  thence  into  the  Merrimack, 

and  was  finally  taken  up  in  Dunstable,  with  his  clothes  tied  fast  to 

his  head.     Mary  was  afterwards  marri(xl  to  a  Jeremiah  Fowler,  by 

whom  she  had    ive  children.     She  is  now  living  in  Canterbury,  in 

the  enjoyment  of  good  health  and  remarkable  powers  of  mind,  beincr 

in    he  n.nety.third  yo-av  of  her  age.     The  foregoing  narrati;e  wal 

written  a  few  weeks  since  as  she  related  it. 


CHAPTER  XXII. 

^r4  PT?v  P^AS'^nX'."'  CAPTIVITY  OK  MRS.  IPAIiEIJ.A  WeOY  WHO  WA'i  TAKPTV 

The  Indians  were  first  attracted  to  the  new  settlements  in  the  town 
of  bpsoni,  ^    IT.,  by  discovering  M'Coy  at  Suncook,  now  Pembroke. 
iDis,  as  nearly  as  can  be  ascertained,  was  in  the  year  1747     Reports 
wre  spread  of  the  depredations  of  the  Indians  in  various  pl'aces    and 
M'Coy  had  heard  that  they  had  been  seen  lurkincr  about  the  woods  at 
Penacook,  now  Concord.     He  went  as  far  as  Pembroke;  ascertained 
Uiat  they  were  in  the  vicinity;  was  somewhere  discovered  by  them 
and  followed  home.     They  told  his  wife,  whom  they  afterwards  made 
pnsoner,  that  they  looked  through  cracks  arouUd  the  house,  and  saw 
what  they  had  for  supper  that  night.     They  however  did  not  discover 
tliernselves  till  the  second  day  after.     They  probably  wished  to  take 
a  little  time  to  learn  the  strength  and  i)reparation  of  the  inhabitants, 
Ihe  next  day,  Mrs.  M'Coy,  attended  by  their  two  dogs,  went  down 
to  see  It  any  of  the  other  families  had  returned  from  the  garrison 
^he  found  rio  one.     On  her  return,  as  she  was  passing  the  brock-hoose! 
Wftich  stood  near  the  present  site  of  the  meeting-house,  the  dogs,  which 
naa  passed  round  it,  came  running  back  growling  and  very  much 
excited.     Iheir  appearance  induced  her  to  make  the  beat  of  her  way 


430 


EVENT8    IN    INDIAN    HISTORY. 


homo.  The  Indians  aftorwardn  told  licr  tlmt  they  then  lay  concealed 
tjjere,  and  saw  the  dogs,  when  they  cumc  round. 
■  M'Coy,  being  now  strongly  suspieious  that  the  Indians  were  actually 
in  the  town,  d(.'t(Tinined  to  set  otT  the  next  day  vith  his  fatnily  for  tin; 
garrison  at  Nottingliam.  fiis  family  now  coioistnd  of  hiniself,  his 
wife,  and  son  John.  The  younger  children  were  still  at  the  garriMin. 
They  accordingly  secured  their  house  as  well  as  they  could,  and  all 
set  oil"  next  morning; — M'Coy  and  his  son  with  their  guns,  tin lugh 
without  ammunition,  having  tired  away  what  they  brought  with  tlicru 
in  hunting. 

As  they  were  travellin,;  a  little  distance  east  of  the  place  where  the 
meeting-house  now  stands.  Mrs.  M'(Joy  fell  a  little  in  the  rear  of  tli<. 
others.  This  circumstance  gave  the  Indians  a  favorable  opportunity 
for  separating  her  ironi  her  husband  and  son.  The  Indians,  three 
men  and  a  boy,  lay  in  ambush  near  the  foot  of  Marden's  hill,  not  fur 
from  the  junction  of  the  mountain  road  with  the  main  road.  Here 
they  sutl(!red  M'Coy  and  his  son  to  pass ;  but,  as  his  wife  was  passing 
them,  they  reached  from  the  bushes,  and  took  hold  of  her,  charging 
her  to  make  no  noise,  and  covering  her  mouth  with  their  hands,  as 
she  cried  to  her  husband  for  assistance,  llcr  husband,  hearing  her 
cries,  turned,  and  was  about  coming  to  her  relief.  But  he  no  sooner 
began  to  advance,  than  the  Indians,  expecting  probably  that  he  would 
fire  wpon  them,  began  to  raise  their  pieces,  which  she  pushed  one  side, 
and  motioned  to  her  friends  to  make  their  escape,  knowing  that  their 
guns  were  not  loaded,  and  that  they  would  doubtless  be  killed,  if  they 
approached.  They  accordingly  ran  into  the  woods  and  made  tluii 
esca|)e  to  the  garrison.     This  took  place  August  21,  1747. 

The  Indians  then  collected  together  what  booty  they  could  obtain, 
which  consisted  of  an  iron  trannnel,  from  Mr.  George  Wallace's,  the 
apples  of  the  only  tree  which  bore  in  town,  which  was  in  the  orchard 
now  owned  by  Mr.  David  (^Irilhn,  and  some  other  trifling  articles,  and 
prepared  to  set  oil"  with  their  prisoner  to  Canada. 

Before  they  took  their  departure,  they  conveyed  Mrs.  M'Coy  to  u 
place  near  the  Suncook  river,  where  they  left  her  in  the  care  of  the 
young  Indiati,  while  the  three  men,  whose  names  were  aflc^rwardx 
ascertained  to  be  Plausawa,*  Sabatis,  and  Christi,  went  away,  and 
were  for  some  time  absent.  During  their  absence,  Mrs.  M'Coy  thoughl 
of  attempting  to  make  her  escape.  She  saw  opportunities,  when  she 
thought  she  might  despatch  the  young  Indian  with  the  trammel,  which, 
with  other  things,  was  left  with  them,  and  thus  perhaps  avoid  some 
strange  and  barbarous  death,  or  a  long  and  distressing  captivity.  Hut. 
on  the  other  hand,  she  knew  not  at  what  distance  the  others  were.  li 
she  attempted  to  kill  her  young  keeper,  she  might  fail.  If  sheetlected 
her  purpose  in  this,  she  might  be  pursued  and  overtaken  by  a  cruel 
and  revengel'ul  loo,  and  then  some  dreadful  death  would  be  her  certain 
.pontion.  On  the  whole,  she  thought  best  to  endeavor  to  prepare  lier 
imind  to  bear  what  might  be  no  more  than  a  period  of  savage  captivity. 


*  These  were  of  the  Arosaguntacook  or  St.  Francis  tribe. 


CAniVITy    OF   MRS.    ISABKLLA   M'COV.  ^Jl 

Iho  whole  tirai!  she  was  will,  llicm.     TIictv  oarrjcl  lirr  f,,  r  •. ,;    if 
sold  her  „,  „  serv,u,l  lo  a  Frond,  ramiw/when  o  it  ho  do  en  ', hi 

and  her  Imsbaml  bein^  a  man  of  rather  a  ro„gh  and  violen    tcmZ' 

in      >^       ,"'"'  ";:"-'■  »l"-"''l  >'"e  thought  of°atte,n|,t,™  ,h  .]^3ev 
imnie,  we,o  it  not  lor  the  sake  of  her  children.  '         '^ 

Mer  the  cajitiirc  of  Mr.,.  M'Coy,  the  Indians  frequenllv  visited  the 

S™   he""' '■"r?""",''  ""y  ""•>■  ^« •feP'-»datio"s.    The  ™al« 
■nage  they  ever  did  to  the  properly  of  the  inhabitants  was  the  spoS 

Ir  V  1       r    """  '"  '?""•     -^'  "'"  '™=  -^rerred  lo,  there  were  b"f 

■™  iLTndir   •  •■""    ;'""'•  ?'!;!'"'''•    "  ^'"  "  •'""•'"•"PP^ehenl^' 
mn  the  Indians    and  tho  inhabitants  had  ihereloro  all    led  to  the 

SrU  *'";,"■"'"""•     '"'."y  I""  'h'"-  »-n  to  gra.e  al  o  "   he 
«.»ds  ivilh  a  boll  upon  one  of  them.    The  Indians  llund  them  shot 

The  roroeily  and  .-raelly  of  ihe  savages  were  doubtless  verv  m„eh 

bvTri^am  Rl»l  p  P""'™'"'''  '^eease  in  the  eourse  pursued 
nL!:  *f  °  ?  '■  ^"'"S  I'lmsolfacurioua  marksman  and  an  exnert 
.unler,  traits  of  character  in  their  view  of  the  highest  order  he  sS 


<  I 


433 


15VENT8   IN   INDIAN    1II8TORT. 


i 


ner.ured  their  respect ;  and,  by  n  course  of  kind  treatment,  he  secured 
■their  friendship  to  such  ti  degree,  thiit,  though  they  had  opportunities, 
they  would  not  injure  him  even  in  titm;  of  war. 

The  lirst  h«!  ever  saw  oi"  lium  was  a  .-onipany  of  them  making 
towards  his  house,  through  thn  opening  from  the  top  of  Sanborn's 
hill,     lie  (led  to  the  w<.()(ls,  and  there  hiy  concealed,  till  they  had 
made  a  thorough  search  al)out   his  house  and  enclosuriis,  and   had 
gone  otr.     The  next  time  his  visiters  came,  he  was  constrained  to 
iKH'orne  more  neciuainted   with  tliem,  and   to  treat  them  with  more 
attention.      As  he  was  iiusily  eri'^ageil  towards  the  c|os(!  of  tlie  day  in 
•completing  a  yard  for  his  ecw,  the  declining  sini  suddenly  threw  along 
several  enormous  sliadows  on  the;  groiuid  hei'ore  him.     He  had  no 
soomu-  turned  to  see  the  cause,  than  he  ii>imd  hiiris.'Ifin  the  company 
of  a  nundMn-  of  stalely  Indians.     i<eein«.'  his  piM-turhaiion,  they  i)attrd 
him  on  the  head,  and  told   him  not  ..    .k;  afraid,  li)r  th(;y  would  noi 
hurl  him.     They  then  went  with  him  into  his  liousi';  and  their  first 
business  was  to  search  all  his  l)ottl(!s  to  see  if  he  had  any  '•omipcf," 
rum.     They  then  told  him  they  wen;  very  lnui<M-y,  ntid  wanted  some- 
thing to  eat.    lie  happened  to  have  a  ([uarter  of  a  hear,  which  he  gave 
then".     They  took  it  anil  threw  it  whole  upon  the  tire,  and  very  soon 
l)egan  to  cut  and  eat  iVorn  it  hidf  raw.     \\'hil(^  they  were  eating,  he 
employed  himself  in  cutting  pieces  from  it,  and  broding  upon  a  stick 
for  them,  which  pleawnl  tliem  very  much.     After  their  repast,  they 
wished  for  the  privilege  of  lying  by  his  tire  through  the  night,  which 
he  granted.     The  next  morning,  they  pru[-osed  trying  skill  with  hint 
in  bring  at  a  mark.     To  this  he  acceded.     Ihit  in  this,  finding  them- 
selves outdone,  they  were  nnich  astonislnd  and  chagrined  ;  neverthe- 
less they  highly  commended  him  for  his  skill,  patting  him  on  the  head, 
and  telling  him  if  be  would  go  olf  with  them  th(>y  would  make  him 
their  big  captain.    They  used  ollen  to  call  upon  him,  and  his  kindnesst 
to  them  they  never  (brgol  even  in  time  of  war. 

i'lausawa  had  a  peculiar  manner  of  doubling  bis  lip,  and  producing 
a  very  slirili,  piercing  whistle,  which  might  Ik;  heard  a  ;>;reat  distance. 
At  a  time  when  considerable  danger  was  apprehended  Irom  the  Indians, 
Blake  went  ofl'  into  the  woods  alone,  though  considered  hazardous, 
to  look  for  his  cow,  that  was  missing.  As  h(;  was  passing  along  by 
Sinclair's  brook,  an  unfre(|uented  plac(>,  northerly  from  M'Coy's  moun- 
tain, a  very  loud,  sharp  whistle,  which  be  knew  to  be  IMausawa's. 
sudd(;idy  passed  tln'ough  his  head,  tike  the  repov  of  a  pistol.  The 
sudden  alarm  almost  raised  him  from  the  ground;  and,  with  a  very 
light  step,  he  soon  reached  hon»e  without  bis  cow.  In  more  peaceable 
times,  Plausawa  asked  him  if  he  did  not  remember  the  time,  and 
laughed  very  much  to  think  bow  he  ran  at  the  iVight,  and  fold  him 
the^reason  for  his  whistling.  "FowHg  Imliuii;'  said  he,  "/w/t  up  gun 
to  shoot  Englishman.  Me  knock  it  down,  and  whistle  to  start  you 
off:'  So  lasting  is  their  friendsbij),  when  treated  well.  At  the  close 
of  the  wars,  the  Indians  built  several  wigwam's  near  the  confluence  of 
Wallace's  brook  with  the  great  Suncook.     On  a  little  island  in  tbi» 


*« 


& 


r 


river,  nea 
consideral 
time  of  pe 
near  a  cer 


,..-***-■ 


I  r 


Ki 


WfMi 


AN   ACCOUl 
TRAVELS 
COIJNTV, 
THE  YEA] 

la  May, 
three  hund 
to  join  Br 
Yohogania 
cheague,  \v 
road-cutter 

Though 
violently  in 
scssed  of  I 
tetwcen  Ve 
one,  and  gc 
this  cainpai 
summer  1  s 

We  wen 

Alleghany 

some  provii 

down  the  r< 

wagons  wei 

again  towar 

Vigoras.     i 

made  a  blin 

naturally,  w 

the  road.     ^ 

short  distanc 

touch  me;  I 

Indians  imn: 

hold  on  me  ' 

of  them  ecu 

white  men  c 

Two  of  the§( 

rade;  they  tj 

about  fifteen 

tain,  without 

The  next 

they  had  bro 

which  was  a 

youag  grouf 


CAPTIVITV  OF  COLONEL  SMITH. 


423 


CHAPTER  XXIII. 

THE  YEARS  J75o,  '50,  •57,"'5i,  a\t»  "j    CAUIVU'Y   WITH   THE    INDIANS,    IN 

111  May   1755,  the  province  of  Pennsylvania  affreed  to  send  out 
hree  hundred  n,en,  m  o.'der  to  cut  a  wagon  road  IVom  Fort  Lo  don 
to  joni  Braddock's  road,  near  the  Turkey  Foot,  or  three  To     s  of 
1  ohogania.     My  brother-in-law,  WiUiani  Smith,  Esq.,  of  Conoco 
roSttJ"'  ''^""''^'  -nmissioner,  to  have  the  ove'rsight  of  these 

Though  I  M-as  at  that  time  only  eighteen  years  of  age,  I  had  fallen 
violently  m  love  with  a  young  lady,  whom^I  apprehended  was  nos^ 
scssed  of  a  large  share  of  both  teauty  and  vir  ue  but  bein '  Cn 
between  Venus  and  Mars,  I  concluded  I  must  also  leave  myTelrfak 
one,  and  go  out  with  this  con^pany  of  road-cutters,  to  see  the  ev^ntTf 
this  campaign ;  but  st.U  expecting  that  some  time  in  the  course  of  thh^ 
summer  I  should  again  return  to  the  arms  of  mv  beloved 

We  went  on  with  the  road  witliout  intcri'uption  until  near  the 
Alleghany  mountam,  when  I  was  sent  back,  in  order  to  hurry  nn 
some  provu..on-wagons  that  were  on  the  way  after  us.  I  proceeded 
down  the  road  as  far  as  tlie  crossings  of  Juniata,  where,  f indino  the 
wagons  were  commg  on  as  Ihst  as  possible,  I  returned  u,  the  1-oad 
again  towards  the  Alleghany  mountin,  in  c;mpany  ^ll    Arno  d 

ISeT"blin  ]""n  °r"  "'  "^''r^'  ''^'^"^^  Bedfllrd,  three  Indians  had 
made  a  blmd  of  bushes,  stuck  m  the  ground  as  though  they  crew 

the  ro'  f'  t?"  '^'^  ^""^'^'^^  ihen^seWes,  about  fifteen  yard^stm 
the  load.     When  we  came  opposite  to  them  they  fired  upon  us  at  this 

^ultrS  "^'t'''^'  -y 'ellovv-traveller,  y^t  their  llullet:  cf:^  n^ 
touch  me,  but  my  horse  making  a  violent  start,  threw  me,  and  the 
luhans  immediately  ran  up  and  took  me  prisoner.  The  one  that  l^d 
hold  on  me  was  a  Canasatauga,  the  other  two  were  Delawares.  One 
of  hem  could  speak  English,  and  a.sked  me  if  there  were  any  more 
white  men  comnig  after.  I  told  them  not  any  near  that  I  knew  of 
rade  ,W  M  ^"'^•^"V'^^?  ^^  '"''  "''"'^^  ^^e  other  scalped  my  com-* 
Son;  f  ft^  V  ""^rf  ^"^^  "' ""  ^'""^-^  ^•••^^«  through  the  woods  for 

The  next  moniing  they  divided  tho  last  of  their  provision  which 
they  had  brought  from  Fort  Du  Quesne,  and  gave  me  an  equal  share 
wh  ch  was  about  two  or  three  ounces  of  mouldy  biscuit;    his,  and  J 
youug  ground-hog,  about  as  large  as  a  rabbil,  roasted,  and  also 


fiTT  V  ! 


I 


jil 


•^">*«?*»*5^' 


il 


'.■:m 


■i 


u^' 


■m 


:;-,^-;--..it'!-j',.jW 


.?c 


:^^,  :i^  5?. 


'•y/^s 


fe 


:-'N\ 


h 


«4|W^ 


■-*  «»•, 


t?ifiij 


m 


■ji 


r^ 


^'**k/ 


'^^::^^    -;:•:'/&:■•  ^cc.^-'-^ 


.^^sJ"' 


.»>     ^ 


^ 


■I'^uMbiiiiiCi! 


m^^^M 


•:'mviTj;*.' -.,   .'.-' 


-tte'-'iW 


HiVTS  UF    I\JMA\     »flH  TORY. 


424 


EVENTS    IN    INDIAN   HISTORY. 


equally  divided,  was  all  the  provision  v/o  had  until  we  came  to  the 
Loyal  Hannan,  which  was  about  fifty  miles;  and  a  great  part  of  the 
way  we  came  through  exceedingly  rocky  laurel  thickets,  without  any 
path.  When  we  came  to  the  west  side  of  Laurel  Hill,  they  gave  the 
scalp  halloo,  as  usual,  which  is  a  long  yell  or  halloo  for  every  scalp  or 
prisoner  th(!y  have  in  possession;  the  last  of  these  scalp  halloos  was 
followed  with  quick  and  sudden  shrill  shouts  of  joy  and  triumph.  On 
their  perfijrming  this,  wo  were  answered  by  the  firing  of  a  number  of 
guns  on  the  Loyal  Hannan,  one  after  another,  (piickerthan  one  could 
count,  by  another  party  of  Indians,  who  were  encamped  near  when 
Ligoneer  now  stands.  As  we  advanced  near  this  party,  they  increased 
with  repeated  shouts  of  joy  and  triumph;  but  1  did  not  share  with 
them  in  tlunr  excessive  mirth.  When  we  came  to  this  camp,  we 
found  they  had  plenty  of  turkeys  and  other  meat  there,  and  though  I 
never  before  eat  venison  without  bread  or  salt,  yet  us  I  was  hungry, 
it  relished  very  well.  There  we  lay  that  night,  and  the  next  morninu 
thi;  whole  of  us  marched  on  our  way  for  Fort  Du'Ciuesne.  The  night 
after  we  came  tr,  another  camp  of  Indians,  with  nearly  the  same 
ceremony,  attended  with  great  noise  and  apparent  joy  among  all 
except  one.  The  next  morning  we  continued  our  march,  and  in  the 
afternoon  wo  came  in  full  view  of  the  ibrt,  which  stood  on  the  point 
near  where  Fort  Pitt  now  stands.  We  then  made  a  halt  on  the  bank 
of  the  Alleghany,  and  repeated  the  scalp  halloo,  which,  was  answered 
by  the  firing  of  all  the  firelocks  in  the  hands  of  both  hu'ins  and 
I'rench  who  wore  in  and  about  the  fort,  in  the  aforesaid  manner, 
which  were  followed  by  the  continued  shouts  and  yells  (jf  the  ditlerent 
savage  tribes  who  were  then  collected  there. 

As  I  was  at  that  time  unacquainted  with  this  mode  of  firing  and  yell- 
ing of  the  savages,  I  concluded  that  ther<j  were  thousands  of  Indian? 
there  ready  to  receive  General  Braddock;  but  what  added  to  my  sur- 
prise, 1  saw  PMinbers  running  towards  me,  stripped  naked,  excepting  the 
breech-clouts,  and  paint(>d  in  the  most  hideous  marmer,  of  various  colors, 
though  the  principal  color  was  vermilion,  or  a  bright  red,  yet  there 
was  annexed  to  this  black,  brown,  blue,  &c.  As  they  approached, 
they  formed  themselves  into  two  long  ranlcs,  about  two  ov  three  rods 
apart.  I  was  told  by  an  Indian  that  could  speak  English  that  1  must 
run  betwixt  these  ranks,  and  that  they  would  flog  me  all  the  way  as 
I  ran;  and  if  I  ran  quick,  it  would  be  so  much  the  better,  as  they 
would  quit  when  I  got  to  the  end  of  the  ranks.  There  appeared  to 
be  a  general  rejoicing  around  me,  yet  I  could  find  nothing  like  joy  in 
my  breast;  but  I  started  to  the  race  with  all  the  resolution  and  vigoi' 
1  was  capable  of  exerting,  and  found  that  it  was  as  I  had  been  told, 
for  I  was  flogged  the  whole  way.  When  I  had  got  near  the  end  ol' 
the  lines,  I  was  struck  with  something  that  .a])j)eared  to  me  to  be  a 
stick,  or  the  handle  of  a  tomahawk,  which  caused  me  to  fall  to  the 
ground.  On  my  recovering  my  senses,  1  endeavored  to  renew  my 
race;  but  as  I  arose,  some  one  cast  sand  in  my  eyes,  which  blinded 
me  so  that  I  could  not  see  v.-here  to  run.  They  continued  beating  ine 
most  intolerably,  until  I  was  at  length  insensible;  but  before  I  lost  my 


CAPTIVITY    OF   COLONEL    SMITH.  486 

ZStlhr^'T^Trr.r''^'""  '^'"^  ^«  ^^"'^^  the  fatal  blow,  for  I 
SI      '  killing  me,  but  apprehended  they  were  to^  long 

The  first  thing  I  remember  was  my  being  in  the  fort  amidst  the 
Frendi  and  Indians,  and  u  French  doctor  sfanding  by  me,Tho  had 

howU-^Ttolir"  M-r"'  r'^"-."^"^^'^he  int^rpLer'alked  me 
iiou  1  did,  I  told  him  f  felt  much  pain.  The  doctor  then  washed  mv 
wounds  and  the  bruised  places  of  my  body  with  French  brandy    7s 

hi  L!  " S'm    ^"  ^'■''l^y.'"^-^'  ^^«11.  I  a^kc^d  ibr  some  inwardfy,  bt 
the  doctor  told  me,  by  the  interpreter,  that  it  did  not  suit  my  case 

When  they  lound  1  could  speak,  a  number  of  Indians  caL  amund 

me  and  examined  me,  wuh  threats  of  cruel  death  if  I  did  not  tell  tSe 

u,th.     The  first  questK)n  they  asked  me  was,  how  many  men  were 

doX"  U^  '\f  """,  'T"^  ^^«'"  l^--ylvania  to^  joTn  Bmd! 
dock?  I  told  them  the  truth,  (hat  there  were  three  hundred  The 
next  question  was,  were  they  well  armed?  I  told  them  they  were  all 
>  ell  armed,  (meaning  the  arm  of  flesh,)  for  they  had  onlv  about  thirH 
guns  among  the  whgle  of  them,  which,  if  the  Indians  had  known  thev 
would  certainly  have  gone  and  cut  them  off,  therdbre.]  could  not  in 
conscience  let  them  know  the  deienceless  situation  of  these  rid - 

the  doctor  "■"'.  '"  ''"V"  '.^'^  ''"'•^'^"''  ^^"^  ^'^'■^^'■""y  ^««"ded  by 
the  doctors,  and  recovered  quicker  than  what  I  expected 

borne  time  aller  1  was  there,  I  was  visited  by  the  Delaware  Indian 

^me  LS""'n'  "'".  r  ''\  ^'f  ^^^^"^S  of- me,  and  could  speak 
some  English.  1  hough  he  spoke  but  bad  English,  yet  1  found  hm. 
to  be  a  man  o(  considerable  understanding.     I  asked  him  if  I  had 

fn  ^7  "  '^'""^Y  ""^^^'^"^  '^''  1"^*^"^'  ^^hich  caused  them  to 
neat  me  so  unmercifully.     He  said  no;  it  was  only  an  old  custom  the 

ndmns  had  and  it  was  like  how  do  you  do;  after  that,  he  said,  I  wol 
be  well  used  I  asked  him  if  1  should  be  admitted  to  remain  with  the 
Irench.  He  said  no;  and  told  me  that,  as  soon  as  I  recovered,  I 
Zlir^'Hl  n^'^^Jhe  Indians,  but  must  be  made  an  Indi  n 

lyself     I  asked  him  what  news  irom  Braddock's  army.     He  said 

he  Indians  spied  them  every  day,  and  he  showed  me,"  bv  makin. 

marks  on  the  ground  with  a  stick,  that  Braddock's  army  was  advanc°. 

ing  in  very  close  order,  and  that  the  Indians  would  surround  them, 

take  trees,  and  (as  he  expressed  it)  shoot  vm  down  all  one  pigeon 

Shortly  alter  this,  on  the  Oth  day  of  July,  1755,  in  the  mornin..,  I 
heard  a  great  stir  in  the  fort.  As  I  could  then  walk  with  a  staff  in 
iny  hand,  I  went  out  of  the  door,  whi.'h  was  just  by  the  wall  of  the 
orl,  and  stooa  upon  the  wall,  and  viewed  the  Indians  in  a  huddle 
Oelore  the  gate,  where  were  barrels  of  powder,  bullets  flints,  &c.  and 
cveiy  one  taking  what  suited.  I  saw  the  Indians  also  march  off  in 
rank  enure ;  likewise  the  French  Canadians,  and  some  regulars  After 
viewing  the  Indians  and  French  in  different  positions,  1  compuS 
hen,  0  be  about  lour  hundred,  and  wondered  that  they  attempted    o 

hono   ih^%T      iT"^"^"'''  ''''?  '°  '"^""  ^  P^^ty-     I  ''^^  then  in  high 
hopes  tha^  I  would  soon  see  them  fly  before  the  British  troops,  and  that  . 
Uneral  Braddock  would  take  the  fort  and  rescue  me 

36* 


Hi  i .; 


ti^ 


ri 


IF  1 


JIM-        "  mf^fr 


436 


BVBNT8   Ilf   INDIAN   HISTOKY. 


1  remained  anxious  to  know  the  event  of  this  day ;  and,  in  the 
afternoon,  I  again  observed  a  great  noise  and  commotion  in  the 
fort,  and  though  at  that  time  I  could  not  understand  French,  yet  1 
found  that  it  was  the  voice  of  joy  and  triumph,  and  feared  that  they 
had  received  what  I  called  bad  news. 

I  had  observed  some  of  the  old  country  soldiers  speak  Dutch ;  as  I 
spoke  Dutch,  I  went  to  one  of  them,  and  asked  him  what  was  the 
news.  He  told  me  that  a  runner  had  just  arrived,  who  said  that 
Braddock  would  certainly  be  defeated ;  that  the  Indians  and  French 
had  surrounded  him,  and  were  concealed  behind  trees  and  in  gullies, 
and  kept  a  constant  fire  upon  the  English,  and  that  they  saw  the 
English  falling  in  heaps,  and  if  thoy  did  not  take  the  river,  which  was 
the  only  gap,  and  make  their  escape,  there  would  not  be  one  man  left 
alive  before  sundown.  Some  time  after  this  I  heard  a  number  of  scalp 
halloos,  and  saw  a  company  of  Indians  and  French  coming  in.  I 
observed  they  had  a  great  many  bloody  scalps,  grenadiers'  caps, 
British  canteens,  bayonets,  &c.,  with  them.  They  brought  the  news 
that  Braddock  was  defeated.  After  that  anotlicr  company  came  in, 
which  appeared  to"  be  about  one  hundred,  and  chiefly  Indians,  and  it 
seemed  to  me  that  almost  every  one  of  this  company  was  carrying 
scalps ;  after  this  came  another  company  with  a  number  of  wagon 
horses,  and  also  a  great  many  scalps.  Those  that  were  coming  in, 
and  those  tliat  had  arrived,  kept  a  constant  firing  of  small  arms,  and 
also  the  g.' •'.'  guns  in  the  ibrt,  which  were  accompanied  with  the 
most  hideous  shouts  and  yells  from  all  quarters ;  so  that  it  appeared 
i,o  me  as  if  the  infernal  regions  had  broke  loose. 

About  sundown,  I  beheld  a  small  party  coming  in  with  about  a 
dozen  prisoners,  stripped  naked,  wirh  their  hands  tied  behind  their 
backs,  and  their  faces  and  part  of  their  bodies  blacked;  these  prisoners 
tliey  burned  to  death  on  the  bank  of  Allenhany  river,  opposite  to  the 
fort.  I  stood  on  the  fort  wall  until  I  beheld  them  begin  to  burn  one  of 
these  men;  they  had  him  tied  to  a  stake,  and  kept  touching  him  with 
fire-brands,  red-hot  irons,  &c.,  and  he  screamed  in  a  most  doleful 
manner;  the  Indians,  in  the  mean  time,  yelling  like  infernal  spirits. 

As  this  scene  appeared  too  shocking  for  me  to  behold,  I  retired  to 
my  lodgings  both  sore  and  sorry. 

When  I  came  into  my  lodgings  T  saw  Ilusscl's  Seven  Sermons,  which 
they  had  brought  from  the  field  of  battle,  which  a  Frenchman  made 
a  present  to  me.  From  the  best  information  I  could  receive,  there 
were  only  seven  Indians  and  four  French  killed  m  this  battle,  and  five 
liundred  British  lay  dead  in  the  field,  besides  what  were  killed  in  the 
river  on  their  retreat. 

The  morning  after  the  battle  I  saw  Braddock's  artillery  brought 
into  the  fort;  the  same  day  I  also  saw  several  Indians  in  British 
officers'  dress,  with  sash,  half  moon,  laced  hats,  &c.,  which  the 
British  then  wore. 

A  few  days  after  this  the  Indians  demanded  me,  and  I  was  obliged 
to  go  with  them.  I  was  not  yet  well  able  to  marc!;,  !)i!t  they  took  nic 
m  a  canoe  up  the  Alleghany  river  to  an  Indian  to'wi,  that  was  on  the 


CAPTIVITY   OP   COLONEL   SMITH. 


487 


north  side  of  the  river,  about  forty  miles  above  Fort  Du  Quesne.   Here 

LTrr  .  K  "*  u'TJ"^^'^  ^"^  ^^«  '^^"^  '^^^"^  <«  ««  Indian  town 
on  the  west  branch  of  Muskingum,  about  twenty  miles  above  the  forks, 
which  was  called  Tulhhas,  inhabited  by  Delawares,  Caughnewaga 

w««  ^K.i  r  M-  ^^"  r ""  T""  ^*^'-^'  '^"^  ^^'^^^'^•d  towns  The  country 
va^  chie/ly  black  oak  and  white  oak  land,  which  app<3ared  generally 

The  day  after  my  arrival  at  the  aforesaid  town,  a  number  of 
Indians  collected  about  me,  and  one  of  them  began  to  pull  the  hair 
out  of  my  head.  Ho  had  some  ashes  on  a  piece  of  bark,  in  which 
he  frequently  dipped  his  fingers,  in  order  to  lake  the  firmer  hold,  and 
so  he  went  on,  as  it  he  had  been  plucking  a  turkey,  until  he  had  all 
the  hair  clean  out  of  my  head,  except  a  small  spot  about  three  or  four 
inches  square  on  my  crown;  this  they  cut  off  with  a  pair  of  scissors, 

tT71  Tf  '°'''''  ''H'^  '^'^  ^'•^^^^"'  "P  i"  ^h«ir  «wn  mode. 
Iwo  of  those  they  wrapped  round  with  a  narrow  beaded  garter  made 
by  themselves  for  that  purpose,  and  the  other  they  plaited  at  full 

ength,  and  then  stuck  it  tiill  of  silver  broaches.     After  this  thev 
bored  my  nose  and  ears,  an. 1  fixed  me  off  with  car-rings  and  nose 
jewels ;    hen  they  ordered  me  to  strip  off  my  clothes  and  put  on  a 
breech-clout,  which  1  did ;  they  then  painted  my  head,  face,  and  body, 
in  various  colors.     They  put  a  large  belt  of  wampum  on  my  neck 
and  silver  bands  on  my  hands  and  right  arm:  and  so  an  old  chief  led 
me  out  in  the  street,  and  gave  the  alarm  lialloo,  coo-wi^h,  several 
times  repeated  quick;  and  on  this,  all  that  were  in  the  town  came 
running  and  stood  round  the  old  chief,  who  held  me  by  the  hand  in 
the  midst.     As  I  at  that  time  knew  nothing  of  their  mode  of  adoption, 
and  had  seen  them  put  to  death  all  they  had  taken,  and  as  I  never 
could  find  that  they  saved  a  man  alive  at  Braddock's  defeat,  I  made 
no  doubt  but  they  were  about  putting  me  to  death  in  some  cruel 
manner.    1  he  old  chief,  holding  me  by  the  hand,  made  a  long  speech, 
very  loud    and  when  he  had  done,  he  handed  me  to  thr^e  youn- 
squaws,  who  led  me  by  the  hand  down  the  bank,  into  the  river,  until 
the  water  was  up  to  our  middle.     The  squaws  then  made  signs  to  me 
0  plunge  myself  into  the  water,  but  I  did  not  understand  them ;  I 
tliought  that  the  Insult  of  the  council  was  that  1  should  be  drowned 
and  that  these  young  ladies  were  to  be  the  executioners.     They  all 
tiirce  laid  violent  hold  of  me,  and  1  for  some  time  opposed  them  with 
all  my  might   w  iich  occasioned  loud  laughter  by  the  multitude  that 
were  on  the  bank  of  the  river.     At  length  one  of  the  squaws  made 
out  o  spealc  a  little  English,  (lor  1  believe  they  began  to  be  afraid  of 
me,)  and  said  «o  hurt  you.     On  this  I  gave  mVself  up  to  their  lady- 
ships,  who  were  as  good  as  their  word ;  for  though  they  plunoed  me 
under  water,  and  washed  and  rubbed  me  severely,  yet  I  could  not  say 
they  hurt  me  much.  '  ^ 

These  young  women  then  led  me  up  to  the  council-house,  where 
some  of  the  tribe  were  ready  with  new  clothes  for  me.  They  aave 
me  a  new  ruflled  shirt,  which  I  put  on,  also  a  pair  of  leggins  done  of}' 


428 


EVENTS   IN    INDIAN    HISTORY. 


with  ribbons  and  beads,  likewise  a  pair  of  moccasins,  and  garters 
dressed  with  beads,  porcupine  quills,  and  red  hair — also  a  tinsel-laced 
cappo.  They  again  painted  my  head  and  face  with  various  colors, 
and  tied  a  bunch  of  red  Ibuthors  to  one  of  those  locks  they  had  lefi 
on  the  crown  of  my  head,  which  stood  up  five  or  six  inches.  They 
seated  me  on  u  bear-skin,  and  jiave  ine  a  pipe,  tomahawk,  and  pole- 
cat-skin pouch,  which  had  been  skinned  pocket  fashion,  and  contained 
tobacco,  killcgcnico,  or  dry  sumach  leaves,  which  they  mix  with  their 
tobacco;  also  spunk,  flint,  and  steel.  When  1  was  thus  seated,  the 
Indians  came  in  dressed  and  painted  in  their  grandest  manner.  As 
they  came  in  they  took  their  seats,  and  for  a  considerable  time  there 
was  a  profound  silence— every  one  was  smoking;  but  not  a  word  was 
spoken  among  them.  At  length  one  of  the  chiels  made  a  speech, 
which  was  delivered  to  me  by  an  interpreter,  and  was  as  foUoweth; 
"  My  son,  you  are  now  flesh  of  our  flesh,  and  bone  of  our  bone.  By 
the  ceremony  which  was  performed  this  day  every  drop  of  white  blood 
was  washed  out  of  your  veins;  you  are  taken  into  the  Caughnewaga 
nation,  and  initiated  into  a  warlike  tribe;  you  are  adopted  ir.to  a  great 
family,  and  now  received  with  great  seriousness  and  solemnity  in  the 
room  and  place  of  a  great  man.  After  what  has  passed  this  day, 
you  are  now  one  of  us  by  an  old  strong  law  and  custom.  My  son, 
you  have  now  nothing  to  fear — we  are  now  under  the  same  obligations 
to  love,  support,  and  defend  you  that  we  are  to  love  and  to  defend  one 
another;  therefore,  you  are  to  consider  yourself  as  one  of  our  people." 
At  this  time  I  did  not  believe  this  fine  speech,  especially  that  of  the 
white  blood  being  washed  out  of  me;  but  since  that  time  1  have  found 
that  there  was  much  sincerity  in  said  speech;  for,  from  that  day,  i 
never  knew  them  to  make  any  distinction  between  me  and  themselves 
in  any  respect  whatever  until  I  left  them.  If  they  had  plenty  of 
clothing,  I  had  plenty  f  if  we  were  scarce,  we  all  shared  one  fate. 

After  this  ceremony  was  over,  I  was  introduced  to  my  new  kin,  and 
told  that  I  was  to  attend  a  feast  that  evening,  which  1  did.  And  as' 
the  custom  was,  they  gave  me  also  a  bowl  and  wooden  spoon,  which 
I  carried  with  me  to  the  place,  where  there  was  a  number  of  large 
brass  kettles  full  of  boiled  venison  and  green  corn ;  every  one  advanced 
with  his  bowl  and  spoon,  and  had  his  share  given  him.  After  this, 
one  of  the  chiefs  made  a  short  speech,  and  then  we  began  to  eat. 

The  name  of  one  of  the  chiefs  in  this  town  was  Tecanyaterighto, 
alias  Pluggy,  and  the  other  Asallecoa,  alias  Mohawk  Solomon.  As 
Pluggy  and  his  party  were  to  start  the  next  day  to  war,  to  the  frontiers 
of  Virginia,  the  next  thing  to  be  ••erformed  was  the  war-dance,  and 
their  war-songs.  At  their  war-dance  they  had  both  vocal  and  instru- 
mental music ;  they  had  a  short  hollow  gun,  closed  at  one  end,  with 
water  in  it,  and  parchment  stretched  over  the  open  end  thereof,  which 
they  beat  with  one  stick,  and  made  a  sound  nearly  like  a  muffled 
drum.  All  those  who  were  going  on  this  expedition  collected  together 
and  formed.  An  old  Indian  then  began  to  sing,  and  timed  the  music 
by  beating  on  this  drum,  as  the  ancients  formerly  timed  their  music 
by  beating  the  tabor.     On  this  the  warriors  began  to  advance,  or 


CAPTIVITY  OP  GOIONEL  SMITH. 


420 


move  forward  ,n  concert,  like  wcll-disciplined  troops  would  march  to 
the  f.  e  und  drum.     Lach  warrior  had  a  tomahawk,  spear,  or  wur- 
.nallet  in  his  hand,  and  they  all  moved  rej^ularly  towards  the  east,  or 
he  way  they  intended  to  go  to  war.     At  lenjrth  they  all  stretc-lied 
then  tomahawks  towards  the  l>oton.ac,  and  giving  a  hideous  shout  or 
yell,  they  wheeled  (,uick  about,  and  daneed  in  the  same  manner  hack 
1  he  next  was  the  war-song.     Jn  performing  this,  only  one  sunrr  at  a 
time,  m  a  moving  posture,  with  a  tomahawk  in  his  hand,  while  all 
he  other  warriors  were  engaged  in  calling  aloud  he-nh,  he-uh,  which 
they  constantly  repeated  while  the  war-song  was  goin..  on      When 
the  warrior  that  was  singing  had  ended  his  song,  he  striudc  a  war-post 
with  his  tomahawk,  and  with  a  loud  voice  told  what  warlike  exploits 
he  had  done,  and  what  he  now  iniended  to  do,  which  were  answered 
by  the  other  warriors  with  loud  shouts  of  applause.     Some  who  had 
not  before  intended  to  go  to  war,  at  this  time,  were  so  animated  bv 
this  performance,  that  they  took  up  the  tomahawk  and  sung  the  war- 
.song    which  was  answered  with  shouts  of  joy,  as  they  were  then 
initiated  into  the  present  marching  company. "   The  next  Inorniny  this 
company  all  co  lectcd  at  one  place,  with  their  heads  and  fhces  painted 
with  various  colors,  and  packs  upon  their  backs;  fhc-y  marched  olf, 
all  silent,  (.xccpt  the  commander,  who,  in  the  front,  sung  the  travellin-v 
songr,  which  began  m  this  manncn-:  J,.oo  cnvghlalnte  heeiranu.     Smi 
as  the  rear  passed  the  end  of  the  town,  they  began  to 'fire  in  their 
-slow  manner,    rom  the  front  to  the  rear,  which  was  accompanied  with 
shouts  and  yells  from  all  quarters. 

This  evening  I  was  invited  to  another  sort  of  dance,  which  was  a 
kind  of  promiscuous  dance.     The  young  men  stood  in  one  rank,  and 
the  young  women  u.  another,  about  one  rod  apart,  facini'  each  other. 
I  he  one  that  raised  the  tune,  or  started  th.^  sono,  held  a  small  gourd 
or  dry  shell  of  a  squash  in  his  hand,  which  roiUained  beads  or  small 
stones  which  rattled.    When  he  began  to  sing,  he  timed  the  tune  with 
nis  rattle;  both  men  and  women  danced  and  sung  together,  advancin<r 
owards  each  other,  stooping  until   fhcr  lu-ads  would   be  touching 
ogelher,  and  then  ceased  from  dancing,  with  loud  shouts,  and  re- 
treated  and  formed  again,  and  so  repeated  the  same  thinrr  over  and 
over,  for  three  or  four  liours,  without  intermission.     This  exercise 
appeared  to  meat  first  irrational  and  insipid;  but  I  found  that  in 
singing  their  tunes  they  used  ya  ne  no  hoo  wa  nc,  &:c.,  like  our  fa  sol 
la,  and  though  they  have  no  such  thing  as  jingling  verse,  yet  thev 
can  intermix  sentences  with  their  notes,  and  say  what  they  please  to 
each  other,  and  carry  on  the  tune  in  concert.     1  found  that  this  was 
a  kind  of  wooing  or  courting  dance,  and  as  thev  advanced  stoopino- 
with  their  heads  together,  they  could  say  what  fhey  pleased  in  each 
other  s  ear,  without  disconcerting  their  roush  music,  and  the  others, 
or  those  near,  not  hear  what  they  said. 

Shortly  after  this  I  went  out  to  hunt,  in  company  with  Mohawk 
Solomon,  some  of  the  Caughnewagas,  and  a  Delaware^  Indian,  that 
was  married  to  a  Caughnewaga  squaw.  We  travelled  about  south 
Ironi  this  town,  and  the  first  night  vvc  killed  nothing,  but  we  had  with 


480 


KVENT8    IN    INDIAN    HISTORY. 


US  green  corn,  which  we  roasted  and  ate  that  night.  The  next  day 
wo  encamped  iilK)Ut  twelve  o'clock,  and  the  hunters  turned  out  to 
hunt,  and  I  went  down  the  run  that  we  cncfunped  on,  in  compimy 
with  soini!  sfjuawa  and  hoys,  to  hunt  plums,  which  W(!  Cound  in  j^rcat 
plenty.  On  my  rt^turn  to  camp  t  ohscrved  a  laT^^^  piece  of  fat  meat ; 
the  Delaware  Indian,  that  could  talk  some  Kn<flish,  observed  me 
looking  (larncstly  at  fliis  meal,  and  ask(!d  mti,  what  meat  you  think 
that  is/  I  saiti  I  s'ip{>osod  it  was  bear  meat;  hv  laughed,  and  said, 
ho,  all  one  fmi  i;im,  hmf  now  dh)  pool;  and  pointing  to  (ho  otlier 
side  of  the;  camp,  Ur.  said,  look  at  that  skin,  you  think  that  beai  akin? 
1  went  and  tilled  the  skin,  which  ap|H^ared  like  an  ox-hide;  he  then 
sau\,  what  nkin  tfoii  think  that/  I  replied,  that  1  thought  it  was  a 
buJlido  hide;  ho  laughed,  and  said,  you  fool  a^ain,  rjou  know  nothins;, 
you  think  biiji'alo  that  colo?  I  acknowledg(;d  I  did  not  knf>w  much 
about  these  things,  and  told  him  J  uc  i  r  sriwa  butlalo,  and  that  I  had 
not  heard  what  cohjr  they  were.  He  replied,  by  and  by  you  shall 
sec  sjrleat  many  buffalo ;  he  noio  ij;o  to  fjleat  lick.  That  skin  no 
bvjf'alo  skin,  that  skin  biirk-elk  skin.  They  went  out  with  horses, 
and  brought  in  the  remainder  t>r  this  buck-elk,  which  was  the  fattest 
creature  I  ever  saw  of  the  tallow  kind. 

We  remained  at  this  camp  about  eight  or  ten  days,  and  killed  a 
number  of  deer.  Though  we  had  neither  bread  nor  salt  at  this  time, 
yet  we  had  Ixjth  roast  and  boiled  meat  in  great  pk^ity,  and  tliey  wtsre 
frcfiuently  inviting  me  to  eat  when  I  had  no  api)etite. 

We  then  moved  to  the  butlalo  lick,  where  we  killed  several  buffalo, 
and  in  their  small  brass  kettkis  they  made  about  half  a  bushel  of  salt. 
I  su|)|)ose  this  lick  was  about  thirty  or  Ibrty  miles  from  the  aforesaid 
town,  and  somewhere  between  the  Muskingum,  (3hio,  avid  Sciota. 
About  the  lick  were  clear,  open  woods,  and  thin  white  oak  land,  and 
at  that  time  there  were  large  roads  leading  to  the  lick,  like  wagon 
roads.  We  moved  Irom  this  lick  about  six  or  seven  miles,  and 
encamped  on  a  creek. 

Though  the  Indians  had  given  me  a  gim,  I  had  not  yet  been 
admitted  to  go  out  iVom  the  camp  to  hunt.  At  this  place;  IVlohawk 
Solomon  asked  me  to  go  out  with  him  to  hunt,  which  I  readily 
agreed  to.  Atler  some  time  wc  came  upon  some  fresh  builalo  tracks. 
I  had  observed  belijre  this  that  the  Indians  were  upon  their  guard,  and 
afraid  of  an  enemy;  for,  until  now,  they  and  the  southern  nations 
had  been  at  war.  As  we  were  following  the  buffalo  tracks,  Solomon 
seemed  to  be  upon  his  guard,  went  very  slow,  and  would  frequently 
stand  and  listen,  and  appeared  to  be  in  suspense.  We  came  to  where 
the  tracks  were  very  plain  in  the  sand,  and  1  said  it  is  surely  buffalo 
tracks ;  he  said,  hi/sh,  you  know  nothing,  may  be  buffalo  tracks,  may 
be  Catawba.  He  went  very  cautious  until  we  found  some  fresh  buffalo 
dung ;  he  then  smiled,  and  said  Catawba  cannot  make  so.  He  then 
stopped,  and  told  me  an  odd  story  about  the  Catawbas.  He  said  that 
formerly  the  Catawbas  came  near  one  of  their  hunting  camps,  and  at 
some  distance  from  the  camp  lay  in  ambush;  and  in  order  to  decoy 
them  out,  sent  two  or  three  Catawbas  in  the  night  past  their  camp, 


my  gun  severe 


CAM-IVITY  OF   COLOXKL   flMITH.  431 

With  buffalo  hoofs  fixed  on  thoir  feet,  so  rts  to  make  nrtifidnl  trnrks 
In  tho  m.,rninf,r,thosn  in  the  camp  followed  after  those  track^.l.inkin^ 
.hey  were  I.utndo  until  they  were'fir.d  „n  by  the  Uafaw  „n\^^^  "^^^^^^^ 
of  them  killed.  The  others  fled,  eollecte.I  a  party  and  m"  „ed  the 
•nlawbas  •  ImU  they  in  their  subtilty,  bronghl  with  thenrrat  lesnake 
poison  which  they  }„vd  collected  from  the  bla.ld.r  tha  |  et  at  "ho 
root  oi  the  snake's  teeth;  this  they  had  corked  up  in  a  short  r.iernl^- 
a  cane-stalk.  They  ha.l  also  brouoht  with  them'^.na  .  ne  .  '  rc,^' 
about  the  .,/e  of  a  rye-straw,  which  they  made  sharp  at  the  end Tk . 
■v  pnn,  and  d.ppod  them  in  this  poison,  and  stuck  them  in  ho  "^o  n 
.imonjr  the     rass,  alonjr  their  own  tracks,  in  such  a  p.^sit.on  that   lev 

■m'l  as  the  atavvbas  had  runners  b..hind  to  watch  the  motion  of  Ihe 
pursuers  when  they  Ihund  that  a  nuud.er  of  them  were  I  ne  ben^ 
a  tdically  snake-b.tten,  and  that  they  were  all  turning  hack  th? 
Catawbas  turned  upon  the  pursu.-rs,  Jnd  delia.ed  thenK  and  kil  1 
and  scalped  all  those  that  were  Ian  n.  VV^hen  ^n\nmLh,T-  • 
this  story,  and  fo.u.d  that  I  underst  od  him   he  ^S    -d     I         "'^ 

.Some  time  after  this,  I  was  told  to  take  the  dogs  with  me  and  o,. 

ov  n    he  credc,  perhaps  I  might  kill  a  turkey ;  iF  heir.-    Zhunl^^ 
.on,  1  was  also  told  not  to  go  far  from  the'creek,  and  to  con  e  a 

he  creek  agam  to  the  camp,  an.l  to  take  care  not  to  Vet  lost.  When 
lad  gone  some  distance  down  the  creek,  I  came  upon  fresh  bS 
iracks,  and  as  1  had  a  number  of  do<r.s  with  inc  to  str.n  l,n  K.  ^f  i 
-■oncluded  I  woj.ld  follow  after  md  kill  t>  ania  "^h^.  t  a^d 
wc.  s  were^rank,  1  could  read.ly  follow  the  track  A  litUo  beiSe 
suiKlnwn  I  despaired  of  coming  up  with  them.     [  was  The     thinl  Z 

ow  I  might  get  to  camp  before  night.  [  concluded  as  tL  bn  ft^ 
had  made  several  turns,  if  I  took  the  track  back  to  the  e  eek  it  w lu  d 
be  <Iark  befom  I  could  get  to  cmnp,-  therefore  I  thou-d.t  I  ''. ,  d  S 
a  near  way  through  the  '.ills,  an.l  strike  the  creek  a  it  le  „  t  the 
camp;  but  as  it  was  cloudy  weather,  and  1  a  very  younglood  m!.^f 
I  could  hnd  neither  creek  nor  camp.  When  nijlu  cartoon  I  fi;el 
my  gun  several  „mes  and  hallooed,'but  could  ha;e  no  a^'C  The 
nex  morning  early  the  Indians  were  out  after  me,  and  n .     hid  with 

caddy  follow  my   rack.    When  they  camr,  up  with  me,  th.v  nTneared 
to  Ix.  in  very  good  humor.     I  asked  Solomon  if  he  thouUtTvas 

cum  o  camp  they  took  my  gun  from  me,  and  fhr  this  rash  sten^ 
as  reduced  to  a  bo.    and  arrows,  for  near  two  years,     ^\^wo  el. 

"11  this  tour  for  about  six  weeks  °"^ 

This  country  is  generally  hilly,  thou.di  intermixed  with  consider- 

able  quantities  of  rich  upland,  and  some  good  bottoms 

.nH  K   "  T:  ''^?"l"^  ^''  '^^  ^°''"'  P1^'?-.^'V  and  his  par"ty  had  arrived 
nd  brought  with  them  a  considerable  numberof  scalns  and  nr  /nn!  ' 
from  the  south  branch  of  the  Potomac;  they  Z'^^S^ 


III 

PI 


43a 


EVKNT8    IN    INDIAN    lIIriTOHV. 


mi  Knplisli  Hiblc,  whidi  tln'y  «ave  to  a  Dutch  woman  wlio  was  a 
prisontif ;  but  uh  hIv  could  not  \vm\  Kii^linli,  hIic  iiiudc  u  prcMciit  of  it 
to  111(1,  wliiili  was  V('i\  ncc<'|»t(il>lr. 

I  rninuiiicd  in  this  ittwri  until  synic  tinie  in  OctnlxM-,  when  niy 
adopted  brnilKrr,  called  Tontilcauj^o,  who  had  niarricMl  a  Wyandot 
squaw,  took  iiic  wilh  liim  to  J,mI<i  Erie.  Wt;  proceeded  up  tin-  west 
Immch  of  Mnskin^uiii,  and  lin-MMim  distance  up  tlx;  river  the  land 
was  hilly,  hut  interniixcd  with  large  bodies  of  tolerable  rich  upland, 
and  execllt  nt  hnlloins.  We  proeeedeil  on  to  the  head  waters  o)'  the 
w(;st  branch  orMiisUini;uni.  On  \hv  head  watfrs  of  this  branch,  and 
from  tlu'nce  to  the  waters  of  (!anesadoohario,  then;  is  a  lar)j;e  Ixxly  of 
rich,  well  lyin^i  land  ;  the  tindxT  is  ash,  walnut,  sii^ar-trce,  buckeye, 
honoy-Iocust,  and  cherry,  intermixed  with  sitme  oak,  hickory,  &c. 
This  tour  was  at  the  time  that  th(!  black  hawa  were  ripe,  and  w(!  were 
Mildom  out  of  sijijht  of  them;  llu-y  were  common  hun;  i>oth  in  the 
bottoms  and  upland. 

As  we  proceeded  down  tlm  (imesadooharii!  waters,  our  packs 
increased  by  the  skins  that  were  daily  killed,  and  became  so  very 
heavy  that  we  (;ould  not  march  more  than  (iijjht  or  ten  miles  per  day. 
We  came  to  liake  lOrie  about  six  miles  west  oi"  tfio  mouth  ol'Canesa. 
dooharie.  As  tlu;  wind  was  very  hi<j;h  I  lie  evening  we  came  to  the 
lake,  I  was  surpris<'(l  to  hear  the  roarinif  of  the  water,  and  set-  the 
hi<di  waves  that  dashed  aiiuiust  the  shore,  lik(?  the  ocean.  Ween- 
camped  on  a  run  near  the  lake,  and  as  llu;  wind  (idl  that  nit^ht,  the 
next  morninu;  tlu!  lake  was  only  in  moderate;  motif>n,  and  we  marched 
on  the  sand  alon<^f  the  s'ldv.  of  the  water,  fretjucntly  resliiii;  ourselves. 
as  we  were  heavily  laden.  I  saw  on  the  sand  a  number  of  large;  iish, 
that  had  been  h  ff  in  (!al  or  hollow  places;  as  the  wind  iidl,  and  the 
waves  abated,  they  were  lell  willidut  water,  or  only  a  small  (piantity, 
and  numbers  of  bald  and  gray  eagles,  &c.,  were  along  the  shore 
devouring  them. 

Some  time  in  the  ailernoon  we  came  to  a  large  camp  of  Wyandots, 
at  the  mouth  of  Canc^sadooharie,  whert;  Tontileaugo's  wife  was.  I  lere 
we  were  kiudlv  received;  they  gave  us  a  kind  of  rough,  brown 
potatoes,  which  grow  spontaiu  ously,  and  were  called  by  the  C'augli- 
ncwagas  ohnenata.  These  potatoes,  peeled  and  dipped  in  rnccoon'b 
fat,  taste  nearly  like  our  sweet  pofatutis.  They  also  gave  us  what 
thev  eall  camlicanta,  which  is  a  kind  (d"  homony,  made  of  green  corn, 
dried,  and  beans,  mixed  togcither. 

We  continued  our  camp  at  the  month  of  Cancsadooharie  (or  some 
time,  where  we  killed  some  d(M>r,  and  a  great  many  raccoons;  the 
rac(;oons  here  were  remarkably  large  iind  fat.  At  length  we  all 
embarked  in  a  large  biridi-bark  canoe-.  This  vessel  was  about  four 
feet  wide,  and  three  feet  deep,  and  about  live  and  thirty  leet  long;  and 
though  it  could  carry  a  heavy  burde-n,  it  was  so  artfully  and  curiously 
constructed,  that  four  men  coidd  carry  it  several  miles,  or  irom  one 
landing  place  to  another,  or  from  the  waters  of  the  lake  to  the  waters 
of  the'ohio.  W^c  proceeded  uj)  Cancsadooharie  a  few  miles,  and 
went  on  shore  to  hunt;  but  to  my  great  surprise  they  carried  the 


CAmviTT    OP   COlOltKL   SMITH. 


4SS 


vo  «H  wc,  all  r,unn  m  n,,  fhn  l.nnk,  nrul  invorfH  it,  or  (nrnrd  l|,o 
-  """  "P;  <'n.|  ,.„„vn...<l  it  to  a  Hwollin.r.l.ousc,  nn  1  kind!,..]  u  i  o 
l.'for.  us  to  war,,.  o„rs,.|v.s  l,y  and  rooir.  With  o„r  l.a..rM.V  and 
ourHdvcs  .n  f  ,s  |,o„s,.  wo  w..,.  v.ry  ,„„c.,h  crowdnl,  vct'^  ou"r  l.t  o 
lioiiso  tiii-iicd  oil  III.,  null  ury  well.  ^^ 

Wo  |<..,,t  rnovinj.  and  Imntin-r  .i,.  this  rivor  until  wo  ramo  to  tho 
fixlis;  horo  wo  i-omaiiiod  somo  wooks,  an.i  kiljod  a  number  of  deer 
srvofal  hoi.rt.,  ,„id  a  ^rr,,,t  many  larc.ons.  ' 

As  wo  had  at  this  time  no  horso,  ovory  one  got  n  pack  on  his  hark 

Hi.  noxt  niormn^  wo  |,ro,-c.<,.,lod  o.i  tho  s.nio  coiirso  about  ton  n  ilos 
o  u    .rs.,  oro,.k  i\ua  om,,t,os  into  I.ako  ICrio,  bc-twixt  Canesadoohan^ 

form:  thoy  o.i  lo^s  about  lilioon  ioot  lon,t,^  an.l  laid  thoso  lo..s  upon 
oaoh  otho,-  and  .Irovo  posts  in  the  ..round  at  oa.h  .„.i  to  k.on  t  cm 
o,.Hhor;  tho  posts  thoy  tio.l  to,tr..thor  at  tho  top  with  bark,  an  by 
this  moans  raisod  a  wall  fiftoon  li.-ot  lon-^,  and  ab.,ut  four  fi'o  Idf 
and  in  tho  same  manner  thoy  raisod  anothor  wall  opposite  to  this  at' 

tho  centre  of  oa.di  on.l,  and  laid  a  stronjr  poh  fro.n  ond  to  end  on 
these  forks;  and  fn.m  .hos...  walls  to  th,?  p'olos,  .h  y      t     n  poS 
-ns toad  of  rafl.Ts,  au,   on  those  thoy  tied  small  poles  in  place  of  iJths 
and  a  cover  was  made  of  lyna  bark,  which  will'  run  eveJ  in  the  Z^l 

As  ev.Ty  troo  will  not  .-un,  they  examine  the  tree  first,  by  trvinc 
't  near  the  f^rouiid,  an.l  when  th..y  fmd  it  will  do  thoy  fo  I  ihefrce 
and  raise  the  bark  with  .1..,  tomahawk,  near  the  top  of  the  tree,  about' 
five  or  SIX  uu.h..s  br..u.l,  then  put  the  tomahawk  handle  under    hi 
bark,  and  pu  I  it  alono-  down  to  the  butt  of  the  tree;  so  that  sometirle^ 

Z  rr?  "  ,''-'^  "\"  '"  '^''''y  '"^"^  '""S.     This  bark  the;  e  ^a 
suitable  lenirihs  in  ordor  to  cover  the  hut.  y  ^  ^i-  m 

At  the  end  of  these  walls  they  set  up  split  timber,  so  that  they  had 
timbe  all  roun.  ,  excepting  a  door  at  each  end.  At  the  top,  in^^lace 
of  a  .di.mney  they  lell  an  open  place,  and  li.r  bedding  they  laid  down 
lu.  abresaid  kind  of  bark,  on  which  they  spread  bear-skL.  From 
end  to  end  of  this  hut  along  the  middle  there  were  fires,  which  the 
-squaws  made  of  dry  split  wood,  and  the  holes  or  open  places  that 
appeared  the  stjuaws  st.^pped  with  moss,  which  they  collected  from 
t  wW  '''u'V^r  '^'"y  '"'""  "  '^""'••«'^'"'  '-in'!  notwiihstandincr 

It  was  some  tinne  in  December  when  we  finished  this  winter  cabin; 
but  when  we  had  got  into  this  comparatively  fine  lod-Wnrr,  another 
Miculty  arose;  we  had  nothing  to  eat.  While  1  was  tr°aveliin"  with 
1  on tilcaugo,  as  was  before  mentioned,  and  had  plenty  of  fat  vc°nison, 
tears  meat  and  raccoons,  I  then  thought  it  was  ha/d  living  withou 
bread  or  salt;  but  now  I  began  to  conclude,  that  if  I  had  any  tS 
hat  would  banish  pinchiiig  hunger,  and  keep  soul  and  body  toaether, 
•  would  be  content.  /     o    "-*> 

37 


r ' 

^'l 

''■ 

• 

)! 

t 

1 1 

EVENTS    IN    INDIAN    HISTORY, 

While  the  hunters  were  all  out,  cxerlhig  themselves  to  the  utmost 
of  their  ability,  the  squaws  and  boys  (in  which  class  1  was)  were 
scattered  out  in  the  bolloms,  luiiiling  red  haws,  hiaeix,  haws  and 
liickory  nuts.  As  it  was  too  late  in  tiie  year,  we  did  not  succeed  in 
gathering  haws;  but  we  had  tolerable  success  in  scratching  up 
hickory  nuts  i'roin  under  a  light  snow,  wliich  we  carried  wilh  us  lest 
the  huiitcrs  should  not  succeed.  Alierour  return  the  hunters  came 
in,  who  had  killed  only  two  small  turkeys,  which  were  but  little 
among  eight  hunters  and  thirteen  squaws,  boys,  and  children;  Init 
they  were  divided  with  the  greaU:st  equity  and  justice — every  one  gut 
tlieir  equal  hhare. 

The  next  day  the  hunters  turned  out  again,  and  killed  one  deer  and 
three  bears. 

One  of  the  bears  was  very  large  and  remarkably  I'at.  The  himfc^rs 
carried  in  meat  sudicient  to  give  us  all  a  hearty  supper  and  breakfast. 
The  scjuaws  and  all  that  could  carry  turned  out  to  bring  in  meat; — 
every  one  had  ilieir  share  assigned  them,  and  my  load  was  among 
the  least ;  yet,  not  being  accustomed  to  carrying  in  this  way,  1  got 
excxseding  weary,  and  lold  them  my  load  was  too  heavy,  I  must  leave 
part  of  it  and  come  I'or  it  again.  They  made  a  halt  and  only  laughed 
at  me,  and  took  part  of  my  k)ad  and  added  it  to  a  young  squaw's, 
who  had  as  much  before  as  1  carried. 

This  kind  of  reproof  had  a  greater  tendency  to  excite  me  to  exert 
myself  in  earrvmg  without  complaining,  than  it' they  had  wjiipped  me 
for  laziness.  Alter  this  tlie  hunters  I'.eld  a  council,  ami  conckidcd 
that  they  must  have  horses  to  carry  their  loads;  and  liiat  they  would 
io  to  war  even  in  this  inclement  season,  in  order  to  bring  in  horses. 

Tontilcaugo  wished  to  be  one  of  those  who  should  go  to  war;  but 
the  votes  went  against  hiin,  as  he  was  one  of  our  best  hunters  ;  it  was 
thougiit  necessary  to  leave  him  at  this  winter  cam[)  to  ])rovide  lor  the 
squaws  and  children.  It  was  agret^l  upon  that  Toutileaugo  and  threw 
others  should  stay  and  hunt,  ;uid  tlie  other  lour  go  to  \sar. 

They  then  began  to  go  through  their  common  ceremony.  They 
sung  their  war-songs,  danced  their  war-dances,  &c.  And  whtn  they 
were  equipped  they  went  off  singing  their  marching  song,  and  firing 
their  guns.  Our  cam[)  appeared  to  be  rejoicing;  but  I  was  grieved 
to  think  that  some  im)ocenl  persons  would  be  murtlercd,  not  ihinking 
of  danger. 

\iter  the  departure  of  these  warriors  we  had  hard  tiun's;  and 
thou'di  vvc  were  not  altogether  out  of  provisions,  we  were  brought  to 
«hort  allowance.  At  length  Tontilcaugo  had  considerable  success, 
and  we  had  meat  brought  i-ito  camp  suflieient  to  last  ten  days. 
Tontilcaugo  then  took  me  with  him  in  order  to  encamp  some  distance 
from  this  winter  cabin,  to  try  his  luck  there.  W'e  carried  no  provisions 
with  us ;  iie  said  he  would  leave  what  was  there  for  the  squaws  and 
children,  and  that  wo  could  shill  for  ourselves.  We  steered  about  a 
south  course  up  the  waters  of  this  creek,  and  encamped  about  ten  or 
twelve  miles  from  the  winter  cabii:.  As  it  was  still  cold  weather  and 
a  orust  upon  the  snow,  which  made  a  noise  as  we  walked,  and  alarmed 


CAPTIVITY   OF   COLONEL   SMITH. 


485 


the  deer,  \v.e  cou  d  kill  nothing,  and  consequently  went  to  sleep 
vviUiout  supper.  The  only  chance  we  had  under  these  circumstances 
vastohunt  bear  holes;  as  the  bears  about  Christmas  search  out  a 
wmter  lodgMig  place,  where  they  lie  about  three  or  four  months 

TutT  'w";r."  '"""';"•  ,  ™'^  -^y-PP-'-  to  some  incredible 
but  it  1.  well  known  to  bo  the  case  by  those  who  live  in  the  remote 

western  parts  of  North  America. 

The  next  morning  eaily  we  proceeded  on,  and  when  we  found  a 
tree  scratched  by  the  bears  climbing  up,  and  the  hole  in  the  tree 
suthciently  large  lor  the  reception  of  the  bear,  we  then  iellcd  a  saplin- 
or  small  tree  against  or  near  the  hole;  and  it  was  mv  business  il 
climb  up  and  drive  out  the  bear,  while  Tontileaugo  stood  ready  with 
las  gun  and  bow.      W  e  went  on  in  this  manner  uiitil  eveninrr,  without 
success.     At  length  we  found  a  large  elm  scratched,  and  a  hole  in  it 
about  forty  ieet  up;  but  no  tree  nigh,  suitable  to  lodge  against  the 
hole,      lontiiwiugo  got  a  long  pole  and  some  dry  rotten  wood,  which 
he  tied  in  biuiches,  with  bark;  and  as  there  was  a  tree  that  grew  near 
tlie  elm,  and  c^vt(..l.ded  up  near  thr  hole,  but  leaned  the  wron-  way, 
so  tha   we  could  not  lodge  it  to  advantage,  to  remedy  this  inconvenl 
cnce,  he  climbed  up  this  tree  and  carried  with  him  his  rotten  wood, 
ire  and  pole.      Ijje  rotten  wood  he  tietl  to  his  belt,  and  to  one  end  of 
IK'  pole  ho  tied  a  hook  and  a  piece  of  rotten  wood,  which  he  set  fire 
0,  as  it  would  retain  fire  almost  like  spunk,  and  reached  this  hook 
irum  hmb  to  hmb  as  ],e  went  up.      When  he  got  up  with  his  pole  he 
put  dry  uood  on  i.re  into  the  hole ;  after  he  put  in  tlie  lire  he  heard 
the  bear  siiud,  and  he  came  speedily  down,,  took  liis  gun  in  his  hand, 
niKl  waited  unti   the  bear  wo,dd  c<.me  out;  but  it  was  some  time  before 
u  appeared,  and  when  it  did  appear  he  att(-mpted  takin<.-  sjoht  with 
Ho  ri/lo;  but  It  bemg  then  two  dark  to  see  the  .sinhls,  he-sot  "it  down 
by  a  tree  and  instantly  bent  his  bow,  took  hokl  of  an  arrow,  and 
-shot  the  bear  a  little  behind  the  shoulder.     1  was  preparino-  also  to 
.shoot  an  arro\y,  but  he  called  to  me  to  stop,  tliere  ^vas  no  occasion; 
and  with  that  the  bear  fell  to  the  oround. 

Being  very  hungry,  we  kindled  a  lire,  opened  the  bear,  took  out 
the  liver,  and  wrapped  some  of  the  caul  iiit  round,  and  put  it  on  a 
u'oodon  spit,  which  we  .tiu-k  in  the  gro\md  by  the  fire  to  roast;  then 
we  skinned  the  bear,  got  on  our  kettle,  and  had  both  roast  and  boiled 
and  also  sauce  to  our  meat,  which  appeared  to  mc  to  be  delicate  tare 
After  1  was  lully  satisfied  1  went  to  sleep.  Tontileaurro  awoke  me* 
saying,  come,  eat  hearty,  ^\f•  lui\e  yot  plenty  meat  now^ 

The  next  morning  we  cut  doun  a  lynn  tree,  peeled  bark  and  made 
a  snug  httlc  snelter,  facing  the  southeast,  with  a  large  log  betwixt  us 
and  the  nortiiwest ;  we  made  a  good  fire  belbre  us,  and  scaffolded  up 
our  meat  at  one  side.  When  we  had  finished  our  camp  we  went  out 
to  hunt,  searched  two  trees  for  bears,  but  to  no  purpose.  As  the  snow 
tnawed  a  little  m  tlie  afternoon,  Tontileaugo  killed  a  deer,  which  we 
carried  with  us  to  camp. 

Tlie  next  day  we  turned  out  to  hunt,  and  near  the  camp  we  found 
a  tree  well  scratched ;  but  the  hole  was  above  forty  feet  high,  and 


'ftl 


486 


EVEHTS    IN    INDIAN    HISTORY. 


no  tree  that  we  could  lod<ie  against  the  hole;  but  finding  that  it  was 


lid 


down  the 


MUSh 


hollow, 
tomahawk 

When  the  tree  fell  we  ran  up,  Tontileaugo  with  his  gun  and  bow,  and 
1  with  my  bow  ready  bout.  Tonfileaugo  shot  tho  bear  through  with 
his  rifie,  a  little  behind  the  shoukkn's;  1  also  shot,  but  too  far  back; 
and  not  being  then  much  accustomed  to  the  business,  my  arro'v 
penetrated  only  a  few  inches  through  tho  skin.  Having  killed  an  old 
she  bear  and  three  cub.s,  we  hauled  her  on  the  snow  to  the  camp,  and 
only  had  time  afterwards  to  get  wood,  make  a  fire,  cook,  &c.,  before 
dark. 

Early  the  next  morning  we  went  to  business,  searched  several 
trees,  but  found  no  bears.  On  our  way  Immewe  took  three  raccoons 
out  ol'  a  hollow  elm,  not  Dir  from  the  ground. 

We  remained  here  about  two  weeks,  and  in  this  time  fvillcd  ibur 
bears,  three  deer,  sevciral  turkeys,  and  a  number  of  raccoons.  We 
packed  up  as  much  meat  as  we  could  carry,  and  returned  to  our 
winter  cabin.  On  our  arrival  there  was  great  joy,  as  they  were  all 
in  a  starving  condition,  the  three  hunters  that  we  had  iefi  having 
killed  ])ut  very  little.  All  that  could  carry  a  jjack  repaired  to  our 
camp  to  bring  in  meat. 

Some  time  in  bcbruary  the  four  warriors  returncfl,  who  had  taken 
two  scalps  and  six  horses  irom  the  frontiers  of  Pennsylvania.  The 
hunters  could  then  scatter-  out  a  considerable  distance  from  the  winter 
cabin  and  encamp,  i  U  moat,  and  brinu'  it  in  upon  horses;  so  that  we 
commonly  after  this  •  ■  d  plenty  of  provision. 

In  this  month  we  liegan  to  make  sugar.  As  some  of  the  elm  bark 
will  strip  at  this  season,  the  squaws,  after  finding  a  tree  that  would 
do,  cut  it  down,  and  with  a  crooked  stick,  broad  and  sharp  at  tho 
end,  took  the  bark  off  the  tree,  and  of  this  bark  made  vessels  in  a 
curious  manner,  that  would  hold  about  tuo  gallons  each:  they  made 
above  one  hundred  of  these  kind  of  vessels.  In  the  sugar  tree  they 
cut  a  notch,  s!o])ing  down,  and  at  the  end  of  the  notch  sfuck  in  a 
tomahawk  ;  in  the  place  where  they  stuck  the  tomahawk  they  drove 
a  long  chip,  in  order  to  carry  the  water  out  from  the  tree,  and  under 
this  they  set  their  vessel  to  receive  it.  As  sugar  trees  were  plenty  and 
]arg(!  here,  they  seldom  or  never  notclied  a  tree  that  was  not  two  or 
three  leet  over.  They  also  made  bark  vessels  for  carrying  the  water, 
that  would  hold  about  four  gallons  each.  'I  hey  had  two  brass  kettles, 
that  lield  about  fifteen  gallons  o'ach,  and  other  smaller  Icettles  in  which 
they  boiled  the  water.  Hut  as  they  c<iui(l  not  at  times  boil  away  the 
water  as  last  as  it  was  collected,  they  made  vessels  of  bark,  (hat  would 
liold  about  one  hundred  gallons  eacdi,  for  retaining  the  water:  and 
though  tiie  sugar  trees  did  not  run  every  day,  ihey  bad  always  a 
sufiicient  quantity  of  water  to  kee[)  them  boiling  during  the  whole 
sugar  season. 

The  way  wo  conmionly  used  our  sugar  while  encamped  was,  by 
putting  it  in  bear's  fat  until  the  fat  was  almost  as  sweet  as  the  sugar 
itself,  and  in  this  we  dipped  our  roasted  venison.     About  lliis  time 


CAPTIVITT  OP   COLONEL   SMITH. 


437 


so  ne  of  the  Indian  lads  and  myself  were  employed  in  making  and 
attending  raps  for  catcl.mg  raccoons,  foxes,  wild-cats,  &c. 

About  the  latter  e.ui  of  March,  we  began  to  prepare  for  movin-  into 
tou-n,  m  order  to  plant  corn.  The  sr,uaws  were  Ihen  Irving  th°  las" 
of  their  boars  as  ai,d  making  vessels  to  hold  it:  the  Vessels  were 
made  of  deer  skins,  which  were  skinned  by  pulling  the  skin  olF  the 
nock,  without  ripj.ing.  After  thev  had  taken  off  the  hair  thev 
-athered  it  in  smalt  plaits  round  the  neck,  and  with  a  sfrino-  drew  it 
together  like  a  purser  in  the  centre  a  pin  was  put,  below  which  thev 
tied  a  string,  and  while  it  was  wet  they  blew  it  up  like  a  bladder,  and 
lot  It  ivmau.  in  this  manner  until  it  was  dry,  when  it  appeared  nearly 
in  the  shape  of  a  sugar  loaf,  but  more  rounding  at  the  lower  end. 
One  of  these  vessels  would  hold  about  four  or  five  gallons.  Jn  these 
vessels  it  was  (hey  carried  their  bear's  oil. 

^  On  our  arrival  at  the  falls,  (as  we  hail  brought  with  us  on  horseback 
,ioout  two  hundivd  weight  of  sugar,  a  large  quantity  of  bear's  oil, 
'=kins,  (tc.,)  the  canoe  we  had  buried  was  not  sufHcient  to  carry  all: 
therefore  we  were  obliged  to  make  another  one  of  elm  bark      While 
we  lay  liere,  a  young  Wyandot  found  mv  books.     On  this  they  coU 
iected  together;    I  was  a  little  way  from  the  camp,  and  saw  the 
collection,  but  did  not  know  what  it  meant.     Thev  called  me  by  mv 
Indian  name,  ^^hich  was  Scoouwa,  rcpeatedlv.    '[  ran  to  see  what 
was  (he  matter;  they  showed  me  my  books,  and  said  they  were  olad 
they  had  been  found,  for  they  kne\v  1  was  grieved  at  the  loss  of  tlfem 
and  tbat  they  now  rejoiced  with  me  because  they  were  found      As  I 
could  thru  speak  som.^  Indian,  c.:neciallv  Caul. hue wa-a,  ((br  both 
jjiat  and  tlm  Wyandot  (ongue  were  spokei'i  in  this  camp;)  i  told  them 
that  I  thanked  them  h.r  the  kindness  they  had  alwavs  shown  me,  and 
also   ,.r  finu.ng  my  books      They  asked  if  the  books  were  damaged. 
1  fo  d   hem  not  much.     They  th..n  showed  how  they  lay,  which  was 
!ii  the  best  manner  to  tin  ,'i  oli'  the  wafer.     In  a  dcer-skin  pouch  they 
lay  all  winter,     'f'hc  pi'iiit  was  not  much  injured,  though  the  bindincr 
wa^-.      1  ins  was  (he  first  time  (hat  I  felt  mv  heart  warm  towai^'s  the 
iKlians     1  bough  they  hau  ijcenexceediiiudy  kind  to  me,  I  still  before 
detested  (hem,  on  account  of  the  barbaritv  1  beheld  after  Braddock's 
dcteat.^    Neither  had  I  ever  belWre  pretended  kin.iness,  or  expressed 
mysell  m  a  friendly  manner;  hut  1  began  now  to  excuse  the  Indians 
on  account  of  their  want  of  inf()rmation. 

When  we  were  ready  to  euibark,  Tontileau^o  would  not  <ro  to 
town,  but  go  up  the  river  anrl  talce  a  hunt.  Me  asked  me  if  1  chose 
to  go  with  him.  f  t..l,!  biin  f  did.  We  then  got  some  su-ar,  bear's 
oil  Iwttled  up  111  a  bear's  gut,  and  some  dry  venison,  whicirwe  packed 
lip,  and  went  up  Canosad(K.lKirie  about  thirty  miles,  and  encamped 
At  this  tune  f  did  not  know  either  the  day  of  the  week  or  the  month 
but  I  supposed  it  to  be  al)out  the  first  of  April.  We  had  considerable 
success  in  our  business.  We  also  found  some  stray  horses,  or  a 
horse,  mare,  and  a  young  colt;  find  though  they  had  run  in  the  woods 
all  winter,  they  were  in  exceeding  good  order.     There  is  plenty  of 

37*  ^ 


I  .  1 


* 


tl! 


I      i 


i-{ 


438 


BVEIfT3    Iir   INDIAN   HISTOHT. 


grass  hern  all  winter  under  the  snow,  and  iiorsos  accustomed  to  the 
woods  can  work  it  out.  These  horses  liad  run  in  the  woods  until 
they  were  very  wild. 

Tontileaugo  one  night  concluded  that  we  must  run  them  down.  I 
told  him  1  thought  m'C  could  not  accoinplish  it.  lie  said  lie  had  run 
down  bears,  buffaloes,  and  elks;  and  in  the  great  plains,  with  only  a. 
small  snow  on  the  ground,  he  had  run  down  a  deer;  and  he  thought 
that  in  one  whole  day  ho  could  tire;  or  run  down  any  I'our-tboted 
animal  except  a  wolf,  "l  told  him  (hat  though  a<leer  was  the  swiftest 
animal  to  run  a  short  distance,  yet  it  would  tire  sooner  than  a  horse. 
He  said  he  would  at  all  events  try  the  experin  cut.  He  had  heard 
the  VVyandots  say  that  I  could  run  well,  aid  now  ho  would  see 
whether  1  could  or  not.  1  told  him  ihat  I  ha'!  novtn-  run  all  da_;  ami 
of  course  was  not  accustomed  to  that  way  of  running.  I  never  had 
run  with  the  Wyandots  more  than  seven  or  eight  miles  at  (jne  tiuif:. 
He  said  that  was  nothing;  we  must  (Either  catch  these  horses  or  run 
all  day. 

In  the  morning  early  we  left  camp,  and  about  sunrise  we  started 
after  them,  stripped  naked  excepting  breech-clouts  and  moccasins. 
About  ten  o'clock  1  lost  sight  of  both  Tontileaugo  and  the  horses,  and 
did  not  sec  them  again  until  about  three  o'clock  in  the  afternoon.  As 
the  liorscs  run  all  day  in  about  three  or  four  miles  s(]uarc,  at  length 
they  passed  where  I  was,  and  I  f<dl  in  clos(>  afler  them.  As  I  then 
had  a  long  rest,  1  endeavored  to  keep  ahead  of  Tontileaugo,  and  after 
some  time  I  could  hear  him  afler  me,  calling,  Cliakoh,  ckakoamiAi<<;h, 
which  signifies,  pull  away,  or  do  your  best.  ^Ve  pursued  on,  and 
after  some  time  Tontik>augo  passed  mo,  and  about  an  hour  before 
sundown  wc  despaired  of  catching  these  horses,  and  returned  to  camp. 
where  wc  had  left  our  clothes. 

I  reminded  Tontileaugo  of  what  1  had  told  him;  ho  replied  he  did 
not  know  what  horses  could  do.  They  arc  wonderful  strong  to  run, 
but  withal  we  marlc  them  very  tir"d.  Tonlilcuigo  then  concluded 
he  would  do  as  the;  Indians  did  with  wild  horses  when  out  at  war, 
which  is,  to  shoot  them  througl;  the  iioi^k  under  the  mane,  and  above 
the  bone,  which  will  cause  them  to  fdl  and  lie  until  they  can  halter 
them,  and  then  they  recover  again.  This  ho  atl(>inpted  to  do;  but  as 
the  mare  was  very  wild,  he  could  not  get  sulHciently  nigh  to-  shoot 
her  in  the  proper  place;  however,  hc^  shot,  the  ball  passed  too  low, 
and  killed  her.  As  the  horse  and  colt  stayed  at  this  place,  wc  caught 
the  horse,  and  took  him  and  the;  colt  with  us  to  camp. 

Wc  stayed  at  this  camp  about  two  weeks,  and  kilhnl  a  number  of 
tears,  raf'coons,  and  some  beavers.  We  made  a  canoe  of  dm  bark, 
and  Tontileaugo  embarked  in  it.  He  arrived  at  the  fidls  that  night; 
whilst  I,  mounted  on  horseback,  with  a  bear-skin  saddle  and  biu'k 
stirrups,  proceeded  by  land  to  the  lalls.  I  came  there  the  next  morn, 
iug,  and  we  carried  our  canoe  and  loading  past  the  iails. 

The  river  is  very  rapid  for  some  distance  above  the  falls,  which 
arc  about  twelve  or  fifteen  feet,  nearly  perpendicular.  This  river, 
called  Canesadooharie,  interlocks  with  the  west  branch  of  Muskingum. 


I 


CAPTIVITY  OF   COLONEI,   SMITH. 


439 


runs  nearly  a  north  course,  and  empties  into  the  south  side  of  Lake 

leaugo  l,y  watei.     Merc  the  land  i.s  generally  yood,  but  1  Ibund  sorre 
difhcu  ty  in  getnng  round  swamps  and  pond.;.  %Vhcn  wo  came  to  the 
lake    I  procee,ed  along  the  strand,  and  Tontilraugo  near  the  shore 
sometimes  pa.ldln.g,  and  sometimes  polein.  his  canSe  alon-r.  ' 

A  ter  some  tune  the  wind  arose,  and  he  went  into  the  mouth  of  a 
«mall  creek  auc    encamped.     1  [ere  we  staid  several  da  ys  on    eeol^ 
01  h-gh  wuKi,  ^vhich  raised  the  lake  in  tn-eat  billows.     VVhi!o\ rwere 
here  lontdeaugo  went  out  to  hunt,  and  when  he  was  gone  a  Wyan! 
.  ot  a.me  to  our  camp;  [  gave  him  a  shoulder  of  venison  .vhich  Aad 
by  the  hre  well  roasted,  and  he  received  it  gladly,  lold  me  lie  was 
hungry,  and  tha,d<ed  me  lor  my  kindness.     VVl.en  Tontileauoo  came 
home,  1  told  lum  that  a  Wyandot  had  been  at  camp,  and  that  1  Ce 
h.m  a  shoulder  ot  roasted  venison;   he  said  that  wr.s  very  wel    "and 
1  suppose  you  gave  him  also  sugar  and  bear's  oil  to  eat  wit'h  i"is 
vomson.     1  told  lu.n  I  did  not:  as  the  sugar  and  bear's  oil  was  down 
m  the  canoe  1  did  not  go  for  it.     f  lo  replied,  you  have  behaved     L 
hke  a  Dutchman.     Do  you  not  know  that  when  stranoers  come  to 
oui  canip  we  ought  always  to  give  them  the  best  thatVe  have'     1 
acknowledged  that  f  was  wrong.     ]  [c  said  that  he  wutdd  excuse  this 
as  I  was  but  youi,g;  but  I  n.ust  learn  to  behave  like  a  warrior,  and 
do  great  tlnngs,  and  never  be  found  in  any  such  little  actions. 

llie    ake   being  agam  ca!m,  we  proceeded,  and  arrived  safe  at 
-Sunyendeand,  wluch  was  a  Wyandot  town  that  lay  upon  a  sma 
creelovhich  empties  into  the  little  lake  below  the  mouth  of  Sandusky. 
Ihc  town  was  about  eighty  rods  above  the  mouth  of  tl,,-  creek,  on 
he  south  Side  of  a  large  plain  on  which  tiiuber  g.^v,  and   no.liu" 
..ore  but  grass  or  nettles.     In  son^e  places  there  we,-e  lar^e    hts 
where  nothing  biit  grass  g.-ew,  about  ihree  'let  high  ^vhon%ro^vn■ 
and  m  other  |;laces  nothing  but  nettles,  ve.-y  rank,  where  the  soi^^^^s 
extremely  nch  and  loose:  here  they  planted'con,.    In  th,s  town  thei^ 
ere  also  iMvuch  traders,  who  purchiiscd  our  skins  and  fur,  and  wo 
all  got  now  clothes,  patnt,  tobacco,  *kc. 

After  [  had  g.^t  my  new  clothes,  a.id  my  head  done  off  like  a  red- 
headed wood-pecker,  f,  m  company  with  a  number  of  young  Indians 
went  down  to  the  co,-n.f,eld  to  see  the  squaws  at  work.      When  we 
came  there,  tliey  asked  me  to  take  a  lioe,  which  I  did,  and  hoed  lor 
j.o.Tie  ;me    1  he  squaws  applauded  me  as  a  good  hand  at  the  business- 
)ut  wh(.n  .  retm-ncd  to  the  town,  the  old  men,  hca.Ing  of  u hat  I  had 
done,  clnd.  n.e,  and  said  that  I  was  adopted  in  the  place  of  a -rrea 
n  an  and  nnist  not  iioe  corn  like  a  squaw.    They  never  had  occasion 
p  leprove  me  or  any  th.ag  hke  this  agai.i ;  as  I  never  was  extremely 
lond  of  work.  [  readily  a  ,   ,.;:,  d  with  their  orders.  ^ 

As  the  Indians  on  their  rAuvn  from  their  winter  Iiunt  brin-rin  with 
hem  large  quantities  oi  beau's  oil,  sugar,  dried  venison,  ^c.^  at  this 
tiwo  they  aa\e  plenty,  and  do  not  spare  eating  or  giving;  thus  they 


\:'<i 


M  % 


^1 


440 


BVENTS   IN    INDIAN   HISTORY. 


make  way  with  thnir  provision  as  quirk  n:^  possible.  Thoy  have  no 
such  thing  us  regular  meals,  breaklast,  dinner,  or  supper;  but  if  any 
one,  even  the  town  f!)lks,  would  go  to  tho  same  house  several  times  in 
one  (lay,  he  would  be  invited  to  eat  of  tho  b(!st;  and  with  them  it  is 
bad  maimers  to  refuse  to  cat  when  it  is  ollercd.  If  they  will  not  eat 
it  is  interpreted  as  a  symptom  of  displeasure,  or  that  the  persons 
refusing  to  eat  were  angry  with  those  who  invited  tliem. 

At  this  lime  iiomony,  jilentifully  mi.xed  with  hrnv'n  oil  and  sugar, 
or  dried  venison,  Ijcar's  oil,  and  sugar,  is  what  they  ofler  to  every 
one  who  eomes  in  any  time  of  the  dny;  and  so  they  go  on  until  their 
sugar,  bear's  oil  and  venison  are  all  gone,  and  then  tliey  have  to  eat, 
homony  by  itself,  without  bread,  salt,  or  any  thing  else;  yet  still  they 
invite  every  one  that  comes  in  to  eat  whilst  they  have  any  thing  to 
give.  It  is  thoiight.  a  shame  not  to  invite  people  to  eat  while  they 
have  any  thing;  but  if  they  can  in  truth  only  say  we  have  got  nothing 
to  eat,  this  is  accepted  as  an  honorable  apology.  All  tho  hunters  nnd 
warrior>!  continued  in  tfiwn  about  six  weeks  after  wo  came  in;  they 
si)ent  this  time  in  painting,  going  from  hous(>  to  house,  eating,  smoking, 
and  playing  at  a  gnnio  resembling  dice,  or  hustle-cap.  They  put  a 
number  of  ])lum-stones  in  a  small  bowl;  one  side  of  each  stone  is 
black,  au(!  tho  other  while;  they  then  shake  or  hustle  tlK'  bowl, 
calling,  hifs,  hits,  hits,  houesy,  honesy,  rago,  rago,  which  signifies 
calling  ior  whit-^;  or  black,  or  what  ih.ey  wish  to  turn  up;  they  then 
turn  the  bowK  and  count  the  whitf-s  and  blacks.  Some  were  beating 
their  kind  ofciaim  and  singing;  dtluM's  were  employed  in  playing  on 
a  sort  of  flute  made  of  hollow  cane,  and  others  [jlaying  on  the  jew's- 
harp.  8omc  part  of  this  time  was  also  taken  up  in  atlcnding  the 
council-house,  where  the  chiels,  and  as  many  others  as  chose,  attended; 
and  at  niiiht  they  W(n'e  frequently  em[)loyed  in  singinu'  ;md  dancing. 
Toward  ■;  the  last  of  this  time,  which  w;is  in  .Fune,  I '.")(),  tliey  were 
all  preparing  to  go  to  war  aiiainst  the  rentiers  of  \'irginia.  When 
thev  were  equipped,  they  went  tln'ouo;!!  their  ceremonies,  sung  their 
war-songs,  &c.  They  all  mnrched  off,  from  iiiteen  to  sixty  years  of 
age;  and  some  hoys,  only  twelve  years  old,  were  equipped  with  their 
hows  and  arrows,  and  went  to  war;  so  that  none  wf-re  lefl  in  town 
l)ut  s(]uaws  and  children,  except  myself,  one  very  old  man,  and 
another,  about  fitly  years  of  age,  who  was  lame. 

The  Ind'ans  were  then  in  great  hopes  that  they  would  drive  all  the 
V'^irginians  over  the;  lake,  which  is  all  the  name  they  know  for  the  sen. 
They  had  some  caii-e  lor  this  hone,  because  at  this  time  the  Ameri- 
cans were  alto^eth'^r  unacquainted  with  war  of  any  kind,  and  consc- 
quentlv  very  unfit  to  stand  their  hand  with  sucii  subtle  cncniies  as  the 
Indians  were.  Tlv  two  old  Indians  asked  me  if  J  did  not  think  that 
the  Indians  and  hreneh  woidd  subdue  all  America,  except  New 
England,  which  they  said  they  had  tried  in  old  times.  I  told  them  I 
thouirht  not.  Thev  said  they  had  already  drove  them  all  out  of  the 
mountains,  and  had  chiefly  laid  waste  tho  great  valley  betwixt  the 
north  and  south  mduutain,  from  Potomac  to  James  river,  which  is  a 
considerable  part  of  the  best  laud  in  Virginia,  Maryland,  and  I'enn- 


:fcv  w ,  :k: 


CAPTIVITY   or   COLONEL   SMITH. 


441 


could  ncithei  guard  against  surpri.se,  nm,  nor  ii-ht.     TIuno    thov 

T&y^Z'z/rx'  ''^"^'""  ^''^'  ^''^^  would  "ubduo  ;;.o^£ 

siS  mv  mini  f.     1       ■  T^'l'T'''  '"'•  '"y  "1""'""'  "'""J  told  mo  to 
s|>tak  my  mind  freely.     [  told  them  that  the  white  ,,ennlu  t<.  the  ea«t 

0  be  lool^,  us  they  were  not  acquainted  with  Iheir  w;  v  of  war    vet 
they  were  not  lool.s ;  therefore,  after  some  time,  th^y  will  leu -.^'vuu 

found  t  J  h"'  ";     ""  "1"^"  >'"•'  "•"  "^  ''-''  '''■-''  IhemselnJ. 
found  that  the  old  men  themselves  did  not  believe  they  eould  eon- 

cncouiaoe  the  young  men  to  go  to  war. 

When  the  wamors  lelt  this  town,  we  had  neither  meat,  su-ar,  nor 
bear  s  oil  left.  All  that  we  had  then  to  live  on  was  eurn  ,  .Mmded  in^ 
cmr^alorsma  1  homony;  this  they  boil.l  in  water,  wl^id  a  !  'a^d 
iko  well  thickened  so,,,.,  without  salt  or  any  thino'  else,  bil  some 
-me  we  had  plenty  of  this  kind  of  homony;  at  length  we  were  brought 

0  very  short  allowance,  and  as  the  warriors  did  not  retu.-n    s  soo  t 

1  rCr       .'  '""  T',  '"  •"  ^^■■''•^■'■"•-  '='^'"''ti""'  --""l  l^"t  one  gun  in 
duded  t I'.t'l     '"•;    '"'  ^:"'"""'^-"-     'i'l-'  -I'l  la.ne  Wyandol  con- 

and  tiy  to  k,  I  a  deer  in  the  wale,-,  as  it  ^^as  then  waterinc  time      We 

We  nd  I'l'l"'-''  ^'  ^"'\  ""''"'  ''^^'"  ^"'■"•^•^  "I' ''  ^^'■^-■^'^  ^^  encamped, 
niece  of  i.S'  T^'''''  'f  ''"  '''^■"  ^"  ''""^  i"  (he  night,  and  also  a 
.   isel  ve  ;;  '7'  ^'''f?  f'  "P  '"  ^''^  ^-"""^^  '»  ^^'■'•^'-  to  conceal 

wS I  "      '  ^'"'* ,  '^  ''"'"  ^''y  f'^'^t  M-a^  with  us  held  the  lir-ht  : 

.rn  I  /  ','''"°''  '"''  ^'"^  "'^1  •"^'^"'  i^l>"  '^^^^1  I'i'^  J^^""  loaded  with 

liSS   ,r.  '7/'"  '■'  '"""  '?""'•  '^''  ''^^^'•'  ^''•"''  «"d  in  this  manner 
lied  tluec  deer  ,n  part  of   one  night.     We  went  to  our  fire,  ate 

,n<  ,  J'  'i'  1  '?         f  ^'"'"-  '"'"'"^^'^  to  town  m  or.ler  to  relieve  the 
iiungry  and  distressed. 

When  wc  came  to  town,  the  children  were  crvino-  l,itterlv  on 

loaghi    was  but  little  among  so  many,  it  was  divided  accordimMo 

0  stuc  est  rules  of  ,,,^t,ce.     We  immediately  set  out  lor  anothier 

unt,  but  belore  we  returned  a  part  of  the.  wani^rs  Ind  come  in,  and 

loiig.!   with  them  on  horseback  a  quantity  of  m.it.    These  wa.;.;!:;; 

lad  di  ided  into  d.  lerent  parties,  and  all  struck  at  dillJ.rent  places  in 

Augus  a  county.      Ihey  brought  in  with  them  a  considerable  number 

<  J^alps,  prisoners,  horses,  and  other  plunder.     One  of  tlie  parties 

Sll'"vll- '''"'"  r,^'"^""'  ^•"'"'''••■"'  f'^'t  is  now  Colonel 
Unipbcl  ,  who  lives  on  Molston  river,  near  the  Iloyal  Oak.  As  the 
wyando  s  at  feunyendeand  and  those  at  Detroit  wei'e  connected,  Mr. 
Umpbel  was  taken  to  Detroit;  b,it  he  remained  some  time  with  me 

whe  LTnlV  ■  ^^'Vf^'^^P'-^'-y  ^^'^''«  very  agrer-able,  and  J  was  sorry 
wl  ui  he  left  me.  During  his  stay  at  Sunyendeand  he  borrowed  mV 
B  b      and  made  some  pertinent  remarks  on  what  he  had  read.     One 

n  hi?vn'T''    ii"  ''  '?''  "'^  '■'  S-'cl  tor  man  that  he  bear  the  yoke 
nis  youth.       He  said  we  ought  to  be  resigned  to  the  will  of  P'rovi- 


1 1     5| 


l<     <i 


443 


EVKNT9    IN    INDIAN   HISTORY. 


donco,  as  we  wero  now  bcuriii}^  the  yoke  in  our  youth.  Mr.  Campbell 
upiK'^red  to  I)o  th(;n  about  .sixteen  or  seventeen  years  ol'age. 

There  w  as  a  number  ol"  prisoners  brou<^bt  in  by  these  parlies,  and 
when  they  wer<!  to  jun  th(;  i>auntlet,  I  went  and  told  th(;ni  Ijow  they 
were  to  act.  One  .lohn  Siiva>j;e  was  Ijrouj^ht  in,  a  niiddloaged  man, 
or  about  lijrty  years  ol'a<,fe.  lie  was  to  run  tiie  gauntlet,  1  told  him 
what  iitj  had  to  do;  and  aller  this  1  fell  into  one  of  the  raid<s  with  the 
Indians,  shoutiujf  and  yelling  like  them;  and  as  they  werf;  not  very 
.seven;  on  him,  as  he  passed  me  1  hit  him  with  a  |)iece  oi"  pumpkin, 
which  pleased  the  Indians  nnieh,  but  hurl  my  leelings. 

About  the  timn  that  the.s(>  warriors  came  in,  th(.'  green  eonewas 
begimiing  to  be  ul'  use,  so  that  we  had  either  green  eoni  (jr  vemson, 
und  .sometimes  bolh,  which  was,  eom^jaralively,  high  living.  When 
wc  eould  have  plenly  of  green  corn,  or  roasling  ears,  the  huntcr.s 
became  lazy,  and  spent  their  time,  as  already  mentioned,  in  singing 
and  dancing,  tVc  They  iippeared  to  be  lidlilling  the  scriptures 
kiyond  those  who  profess  to  believe  them,  in  that  of  taking  no  thought 
of  to-morrow;  and  al.so  in  living  in  love,  in'aee,  and  friendship  togetluir, 
without  disputes.  In  this  respect  they  shame  those  who  proless  Chris- 
tianity, 

In  this  manner  we  lived  until  October;  then  the  geese,  swans,  ducks, 
cranes,  &c.,  came  Iron)  the  north,  and  alighted  on  this  little  lake, 
without  numl)er,  or  innumerable.  .Snny<'udeand  is  a  remarkable 
place  lor  lish  m  the  spring,  and  l()wl  both  in  the  iiiU  and  spring. 

Some  time  in  Oetoi)er,  another  adopted  brother,  older  than  Tonti- 
leaugo,  came  to  pay  us  a  visit  at  .Sunyendeand,  and  he  asked  me  to 
take  a  iumt  with  him  on  Cayahaga.  As  they  always  u.sed  me  as  a 
free  man,  and  gave  me  the  liberty  of  choosing,  I  told  him  that  I  was 
attached  to  Tontileaugo,  had  nev(;r  seen  him  before,  and  therefore 
asked  .some  time  to  consider  of  this,  lie  told  me  that  the  ])arty  he 
was  going  with  Mould  not  Ik':  along,  or  at  the  mouth  of  this  little  lake, 
in  less  than  si.\  days,  and  I  could  in  this  time  beaef[uainted  with  him, 
and  judge  for  myself.  1  eonsidled  with  Tontileaugo  on  this  occasion, 
and  he  told  me  that  our  old  brother  Teeaugbretanego  (which  was  his 
name)  was  a  chief,  and  a  better  man  than  he  w  as,  and  if  I  went  with 
him  I  miaht  e.xpee't  to  be  well  used  ;  but  he  said  I  might  do  as  I 
pleased,  and  if  1  staid  he  would  use  me  as  he  had  done.  1  told  him 
lie  had  acted  in  every  respect  as  a  lirother  to  me;  yet  I  was  much 
pleased  with  my  old  bn^ther's  conduct  and  conversation;  and  as  he 
was  going  to  a  part  of  the  country  1  had  never  been  in,  1  wished  to 
go  with  him.     lie  said  that  he  was  perfectly  willing. 

I  then  went  with  Tecaughretanego  to  the  mouth  of  the  little  lake, 
where  he  met  with  the  company  he  intended  going  with,  which  was 
<!omposcd  of  Caughnewagas  and  Ottawas.  Here  1  was  introduced  to 
a  Caughnewaga  sister,  and  others  I  had  never  before  seen.  My 
sister's  name  was  iMary,  which  they  pronounced  MauUy.  I  asked 
Tecaughretanego  how  it  came  that  she  had  an  English  name.  He 
said  that  he  did  not  know  that  it  was  an  English  name;  but  it  was 
the  name  the  priest  gave  her  when  she  was  baptized,  which  he  said 


CAITIVITY   OP  COLONEL   8HITH. 


449 


was  the  nam(,  of  tho  motlier  of  Jrsns.  Ho  sai.l  thorn  woro  n  .rent 
n>any  o  tho  a.,.hnowa,ras  n,.,l  Wyan.k.ts  that,  uvro  a  ki  ul  of^S 
Ko'l'j'n  (  athnhrs;  hut  as  Cr  l.imsoli;  ho  said  that  tho  ,,  io  t  a  d  i m 
'•onl'l  nut  a,nvo  as  ,h..y  hHd  Mo,ions  Ihat  •■ontradiH,  I  .  t,  s  ,' '  d 
n-ason  and  had  thcM.ssura,Kx.,..,.l|  !„,,  ,,,,M|H.  hookoHi^^^ 
-iH'.n  thcsMoohsl,  ahsurdmVs:  l,ut.  I,,  .-ould  no,  |,oli„v,.  .ho  ;ro  t^  ^ 
i;ood  .S|.,nt  ovor  tanol.t   Ihrn,  ai,y  suH,  nons,.Ms.;  „nd    h.^       /  h^ 

As  th-.  wind  was  hinh  an,!  wn  (...uM  „nf  procood  on  nuv  yayn.ro  wr> 
-•o,na>nod  hore  sov.Tal  days,  and  kill.d  ahundanco  ol'wiid  M^d^ 
iiandx'r  ol  rar-coons.  ii'^vi,,in(i  a 

VVJien  a  company  of  Indians  aro  niovin.r  to'^oihor  on  il.o  l-W-o  „  •» 
..s  at  tins  timo  of  ,ho  year  ..n.n  da.,.,.,.nns'  saili  .  ,|h  1  '  :„'  Tn 
a  .ounoii;  and  whoa  th-y  a„v,.  ,.,  c.-haH;^.'  o  is  n".  1  d 
'">"n.J,aU  y  nMuakin^  roady,  wilh.u.t  oflLrin^  ono  vvn  I  a'w lo 
n.casnro  tVn,  tUr  lakonny  1.  l„.is,on,us  anJhorrid.  »n^  L^ 
I  H.^h  Iho  wuKi  appoarnl  ,o  .no  I,.  Ik:  as  hi.h  as  in  davs  pas  S 

.mswcud   |,y   all— <.„h..»di,   win,  I,  siuinli,.s  ai-rocd.       Wo   w to  -.11 

E  "r^ss^ '"  '■""«"■"■« '" """' """ '""'  °-""^-*  -M-'' 

As  soon  as  wo  ,aot  into  our  oanuos  w,<  fMl  to  pa,l,llin,r  will,  all  our 
.n..d,t  makn.o.  n„t  Iron.  ,h,.  si.oro.  Thon.h  Ihe'so  sortofoa  ,  !  rid^ 
I  JOS  l,oyond  ulK,t  ,.,„ld  i„..p,.,,o.l,  yot  tluMvalorsovcral  tin^  M^^^ 
'""  'l"''n.  V\  |„„  wo  n,.t  oat  ab,.ut  halfa  milo  fr,.m  slK.ro,^u'  S^^^ 
sa.l,  ar,d  as  ,t  was  n,.arly  a  wost  wind,  wo  thoa  soonio.l  ,  WJ  1  e 
wavos  with  oaso,  and  wont  on  at  a  rapi.l  rat,>  \Vv  tho  ,  nl  J  1  l 
ourpaddl,.,ox..op,i„,,,noti.atstoeJ,andti;c..^.'T.w^ 

sixy  nnl,s  that  liay,  and  onoampo,!  sonio  time  holbro  ni-rht 

11.0  n,-.xt  day  wo  a-ain  ombarkod,  and  wont  on  vrywoll  for  some 
nmo;  hut  the  lake  being  b„i,s,erous,  and  tho  win.!  no  J,  t  Ze 
obhsed  ..,  ,nako  f,.  sh,„-o,  whi,-h  wo  accomplisho.l  will.  I^ard  vork  and 
so.o^d,(hcnity  rn  landu,,.     The  next  nualnng  a  council  J^M^]^ 

As  wo  had  this  day  to  pass  by  a  lone,  precipice  of  rocks  on  th^ 
^.oro  about  nn.o  nnl,.s,  which  rend,.-,..!  il  in.po.sible  lb    u     to  la  ^d 
ilioagh  the  wmd  was  In^h  and  tho  lake  rouoh   yet   as  it  w'/s  W  1 
-re  all  onlorod  to  embark.     Wo  vvr„ng.u"o^;ii:  s  o:^  ntm  ^: 
shore  and  hoisted  sad,  (what  we  used  in  place  of  sail-cS,   v    c  nZ 
tent  mats,  which  an.swirod  the  purpose  v'ory  we  I,      nfv  n    on  fb 
some  ta™.  w:th  a  lair  wind,  until  wo  were 'opposite  to  the  n  ech.ice 

oe  cast  upon  t he  i  ,K;ks.      1  wo  of  tho  canoes  wore  eonsiderabi  v  liirthc- 
out  from  the  rocks  than  the  canoe  I  was  in.    Those  who     oShos 
ut  m  the  lake  did  not  let  down  their  sails  until  they  had  passed  the 
pec,p.eo;  but  as  we  wx^re  nearer  the  rock,  wo  were  obi  'odo  lower 
<'ur  «ads.  and  paddle  wuh  all  our  might.     With  much  diflSeul  y  w» 


m 

' 

|Jj|  -' 

ill 

» ( 

|!\  ?' 

, 

!|ii  ; 

;ii 

H 


I ''. 


i  J 


444 


HVKNTS   IS   INinAN    HISTOHT. 


cloanid  ourselves  of  tho  rock,  and  Inndefl.  As  the  other  canoes  had 
landed  before  us,  there  were  immediately  runners  sent  off  to  see  if  wo 
were  all  sali'ly  iaiidi'd. 

This  nii^ht  the  wind  fell,  and  tho  next  nun-ninf^  the  lake  was  tolerably 
calm,  and  wo  emhurked  without  difiifuhv,anil  paddkd  alonjr  near  thV 
shore,  until  we  r'aine  to  tho  mouth  of  ( 'nyaluifrn,  whifh  ein| n's  intd 
Luke  i',ric,  on  the  south  side,  betwixt  Cancsudndhario  and  rre.M|u'Iste. 

We  turned  up  C'ayaha<^a  and  encamped,  where  we  staid  and  hunted 
for  .sever.il  day-.;  mid  su  we  kept  moving  and  hunting  until  we  came 
to  the  i()rks  of  Cayahaii.i. 

This  is  a  V(!ry  gentle  river,  and  but  lew  ripples,  or  swift  running 
places,  from  tin'  niMUtli  Id  the  lurks.  Deer  heic  were  tolerably  [)t(nty, 
large  and  fat;  but  bear  and  other  game  scarce.  TIk.'  upland  is  hilly, 
and  principally  second  and  third  rate  land;  the  tiiid)er  chiefly  black 
oak,  whil(M)ak,  hickory,  dogwood,  (Ncc.  The  bottoms  arc  rich  and 
large, and  the  timber  is  wahmt,  locust,  mulberry,  sugar-tree,  red  haw, 
black  liaw,  wild  apple-trees,  &c.  The  west  branch  o|'  this  river 
interlocks  with  the  east  brantdi  of  ]\Iuskiii<fum,  and  the  east  branch 
with  the  l?ig  Heaver  creek,  that  emptic  into  the  Ohio  about  thirty 
miles  below  I'illsburg. 

From  the  forks  of  Cayahaga  to  the  east  branch  of  Muskingum 
there  is  a  carrying  place,  where  the  Indians  carry  their  canoes,  &c., 
trom  the  waters  of  Lake  Erie  into  the  waters  of  the  Ohio. 

From  the  forks  I  went  over  with  somo  hunters  to  the  east  branch 
of  Muskingum,  where  they  killed  several  deer,  a  number  of  beavers, 
and  returned  heavy  ladeu  with  skins  and  meat,  which  we  carried  on 
our  backs,  as  we  had  no  horses. 

The  land  Ikm'c  is  chielly  second  and  third  rate,  and  the  timber  chiefly 
oak  and  hickory.  A  little  above  tlu;  iijrks,  on  the  east  branch  of 
Cayahaga,  are  considerable  rapids,  very  rocky  for  some  distance,  but 
no  perpendicular  tails. 

About  the  first  of  December,  175(5,  we  were  preparing  for  leaving 
the  river:  we  buried  our  canoes,  and  as  usual  hung  up  our  skins, and 
every  o;ie  Imd  a  pack  to  carry.  TIk;  squaws  also  ]iacked  up  their 
tents,  which  they  carried  in  large  rolls  that  extended  up  ahovc^  their 
heads,  and  though  a  great  bulk,  yet  not  heavy.  We  steered  about  a 
southeast  course,  and  could  not  march  over  tc-n  miles  per  day.  At 
night  we  lodged  in  our  flag-tents,  which,  when  erected,  were  nearly 
in  the  shape  of  a  sugar-loaf,  and  about  lifteen  leet  diameter  in  the 
ground. 

In  this  manner  wc  proceeded  about  forty  miles,  and  wintered  in 
these  tents,  on  tho  wafers  of  Beaver  creek,  near  a  little  lake  or  large 
pond,  which  is  about  two  miles  long  and  one  broad,  and  a  remarkable 
place  for  beaver. 

It  is  a  received  opinion  among  the  Indians  that  the  geese  turn  to 
beavers,  and  the  snakes  to  raccoons ;  and  though  Tecaughretancgo, 
who  was  a  wise  man,  was  not  fully  persuaded  that  this  was  true,  yet 
he  seemed  in  some  measure  to  be  carried  away  with  this  whimsical 
notion.     He  said  that  this  pond  had  been  always  a  great  place  for 


f  p 


CAPTIVnV   OP   COLONEL   eitllTU. 


44.") 


teuver  IhoHgn  ho  said  he  knew  them  to  ho  frequently  all  killed, 
(as  he  thought,)  yet  the  next  wini.  r  tlu^  would  be  as  plei  'y  a.  ever. 
And  as  (he  IxiavrrwHs  an  nnhnal  that  did  not  travel  by  land,  and 
luere  hnn^  no  water  cr.mmur.ication  to  or  Irom  this  poud,  how  could 
such  a  nuniber  of  beavers  set  there  year  after  year  I  But  t.s  this 
pond  WU.S  .ISO  a  ronsiderable  plnf:e  for  geese,  wh^n  they  came  in  the 
fa!  •rorr.  the  north,  and  alighted  in  this  pond,  they  turned  benvers,  all 
but  tlie  |(«t,  which  remained  nearl     the  same. 

I  said,  that  though  there  was  no  water  communication  in  or  out  oi' 
this  pond,  yet  it  appeared  thnf  ->  was  (id  by  sprinjrs,  as  it  was  always 
clear  and  never  stagnated  ;  ,s  a  very  large  spring  rose  about  a 

.ndc  I  low  this  pond,  it  w««  aiu-ly  that  this  spring  came  from  this 
'ond.  In  the  fall,  wh<-ii  this  spring  is  comparatively  low,  there  would 
be  air  under  ground  sufficient  for  the  beavers  to  breathe  in,  with  their 
heads  above  wate,  br  they  cannot  live-  long  under  water,*  and  so 
they  might  have  a  subterraneous  passage  bv  water  into  this  iwnd 
lecaughretanego  granted  that  it  might  be  so.'  - 

Al  Hit  the  side!  of  this  pond  there  grew  great  abundance  of  cran- 
berries,  which  tlu!  Indians  gathered  up  on  the  ice  when  the  pond  was 
Irozen  over.  1  hese  bcrric^s  were  about  as  large  as  rifle  bullets,  of  a 
bright  red  color,  an  agreeable  s.  though  rather  too  sour  of  liiem- 
selves,  but  when  mixed  with  sugai  Juid  a  very  agreeable  taste 

In  conversation  with  Tecaughrctani^go,  I  happened  to  l)e  talking  of 
the  beavers  catching  fish.  He  asked  me  why  1  thouglii  the  beaVr 
caught  fish.  1  told  him  that  I  had  read  of  the  lx3aver  uiakincr  dams 
for  the  conveniency  of  fishing.  He  laughed,  and  nvMh  gnmcTof  me 
and  my  book.  He  said  the  man  that  wrote  'hat  book  knew  nothine 
about  the  beaver.  The  beaver  never  did  eat  flesh  of  any  kind,  but 
lived  on  the  bark  of  tnjes,  roots,  and  other  vegetables. 
In  order  to  know  certainly  how  this  was,  when  we"  killed  a  beaver 
carefully  examined  the  intestines,  but  found  no  appearance  of  lish  ; 
1  attervvards  made  an  experiment  on  a  pet  beaver  which  wo  had,  and 
found  that  it  would  neither  eat  fish  nor  flesh;  therefore  I  acknowledaed 
that  the  book  I  hud  read  was  wrong.  ° 

I  asked  him  if  the  beaver  was  an  amphibious  animal,  or  if  it  could 
live  under  water.  He  said  that  the  braver  was  a  kind  of  subterraneous 
water  animal  that  lives  in  or  near  the  water;  but  they  were  no  more 
amphibious  than  the  ducks  and  geese  were,  which  was  constantly 
proven  to  be  the  case,  as  all  the  beavers  that  are  cauoht  in  steel  traps 
are  drowned,  provided  the  trap  be  heavy  enough  to  keep  them  under 
water.  As  the  beaver  does  not  eat  fish,  I  inquired  of  Tecaughretane<To 
why  the  beaver  made  such  large  dams.  He  said  they  were  of  uselo 
them  in  various  respects— both  for  their  safety  and  food.  For  their 
safety,  as  by  raising  the  water  over  the  mouths  of  their  holes,  or 
subterraneous  lodging  places,  they  could  not  be  easily  found;  and  as 
the  beaver  feeds  chiefly  on  the  bark  of  trees,  by  raising  the  water 
over  the  banks,  they  can  cut  down  saplings  for  bark  to  feed  upon 
without  going  out  much  upon  the  land ;  and  when  they  are  obliged  to 
go  out  on  land  for  this  food  they  frequently  are  caught  by  the  wolves. 


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(716)  872-4503 


446 


EVENTS   IN   INDIAN   HISTORY. 


As  the  beaver  can  run  upon  land  but  little  faster  than  a  water  tortoise, 
and  is  no  fighting  animal,  if  they  are  any  distance  from  the  wat-^r 
they  become  an  easy  prey  to  their  enemies. 

I  asked  Tecaughretanego  what  was  the  use  of  the  beavers'  atones, 
or  glands,  to  them;  as  the  she  beaver  has  two  pair,  which  is  commonly 
called  the  oil  stones,  and  the  bark  stones.  He  said  that  as  the  beavers 
are  the  dumbest  of  all  animals,  and  scarcely  ever  make  any  noise,  and 
as  they  were  working  creatures,  they  made  use  of  this  smell  in  order 
to  work  in  concert.  If  an  old  beaver  was  to  come  on  the  bank  and 
rub  his  breech  upon  the  ground,  and  raise  a  perfume,  the  others  will 
collect  from  different  places  and  go  to  work ;  this  is  also  of  use  to  them 
in  travelling,  that  they  may  thereby  search  out  and  find  their  company. 
Cunning  hunters,  finding  this  out,  have  made  use  of  it  against  the 
beavers,  in  order  to  catch  them.  What  is  the  bait  which  you  see 
them  make  use  of  but  a  compound  of  the  oil  and  bark  stones  ?  By 
this  perfume,  which  is  only  a  ialse  signal,  they  decoy  them  to  the 
trap. 

Near  this  pond  beaver  was  the  principal  game,  before  the  water 
froze  up  we  caught  a  great  many  with  wooden  and  steel  traps ;  but 
afler  that,  we  hunted  the  beaver  on  the  ice.  Some  places  here  the 
beavers  build  large  houses  to  live  in,  and  in  other  places  they  have 
subterraneous  lodgings  in  the  banks.  Where  they  lodge  in  the 
ground  we  have  no  chance  of  hunting  them  on  the  ice ;  but  where 
fhey  have  houses,  we  go  with  malls  and  handspikes,  and  break  all 
the  hollow  ice,  to  prevent  them  from  getting  their  heads  above  the 
water  under  it.  Then  we  break  a  hole  in  the  house,  and  they  make 
their  escape  into  the  water ;  but  as  they  cannot  live  long  under  water, 
they  are  obliged  to  go  to  some  of  those  broken  places  <to  breathe,  and 
the  Indians  commonly  put  in  their  hands,  catch  them  by  the  hind  leg, 
haul  them  on  the  ice,  and  tomahawk  them.  Sometimes  they  shoot 
them  in  the  head  when  they  raise  it  above  the  water.  I  asked  the 
Indians  if  they  were  not  afraid  to  catch  the  beavers  with  their  hands. 
They  said  no:  they  were  not  much  of  a  biting  creature;  yet  if  they 
would  catch  them  by  the  fore  loot  they  would  bite. 

I  went  out  with  Tecaughretanego  and  some  others  a  beaver  hunting? 
but  we  did  not  succeed,  and  on,  our  return  we  saw  where  several 
raccoons  had  passed  while  the  snow  was  soft,  though  there  was  now 
a  crust  upon  it ;  we  all  made  a  halt,  looking  at  the  raccoon  tracks. 
As  they  saw  a  tree  with  a  hole  in  it,  they  told  me  to  go  and  see  if 
they  had  gone  in  thereat ;  and  if  they  had  to  halloo,  and  they  vvouki 
come  and  take  them  out.  When  I  went  to  that  tree,  I  found  they  had 
gone  past ;  but  I  saw  another  the  way  they  had  gone,  and  proceeded 
to  examine  that,  and  found  they  had  gone  up  it.  I  then  began  to 
halloo,  but  could  have  no  answer. 

As  it  began  to  snow  and  blow  most  violently,  I  returned  and  pro- 
ceeded after  my  company,  and  for  some  time  could  see  their  tracks ; 
but  the  old  snow  being  only  about  three  inches  deep,  and  a  crust  upon 
it,  the  present  driving  snow  soon  filled  up  the  tracks.  As  I  had  only 
a  bow,  arrows,  and  tomahawk  with  me,  and  no  way  to  strike  fire,  I 


CAPTIVITY  OF  COLONEL  SMITH. 


447 


appeared  to  be  in  a  dismal  situation;  and  us  the  air  was  dark  with 
snow,  I  had  htt  e  more  prospect  of  steering  my  course  than  1  would 
in  the  night.     At  length  I  caine  to  a  hollow  tree,  with  a  hole  at  one 
side  that  I  could  go  in  at.     I  went  in,  and  Ibund  that  it  was  a  dry 
place,  and  the  hollow  about  three  feet  diameter,  and  hit/h  "nou"h  for 
me  to  stand  m.     I  found  that  them  was  also  a  considerable  quantity 
of  soft,  dry  rotten  wood  around  this  hollow;  I  therefore  concluded 
that  1  vvould  lodge  here,  and  that  I  would  go  to  work,  and  stop  up  the 
door  of  my  house.     I  .tripped  off  my  blanket,  (which  was  all  the 
clothes  that  I  had,  excepting  a  breech-clout  and  moccasins,)  and  with 
my  tomahawk  fell  to  chopping  at  tiie  top  of  a  fallen  tree  that  lay  near 
and  carried  wood,  and  set  it  up  on  end  against  the  door,  until  I  had  it 
threeor  four  feet  thick  all  around,  cxceptuig  a  hole  I  had  left  to  creep 
in  at.     1  had  a  block  prepared  that  1  could  Jiaul  after  me  to  stop  tlii^ 
hole;  aad  belore  I  went  in  I  put  in  a  number  of  small  sticks,  that  1 
might  more  efiectually  stop  it  on  the  inside.     When  I  went  in,  I  took 
my  tomahawk  and  cut  down  all  the  dry  rotten  wood  I  could  get,  apd 
beat  It  small      With  it  I  made  a  bed  like  a  goose-nest  or  hog-bed,  and 
with  the  small  sticks  stopped  every  hole,  until  my  house  was  almost 
S  V       f"''I'P'^d  «"  "ly  moccasins,  and  danced 'in  the  centre  of  my 
tjed,  tor  about  half  an  hour,  in  order  to  warm  myself.    In  this  time 
my  leet  and  whole  body  were  agreeably  warmed.     The  snow,  in  the 
meanwhile,  had  stopped  all  the  holes,  so  that  my  house  was  as  dark 
as  a  dungeon,  though  I  kn.  w  it  could  not  yet  be  dark  out  of  doors     I 
then  coiled  myself  up  in  my  blanket,  lay  down  in  my  little  round  bed, 
and  had  a  tol(irable  night's  lodging.     When  I  awoke  all  was"  dark— 
not  the  least  glimmering  of  light  was  to  -be  seen.     Immediately  I 
recollectec  that  I  vyas  not  to  expect  light  in  this  new  habitation:  as. 
there  was  neither  door  nor  window  in  it.     As  I  could  hear  the  storm 
raging,  and  did  not  sufter  much  cold  as  I  was  then  situated,  I  con- 
cluded 1  would  stay  in  my  nest  until  I  was  certain  it  was  day.    When 
1  had  reason  to  conclude  that  it  surely  was  day,  I  arose  and  put  on 
my  moccasins,  which  I  had  laid  under  my  head  to  keep  from  freesin" 
I  then  endeavored  to  find  the  door,  and  had  to  do  all  by  the  sense  of 
leeling,  which  took  me  some  time.     At  length  I  found  the  block,  bat 
t   being  heavy,  and  a  large  quantity  of  snow  having  fallen  on  it,  at. 
the  farst  attempt  1  did  not  move  it.     I  then  Ifelt  terrified— amoncv  all 
the  hardships  I  had  sustained,  I  never  knew  before  what  it  was  to  be 
thus  deprived  of  light.     This,  with  the  other  circumstances  attendino- 
It,  appeared  grievous.     I  went  straightway  to  bed  again,  wrapped  my 
blanket  round  me,  and  lay  and  mused  awhile,  and  then  prayed  to 
Almighty  God  to  direct  and  protect  me  as  he  had  done  heretofore     I 
once  again  attempted  to  move  away  the  block,  which  proved  success- 
lul ;  ,t  move  d  about  nine  inches.     With  this  a  considerable  quantity 
ot  snow  fell  m  from  above,  and  I  immediately  received  light;  so  that 
1  found  ^very  great  snow  had  fallen,  above  what  I  Imd  ever  seen  in 
one  night.     I  then  knew  why  I  could  not  easily  move  the  block,  and 
I  was  so  rejoiced  at  obtaining  the  light  that  all  my  other  difficulties 
seemed  to  vanish.     I  then  turned  into  mv  cell,  and  returned  God 


d 


448 


EVENTS    IN   INDIAN   HI8T0RV. 


thanks  for  having  once  more  received  the  light  of  heaven.  At  length 
■  I  belted  my  blanket  about  me,  got  my  tomahawk,  bow  and  arrows, 
and  went  out  of  my  den. 

I  was  now  in  tolerable  high  spirits,  though  the  snow  had  fallen 
above  three  feet  deep,  in  addition  to  what  was  on  the  ground  before; 
and  the  only  imperfect  guide  I  had  in  order  to  steer  my  course 
to  camp  was  the  trees,  as  the  moss  generally  grows  on  the  north- 
west side  of  them,  if  they  are  straight,  I  proceeded  on,  wading 
through  the  snow,  and  about  twelve  o'clock  (as  it  appeared  afterwards, 
from  that  time  to  night,  for  it  was  yet  cloudy)  1  came  upon  the  creek 
that  our  camp  was  on,  about  half  a  mile  below  the  camp ;  and  when 
I  came  in  sight  of  the  camp,  I  found  that  there  was  great  joy,  by  the 
shouts  and  yelling  of  the  boys,  &c.' 

When  I  arrived,  they  all  came  round  me,  and  received  me  gladly; 
but  at  this  time  no  questions  were  asked,  and  I  was  taken  into  a  tent, 
where  they  gave  me  plenty  pf  fat  beaver  meat,  and  then  asked  me  to 
smoke.  When  I  had  done,  Tecaughretanego  desired  me  to  walk  out 
to  a  fire  they  had  made,  I  went  out,  and  they  all  collected  round  me, 
both  men,  women,  and  boys*  Tecaughretanego  asked  me  to  give 
tliem  a  particular  account  of  what  had  happened  from  the  time  they 
left  me  yesterday  until  now.  I  told  them  the  whole  of  the  story,  and 
ihey  never  interrupted  me;  but  when  I  made  a  stop  the  intervals  were 
filled  with  loud  acclamations  of  joy.  As  I  could  not  at  this  time  talk 
Ottawa  or  Jibewa  well,  (which  is  nearly  the  same,)  I  delivered  my 
story  in  Caughnewaga.  As  my  sister  Molly's  husband  was  a  Jibewa, 
and  could  understand  Caughnewaga,  he  acted  as  interpreter,  and 
delivered  my  story  to  the  Jibewas  and  Ottawas,  which  they  received 
•  with  pleasure.  When  all  this  was  done,  Tecaughretanego  made  a 
speech  to  mo  in  the  following  manner : 

"  Brother, — You  see  we  have  pr  jpared  snow-shoes  to  go  after  you, 
and  were  almost  ready  to  go  when  you  appeared  ;  yet,  as  you  had  not 
been  accustomed  to  hardships  in  your  country,  to  the  east,  we  never 
expected  to  see  you  alive.  Now  we  are  glad  to  see  you  in  various 
respects  :  we  are  glad  to  see  you  on  your  own  account ;  and  we  are 
glad  to  see  the  prospect  of  your  filling  the  place  of  a  great  man,  in 
If.  whose  room  you  were  adopted.  We  do  not  blame  you  lor  what  has 
happened,  we  blame  ourselves ;  because  we  did  not  think  of  this 
driving  snow  filling  up  the  tracks,  until  after  we  came  to  camp. 

"Brother, — Your  conduct  on  this  occasion  hath  pleased  us  much; 
you  have  given  us  an  evidence  of  your  fortitude,  skill,  and  resolution; 
Riiu  we  hope  you  will  always  go  on  to  do  great  actions,  as  it  is  only 
great  actions  that  can  make  a  great  man." 

I  told  my  brother  Tecaughretanego  that  I  thanked  them  for  their 
care  of  me,  and  fo  ■  the  kindness  I  always  received.  I  told  him  that 
I  always  wished  to  do  great  actions,  and  hoped  I  would  never  do  any 
thing  to  dishonor  any  of  those  with  whom  I  was  connected,  *I  likewise 
told  my  JibeVva  brother-in-law  to  tell  his  people  that  I  also  thanked 
them  for  their  care  and  kindness. 

The  next  morning  some  of  the  hunters  went  out  on  suow-shoes, 


t 


CAPTIVITV   OF   COIOWEL   SMITH.  44^ 

than  a  snow-shoe;  and  when°  ak  n  w hrthe  iain  o^^^^ 

along  very  easily  °    '"  °*  *"®  "^•''»  s^'ps 

fireworks  wi,E  4  id  rweaff^y  co,     I  ctld"!,?^''  "••,11" 
lodging  place;  thorefore,  the  only  eSl^  I  ^o^S  ,?•  ?  "?™"'''lo 

By  being  bewildered  on  the  waters  of  Muskingum,  I  lost  renute  anri 
was  reduced  to  the  bow  and  arrow,  and  by  Ivfncr  out  two  S   'k 
1  regained  my  credit  ^  ^    =        ^^°  '^'Shts  here 

oreaa,  was  the  chief  of  our  food  thswhfpr  vof,.,^  ;,„!    i  "«"  "i 

and  I  was  well  contented  witrmX  rs\raDDeare^^  always  plenty, 
after  the  way  we  had  lived  the  winter  befor^    "^^"^'"^  ^''""'^"^  ^^^^ 
borne  time  in  February,  we  scaffolded  up  our  fur  and  skins  anH 
moved  about  ten  miles  in  quest  of  a  sugar  camp,  or  a  suitaWeVace 

TfZ  r/''''"^^'"'rPl^"^  "  larie  bottom  on  the  head  water! 
of  Big  Beaver  creek.  We  had  some  difficulty  in  moving,  as  we  had 
a  Wind  Caughnewaga  boy,  about  fifteen  years  of  affet^ld-ILn, 
h.s  country  is  very  brushy,  we  frequency  had  hfm  o  cTrr;  We 
had  also  my  Jibewa  brother.ia.law'sVher  with  us,  who  wasLu^ 

38* 


450 


EVBNTS   IN    INDIAN    HISTORY. 


i 


by  the  Indians  to  be  a  great  conjurer  \  his  name  was  Manetohcoa. 
This  old  man  was  so  decrepit  that  we  had  to  carry  him  this  route 
upon  a  bier,  and  all  our  baggage  to  pack  on  our  backs. 

Shortly  after  we  came  to  this  place,  the  squaws  began  to  make 
sugar.  We  had  no  large  kettles  with  us  this  year,  and  they  made 
the  frost,  in  some  measure,  supply  the  place  of  fire,  in  making  sugar. 
Their  largo  bark  vessels,  for  holding  the  stock  water,  they  made 
broad  and  shallow;  and  as  the  weather  is  very  cold  here,  it  frequently 
freezes  at  night  in  sugar  time;  and  the  ice  they  break  and  cast  out  of 
the  vessels.  I  asked  them  if  they  were  not  throwing  away  the  sugar. 
They  said  no ;  it  was  water  they  were  casting  away ;  sugar  did  not 
freeze,  and  there  was  scarcely  any  in  that  ice.  They  said  I  might 
try  the  experiment,  and  boil  some  of  it,  and  sec  what  I  would  get.  I 
never  did  try  it ;  but  I  observed  that,  allrt'  several  times  freezing,  the 
water  that  remained  in  the  vessel  changed  its  color,  and  became  brown 
and  very  sweet. 

Abouc  the  time  we  were  done  making  sugar  the  snow  went  oif  the 
ground  ;  and  one  night  a  squaw  raised  an  alarm.  She  said  she  saw 
two  men  wth  guns  in  their  hands,  upon  the  bank  on  the  other  side  of 
the  creek,  spying  our  tents ;  they  were  supposed  to  be  .lohnston's 
Mohawks.  On  this  the  squaws  were  ordered  to  slip  quietly  out  some 
distance  into  the  bushes,  and  all  who  had  either  guns  or  bows  were 
to  aquat  in  the  bushes  near  the  tents ;  and  if  the  enemy  rushed  up, 
we  were  to  give  them  the  first  fire,  and  let  the  squaws  "have  an 
opportunity  of  escaping.  I  got  down  be^^ide  Tecaughretanejjo,  and 
he  whispered  to  me  not  to  be  afraid,  lur  he  would  speak  to  the 
Mohawks,  and  as  they  spoke  the  same  tongue  that  we  d.d  they  would 
not  hurt  the  Caughnewagas  or  me;  but  they  would  kill  all  the  Jibewas 
and  Oltawas  that  they  could,  and  take  us  along  with  them.  This 
news  pleased  me  well,  and  I  heartily  wished  for  the  approach  of  the 
Mohawks. 

Before  we  withdrew  from  the  tents  they  had  carried  Manetohcon  to 
the  fire,  and  gave  him  his  conjuring  tools,  which  were  dyed  feathers, 
the  bone  of  the  shoulder-blade  of  a  wild  cat,  tobacco,  &c.  And  while 
we  were  in  the  bushes,  Manetohcoa  was  in  a  tent  at  the  fire,  conjuring 
away  to  the  utmost  of  his  ability.  At  length  ho  called  aloud  for  us 
all  to  come  in,  which  was  quickly  obeyed.  When  we  came  in  he 
told  us  that  after  he  had  gone  thro:  H  the  whole  of  bis  ceremony,  and 
expected  to  see  a  number  of  Moha  /ks  on  the  flat  bone  when  it  was 
warmed  at  the  fire,  the  pictures  of  two  wolves  only  appeared.  He 
said,  though  there  were  no  Mohawks  about,  we  must  not  be  angry 
with  the  squaw  for  giving  a  false  alarm ;  as  she  had  occasion  to  go 
out  and  happened  to  see  the  wolves,  though  it  was  moonlight,  yet  she 
got  afraid,  and  she  conceited  it  was  Indians  with  guns  in  their  bandit. 
So  he  said  we  might  all  go  to  sleep,  for  there  was  no  danger ;  and 
accordnigly  we  did. 

The  next  morning  we  went  to  the  place,  and  found  wolf  tracks,  and 
where  they  had  scratched  with  their  feet  like  dogs ;  but  there  was  no 
sign  of  moccasin  tracks.     If  there  is  any  such  thing  as  a  wizard,  I 


CAPTIVITY  OP  COLONEL  SMITH.  451 

think  Manetohcoa  was  as' likely  to  be  one  as  anj  man,  as  he  was  a 
professed  worshipper  of  the  devil.     But  let  him  li  a  ijurerornot 

occasion,  as  well  as  if  jt  had  come  from  an  infallible  oracle  •  or  thev 
would  not,  after  such  an  alarm  as  this,  go  all  to  sleep  in  an  unconceS 

."Tm '■*  .-.^t"  ""^^^'"^  ^«  '"^  '^'  '""^t  like  witchcraft  of  aiTthiri 
beheld  while  I  was  w  th  thorn.     Though  I  scinatinised  the^r  n  oLeS 

wit.hTr  "^  '^:.    '^'"^'  ^''  '  S^"^°«"y  ''«""d  that  thei?  prSe^ 
witchc  aft  was  ei  her  art  or  mistaken  notions,  whereby  thev'^dielved 

STheTt'hev  td^hat"t ''''  T  '''  ^"^'^^'^  -U7ca'S[ry' 
ana  wnen  they  find  that  they  can  have  considerable  advantaae  and 

t'r^TT'  °^  '"""^''^  '^''^  '^'  '^'d  »^en  pretcndfo  conjure 
or  to  tell  what  the  event  will  be;  and  this  they  do  in  a  fiSi^/ 
nianner  which  will  bear  something  of  a  different  Ltlretation  whLh 
generally  comes  to  pass  nearly  as  they  foretold.  The^fore  the  run^ 
warriors  generally  believed  these  old  conjurers,  whiS  had  a  tendencf 
to  animate  and  excite  them  to  push  on  with  vi '^or  tendency 

Some  time  in  March,  1757,  we  began  to  mo°ve  back  to  the  forks  of 
Cayahaga,  wnich  was  about  forty  or  fifty  miles.     And  as  wo  had 

l"aversWns"'.nr'  ""  T'  '^¥f  ^'^  "^^  ''"^^'^^  hundred  weight  of 
Tho  l^h    , '      .  T^  ^''^'*  ^"^  '^"•'  «'^'"«'  al'  to  P^ck  on  our  backs 
riic  method  we  took  to  accomplish  thi.  was  by  makincr  short  daW 
journeys.     In  the  morning  we  wo«ld  move  on,  with  as°mucTas  we 

Zllrl"    W  "^'  '^'"!  ^''  1"""'^'  «"'^  -^«-^P'  «"d  then  run  balk 
for  more      We  commonly  made  three  such  trips  in  the  day.     When 

aTdTkiirdl^cLri  g^sl' '" '''''' ''-'  -''^y  ^«  -  -^-" 

While  we  remained  here,  I  went  in  company  with  a  vouncr  Cauah 
ncwaga,  who  was  about  sixteen  or  seventeen  vears  of  ager  "l^nnohlte 
by  name  in  order  to  gather  cranberries.   Asl.e  was  gafh^ri  rberrie" 
ai  some  distance  from  me,  tfiree  Jibewa  squaws  crept  !,p  undiscovered 
and  made  at  him  speedily,  but    he   nimbly  escaped,^nd  came  to 
me  apparently  terrified.     I  asked  him  what  he  was  afra  d  of     He 
rophcd,  did  you  not  see  those  squaws?     I  told  him  T  did,  and  thev 
ppoared  to  be  in  a  very  goo^l  humor.     I  asked  him  wherefoie,  then 
he  was  afraid  o    them.     He  said  the  Jibewa  squaws  were  ve^  bad 
women  and  had  a  very  ugly  custom  among  them.     I  asked  S  what 
tliat  custom  was.     He  said  that  when  two  or  three  of  them  couW  citch    ' 
a  young  lad,  that  was  betwixt  a  man  and  a  bov,  out  by  himsdf   f 
hey  could  overpower  him,  they  would  strip  him  by  force Jn  order  to 

wh  J  f    • '  ^  J'/  T'""  °"  *°  ^  ^  "^«"  ^'  "«t.'  He  sLid  that  was 
what  they  intended  when  they  crawled  up  and  ran  so  violently  arhrm' 
but  said  he,  I  am  very  glad  that  I  so  narrowly  escaped.    I  then  agreed 
with  Chinnohete  in  condemning  this  as  a  bad  custom,  and  an  exceed 
m^y  immodest  action  for  young  women  to  be  .r„i\ty  'of. 
i"roin  our  sugar  camp  on  the  head  waters  of  Big  Beaver  creek  to 

but  m  most  jilaces  exceedingly  brushy.     The  land  here  is'cbiX 
second  and  third  rate.    The  timber  on  Ihe  uplandTwShe  oak,t2 


EVENTS  IN  INDIAN  HISTORY. 


oak,  hickory,  and  chesnut.  There  is  also  in  some  places  walnut 
upland,  and  plenty  of  good  water.  The  bottoms  here  are  generally 
largo  and  good. 

Wo  again  proceeded  on  from  the  pond  to  the  forks  of  Cayahaga, 
at  the  rate  of  about  five  miles  per  day. 

The  land  on  this  route  is  not  very  hilly;  it  is  well  watered,  and  in 
many  places  ill  timbered,  generally  brushy,  and  chiefly  second  and 
third  rate  land,  intermixed  with  good  bottoms. 

When  we  came  to  the  forks,  we  found  that  the  skins  we  had 
scaffolded  were  all  safe.  Though  this  was  a  public  place,  and  Indians 
frequently  passing,  and  our  skins  hanging  up  in  view,  yet  there  were 
none  stolon.  And  it  is  seldom  that  Indians  do  steal  any  thing  from 
one  another.  And  thoy  say  they  never  did,  until  the  white  people 
came  among  them,  and  learned  some  of  them  to  lie,  cheat,  and  steal  ; 
but  be  that  as  it  may,  they  never  did  curse  or  swear  until  the  whites 
learned  them.  Some  think  their  language  will  not  admit  of  it,  but  I 
am  not  of  that  opinion.  If  I  was  so  disposed,  I  could  find  language 
to  curse  or  swear  in  the  Indian  tongue. 

I  remember  that  Tccaughretancgo,  when  something  displeased  him, 
said,  God  damn  it.  1  asked  him  if  he  knew  what  he  then  said.  He 
said  he  did,  and  mentioned  one  of  their  degrading  expressions,  which 
he  supposed  to  be  the  meaning,  or  something  like  the  meaning,  of 
what  he  had  said.  I  told  him  that  it  did  not  bear  the  least  resem- 
blance to  it ;  that  what  he  had  said  was  calling  upon  the  Great  Spirit 
to  punish  the  object  he  was  displeased  with.  He  stood  for  some  time 
amazed,  and  then  said,  if  this  be  the  meaning  of  these  words,  what 
sort  of  people  are  the  whites?  When  the  traders  were  among  us, 
these  words  seemed  to  be  intermixed  with  all  their  discourse.  He 
told  me  to  reconsider  what  I  had  said,  for  he  thought  I  must  be 
mistaken  in  my  definition.  If  1  was  not  mistaken,  he  said,  the  traders 
applied  these  words  not  only  wickedly,  but  oftentimes  very  foolishly, 
and  contrary  to  sense  or  reason.  He  stiid  he  remembered  once  of  a 
trader's  accidentally  breaking  his  gun-lock,  and  on  that  occasion 
calling  out  aloud,  God  damn  it;  surely,  said  he,  the  gun-lock  was  not 
an  object  worthy  of  punislimcnt  for  Owaneeyo,  or  the  Great  Spirit. 
He  also  observed  tbj  tnidors  often  used  this  expression  when  thej 
were  in  a  good  humor,  and  not  displeased  v/ith  any  thing.  I  acknow- 
ledged that  the  traders  used  this  expression  very  often,  in  a  most 
irrational,  inconsistent,  and  impious  manner;  yet  I  still  asserted  that 
I  had  given  the  true  meaning  of  these  words.  He  replied,  if  so,  the 
traders  are  as  bad  as  Oonasahroona,  or  the  under  ground  inhabitants, 
which  is  the  name  they  gave  the  devils,  as  they  entertain  a  notion 
that  their  place  of  residence  is  under  the  earth. 

We  took  up  our  birch-bark  canoes,  which  we  had  buried,  and  found 
that  they  were  not  damaged  by  the  winter;  but  they  not  being 
sufficient  to  carry  all  that  we  now  had,  we  made  a  large  chesnut- 
bark  canoe,  as  elm-bark  was  not  to  be  found  at  this  place. 

We  all  embarked,  and  had  a  very  agreeable  passage  down  the 
Cayahaga,  and,  along  the  south  side  of  Lake  Erie,  until  we  passed 


CAWIVITY   OF   COLOKEL   SMITH.  453 

We  bought  ourselves  fine  clothes,  ammunition,  paint,  tobacco  &r 
and,  accordmg  to  promise,  they  purchased  me  a  new  gu^'^'et  we 
had  parted  with  only  about  one  Ihird  of  our  beaver.     A^len'  h  a 
trader  came  to  town  with  French  brandy;  we  purch^ed  a  wff  it 
.md  held  a  counci  about  who  was  to  got  drunkTnd  X  was  tf,  keen 

hc^  old  rv?;''^^  '"^r  '^^""'^'  ^^^  ^  ^-^^^^^^  the  poposVi  s 

conceal  tne  arms,  and  kee^  every  dangerous  weapon  we  could  out  of 

i  Jo.^;  ann.r^'^' r'',  ''  '""''''^'  "^  '^^^P  the Vink  ng  lb  from 
hSed  on,  ''''.•'''"'•'  ""J"'  ""  ^'^y  ^"^'^  t"«k.  Several  times  w^ 
hazaided  our  own  lives,  and  got  ourselves  hurt,  in  preventinrthZ 

S  offiir'  '"''''■    ^^^^  ^^^>^  '^^^  finished  thfskerneaoTe 
third  of  the  town  was  introduced  to  this  drinking  club:  thev  could  nnt 

E  m^d^noVd:  ''T''  ^'"r'>'  ''^P°-^   '•  ^''their'skri    bul 
uidi  maue  no  odds,— ail  were  welcome  to  drink. 

an]  ptcurXTJtUe  full  "/ K  '^1  ^"^''  ^•'^^^  ^PP"^^  ^«  ^^e  traders, 
w  h  n^nrl!         1  '  "^^^"'^y  ^li  a  time,  which  they  divided  ou 

:tthXtg^Serlr ''-'  -'  -'  -^"-  ^^^ 

;r  tui't'num^''  r  "^"  ^^'^^^  '^^^''  -^  -etuiaS 
nScfeTuieirc^rn^plant:'^^"^^'^  ^^^°  ^'^"  '"  '^^^  ^'"^'  -^ 
We  could  now  hear  the  efTects  of  the  brandy  in  the  Ottawa  town 

andlT^b^r^  ?',  -^^"'T  f  *^^  "^-^  h'^--  manner  blh  ni^hl 
knipf^/  ^''''  ^'■^^''^  ^"^^^  '"°^««  than  ours;  five  Ottawas  were 
killed,  and  a  great  many  wounded. 

anrtHlVl!'''  ^  ""'"''I'  °^  ^"""S  Indiaqg  were  getting  their  ears  cut, 
to  compel  me,  though  they  endeavored  to  persuade  me.   The  Drincinal 

no  denv  tT  ^1  ^°''"^'.  ^  '^''^  "^^  ^'^^^^'  «"d  the  latter  I  could 
Se  hv  narf  Inl''^  hey  performed  this  operation  was  by  cutting  the 

vS  E  vtn  !  ''''^f,  '^  '^"  '^''  "^"«"  ^«  ^h^  g^i«tl^'  nuite  through. 
When  this  was  done,  tJiey  wrapped  rags  round  this  fleshy  part  until  i 


;^l 


[i! 


■I 


XVBNTt)    IN   INDIAN   UIBTOHY. 


was  entirely  healed ;  they  tlien  hung  lead  to  it,  and  stretched  it  to  n. 
wonderful  lenj^th;  when  it  was  suHicicntly  istretched,  thoy  wrapped 
the  fleshy  part  round  with  brass  wire,  which  Ibrmed  it  into  n  setni- 
circle  about  four  inches  in  diameter. 

Many  of  the  young  men  were  now  exercising  themselves  in  a  game 
resembling  foot-ball,  though  tl\ey  commonly  struck  the  ball  with  a 
crooked  stick  made  !br  that  puipse;  also  a  game  something  like  thi.'^, 
wherein  they  used  a  wooden  IjuH,  about  three  inches  in  diameter,  and 
the  instrument  they  moved  it  with  was  a  strong  staff,  alx)ut  five  l(;ol 
long,  with  a  hoop  not  on  the  end  of  it  larg(!  enough  to  contain  the 
\yn\\.  Belbro  they  begin  the  play,  tliey  lay  off  about  half  a  rnik; 
distance  in  a  cl-^ar  plain,  and  Iho  o|)posite  parties  all  attend  at  the 
centre,  where  a  disinterested  person  casts  up  the  ball,  then  the  oppo- 
site parties  all  contend  for  it.  If  any  one  g(!ts  it  into  his  net,  he  runs 
with  it  the  way  he  wishes  it  to  go,  and  they  all  pursue  him.  If  one 
of  the  opposite  party  overtakes  the  person  with  the  ball,  Ik;  gives  the 
stall'  a  stroke,  which  causes  the  ball  to  fly  out  of  the  net;  then  they 
have  another  debate  for  it,  and  if  the  one  that  gets  it  can  outrun  all 
the  opposite  party,  and  can  carry  it  quite  out,  or  over  th(!  line  at  the 
end,  the  game  is  won;  but  this  seldom  happens.  When  any  one  is 
running  away  with  the  ball,  nnd  is  likely  to  be  overtaken,  he  com- 
monly throws  it,  and  with  this  instrument  can  cast  it  fifly  or  sixty 
yards.  Sometimes,  when  the  ball  is  almost  at  the' one  end,  mnllers 
will  take  a  sudden  turn,  and  the  opposite  party  may  quickly  carry  it 
out  at  the  other  end.  Oftentimes  they  will  work  a  long  while  back 
and  forward  before  they  can  get  the  ball  over  the  line,  or  win  the 


game. 


About  the  1st  of  June,  1757,  the  warriors  were  preparmg  to  go  to 
war  in  the  Wyandot,  I'ottowatomie,  and  Ottawa  towns ;  also  a  great 
many  Jibewas  came  down  from  the  iqiper  lakes ;  and  after  singing 
their  war-songs,  and  going  through  their  common  ceremonies,  they 
marched  off  against  the  frontiers  of  Virginia,  Maryland,  and  Penn- 


travelling  song, 


slow 


sylvania,  in  their  usual  maimer,  singing  the 
firing,  &c. 

On  the  north  side  of  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  opposite  to  B'ort 
Detroit,  there  is  an  island  which  the  Indians  call  the  Long  Island, 
and  which  they  say  is  above  one  thousand  miles  long,  and  in  some 
places  above  one  hundred  miles  broad.  They  further  say  that  the 
great  river  that  comes  down  by  Canesatauga,  and  that  empties  into 
the  main  branch  of  St.  Lawrence  above  Montreal,  originates  from 
one  source  with  the  St.  Lavwrcnce,  and  forms  this  island. 

Opposite  to  Detroit,  and  below  it,  was  originally  a  prairie,  and  laid 
ofT  in  lots  about  sixty  rods  broad,  and  a  great  length ;  each  lot  is 
divided  into  two  fields,  which  they  cultivate  year  about.  The  principal 
grain  that  the  French  raised  in  these  fields  was  spring  wheat  and  peas. 

They  built  all  their  houses  on  the  front  of  these  lots  on  the  river 
fiide;  and  as  the  banks  of  the  river  are  very  low,  some  of  the  houses 
are  not  above  three  or  four  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  water;  yet 


mv  one  is 


CAPTIvmr  OF  COlONKt  aMiTH.  455 

a  .own,  „•„  .acVSeTf  u,„°'r :,  7,™'r:t  Th"''  "°r '" 

inc     Tl,™,;,,   l^i  I   J  ^-     Iwaugl.rotancgo  reimined  in  town  with 

•   .Wortun.ty  of  being  acquainted  with  is  I  ovJrknow  •  vet  he  had  ^M 


III  «i 


H^ 


•ll^lttlTH   IN   mniAW    HIiTOHV. 


places  round  these  ijilnnds.     It  is  said  that  each  hunter,  in  one  winter, 
will  .catch  one  thonwniid  raccoonH. 

It  is  a  received  opinion  amor)g  the  Indians  that  the  snakes  and 
raccoons  are  transmigrntory,  and  that  a  great  many  of  the  snakos 
turn  raccoons  nvory  thil,  nnd  rnrcnons  snakes  every  spring.  This 
notion  is  founded  on  obaervatioua  made  on  the  snakos  and  raccoons 

in  this  island.  ^  i       l  • 

As  the  raccoons  here  lodge  in  rocks,  the  trappers  make  their 
wooden  traps  at  the  mouth  of  the  holes ;  and  as  they  go  daily  to  look 
at  their  traps,  in  the  winter  season,  they  commonly  find  them  tilled 
with  raccoons;  but  in  the  spring,  or  when  the  frost  is  out  of  the  ground, 
they  say,  they  then  find  their  tri'.ps  tilled  with  large  rattlesnakes;  and 
therefore  conclude  that  the  raccoons  are  transformed.  They  also  say 
that  the  reason  why  they  are  so  remarkably  plenty  in  the  winter,  is, 
every  fall  the  snakes  turn  raccoons  again. 

I  told  them  that  though  I  had  never  landed  on  any  of  these  islands, 
yet,  from  the  unanimous  accounts  I  had  received,  1  believed  that  both 
snakes  and  raccoons  were  plenty  there;  but  no  doubt  they  all  remained 
there  both  summer  and  winter,  only  the  snakes  were  not  to  be  sejn  in 
the  latter ;  yet  I  did  not  believe  that  they  were  tronsmigratory. 

These  islands  are  seldom  visited  ;  because  ear  /  in  the  sprmg,  am! 
late  in  the  fall,  it  is  dangerous  sailing  in  their  bark  canoes ;  and  in 
the  summer  t1\ey  are  so  Infested  with  various  kinds  of  serpents,  (but 
chiefly  rattlesnakes,)  that  it  is  dani,jrous  landing. 

I  shall  now  quit  this  digression,  and  return  to  the  result  of  the 
council  at  the  mouth  of  the  nver.  We  concluded  to  coast  it  round 
the  lake,  and  in  two  days  we  came  to  the  mouth  of  the  Miami  of  the 
Lake,  and  landed  on  Cedur  Point,  where  we  remained  several  days. 
Here  we  held  a  council,  and  concluded  we  would  take  a  driving  hunt 
in  concert  and  in  partnership. 

The  river  in  this  place  is  about  a  mile  broad,  and  as  it  and  the  lake 
forms  a  kind  of  neck,  which  terminates  in  a  point,  all  the  hunters 
(which  were  fifty-three)  went  up  the  river,  and  we  scattered  ourselves 
from  the  river  to  the  lake.  When  we  first  began  to  move  we  were 
not  in  sight  of  each  other,  but  as  we  all  raised  the  yell,  we  could 
move  regularly  together  by  the  noise.  At  length  we  came  in  sight 
of  each  other,  and  appeared  to  be  marching  in  good  order ;  before  we 
came  to  the  point,  both  the  squaws  and  boys  in  the  canoes  were 
scattered  up  the  river  and  along  the  lake,  to  prevent  the  deer  from 
making  their  escape  by  water.  As  we  advanced  near  the  point  the 
guns  began  to  crack  slowly,  and  after  some  time  the  firing  was  hke 
a  little  engagement.  The  squaws  and  boys  were  busy  tomahawking 
the  deer  in  the  water,  and  we  shooting  them  down  on  the  land.  We 
killed  in  all  about  thirty  deer,  though  a  great  many  made  their  escape 

by  water.  ,  ,    j    i    *     t 

We  had  now  great  feasting  and  rejoicing,  as  we  had  plenty  oi 
homony,  venison  and  wild  fowl.     The  geese  at  this  time  appeared  to 


be  preparing  to  move  southward. 


It  mighi  be  asked  what  is  meant 


CAPTIVITY    OF   COLONKr-   SMITH. 


me  winter, 


457 

I)y  thn  grcse  preparinc  to  move      Tho  !«  r 

'o  <-<..i.lu.'     mo„  a  1 V     1, .    n  '       '•'"":!'"'"S  «''^^  «o«t|,or,  i„  order 

arc  to  tak,,.  wi,„r,|..n  .h.v  ^         /."        ^^^^  "'"'  "-y. 

'"^  '"  «»''lt''-  to  IK  tl.(,  ditlbrcnt  .  Ih,  1  I  ^•M"-^"««'^«  Hi-o  sent 

:'l'F'nr  by  fhcir  ac.io„.s  tl.at  su.-ln:.,    ,,  l    1  '    ''"\"!'r'  "  ^^""''1 

^'lcmu.0  and  two  ,in,iliJor  1^^'"^:^'   l^-u.ghre.anogo,  Ton- 

l-avcr  wo  had  X'^.  ^^^     :  t  ^.TT'"'?  ^'i:;-  '"'"^  ''^'""'''y  "'' 
i»  tl'c  ■s.-uiH.  ci.vu,n.tan  t"     .c«,l  I  "^     "   'T    , ^^  "  ^^^'•^•'  '■'"  "<^arly 

-h  oC  us  luui  an  r^J^ik":       ^v  S,V'"'  T  ''"  '^^^^  ^'^ 
iind  slept  in  at  ni.d.t   ivifl.      i  '''  ''"^'"^'  "«  '"  '  '^^  day, 

^nnoc«,  as  usual,  at  a  L.     1   '^^^^^^^^^^^^  T  ^T"^  "^"'  '^"'cl'-burk 

Wow.hoialls.     At    l,s  nacc   IV  £'''"7,^/''"^  I>'«rposo,  a  little 
^ock,but  not  porpcnidcubrv      W  ''f  [' '^""/^''t '^et  over  a 

nuv  wooden  ca\K:.s     sonc  or'n    u.  ""'u  '"'  '""''y  "'^^  P"«J>^^d  up 

land  wi.J.  tj.e  1,  .•  os'  u  Hi  w  •  ?    1'^'  '^'  '''""^'  ""'^  '^e  rest  by 

Mf.     We  wailed  uiiiil  u-^  Jv„,/,        ^  '  """  '"""•  '"  partner. 

40  me,  «„j ,;,™ :;  I" ,  •  r  't™'^:;:i:"™;he'""-  '^  ^■""'*^"'* 

lime,  or  litlbio  l]ic  l,u,.|,«  l,e,o  ,    „  "  "'"  P""™-    At  this 

""ccalcl  i„  ,1,0  „r„,"  t  .S"  '°.  "'"■  "  S™'  """.bcr  of  ilccr  lay 

»»  the  lire  hurn.",   i    \  "„t  I    ,£  :l;"Ti'  k'""'  'I'  "T  "'sI"'  I"" 


II 


ff 


I 


111 
if 


458 


■VENTS    IN   INDIAN   HISTORY. 


! 


Sandusky  and  one  Ihat  runs  info  Sciotu.  And  at  tlic  time  of  high 
waiLT,  or  in  the  spiiiij^  season,  there^  is  but  about  one  half  mile  of 
portage,  and  that  very  icvel,  and  clear  of  rocks,  timhor  or  stones ;  so 
that  with  a  little  diguing  tnerc  may  bo  water  carriage  the  whole  way 
from  Sciota  to  Lakr  I'^rio. 

From  the  mouth  oC  Sandusky  to  the  fnlia  is  chiefly  first  rate  land, 
lying  flat  or  level,  inteunixed  with  largi;  hndits  of  clear  nieadowj;. 
wiierc  ttie  grass  u  exceedingly  rank,  and  in  many  places  three  or 
four  feet  high.  The  timber  is  oak,  hickory,  walnut,  cherry,  black 
ash,  eim,  sugar-tree,  bucke\.  ,  locust  and  bcetdi.  In  seme  places  there 
is  wet  timber  land — the  timber  \n  these  places  is  chiefly  water  ash, 
sycamore,  or  l)urt(inwood. 

From  the  falls  to  the  prairies,  the  land  lies  well  to  tlie  sun  ;  it  i? 
neither  too  flat  nor  loo  hilly,  and  is  chiefly  first  rate;  the  tii  .her 
nearly  the  same  as  below  the  tails,  exce|)|iiig  the  water  ash.  There 
is  also  here  some  plats  of  beech  land,  that  apjiears  to  be  second  rate, 
as  it  frequently  produces  s[)ice-wood.  The  prairie  appears  to  be  a 
tolerably  fertile  soil,  though  in  many  places  too  wet  for  cultivation; 
yet  I  apprehend  it  would  produce  ti..iber,  were  it  oidy  kept  from  fire. 

The  Indians  aie  of  the  opinion  that  the  squirrels  plant  all  the 
timber,  as  they  bury  a  number  of  nuts  for  fbod,  and  only  one  at  a 
place.  When  a  squirrel  is  killed,  the  various  kinds  of  nuts  thus 
buried  will  grow. 

1  have  observed  that  when  these  prairies  have  only  escaped  fire  for 
one  year,  near  where  a  single  tree  stood  there  was  a  young  growth 
of  timber  supposed  to  be  ])Ianfed  by  the  squirrels.  But  when  the 
prairies  were  again  burned,  all  ihis  young  growth  was  immediately 
consumec' ;  as  the  fire  rages  in  the  grass  lo  such  a  pitch,  that  numbers 
of  raccoons  are  thereby  burned  to  death. 

On  the  west  side  of  the  prairie,  or  betwixt  that  and  Sciota,  there  is 
a  large  body  of  first  rate  land — the  timber,  walnut,  locust,  sugar-tree, 
buckeye,  cherry,  ash,  elm,  mulberry,  plum-trees,  spice-wood,  black 
haw,  red  haw,  oak,  and  hickory. 

About  the  time  the  bucks  ([uit  running,  Tontileaugo,  his  wife  and 
children,  Tecaughretanego,' his  son  Nunganey  and  myself,  lel>  the 
Wyandot  camps  at  the  currying-place,  and  crorsed  tiie  Sciota  river  at 
the  south  end  ol' the  glades,  and  proceeded  on  about  a  southwest  course 
to  a  large  creek  called  Ollentangy,  which  I  believ(!  interUx'ks  with  the 
watero  of  the  Miami,  and  empties  into  Sciota  on  the  west  side  thereof. 
From  the  tiouth  end  of  the  prairie  to  Ollentangy  there  is  a  largs 
quantity  of  beech  land,  intermixed  with  first  rate  land.  Here  we  made 
our  winter  hut,  and  had  considerable  success  in  hunting. 

AfTer  some  time,  one  of  I'ontileaugo's  step-sons  (a  lad  about  eight 
years  of  age)  oflended  him,  and  he  gave  the  boy  a  moderate  whipping, 
which  much  displeased  his  Wyandot  wife.  She  acknowledged  that 
the  boy  was  guilty  of  a  fault,  but  thought  that  he  ought  to  have  been 
ducked,  which  is  their  u:;ual  mode  of  chastisement.  She  said  sh« 
could  not  bear  to  have  her  son  whipped  like  a  servant  or  slave;  and 
sh«  was  so  displeased,  that  when  Tontileaugo  went  out  to  hunt,  »h« 


CAPTIVITY    OF   COLONEL   SMITH. 


4(10 


When  Tontiloaugo  returned,  !,c  was  much  disturbed  on  hearin<r  of 
l;.s  w.  .  s  dopernent,  and  said  that  he  woulrl  never  o-o  after  her  we^e 
1   not  tha    he  was  alVa.d  that  she  would  get  l,ewilde"red.  and  ?hat  h  ' 

aftr  Id^  wT     "  M  ^'^'7'  "''•>  '"^  '"'^'^  ^^'^^^    Tontileaug"  v^ 
allci  lus  Wife  an<l  whc-n  they  met  they  made  up  the  quarrel  •  and  he 

never  returned,  but  left  Tecaughretanego  and  'his  sc?r.,  (Tb'o;  lut 
winter'"'        "°''^  '"'^  •"^"■"'  ^''''^  ^'^'^^'"'^'^  '^^'-^  ^"  our  hmaH 

huniS'^''tS  i"^   ''''''   ^  ^"'-•^^"  ^^-"-•'  statesman  and 
nuntu    and  though  he  was  now  near  sixty  years  of  acre,  was  vet 
cqua  to  th..  eommon  run  of  hunters,  but  subject  to  the  d.eumatis^m 
which  deprived  hini  of  the  use  of  his  lens.  ni^umausm, 

Shortly  after  Toutil(,>augo  left  us,  Tecaughretanego  became  lame 
and  could  scarcely  walk  out  of  our  hut  for  two  months  I  had 
considerable  success  in  hunting  and  trapping.  Though  Tecau^hre 
tunego  endured  much  pain  and  misery  v^,t  he  bo^e  it  ai  Vv  th 
wonderful  patience,  and  would  often  endeavor  to  entertain  me  v  h 
cleerlul  conversation.  Sometimes  he  would  applaud  me  for  r^v 
diligence,  skill  and  actttity;  and  at  other  times  hi  would  lal  e  .^rTa^ 
care  ,n  giving  me  instructions  concerning  the  huntincr  and  rappTna 
busmess.  He  would  also  tell  n^e  that  if  1  failed  of  success  weTouid 
sullcr  very  much,  as  we  we;e  about  forty  miles  from  any  one  living 
that  we  knew  of;  yet  he  would  not  intinmte  that  he  apprehended  wo' 
were  n.  any  danger,  but  still  supposed  that  I  was  fully  LSequa^  to  the 

Jct^^Vf""  "  ''"'^^f^re  Christmas,  and  from  that  until 

^oinc.  t  ine  in  February  we  had  ahvays  plenty  of  bear  meat,  venison 

j&c.     During  this  time  [  killed  much  more  than  we  could  use   ku 

having  no  horses  to  carry  in  what  I  killc-d,  I  left  part  of  it    n  the 

woods.     In  February  there  cam.,  a  snow,  with  a  .■rust,  which  made  a 

great  noise  when  walking  on  it,  and  frightened  away  the  dee  ;    nd Vs 

IKJ^  ami  beavc^  were  scarce  here,  we  got  entirely  out  of  p^visLn 

Alte       Kul  hunted  two  days  withour  eating  anv  thing,  and  had  very 

^ort  allowance  lor  some  days  belbn,  I  returned  lat.fin  the  oyrn^l 

Urn  and  weary     \Vhen  1  came  into  our  hut,  Tecaimhretane^oaskc^ 

what  success.     I  to  d  hnn  not  any.     He  asked  me  if  I  was  not  ve  v 

nmirry        ,ephed  ihat  th.  keen  appetite  seemed  to  be  in  some  measure 

emu  ed,  but    uas  both  lamt  and  weary.    Ilecommande.l  Nunganey, 

li.^  little  son,  to  brmg  mn  sonx'thing  to  cat,  and  he  brouHit  me  a  kettle 

with  some  bouc.s  and  broth.    Albn' eating  a  li.w  mouthful,  nuMmnete 

v^kn.yr..ur.^l,and  [thought  the  victuals  had  a  moLt  ilgiS  e 

ca  niMvluchravais  and  tuitey-biizzards  had  picked;  these  Nunganey 

had  collected  and  boiled,  uaiil  the  sinews  that  remained  on  the1)ones 

ou  d  s  np  oil.       speedily  finished  my  allowance,  such  as  it  was,    nd 

when  1  had  ended  my  sweet  repast/recaughretancgo  asked  mo  how  I 


460 


EVENTS   IN   INDIAN   HISTORY. 


'I 


I 


felt.  I  told  him  I  was  much  refreshed.  He  then  handed  me  his  pipe  and 
pouch,  and  told  mo  to  take  a  smoke.  I  did  30.  He  then  said  he  had 
somothing  of  importance  to  tell  me,  if  I  was  now  composed  and  ready 
to  hear  it.  I  told  him  I  was  ready  to  hear  him.  He  said  the  reason 
why  he  deferred  his  speech  till  now  was,  because  few  men  are  in  a 
Tight  humor  to  hear  good  talk  when  they  are  extremely  hungry,  as 
they  are  then  generally  fretful  and  discomposed,  but  as  you  appear 
now  to  enjoy  calmness  and  serenity  of  mind,  I  will  now  communicate 
to  you  the  thoughts  of  my  heart,  and  those  things  that  I  know  to  be 
true. 

"  Brother, — As  you  have  lived  with  the  white  people,  you  have  not 
had  the  same  advantage  of  knowing  that  the  great  Being  above  feeds 
his  people,  and  gives  them  their  moat  in  due  season,  as  we  Indians 
have,  who  are  frequently  out  of  provisions,  and  vet  are  wonderfully 
supplied,  and  that  so  frequently,  that  it  is  evidently  the  hand  of  the 
great  Owaneeyo*  that  doth  this.  Whereas  the  white  people  have 
commonly  large  stocks  of  tame  cattle,  that  they  can  kill  when  they 
please,  and  also  their  barns  and  cribs  lillcd  with  grain,  and  therefore 
have  not  the  same  opportunity  of  seeing  and  knowing  that  they  are 
supported  by  the  Ruler  of  heaven  and  earth. 

"Brother, — I  know  that  you  are  now  afraid  that  we  will  all  perish 
/With  Jiunger,  but  you  have  no  just  reason  to  itar  this. 

"  Brother, — [  have  been  young,  but  am  now  old ;  I  have  been 
frequently  under  the  like  circumslancos  that  we  now  are,  and  that 
some  time  or  other  in  almost  every  year  of  mv  life;  yet  I  have 
hitherto  been  supported,  and  my  wants  supplied  in' time  of  need. 

"  Brother, — Owaneeyo  sometimes  suffers  us  to  be  in  want,  in  order 
to  teach  us  our  dependence  upon  him,  and  to  let  us  know  that  we  are 
to  love  and  serve  him;  and  likewise  to  know  the  worth  of  the  favors 
that  we  receive,  and  to  make  us  more  thankful. 

"Brother, — Be  assured  that  you  will  be  supplied  with  food,  and 
that  ju'^t  in  the  right  time;  but  you  must  continue  diligent  in  the  use 
of  means.  (-Jo  to  sleep,  and  rise  early  in  the  morning  and  go  a 
hunting;  be  strong,  and  exert  yourself'  like  a  man,  and  the  Greai 
Spirit  will  direct  your  way." 

The  next  morning  I  went  out,  and  steered  about  an  east  course.  ] 
proceeded  on  slowly  for  abfjul  five  miles,  and  saw  deer  frequently; 
but  as  the  crust  on  the  snow  made  a  great  noise,  they  were  always 
running  before  [  spied  them,  so  that  1  cVuld  not  g(H  a  shot.  A  violent 
appetite  returned,  and  I  became  intolerably  hungry.  It  was  now  that 
I  concluded  I  would  run  off  to  Peansylvaiiia,  my  "native  country.  As 
the  snow  was  on  the  ground,  and  Indian  hunters  almost  the  whole  of 
the  way  before  me,  I  had  but  a  poor  prosj)ect  of  making  my  escape, 
but  my  case  appeared  desperate,  li"  I  staid  liere,  I  thought  I  would 
perish  with  hunger,  and  if  I  met  with  Indians  they  could  but  kill  me. 

I  then  proceeded  on  as  fast  as  1  could  v/alk,  and  when  I  got  about 

*  This  is  the  name  of  God,  in  their  tongue,  and  signifies  the  owner  and 
ruler  of  all  things. 


CAPTIVITY  OF  COLONKL  SMITH. 


461 


,r  ir  ■  --  "-■-  -^^^ '-™  r;„tr£r^^^^^ 

run  off  „,;d  leav?  I^o  veS    "33  I'n'Sl!;",? C  toT"!'""" '" 
Nungancy  to  make  haste  na.l  cook         told  hir?        ??">""'"« 

:iri'd 'a* -.'xts  r -T  id  f '- '™-"'  ^'™-^"'i- 

.1.0  kcilo  with  so^'™::' ran      u'lhoTo^f  nTn^'r'^  '"f  °" 

&d-r-|;:i^-SsSS??-; 

lest  ho  mi"ht  l-nrt  him-oif  Knt  .  r ,  ,  .^^\  "«. '^fi c  beef  at  tlmt  time, 

upon  the  necessity  and  pk.isurc  of  receivhcr^he   w.  '^'^''^ 

of  life  u-ith  thankfnlness  laiowino  that  o\  mieet.  if  f'^'-^  '"P^?"^''^ 
Such  speeches  from  an'  Indmn  may  be  h^S  bv  th  ^''\S''''- 
unacquainted  with  them  altogether  inaudible  bu  wil^  '"n''  '"^"^ 
the  Indian  war,  ue  may  readdy  conch, deZt  Jhey  a  eT^  '"^'^  "" 
0.;  .tupid  sort  of  people;  or  they  would  not  ha  c  beL  ucl^,";  1"^ "' 
When  they  came  into  our  country  they  outwitterus  and  who^''' 
sent  armies  into  their  country,  they  out-oenera lie  nn'^  ''"^/^hen  ,ve 
inferior  force.     Let  us  also  take  iiito^lS  on  th^f  t'      "t  ^''^' 

J  he  „«xt  n,„rn,„g  Tecaughvclaaogo  desired  me  ■„  go  back  and 


iii.  |i' 
I    I, 

■    If 


!U1 


462 


BVICNT3    IN    INDIAN    IIISTORV. 


i    ' 


bring  another  load  of  bufllilo  bocf.  As  I  proccodod  fo  do  so,  about 
fivo  n»ilos  from  our  hut  1  i'ouiul  u  bear  tree.  As  a  supliujf  grew  near 
the  tree,  and  reached  near  tlie  hole  tliat  tlie  bear  went  in  at,  I  got  dry 
dozed  or  rotten  wood,  tiiat  would  catch  and  liold  fire  ahnost  as  well 
as  spunk.  This  wood  I  tied  u|)  in  bunches,  iixcd  thorn  on  iny  back, 
and  then  climbed  up  the  saplinj^,  and  with  a  pole  I  put  th(!ni,  touchecl 
with  iiro,  into  tlu;  liolc,  and  then  came  down  and  look  my  gun  in  rnv 
hand.  Albjr  some  time  the  bear  caiiu!  out,  and  I  killed  and  skinned 
it,  packed  Up  a  load  of  the  meat,  (alter  securing  the  remainder  froai 
the  wolves,)  and  returned  homf!  before  niu;hi.  On  my  return,  my  old 
brother  and  his  son  were  much  rejoiced  at  my  success.  Allcr  this  wc 
had  plenty  of  provisions. 

Wo  remained  here  until  sonu;  time  in  April,  1758.  At  this  time 
Tecaugluvtaiiego  had  recovercul  so  that  he  could  walk  about.  VVc 
made  a  bark  cano(!,  embarked,  and  w(!nt  down  Ollentnniry  soinc! 
distance,  but  the  water  beiu";  low,  we  were  in  danger  (d"  splitting  our 
cano(!  upon  the  rocks;  therelniv;  Tecaughretanegoconclud(!d  wo  Would 
encamp  on  shore,  and  |)ray  l()r  rain. 

When  we  encampcxl,  Tccaughretancgo  made  himself  a  sweat-house, 
which  he  did  by  stii'king'a  niunbcr  of  hoops  in  tin;  ground,  each  hoop 
Ibrniing  a  semicircle;  this  he  covered  all  over  with  Ijlankets  and  skins. 
He  then  prei)ared  hot  stones,  which  he  rolhxl  into  his  hut,  and  then 
went  into  it  himself  with  a  little;  ketth^  of  water  in  his  hand,  mixed 
with  a  variety  of  herbs,  whicli  he  had  formerly  cured,  and  had  now 
with  him  in  his  pack;  they  allbrded  an  odoriferous  perfume.  When 
he  was  in,  he  told  me  to  pull  down  the  bhinkets  behind  him,  and  cover 
all  up  close,  which  1  did,  and  then  he  began  to  pour  water  upon  the 
hot  stones,  and  to  sing  aloud.  lie  continued  in  this  vehement  hot 
place  about  fifteen  minutes.  All  this  he  did  in  ordcM-  to  purilV  himself 
ixiforc  he  would  address  the  Su[)reme  Being.  When  lu;  came  out  ot' 
his  sweat-house,  ho  began  to  burn  tobacco  and  pray,  lie  bi^gan  each 
petition  with  ok,  ho,  ho,  ho,  which  is  a  kind  of  .aspii-ation,  niid  si^nitics 
an  ardent  wish.  1  observed  that  all  his  petitions  were  only  li)i-  imme- 
diate or  present  tem|)oral  bk'ssings.  He  began  his  address  by  thankst- 
giving  in  the  l()llowing  manner: 

"  C)  1 1  real  liJeing !  1  thank  thee  that  I  have  obtained  the  use  of  niv 
logs  again;  that  1  am  now  able  to  walk  about  and  kill  turkciys,  cVc. 
without  feeling  exipiisite  |)ain  and  misery.  1  know  that  tliou  art  a 
hearer  and  a  helper,  and  thiM-eforc  I  will  call  upon  thee. 

"Oh,  ho,  ho,  jio, — (THint  that  my  knees  and  ankles  may  be  riglil 
well,  and  thnt  1  may  bo  able  not  only  to  walk,  but  to  run  and  jump 
logs,  as  I  did  last  fall. 

"Oh,  ho,  ho,  ho, — Grant  that  on  this  voyage  wo  may  frequently 
kill  bears,  as  they  may  be  crossing  the  8ciota  and  Sandusky. 

"Oh,  ho,  ho,  ho, — tlrant  that  wo  may  kill  plenty  of  turkeys  along 
the  banks,  to  stew  <vitli  our  fat  bear  meat. 

"Oh,  ho,  ho,  ho, — (irant  that  rain  may  come  to  raise  the  Ollen- 
tangy  about  two  or  three  icet,  that  we  may  cross  in  safety  down  to 
Sciota,  without  danger  of  our  canoe  being  wrecked  on  the  rocks. 


CAPTIVITY  OP  COLONEL  SMITH.  463 

t!:^u:i'{:::^j^s^^:rz''  ^-^rr^-^^'-^  the. 

wlicn  I  may  act  any  more  f  nl  f  "'  *'*"''  '^""''"^  ^  ^^"«^  ""' 
unto  thc^^Lafoo\^2i^o^Z.T^'V"T"^'^'■*^'^  ''^'^^  ^  have 
«nd  j,.rant  these  renuosranf  fh'v  n'  "?  '  ^ff''^  '*•""  ^^''^  h'^^'' 
and  fove  thee  Ibr  thy  gifts' '  '  ^  ""''  '"'"  '"'"'"  ^^^^  ^'>«"k«' 
IJuriujr  the  whole  Of  this  sconp  I  «nf  i>,r  ^^«„      u 

-.  |iu_yLis.     1  Km.iiried  duly  comnnsed  iinl  I  he  nmr>  ♦,    tu, 
buniinn;  o    thetoharm-  in.l  o^.  r  1,         .    ^^"' '"""  "^  came  f    the 

y..u  w.,o  „,„ii„,,  j.„„,  |^,,i°    ™  ^  '  ^^  -  J  «  k"ow  tl„„  when 
one  dislur  I  you:  Inil  nmf   wl,,.,,  I  ,...  •        V  '"y^  °''  "".» 

ol  11.0  molhod  „f  rtconriliaiion  will,  an  „  B.  ,i'  ,    ■         ""  •""f '''"g 
was  now  („o  old  ,„  l„,„i„  l"  loa,™?,    wt|';  I?      ,"'"'','  """  ""^ 

ITero  we  may  see  how  far  the  h^lit  ofnafm-o  couM  era;  pcrhans  w,. 
s^e  ]t  hero  almost  in  ts  hi-hest  ovfont  N„tu-  f  r'  i  ^  -^ 
views  that  this  great  man  c    le    •  LhI  n  '  P.-  ^f  ^'"'«f-"^"^''»S  fl>e  just 


i 

_  t 

11 


464 


EVENTS   IN   INDIAN   HISTORY. 


A  few  days  after  Tecaughretanego  had  gone  through  his  ceremonies 
and  finished  his  prayers,  the  rain  came  and  raised  the  croelc  a  sufficient 
height,  so  that  we  passed  in  safety  down  to  Sciota,  and  proceeded  up 
to  the  carrying-place.  Let  us  now  describe  the  land  on  this  route 
from  our  winter  hut,  and  down  Ollcntangy  to  the  Sciota,  and  up  it  to 
tlie  carrying-place. 

About  our  winter  cabin  is  chiefly  first  and  second  rate  land.  <  A 
considerable  way  up  Ollentangy,  on  the  southwest  side  thereof,  or 
Ixjtwixt  it  and  the  Miami,  there  is  a  very  large  prairie,  and  from  this 
prairie  down  Ollentangy  to  Sciota  is  generally  first  rate  land.  The 
timber  is  walnut,  sugar-tree,  ash,  buckeye,  locust,  wild  cherry,  and 
spice-wood,  intermixed  with  some  oak  and  beech.  From  the  mouth  of 
Ollentjingy,  on  the  east  side  of  Sciota,  up  to  the  carrying-place,  there  is 
a  largo  body  of  first  and  second  rate  land,  and  tolerably  well  watered. 
The  timber  is  ash,  sugar-tree,  walnut,  locust,  oak,  and  beech.  Up  near 
the  carrying-place  the  land  is  a  little  hilly,  but  the  soil  good.  We 
proceeded  from  this  place  down  Sandusky,  and  in  our  passage  wo 
killed  four  bears  and  a  number  of  turkeys.  Tecaughretanego  appeared 
now  fully  persuaded  that  this  came  in  answer  to  his  prayers,  and  who 
can  say  with  any  degree  of  certainty  that  it  was  not  so? 

Wh^n  we  came  to  the  little  lake  at  the  mouth  of  Sandusky,  we 
called  at  a  Wyandot  town  that  was  then  there,  called  Sunyendcand. 
Here  we  diverted  ourselves  several  days  by  catching  rock-fish  in  n 
small  creek,  the  name  of  which  is  also  Sunyendcand,  which  signifies 
rock-fish.  They  fished  in  the  night  with  lights,  and  struck  the  fish 
with  gigs  or  spears.  The  rock-fish  here,  when  «thoy  begin  first  to 
run  up  the  creek  to  spawn,  are  exceedingly  fat,  sufficiently  so  to  fry 
ihemselves.  The  first  night  we  scarcely  caught  fish  enough  for  pre- 
sent use  lor  all  that  were  in  the  town. 

The  next  morning  I  met  with  a  prisoner  at  this  place  by  the  name 
of  Thompson,  who  had  been  taken  from  Virginia.  He  told  me  if  the 
Indians  would  only  omit  disturbing  the  fish  for  one  night,  he  could 
catch  more  fish  than  the  whole  town  cbukl  make  use  of.  [  told  Mr. 
Thompson  that  if  he  was  certain  he  could  do  this,  that  I  would  use 
my  influence  with  the  Indians  to  let  the  fish  alone  for  one  night.  1 
applied  to  the  chiefs,  who  agreed  to  my  proposal,  and  said  they  were 
anxious  to  see  what  the  Great  Knife  (as  they  called  the  Virginian,) 
could  do.  Mr.  Thompson,  with  the  assistance  of  some  other  prisf)ners, 
set  to  work  and  made  a  hoop-net  of  elm  bark ;  they  then  cut  down  a 
tree  across  the  creek,  and  stuck  in  stakes  at  th^e  lower  side  of  it  to 
prevent  the  fish  from  passing  up,  leaving  only  a  gap  at  the  one  side 
of  the  creek;  here  he  sat  with  his  net,  and  when  he  felt  the  fish  touch 
the  net  he  drew  it  up,  and  frequently  would  haul  out  two  or  three 
rock-fish  that  would  weigh  about  five  or  six  pounds  each.  He  con- 
tinued at  this  until  he  had  hauled  out  about  a  wagon  load,  and  then 
left  the  gap  open  in  order  to  let  them  pass  up,  for  they  could  not  go 
far  o\\  account  of  the  shallow  water.  Before  day  Mr.  Thompson  shut 
it  up,  to  prevent  them  from  passing  down,  in  order  to  let  the  Indian? 
have  some  diversion  in  killing  them  in  daylight. 


CAmvm-    OP   COLONEL    SMITH.  455 

ingenuity  of  ttvi^SuWlftl ;;:''"'  .'l^^'"'  ""'^  «PI''-'d^d  the' 
wero  confined  in  the  wa  cr  n|,ov  Lo  '  "7  ''"'  ""'"'«"•  «''tl'oin  that 
to  the  town,  and  in  a  shorA^^^^^^  )  ''''.  >'°"""  '"'''«"^  "'^  b'''«l< 

and  arrows,  d^c.^.u^f  w  ^  h  '  ^  .S'ofT??"' ^'«^' '^^^ 
I)rc.so."ve.     As  wo  Ind   ru.  If  ^  *'''"^  ^^'^  ^'""'d  "se  or 

upon  the  bankV  ind  a  or  on"   i,r  ""^'"''^  l""  ^'''^  ^''^'^'  ^^oy  lay 

atS;a^rt-t;l!.::;S-;i-^ 

isomo  tune  in  May  wo  honnl  ti..,»  ^'    '      1   .,    , 
thousand  men,  was  Lln\nu  In  1        ^"""■^'   ^  "'•'^'-•■^'  ^^''"^  «Gven 
Du  (iuosno,  M-hic-h  t  Jn  s     :i  1      'T  ""  '?>  """'f^^'-"  ^J^''^'^^'  ^^o" 
orectod.     IJnon  rteMmr  r  "'  '''"'''''  ^  '""^  ^''"  '''^^  ^ift-rwards 

Indian  warriors  to  i::;;^^:!^,;;^^'- ^  ^'^^  t^^  ditlorent  trihes  of 

Wy=>;r::d^:^^;.^Jf  ^owato^i.,  and 

Quesno,  to  T.renarc    ihv   tl  \^    ^^  marched  olf  to  Fort  Du 

common  renortTas  tin  tv  TT''  "' .  ^^"^'•■•^'  ^orl-^s.  The 
Braddook,L  Tai  IShnd  T"  '"-- .'h<T  did  General 
had  Irequent  accounts  of -orlS  ,    T  \'"'  ^'"'^  "'""  ^"i"'  ^^' 

sent  out'  ,0  watcl  oir  Vno  i  '  'r^'  ^^  -^^T  '''''"'''  ^^^^'  ^^^^e 
the  mountains  ever  afte         ;\ef  F^?'"V'''"^^^^^^^  ^^'^"^ 

their  vigilance,  Colonel  Gr  nt  with  hi  IT  n  ""i  ^"^"'i^hstanding 
upon  tirem.  and  in  the  n  i  it  /n  '  ^  !'S'''-^l^d^'-S  stole  a  march 

rodsfronU^ortDu    J„os  ?    I,      \^^  "'^^^^^^^^  '^"'  '''^""^  eighty 

Hill  to  this  day  '  V  S^;,  ';^;'  ;:^^'"  *'f  — «  called  GrantC 
his  men  were' there  uiti^^^tV^^^^^^^^  /  ?  '"^  '^'""^  ""^  ^'''-^t  Grant  and 
bagpipes  just  atTyliX't'H.'''  ''"'"^ ''"^'  l^'''^y'^^^  "P<^"  ^he 
up  u.Kler^covc'-  o  "^t  ?  nul  s  oV  1 '"  7 ','  ''"^'  '^"'  "*«  ^»'"«-  ^an 
«ome  distance,  and  h;n  "l  ij.  '  n  ^'^  "'7  '^"^  Monongahela  for 
took  possessi^  J  t^t' hi  ;    W  G    nt  •  t^'"?  °''  '"  '■'^'"■^'  ^"^^ 

or  taken  prLners        "^^'^'"'"^ '  "^'«^  «'  ^he  Highlanders  were  killed 

th^^^iit '^'tj;^^  J:;:!'^;::  /f  ^  ---''  '^"^  --  ^-^^^  m 

back  and  ^^o  home  the  way  tit  ""'  ^n'^'^  ^^"^''^'  ""^^  t"^" 

General  Bmd  oTwas  Sa  d  '^1^''  '^  ^'"?','"'  '^"'  '^«"^'  ^^^^^ 
The  French  ur^^ed  the  Ind  an.  n  f  "^^%^"PP»f^^'  ^'^  ^^'ould  come  on. 
hard  for  the  Iidkn    to  ll  ^        .  ?^  ^"u"*  '^'°  ^''^  ^''^"t;  I,ut  as  it  was 


I 


li., 
Mil 


1 1 


460 


BVSNTS   IN    INDIAN    nitfTOBY. 


I 


Forbes.  Tlxjy  mot  \\\h  army  nonr  I'orf  fiicoricnr,  and  attnckod  tlipm, 
but  wcirc!  iViislmli'il  in  Ihi-ir  design.  'I'liry  said  that  KorlKj.s's  men 
wtTo  l)ugitmiuj4  t<^  lourn  tbo  art  of  war,  and  that  fhoro  wjm'o  n  groat 
miinlM'r  of  Anicricaii  rill(MUi'n  along  u'illi  thi^  red-coats,  who  acathirc'd 
out,  look  trees,  and  wrw  good  niarUsinen  ;  therefore  tiiey  foinid  they 
could  not  aeeoni|)lish  liieir  design,  and  were  nhlig(>d  to  retreat.  Whon 
they  retnrned  from  the  hatilelt;  I'ort  I  )ii  tiiiesne,  th<!  Indians  coni-hidtid 
tlial  they  would  go  to  their  iiunling.  The  p'rcnidi  endeavored  to 
|H!rsiiad(!  them  to  stay  and  try  anollu-r  battle.  The  Indians  said  if  it 
was  oidy  the  red-cn;ils  they  hail  to  do  with,  they  could  soon  suhdne 
them,  but  they  eoukl  not  withstand  .inliitlrcmi,  or  the  (treat  Knili;, 
which  was  the  namo  they  gave  tiie  Virginians.  Thoy  'hen  r(!tnrned 
home  to  their  hiniling,  and  tli(!  French  I'vacuated  the  liirt,  which 
(«en.  l-'orbes  came  ami  took  possession  of,  without  linMlier  o|)i)ositiun, 
lute  in  the  year  17r>8,  and  at  this  timi;  began  to  build  l''ort  I'itt. 

When  Tecaughrelanego  had  heard  the  particulars  ol'(lraiU\-i(lef(nit, 
ho  said  that  he  could  not  W(;ll  account  I'or  his  contradictory  and 
inconsistent  conduct,  I  le  said,  as  th(!  art  of  war  consists  in  ambushing 
and  siu'prising  our  enemies,  and  in  preventing  them  iVom  ambushing 
and  siu'prising  us,  (Jranl,  in  tin'  lirst  place,  acted  like  a  wis(;  aiul 
experienced  warrior  in  artl'ully  approaching  in  the  night  without  being 
discovered;  but  when  he  canje  to  th(!  phiex ,  and  th(i  Indians  wero 
lying  asleep  ouLside  of  the  lort,  between  him  and  the  Alle'ghany  rivor, 
iu  place  of  slipping  up  <|uielly,  and  falling  upon  them  with  their 
broadswords,  they  bi'at  tlu!  drums  and  played  \\\m\\  the  l)agpi[)cs. 
lie  said  he  could  account  lor  this  inc,onsistent  conduct  no  otlua'  way 
than  by  supposing  that  he  had  m:ide  too  frei;  with  spirituous  li(|Uors 
during  the  night,  and  bi'came  intoxicated  about  daylight.  But  to 
retiu'u. 

This  year  we.  hunted  up  Sand.usky  and  down  Sciota,  and  took 
nearly  the  same  route  that,  we  hid  done  the  last  hunting  season.  Wo 
had  considerable  succc'ss,  and  returned  to  Detroit  some  time  in  April, 
17.")!). 

Shortly  alier  this,  T(;caughrelanego,  his  son  Nunganey  and  myself, 
went  from  l).'lroil  (^in  an  elm-bark  ean;>e)  to  Caiighnewaga,  a  very 
ancient  Indian  town,  al);)ut  nine  nfiles  above  iMoulri-al,  wluu'e  1 
remained  until  about  the  ilrst  of  July.  I  then  heard  of  a  French  ship 
at;  iMontr(>al  that  had  lOuglish  j)risoa(a's  on  board,  in  order  to  carry 
them  over  sea  and  exehanni'  them.  I  went  privately  olf  I'rom  tlio 
Indians,  and  got  also  on  board  ;  but  as  (leiieral  W'olli-  had  stopped 
the  river  .Sf.  [,awrence,  we  wen;  all  sent  to  prisu'i  iu  Moulreal,  when' 
I  remaaietl  l()ur  months.  Sonu;  lime  iu  November  wc  were  all  sent 
oirfrom  this  place  to  t'rown  I'oint,  and  e.VLdianged. 

Early  in  the  year  1700,  I  came  home  ioConococheagui!,  and  found 
that  my  peoples  eoukl  nevcn-  ascertain  whether  [  was  killed  or  taken 
until  my  return.  They  received  me  with  great  joy,  but  wen;  surprised 
to  see  me  so  much  like  an  lndi;iii  both  in  my  gait  and  gesture. 

Upon  inquiry,  1  found  that  my  sweetheart  was  married  a  few  days 
before  I  arrived.    My  leelings  i  must  leave  ou  this  occasion  for  thoss 


CAPTIVlTr   OP   COLOlfEL   BMITH. 


4flr 

nt  (Imt  liMK ..  "  '  '"  '''"^'■'■'''•'  "'^'  ^•'"'•''"n  o)'  soul  1  fdt 

.7l^r^  n;:.:::::.' ■:;,:;'';,;!: 'r'-r'  ^^'-'i  '-'-< """'  ^.n  year 

svlvMni.-i      Tlw  u  I?.      ( •  ■ '"''"'"'""'«  '"  v'.rK.i.s  ,,.-,rfs  ..('  1',  „„. 

»'"••  ''Lis  s,  't  ,    o.:;  ''^^^  """'"""■''  ''"'•'"■^  "'•"•I'l-i.'s 

ami  ,suks....ip,  .ns     so,      •':':''  "'  """•'' ,'".'""-y '^y  collections 
ol-rnDjrrrH,  mui-v  .''''"','''' ''  """.'•"I""in  of  .|,is  ron.pnny 

'-^  i"  7.p.ivity  w^h^;;;;'i,   ,^  't'. :"  ;.i;i ","""  '"^"  ''-^ 

l<'«fii".s,  n,o..c.asin,s,  nn,/.  m    sh  .I'T"'''  '""'  '""'■'''■'•'<••''«. 

nmnnor  tliMl  111."  In  limis  do  nui'  ."'' '""''''  '"  ^''^'  «""'e 

i»«'«-«  nd  „,  ,1  Mack  1  1  .  1  ,n«n     ,         '"'""'<'"'''I"<''.S  .-.ri.l  ,n,in.,.,l  our 

Near  the  onn,.iusi7u   of   M     ■  v,;.  """"?'  ''^  '"""  ''"Pl"}'' ts. 

caliod  (ho  r.nnsvlvani.    in.  '^"'^' ^'''^.''-fi.',  in  what  was  Ihcn 

•'''' '»"  ('!'<•  «anu.  year)  1  ur     on    lu  S  '  !  '  '"'''''''  '"  ''''■^''-    ^" 

A  imle  below  Fort  Fm  the  hostages  all  made  their  el^!gh„r.i. 


408 


KVICNXa    IN    INDIAN    III8TURV. 


ader  this  tlie  Iiulinns  stole  lior^is  juul  kilUnl  Home  jieoplc  on  thf  fron- 
titsrH.  'I'lic^  Kiiiy's  |»r(i<'lainiiliiti»  wus  llioii  (riiciilultHl  and  sot  up  in 
various  pultlic  places,  proliibitinj^  any  person  Iroiii  trading'  witli  the 
[ndiauH  uiilil  liirllier  orders. 

Notwillisl!imlin;j,  all  this,  ahoiit  the  first  of  March,  1700,  u  nuniher 
of  wat-ous,  loud(!d  willi  Indian  ^oods  and  warlilu-  stores,  wvm  sent 
fruin  IMiiladelphia  to  ih'nrv  i'nllens,( 'onocoelieanne,  and  from  thence 
seventy  pack  liorses  wen-  loaded  wilh  tlies(!  ;j:oods,  in  order  to  carry 
theui  to  Fort  I'itt.  This  idamied  the  country,  and  Mr.  VVilliani 
niiHicid  raised  aliniil  tilly  arnn'd  men,  ami  met  the  paelc  liorses  at 
IJK^  place  where  .^h•rcelsi)llri';  iKivv  sliuids.  Mr.  Dntlield  desired  the 
employers  lo  store  up  their  jj;oods,  and  not  proceed  until  further  orders. 
They 'made  liidit  of  this,  and  weiil  over  the  North  \hHintaiii,  whore, 
they  l(Ml;j,ed  in  a  small  valliy  called  the  (.ireat  ( 'ove.  Mr.  Diidield 
and  his  party  (ollowed  after,  and  came  to  their  hHluiii},',  and  u;j;uia 
urjfcd  lliem  to  slon-  up  llieir  '^onds;  lie  reasoned  with  them  on  the 
impropriety  of  the  proec  ediiiL's,  and  the  ^reat  daii;.!,-er  llie  frontiijr 
inhahitants  would  he  e.\po>ed  to,  if  the  Indians  should  now  j^'ef  a 
supply:  he  said,  as  it  was  well  known  that  IIk^v  had  scarcely  any 
animtmilioii,  and  were  almost  naked,  to  supply  tiiem  now  would  In,"  u 
kind  of  murder,  and  would  Ix!  illefi,ully  tradiiifj;  at  the  (jxpunso  of  tiio 
hlood  and  treasure  of  the  froiiliers.*  Notwitlislaiidini!;  his  powerliil 
rcasoninu,  tiiesc  traders  made  game  of  what  he  said,  and  would  only 
answer  him  hy  ludicrous  hurlesfpie. 

When  I  heheld  this,  and  found  that  Mr.  Dullield  would  not  compel 
them  to  store  up  their  goods,  1  collected  ten  of  my  old  warriors,  lluit 
1  had  formerly  disciplined  in  the  Indian  way,  went  oil"  privately  ulior 
night  and  encamped  in  llu^  woods.  'J'Ik;  next  day,  as  usual,  w(; 
hlac.ked  and  painted,  anil  waylaid  them  near  Sidelong  I  lill.  I  scattered 
my  men  aliout  forty  rods  along  the  side  of  the  road,  and  ordered  every 
two  to  take  a  tr(;e,  and  ahout  eight  or  ten  rods  hetween  each  couple, 
with  orders  to  kecj)  a  reserve  lire,  one  not  to  fir(3  until  his  comrade 
had  U>adi'd  his  gun;  hy  this  means  we  k(;pt  up  u  constant  slow  tiro 
upon  them,  from  front  to  rear.  We  then  heard  nothing  of  these 
traders'  merriment  or  l)urles(|ue.  When  they  saw  their  pack  horses 
falling  close  by  them,  they  caUed  eiit,  pray,  gentlemen,  what  would 
you  huv(>  us  to  do  .'  The  reply  was,  collect  all  your  loads  to  the 
front,  and  unload  them  in  one  place;  take  your  private  property,  and 
ininiedialely  retire.  When  tlu\y  wen;  gone,  \\c  burnt  what  they  Icll, 
which  consisted  of  blankets,  shirts,  Vermillion,  lead  beads,  wampum, 
tomahawks,  scalpiiig-knivo\s,  &c. 

Tho  traders  wont  back  to  Fort  Loudon,  and  applied  to  the  coin- 
nianding  otlicer  there,  and  got  a  party  of  Highland  soldiers,  and 
wont  with  them  in  quest  of  the  robbers,  as  they  called  us;  and 
without  applying  to  a  magistrate,  or  obtaining  any  civil  authority, 
but  barely  upon  suspicion,  they  took  a  numkir  of  creditable  persons 
prisoners,  (who  were  chielly  not  any  way  concerned  in  this  action,) 
and  Confined  them  in  tho  guard-house  in  Fort  Loudon.  I  then  raised 
three  hundred  riflemen,  marchod  to  Fort  Loudon,  and  encamped  on  a 


TAPTIVITY    OF   COtONFL   flMlm.  460 

ramp/whcro  w.    "     .     «    It.     „?!        "  "1"'  "  ""^' "'" '^"^0  to  our 
which  f.„ahlf.d  MS  to  n  d  ..  ,. ,        '  ^•"'"  """  "'^'''''  '^"  '■"'•  ""«' 

(-..rthcr  dillindty'  "  ""'" """  '"'"'  ""'  guard-houso,  without 

Hi^liaLSf^Hr;;;;:;.:';^:;:  17*  '^  number  orn/lo  guns  which  the 
«fH^..  up.     Ar  0  was  ri  °"" V^  '""P'"'  ""'^  '•"'"^''l  '«  give 

l"rKoc,ua,,tity,,r.nnpowZ-'  a^^h  "^  '^  "''"  ''''"'^^  ^ 
might  bo  oon^oyod  prl^^S;  t  ho  ti  f  "i'.r '"\  "'''  '"'  'l 
<'<«r  party  had  now  .r„t  onlirolv    . /T  r*    /'"  T'""'  ''"^^P^  ""'l 

counlry.  '  '"''"  "  '""'•  «'"™'''l  ""J  explore  that 

^n        mountains.    My  comrades  gave  me  the  greatest  part  of 

^'bor^N-iLme"  %l  lTJyTit\\  ^'  ^"'"^^'■'^"<'.  -"d  empties  into  it 
after  one  of  my  fcnow  S  e1?ers   Mrilni^.f  ^?  """^  •''""/P^^"' '»  ^^-Vj  1^67 
retains  the  same  name  unto  this  d^"'  ^"*^'  ^'°°^'  =''"*  '  «"»  ^"W  tkat  it 

Aft 


5( 

?  , 


lli 


£:ll 


470 


IVBim   Iff   INDIAN   HUTOXY. 


the  nrrimunifinn  thoy  then  had,  which  nmoimtcd  only  fo  half  a  pound 
of  powtior,  and  lund  «'quiv»I<.'nt.  Mr.  Morton  also  lent  nio  hi.s  iniiluUo 
l)oy,  and  I  ihon  wt  oH'throni^h  Iho  wildornoss  lor  ('arolina. 

About  oii>ht  (lays  alh-r  I  U'tl  my  company  at  the  mouth  orTcnnrsNcr, 
on  my  journey  eastward  I  ^ot  a  i-ane  stah  in  my  ll>ot,  which  occasi(»ned 
my  Icm;  (o  swell,  and  I  sull'ered  much  pain.  I  was  now  in  a  dultiCul 
situation;  far  t'-'om  luiy  ol  tlu;  liuuiau  species,  excepting  hlack  Jamie, 
or  the  sava^t!H,  and  I  knew  not  when  I  mijjlit  meet  with  them.  My 
cnso  appeared  (lesper.'ite,  and  I  thmi^lit  snmethinj^  must  lifMlone.  All 
th(!  siiriiieal  instruiuents  I  had  was  a  knile,  a  moccasin  awl,  and  a 
pair  of  hullnt-moulds ;  with  these  I  det(>rmined  to  draw  the  sim;'  Ironi 
my  foot,  if  |)ossil)le.  I  stuck  the  ;iwl  in  the  skin,  luid  with  fue  knili- 
I  cut  the  flesh  away  from  around  the  cane,  luid  then  cnnimanded  the 
mulatto  fellow  to  catch  it  with  the  hidlet-moulds,  and  pidl  it  out,  which 
ho  did.  When  1  saw  it,  it  seemed  a  shockin;^  thinjf  to  I.'  in  any 
|K!rHon'.s  r(H)t;  it  will  therefore  1k)  sup|)osed  that  I  was  ver\  i^lad  to 
hav(!  it  (Mif.  The  black  fellow  attended  upon  me,  and  olM'yed  my 
directions  faithfully.  I  ord<'red  him  to  search  ft»r  Iid'.ui  medicine, 
nnd  told  him  to  i;nt  me  a  quantity  of  bark  from  the  root  of  a  lynn 
troc,  which  F  made  him  ImvU  on  a  ston(>,  with  a  tomahawk,  and  boil 
it  in  ft  kettle,  and  with  tli(!  oo/e  I  bathed  my  l()ot  and  leg;  what 
remained  when  1  had  finished  bathintf  1  boiled  to  a  jolly  and  nmdo 
poultic(>s  thereof.  As  I  hail  no  ra<^s,  i  mark'  use  of  the  green  moss 
that  grows  upon  logs,  and  wrapped  it  round  with  elm  bark  ;  by  this 
means,  (simpk;  as  it  may  seem,)  the  swelling  and  infhunmation  in  a 
great  ni(>asure  abated.  As  stormv  wtuither  appeared,  I  ordcTed  .lamio 
to  make  us  a  shelter,  which  ho  did  by  erecting  forks  and  poles,  and 
covering  them  ov(n'  with  cane  tops,  like  a  fodder  house.  It  was  about 
one  hundred  yards  from  a  large  butlalo  road.  As  wo  wen;  almost 
out  of  provision,  I  commanded  .huoie  to  take  my  gun,  and  1  went 
along  as  well  as  I  could,  concealed  myself  near  the  road,  and  killed 
a  burtalo.  When  this  was  done,  we  jerked*  the  lean,  and  fried  the 
tallow  out  of  the  Iht  meat,  which  w'e  kept  to  slew  with  our  jerk  as  we 
needed  it. 

I  continued  in  this  place  until  I  could  walk  slowly  without  crutches. 
As  I  now  lay  near  a  great  buflhio  road,  I  was  afraid  that  the  Indians 
might  be  passing  that  way,  and  discover  my  fire-place;  therefore  I 
moved  otrsome  distance,  where  1  remained  until  I  killed  an  elk.  As 
my  foot  was  yet  sore,  I  concluded  that  I  would  stay  here  until  it  was 
healed,  lest  by  travelling  too  soi-^'.  i*  niiifht  again  he  inflamed. 

In  a  few  weeks  after  I  proceeded  on,  .'nd  in  October  I  arrived  in 
Carolina.  I  had  now  been  olev  •  i'-utht;  i  '  the  wilderness,  and  during 
this  time  I  neither  saw  bread,  money,  women,  nor  spirituous  liquors; 
and  three  months  of  which  I  saw  none  of  the  human  species  except 
Jamie. 


*  Jerk  is  a  name  well  known  by  the  hunters  and  frontier  inhabitants  for 
meat  cut  in  small  pieces  and  laid  on  a  scaifold,  over  a  slow  fire,  whereby 
it  is  roasted  until  it  is  thoroughly  dry. 


CAPTIVITV   OF  COLONBI,   HMITW. 


Whnn  I  rnmc  into  flw; 


471 


Hotflninc'iit  Miy  rlothos  wnro 


Ih.!  hair,,,,.  wl,i,-|,  |„.  hi,,",  ,,,,"'  '^  '"'".'••"ki"  'lr<'»^''(l  will, 

■  ■  •  '    '""'    "K'V  t  loiI'Mit    tli/lf    II  li.i/l    t    I  I   4i 

wir:;;l:;,:,:^K';:;!:;::  ;;;;^;^:r  t:;urr;";r  -'"  r -■'! • 

'":^::;;:'';:r,;i;;:,!-i-;r'''"r'"-''^"^^ 

Hi"  do.i„..s  'i ,  ™  , ,  t  '■  „,  ,1' i"  ;■■'""  "";'-■ "?  "'■'  '■""■'• '""' "" 

wlierov.r  wcM-auK,  so  tlmf  th.-v  lK,rk..,|  vio  n",  y      T      L     1     r 

vo  "tte  ■,SV""'V""' '!"''"'"'  "•""'"  "'"*■  !'"=•"■»!<'"» on  tl,„  frontier, 
Mroyal  n„d  pli,„,|o,od  a  ,|„.a,ili,v  „f  t|,dr  nowd„,  led    i,        ,' 

of  black  boys,  yet  I  concluded  that  they  should  not  lie  in  ironsTn  th^ 


472 


EVENTS    IN    INDIAN    HiaTOKY. 


guard-house,  or  remain  in  confinement  by  arbitrary  or  military  power. 
1  resolved,  therefore,  if  possible,  to  release  them,  if  they  even  should 
be  tried  by  the  civil  law  afterwards.  I  collected  eighteen  of  my  old 
black  boys,  that  I' had  seen  tried  in  the  Indian  war,  &c.  I  did  not 
desire  a  large  party,  lest  they  should  be  too  much  alarmed  at  Bedford, 
and  accordingly  prepared  for  us.  We  marched  along  the  public  road 
in  daylight,  and  made  no  :;ecrct  of  our  design.  We  told  those  whom 
we  met  that  we  were  going  to  take  Fort  Bedford,  which  appeared  to 
them  a  very  unlikely  story.  Before  this,  I  made  it  known  to  one 
William  Thompson,  a  man  whom  I  could  trust,  and  who  lived  there. 
Him  I  employed  as  a  spy,  and  sent  him  along  on  horseback  before, 
with  orders  to  meet  me  at  a  certain  place  near  Bedlbrd  one  hour 
before  day.  The  next  day,  a  liitle  before  sunset,  wc  encamped  ner.r 
the  crossings  of  Juniata,  about  fourteen  miles  from  Bedlbrd,  and 
erected  tents,  as  though  we  intended  staying  all  night,  and  not  a  man 
in  my  company  knew  to  the  contrary  except  myself.  Knowing  that 
Ihey  would  hear  this  in  Bedlbrd,  and  wishing  it  to  be  the  case,  1 
thought  to  snrp.-ise  them  by  stealing  a  march. 

As  the  moon  rose  about  eleven  o'clock,  I  ordered  my  boys  to 
march;  and  we  went  on  at  the  rate  of  live;  miles  an  hour,  until  we 
met  Thom[)son  at  the  place  appointed.  He  told  us  that  the  com- 
manding officer  had  frequently  heard  of  us  by  travellers,  and  had 
ordered  thirty  men  upon  guard.  He  said  they  know  our  number, 
and  only  made  game  of  the  notion  of  eighteen  men  coming  to  rescue 
the  prisoners;  but  they  did  not  expect  us  until  tovvprds  the  middle  of 
the  day.  1  asked  him  if  the  gate  was  open.  He  said  it  was  then 
shut,  but  he  expected  they  would  open  it  as  usual  at  daylight,  as  thoy 
appiehended  no  danger.  I  then  moved  my  men  privately  up  under 
the  banks  of  Juniata,  where  we  lay  concealed  about  one  hundred 
yards  from  the  fort  gate.  I  had  ordered  the  men  to  keep  a  ])rofbuiid 
silence  until  we  got  into  it.  1  then  sent  off  Thompson  again  to  spy. 
At  daylight  he  niturned,  and  told  us  that  the  gate  was  open,  and  three 
sentinels  were  standing  on  the  wall ;  that  the  guards  were  taking  a 
morning  dram,  and  the  arms  standing  together  in  one  place.  I  then 
concluded  to  rush  into  the  fort,  and  told  Thompson  to  run  before  me 
to  tlu!  ai'ms.  Wc  ran  with  all  our  mi<i;ht,  and  as  it  was  a  mistv 
morning,  the  sentinels  hardly  saw  us  until  we  were  within  the  gate,  and 
took  possession  of  the  arms.  Just  as  we  were  entering,  two  of  them 
discharged  their  guns,  though  I  do  not  believe  they  aimed  at  us.  We 
then  raised  a  shout,  which  surprised  the  town,  though  some  of  them 
were  well  pleased  with  the  news.  We  compelled  a  blacksmith  to 
take  the  irons  off  the  prisoners,  ^nd  thm  left  the  place.  This,  1 
believe,  was  the  first  British  fort  in  America  that  was  taken  by  what 
they  called  American  rebels. 

Some  time  after  this  I  took  a  journey  westward,  in  order  to  survey 
some  located  land  I  had  on  and  near  the  Youhogany.  As  I  passed 
near  Bedford,  while  I  was  walking  and  leading  my  horse,  I  was  over- 
taken by  some  men  on  horseback,  like  travellers.  One  of  them  asked 
my  name,  and  on  telling  it,  they  immediately  pulled  out  their  pistols. 


^ 


CiPPTIVITY   OF   COLONEL   SMITH. 


473 


and  presented  them  at  me,  calling  upon  me  to  deliver  myself,  or  I 

rrnfo,r"'n'     Vf^P'^"'  ^"''^'  P''^^^"^*^^  "^y  "fl^'  and  told  them 

to  stand  oir.     One  of  hem  snapped  a  pistol  at  me,  and  another  was 

preparmg  to  shoot,  when  1  fired  my  piece.     One  of  them  also  fired 

near  tb-3  same  time,  and  one  of  my  fellow-travellers  fell.     The  assail- 

ants  then  rushed  up,  and  as  my  gun  was  empty,  they  took  and  tied 

me.     I  charged  them  with  killing  my  fellow-traveller,  and  told  them 

he  was  a  nmn  that     had  accidentuiiy  mot  with  on  the  road,  that  S 

nothing  to  do  With  the  public  quarrel.    They  asserted  that  1  had  killed 

nm.     1  told  them  that  my  gun  blowed,  or  made  a  slow  fire;  that  I 

had  her  from  my  lace  befbre  she  went  off,  or  1  would  not  have  missed 

my  mark;  and  from  the  position  my  piece  was  in  when  it  went  off, 

It  was  not  likely  that  my  gun  killed  this  man,  yet  I  acknowledged  f 

was  ziot  certain  that  it  was  not  so.    They  then  carried  me  to  Bedlbrd, 

laid  me  in  irons  in  the  guard-house,  summoned  a  jury  of  the  opposite 

party,  and  hud  an  inquest.     The  jury  brought  me  in  guilty  of  viS 

murder.     As  they  were  afraid  to  keep  me  lol.g  in  Bedford  lor  fear  of 

thnn.Twn  T  'T-^  r  P''"^'"'^  ''"'""Sh  the  wilc'orness  to  Carlisle, 
vvneie  1  was  laid  in  heavy  irons. 

Shortly  after  I  came  here,  we  heard  that  a  number  of  my  old  black 
boys  were  coming  to  tear  down  the  jail.    I  told  the  sheriff  that  1  would 
not  be  re-xued,  as  I  knew  the  indictment  was  wrong;  therefore  I 
wished  to  stand  my  n-ial     As  I  luad  found  the  black  boy's  to  be  always 
under  good  command,  I  expected  I  could  prevail  on  them  to  return, 
and  there  ore  wished  to  write  to  them.     To  this  the  sheriff  readily 
agreed.     I  wrote  a  letter  to  them,  with  irons  on  my  hands,  which  was 
immediately  sent;  but  us  they  had  heard  that  1  vvas  in  irons    thev 
would  come  on.     VVhen  we  heard  ttiey  were  near  the  f'nvn,  I  told  thl 
shcrdl  I  would  speak  to  them  out  of  the  window,  and  if  the  irons  were 
ofl  1  inade  no  doubt  but  1  could  prevail  on  them  to  desist.   The  sheriff 
ord<^-ed  tlicm  to  be  taken  off,  and  jus    as  they  were  taking  off  my 
bands,  the  black  boys  came  running  up  to  the  jail.     I  went  to  the 
wnidow  and  called  to  them,  and  they  gave  attention.     I  told  them  as 
my  indictment  was  tor  wilful  murder,  to  admit  of  being  rescued  would 
appear  dishonorable.     1  thanked  them  for  their  kind  "intentions,  and 
told   hem  the  greatest  favor  they  could  confer  upon  me  would  be  to 
grant  me  t  us  one  request,  to  withdrmo  from  the  jail  and  return  in 
Veacc;  to  this  they  coinpliec',  and  withdrew.     While  I  was  speaking 
the  irons  were  taken  oil  my  feet,  and  never  again  put  on.  ^' 

Before  this  party  arrived  at  Conococheague,  they  met  about  three 
hundred  more  on  the  way,  coming  to  their  assistance,  and  were 
resolved  to  toke  me  anV  they  then  turned,  and  all  came  together  to 
tarlis  e.  Ihe  reason  they  gave  for  coming  again  was,  because  they 
though,  that  government  was  so  enraged  at  me  that  I  would  not  get 

fhlrt  '    :  ""^  ^'''"'^'  ^"'^  '"y^^"'  'SP^'^^^  ^gain  prevailed  on 

them  to  return  in  peace.  ^  o       i 

ff.i  '^^!l'''f':i  "'  f ''""  ^"'"'  "'°"^''''  ^"d  ^"""g  this  time  I  often 
thought  of  those  that  were  confined  in  the  time  "of  the  persecution, 
who  declared  their  prison  was  converted  into  a  palace.    I  iow  learned 
\  40* 


474 


EVENTS   IN   INDIAN   HISTOrV. 


what  this  meant,  as  I  never  since  nor  before  experienced  four  months 
of  equal  happiness. 

When  the  supreme  court  sat,  I  was  severely  prosecuted.  At  the 
commencement  of  my  trial,  the  judges,  in  a  very  unjust  and  arbitrary 
manner,  rejected  several  of  my  evidences;  yet,  as  Robert  George  (one 
of  those  who  was  in  the  aHmy  when  1  was  taken)  swore  in  court  that 
he  snapped  a  pistol  at  me  before  I  shot,  and  a  concurrence  of  corro- 
borating circumstances  amounted  to  strong  presumptive  evidence  that 
it  could  not  possibly  be  my  gun  that  killed  Johnson,  the  jury,  without 
hesitation,  brought  in  their  verdict,  not  guilty.  One  of  the  judges  then 
declared  that  not  one  of  this  jury  should  ever  hold  an  office  above  a 
constable.  Notwithstanding  this  proud,  ill-natured  declaration,  some 
of  hese  jurymen  afterwards  filled  honorable  places,  and  I  myself  was 
elected  the  next  year,  and  sat  on  the  board*  in  Bedford  county,  and 
afterwards  I  served  in  the  board  three  years  in  Westmoreland  county. 

In  the  year  177(5,  I  was  appointed  a  major  in  the  Pennsylvania 
association.  When  American  independence  was  declared,  I  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  convention  in  Westmoreland  county.  State  of 
Pennsylvania,  and  of  the  assembly,  as  long  as  I  proposed  to  serve. 

While  I  attended  the  assembly  in  Philadelphia,  in  the  year  1777, 1 
saw  in  the  street  some  of  my  old  boys,  on  their  way  to  the  Jerseys, 
against  the  British,  and  they  desired  me  to  go  with  them;  I  petitioned 
the  house  for  leave  of  absence,  in  order  to  head  a  scouting  party, 
which  was  granted  me.  We  marched  into  the  Jerseys,  and  went 
before  General  Washington's  army,  waylaid  the  road  at  Rocky  Hill, 
attacked  about  two  hundred  of  the  British,  and  with  thirtj^-six  men 
drove  them  out  of  the  woods,  into  a  large  open  field.  After  this,  wo 
attacked  a  party  that  were  guarding  the  officers'  baggage,  and  took 
the  wagon  and  twenty-two  Hessians ;  and  also  retook  some  of  our 
continental  soldiers,  which  they  had  with  them.  In  a  few  days  we 
killed  and  took  more  of  the  British  than  was  of  our  party.  At  this 
time  I  took  the  camp  fever,  and  was  carried  in  a  stage  wagon  to 
Burlington,  where  I  lay  until  I  recovered.  When  I  took  sick,  my 
companion,  Major  James  M'Common,  took  the  command  of  the  party, 
and  had  greater  success  than  I  had.  If  every  officer,  and  his  party, 
that  lifted  arms  against  the  English,  had  fought  with  the  same  success 
that  Major  M'Common  did,  we  would  have  made  short  work  of  the 
British  war. 

In  the  year  1778,  I  received  a  colonel's  commission,  and  after  my 
return  to  Westmoreland  the  Indians  made  an  attack  upon  our  fron- 
tiers. I  then  raised  men  and  pursued  them,  and  the  second  day  we 
overtook  and  defeated  them.  We  likewise  took  four  scalps,  and 
recovered  the  horses  and  plunder  which  they  were  carrying  off.  At 
the  time  of  this  attack,  Captain  John  Hinkstoti  pursued  an  Indian,  both 
their  guns  being  empty,|^and  after  the  fray  was  over  he  was  missing. 
'  While  we  were  inquiring  about  him,  he  came  walking  up,  seemingly 


*  A  board  of  commissioners  was  annually  elected  ia  Pennsylvania  to 
regulate  taxes  and  lay  the  county  levy. 


CAPTIVITV  OF  COLONEL  SMITH.  475 

Not  loner  after  thi<,   r  ^  "'"*^'.,^"^  tomahawked  him. 
riflemen  on^anexpedbiZin^^^^^^^^^^^  ''-r  hundred 

t  was  some  time  in  November  i^fni  r"  T""  ""  ^''^"^h  creek. 
M'Intosh  to  march,  and  then  we  J      VoXf  "^''j  '^«"  ^^"-«' 
provision.    We  marched  in  three  a!lmrr^  f^'^'Tf^  ^"^  ^^^^^^^  of 
There  were  also  flankers  on  ZZ^Tnfl    I  'i'  ^'"""^  ^^«h  «ther. 
abreast  in  the  rear,  in  scattered  order     /n?     '"  "T '  '^'^^  "^^^^^ed 
men  were  one  rod  apart  •  and  in  m    V  ^  ''r"  '"  ^^^  coJ""ins  the 
abreast  in  the  same  m^ann'er  of  the  Snk    "'  ^^'  '^'""^"^^^^  '"^^'^hed 
case  of  an  attack,  the  officer    IJT^^'VT'^'S  the  woods.     In 
/ace  out  and  tako\rees;  in  this  nosi  iT  th'^T^'j-'"  """^'^  '^^  '^«"  ^o 
themselves  by  surround  n.  us  or^havp".'  "'  '""'''  ""^  ^^«" 

man  from  either  side  of  the  tree      If  lITC'""'^^  "^  ^^^^^^ing  a 
-  remforce  whatever  part  appeared    n'^  ^'  ''"'••'  ^°'""^"  ^^a« 
e.icamped,  our  encamprSont  foTmed  1  hn  I  ''""■'  ''  ''°'''     "^^^^  ^« 
thirty  or  forty  acres;  on  the  oS  „? ft        '^"^r'  '""^'"^'"S  ^bo"t 
placed,  whose  business  it  was    fwate    fo^r ' '^^^'^  ^^^^  ««"ti„els 
neither  horses  nor  bullocks  went  ouf   and  '^r'''"'^' ^""^  ^^'^  ^^at 
attacks  were  made  by  an  enemy  et'-h  1     ''"  encamped,  if  any 
order  the  men  to  face  out  and  S'fl         r'^^r  ""^^  ^mediately  to 
this  form,  they  could  no    take  the  Snf  ^'k''  '"'"^'°"^^'  ^"^'  '» 
they  commonly  had  done  wien  tt^  rSe'^l^ter  "'"=  "^'  ^'^ 
the  \Vdt  Zrerurd^-f  ?^^^^^^^  FU'^e:S  where  we  found 
-lied  for,  in  quest  of, dlan   .^1  T.f  ^     '"^'^"  than  my  order 
hausted,  we  were  obliged  to    et'um      Z  P^*"^'^'"»  ^^^"2  "early  ex- 
considerable  difficulties,  on  account  of  h  "^  ''"^  '^""^^  ^^  ^^'^^^^ 
provision ;  yet  we  never  lost  one  ho  spp^"   .''''''''  ^"'^  ^"^^^'^>'  "^ 
.    After  peace  was  n^adeZrih^ui^^^^^^^ 

•n  Pittsburg,  and  inr,uired  of  then.  1/2:  "^'^  ''"^  ^°"^^  «f  ^^^em 
this  expedition,  not  lettin..  1  em  know  r  ^7  ^'^"g"«  concerning 
that  they  watehed  the  movement  o?Tl.l  ^''''-  '^^^'^^  ^^'^  me 
eft  Fort  Pitt,  and  as  they  pa  sed  hmu  r;r'"T  7''  "^^^  '^^y  ^^d 
l'.id  a  full  view  of  them  frorthe  "^^"''  he  glades  or  barrens  they 
number  to  be  about  o"e  Z  nd  'Th"l  ^"".''  f  ^  '^"'P"^^^  '^'^'^ 
their  can^ps,  both  before  and  after  "thovwr'"^  '^''^  ^'^"  ^-^^"^i"«d 
>.;ould  not  make  an  advantageous  a  t-u^n    f^.  ^T'  """^  ^«""d  they 

"I  t^:;i  ^\  ^^^is^:t:^^^  --^  «^^- 

niiles  ab^vr^L-i^and  n1  tj;;  t"rr  ^T"'^^',  ^^^^^y'  -en 
convention  that  s^t  at  Danvil  e  to  cSrl'  t'^'^'  '"  '"^'"b^''  ^^  ^he 
Stateof  Virginia;  and  from  th4  ve.r  unf^  f!"  ^  ''P"'""'^°"  ^^°'^  the 
Bourbon  county  either  in  conm^Hon  oTl  ^''^  .^^^'  ^  ^Presented 
As..bly,  excJpt  two  yea^haTlTarieft  a^rv^^/^t^^^^^^ 


'fit 


476 


1VENT3    IN   INDIAN    HISTORY. 


CHAPTER  XXIV. 


HAUttlS'S  ESCAPE. 

There  stands  to  this  day,  near  the  river  .Susquehanna,  in  the 
borough  of  IIarrisbiir;T,  tlie  trunk  of  a  mulberry  tree,  that  flourished 
in  full  vigor,  when  WilliiUTi  Pcnn  first  arrived  in  the  Delaware.  At 
the  foot  of  this  tree  there  is  a  grave,  surrounded  by  a  board  fence. 
It  is  the  sepulchre  of  the  father  of  the  founder  of  the  present  seat  of 
government  of  Pennsylvania.  Ho  came  to  America  soon  after  Penii. 
He  was  a  Yorkshirenian  by  birth,  and  in  humble  life;  and  it  is  said 
assisted  to  clear  away  the  wood,  grub  the  stumps,  (uid  open  the  streets 
of  Philadelphia.  Being  an  entcrjjrising  man,  he  soon  became  an 
active  pioneer,  and  with  the  fruit  of  his  industry,  commencing  a  trade 
with  the  Indians,  penetrated  by  degrees  to  tlie  westward,  until  he 
reached  the  Susquehanna,  on  the  lell  bank- of  which  river  he  built 
himself  a  cabin,  and  sat  down  permanently  at  the  very  spot  where 
the  town  of  Harrisburg  now  stands. 

Here  he  deposited  his  merchandise,  and  opened  u  profitable  com- 
merce  with  his  red  neighbors,  who  jvere  numerous  al)out  the  Paxton 
creek,  and  had  several  villages  in  its  vicinity,  along  the  Susquehanna 
shore.  Mr.  Harris  acquu-ed-thc  friendship  of  most  of  these  tribes, 
receiving  their  peltry  and  otliUi  objects  of  Indian  traffic,  for  his 
ammunition  and  rum.  This  led  to  an  active  exchange  of  commodities, 
and  gradually  enabled  him  to  purchase  the  land  adjacent  to  his 
establishment,  and  to  undertake  considerable  agricultural  improve- 
ments.* 

The  majestic  Susquehanna,  nearly  a  mile  broad,  flowed  in  front 
of  his  hut,  while  along  its  high  banks  nothing  was  to  be  seen  but  one 
dark  mass  of  woods,  reaching  to  the  summit  of  the  lolly  hills  that 
bounded  the  view  in  every  direction.  In  the  bosom  of  this  wilderness 
Mr.  Harris's  family  was  located,  and  here  was  born  Mr.  John  Harris, 
who,  in  the  year  i785,  laid  out  Harrisburg,  and  who  was  the  first 
white  child  born  to  the  west  of  Conew;igo  creek. 

In  this  state  of  things,  it  haiipened  one  day,  that  a  number  of  his 
Indian  customers,  who  had  been  drinking  freely,  called  for  an  addi- 
tional supply  of  rum.  On  iMr.  Harris's  refusing  to  gratiiy  them,  they 
dragged  him  from  his  hut,  anil  bound  him  to  that  very  mulberry  tree, 
at  the  foot  of  which  he  now  lies  buried. 

Here  they  declared  to  burn  him  alive,  and  bade  him  prepare  for 
iivstant  death.     Dry  wood  was  gathered  and  fire  held  in  readiness  to 


*  We  letirn  from  some  of  Mr.  Harris's  descendants,  that  he  had,  previous 
to  his  emigration,  worked  as  t  'jrewer  in  London,  and  that  he  brought  witli 
him  to  this  country  sixteen  guineas,  which  was  the  wliole  of  his  property. 
His  first  purchase  of  land  on  Iho  Susquehanna  was  a  tract  of  five  hundred 
acres  from  Edward  Shipprti.  for  which  he  paid  X'190.  The  deed  is  dated 
December  19,  1733.  Mr.  Harris  was  the  first  person  who  introduced  the 
use  of  the  plough  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  Susquehanna. 


M-.Mk 


K-y>.:tvy-^iifi^i^M}'}SvJi}Lkii^ji-i^ 


'.ftSi 


it  ' 


i] 


M 


1 

mi  \ 

1    ••'■       ••<•>•••«.•       ,.1       llMlflS. 


OV    INIM\I\    niSTOIVY 


•'<•>■•••■•  II 


i  III 


kindle  it 

while  wi 

in  its  m 

himself  f 

thing  in 

his  destri 

to  the  pil 

in  numbc 

at  liberty 

These 

slave  IxjIc 

boring  tr 

relief.     T 

have  beeri 

of  this  ncj 

was  he  of 

he  instant 

Hercules  j 

won,  in  th 

on  which  I 

Wherov 

largely  in 

An  esca 

impression 

fastened  or 

evidence  of 

Mr.  Harris 

descendant 

at  the  loot 

of  savage  e 

of  Him  "  w 


THE  FOLLOV 
TOGA   INDI 

covwnu  c 

OR  CONKST 


At  a  coun 
Honorable  ^ 
Pusey;  Jon? 
Secretary. 

My  Brotb 
your  near  fr 
come  to  visit 


MmUTM  OP  THE   PHOVINCIAL  COUNCIL.  477 

himKlrforlo,       "v,irL  hi       '',""•  "';.''  l""^"  "I"  hope  he  gave 
thin.,  in  exZn  Jfnrr,     I  '"'/"I'P  '™'°  ""  ""^y.  '"d  "ffer  every 

hi.  der«io„Xy  r„  c  te  iJ:";r°''Th"'^^  "''"T""  "- 

fo  Ihe  pile,  and  alju,  bein/lplld  ™ti„  Iban  I  ,  f  f^  "i?"  .'"T"'" 

^iay^Mon^r^M?  It":  !l°  "frr  "","'"'•'■'  "»-"i». » 

borin..  irihS  to'  Z,,L\T'  "  "'°  *"■'"  °'''™  ™"  '<>  »  neigh- 

have  been  Ihlai.     The  ,,r"r„co  of  mi  d'  ,ht  V'°'"™"  ''?'?  ""''' 

he  in..an  ly  :nn,"i  „  oT  h  n    al.^  ,'h°  'T  ''J''''  P""  ■*«•  ">'" 
Hercules  now  r«  do  „,  Harr S;,,™        f  *'™<l°"'^  "<'  ">e  worthy 

on  which  t^rlJeU';;^;,™'™""''^ """  °^™py  ">«  g™"^ 

iarllrinTor^i^ir^d^dSi'^'  '"^  ^^"™-  '^«™"  »hare 
in.prS':„Thr„t''d?iLr^r""''  '°.™k-  -I^Pond  la,.ing 


CHAPTER  XXV. 

yoar-'near  frie„rld'l1r„7  .heTefrotTo  S"vo  S:,-™''  "■"' 
=on,e  to  vi,i.  you,  I  n,ade  ha.e 'a,.d«™t,n1       ^"^  '.^  SToCI 


^ 


478 


■VBIfTB   IN    INDIAN    UI8T0BY. 


thorn,  and  to  assure  all  the  Indians  of  the  continuance  of  my  love  to 
them. 

Your  old  aniuaintanco  and  true  friend,  the  threat  William  Pcnn, 
was  a  wise  man,  and  tlu-riirore  he  did  not  approve  of  wars  amonjr  the 
Indians  whom  he  loved,  heeause  it  wasted  and  destroyed  their  people, 
but  always  reeommendid  p(>aee  to  the  Indians  as  the  surest  way  to 
nuike  them  rieh  and  strong  by  increasing.'  their  rnunbers. 

8omo  of  you  can  very  wijII  rememl)er  since  Williani  I'enn  and  his 
friends  came  lirst  to  settle  am()n<i;st  you  in  this  coimtry ;  it  is  but  a  f(!w 
years,  and  like  as  yesterday  to  an  old  niaii;  nevertheless,  by  l()llowinir 
that  f^reat  man's  peaei-able  coimeils  this  <,'()vernment  is  now  become 
wealtliy  and  powerlii  in  f^reat  numbers  of  p(M)ple,  and  thoui^h  many 
of  our  itdiabitants  are  not  accustomed  to  war,  and  dislikt!  the  practice 
of  men's  killin<j:  one  another,  yet  you  cannot  but  know  I  am  aljle  to 
brinu;  several  thousands  into  the  held  \m'11  armed,  to  defend  both  your 
people  and  ours  from  lK'in<i  hurt  by  any  enemy  that  durst  attempt  to 
invade  us;  however,  we  do  not  forj;et  what  William  Penn  (jften  told  us, 
that  the  experience  of  old  aii;e,  which  is  true  wisdom,  advises  peace; 
and  I  say  to  you,  that  the  wisest  man  is  (dso  the  bravest  man,  lor  he 
safely  depends  on  his  wisdom,  and  therr^  is  no  true  courai!;«!  without 
it.  1  have  so  gn.'at  a  love  for  you,  my  drar  brothers,  who  live  under 
the  protection  of  this  oovcrnmeni,  that  1  cannot  sutler  you  to  bo  hurt 
no  more  than  I  would  my  own  children;  I  am  but  just  now  returned 
from  Vira;inia,  where  I  wearied  myself  in  a  long  journey  both  by  land 
and  water,  only  to  make  peace  jbr  you,  my  children,  that  you  may 
sail'ly  hunt  in  the  woods  without  dau<!,er  irom  Virginia  and  the  many 
Indian  nations  that  ar<i  at  peace  with  that  government.  Hut  tht- 
Governor  of  Virginia  expects  that  you  will  not  hunt  within  the  Great 
Mountains  on  the  other  side  of  Potomac  river,  being  it  is  a  small  tract 
of  land  which  he  keeps  for  the  Virginia  Indians  to  hunt  in,  and  he 
promises  that  his  Indians  shall  not  any  more  come  on  this  side  of  the 
Potomac,  or  behind  the  Great  Mountains  this  way  to  disturb  your 
hunting;  and  this  is  the  condition  1  have  made  lor  you,  which  1 
expect  you  will  firmly  keep,  and  not  break  it  on  any  consideration 
whatsoever. 

I  desire  that  what  I  have  now  said  to  you  may  be  interpreted  to  the 
chiels  of  the  Five  Nations  present,  for  as  you  are  a  part  of  them, 
they  are  in  like  manner  one  with  us  as  you  yourselves  are,  and 
therefore  our  councils  must  agree  and  be  made  known  to  one  another, 
for  our  hearts  should  be  open,  that  we  may  perfectly  see  into  one 
another's  breasts.  And  that  your  friends  may  speak  to  me  freely, 
tell  them  I  am  willing  to  forget  the  mistakes  which  some  of  their 
young  men  were  guilty  of  amongst  our  people;  I  hope  they  will  grow 
wiser  with  age,  and  hearken  to  the  grave  councils  of  their  old  men, 
whose  valor  we  esteem  because  they  are  wise;  but  the  rashness  of 
their  young  men  is  altogether  folly. 

At  a  council  held  at  Conestoga,  July  7th,  1721,  were  present,  the 
Honorable  Sir  William  Keith,  Bart.,  Governor;  Richard  Hill:  Caleb 


» 


"imiTra  OF  Tnii  pnovmrui  conNcit.  4,^ 

putirs  sfnt  l.y  (he  Fivf.  m1  ^        .'       ^'"^"^  "''"'  ^'^^  chiefs  or  de- 
Henccns  Nation     ( J  .o^onf?"        'T"'.!'"^'  ""■'^  ^-v.rnment,  viz: 

to  tho  Delaware;  John  ('c-     !  ■';::'""  'ri  "-.^""«"  '"nguago 
the  J)olauaro  inio  I-lnHisl,      "        '  •^'""'''  ^'^  ^ '^rt,  intorpretors  from 

.»«nv!;::dT;;.:,;!'y;- -;;:  -,;'"•  "^i-^ir  or  a,,  the  Five  mu.., 

Thev  vver<.  .r|.„l   .  '       .u  "       ""'  «"vernor,  as  follows : 

ror  .h,.j  :;,e;l ':,: '  r.i-;,';™;:::;:'',.!"',:;'";'"  "•  .'-r  -"«• 

ramo  Iron,  homo,  nn,l  nn,v,l„v7   7  ^    ,    l'"^" ,""■'<"' More  th^y 
I'enn  wc-o  ..ill  „„,o„,'„  ,,,;;,„  '"'  '"""■"'•.  ""I  Ihosamca,  ilVVilli™ 

•Iram  of  thoir  li,|uor,  bu  "  o    h,™  wi  I    T,  T""""  '"  »"■■  "hen  » 
■lc«»,  &o.  '""  "'"'  '"  langMgo  and  call  them 

Jl',;ti*t';'i;J;'t^;t?";vM^r^  r '»"-  -  ™*^- 

..ot  comparo  .hom  ,0  JXcSro"  "'°'  "'"^  '"•''"■"»  "''"M 

^  Ji.o„  l,.y,„,.  clowa  „  ,„,.  „,•  „„,„„„„  „^^^  ^^^^V^-^  ^^^^^^^ 
amongst  ll,o„,.  ""  *■"  ""  ™«'  °l  """  sort  might  be  sent 

«]  now  tJi  rti^.rrHSs.'lfz-r-^r "" '■'* 

te  .ado  ,0  *„„,,  asti^/'Z,  '„ '  ;1;i'^r:" 'r'h'h'l  "^  "'■^y 

Presents  another  bundle  of  raw  skins  and  Xer^s  "' 


4«0 


BVENTfl    IN    INDIAN    UIBTOBY. 


That  a  chain  may  contract  rust  with  lyin<(,  and  bcxjomo  weaker; 
wherefore,  he  ckvsires  that  it  may  ikiw  bo  so  well  clouued  us  to  rcinuin 
brighter  and  stronger  than  ever  it  was  belbre. 

Presents  another  parcel  of  skins  and  says, 

That  as  in  the  tirinainejit  all  cloud:}  and  darkness  are  removed  from 
the  face  of  tlie  sun,  so  iliey  desire  that  all  misunderstandings  may  Ix; 
fully  done  away;  ho  that  when  they  who  are  now  here  shall  he  dead 
and  gone,  their  whole  people  with  their  children  and  posterity  may 
enjoy^the  clear  sunshine  of  friendship  with  us  forever,  without  any 
thing  to  interpose  ond  obscure  it. 

Presents  another  bundle  of  skins  and  says. 

That  looking  u|)()n  the;  governor  as  if  William  Penn  was  jjresiint, 
they  desire,  that  in  case  atiy  disorders  should  herearter  hapjxjn 
between  their  young  people  and  ours,  we  would  not  be  too  hasty  in 
resenting  any  such  accident,  until  their  council  and  ours  can  have 
some  opportunity  to  treat  amicably  upon  it,  and  so  to  adjust  all 
matters  as  that  the  friendship  between  us  may  still  be  inviolably 
preserved. 

Presents  a  small  parcel  of  dressed  skins  and  desires, 

That  we  may  now  be  together  as  one  people,  treating  one  another's 
children  kindly  and  afiectionately  on  all  occasions. 

He  proceeds  and  says. 

That  they  consider  themselves  in  this  treaty  as  ;he  full  plenipoten- 
tiaries and  representatives  oi'  the  Five  Nations,  and  they  look  upon 
the  governor  as  the  great  King  of  England's  representative,  and 
therefore  they  expect  that  every  thing  now  stipulated  will  be  made 
absolutely  firm  and  good  on  both  sides. 

Presents  a  bundle  of  beaf-skins  and  says. 

That  having  now  made  a  firm  league  with  us  as  becomes  our 
brothers,  they  com|)lain  that  they  get  too  little  for  their  skins  and  furs, 
so  that  they  cannot  live  by  their  hunting;  they  desire  us  therefore  to 
take  compassion  on  them,  and  contrive  some  way  to  ^elp  them  in  that 

particular.  .       ,  . 

Presenting  a  few  furs,  he  speaks  only  as  from  himseU  to  acquamt 
the  governor,  that  the  Five  Nations  having  heard  that  the  Governor 
of  Virginia  wanted  to  speak  with  them,  he  himself  with  some  of  his 
company  intend  to  proceed  to  Virginia,  but  do  not  know  the  way  how 
to  get  safe  thither. 

At  a  council  held  at  the  house  of  John  Cartlidge,  Esq.,  near  (^ones- 
toga,  July  8th,  1721,  were  present,  the  Honorable  Sir  William  Keith, 
Bart.,  Governor;  Richard  Hill;  Jonathan  Dickinson;  Colonel  John 
French;  James  Logan,  Secretary. 

The  (Tovernor  desired  that  the  board  would  advise  him  as  to  the 
quantity'and  kind  of  the  presents  that  must  be  made  to  the  Indians  in 
return  for  theirs,  and  in  confirmation  of  his  speech  to  them ;  whereupon 
it  was  agceed,  that  twenty-five  strowd  match-coats  of  two  yards  each, 
one  hundred  weight  of  gunpowder,  two  hundred  of  lead,  with  some 
biscuit,  tobacco  and  pipes,  should  be  delivered  as  the  governor's 


MINUTM   OF  THE   rHOVIPIriAL   COfNriL.  4^1 

At  u  council  held  ut  ( :onc.fo.ra    )  U  ;■     H  ^^^^  "'y*         . 

-T..  pn.s..„t,  „.,.  Ifnn-...al.|,.  «n  (v  u  ^^  '  ''  '  i'-^'  """"""l 
i»i.;  samr  nin.ih,  r.s  a.s  1„.|;„,.  wifl.  I'  ..'""''"'"■' "'"' 
governor  n.ul  th.  ..hi,.fs  of    .   I'v      v,        '1  ^:'""*;'"-»  '^"'"din.r,  the 

or  Indians/  vl,o,vu,,T,"","  '^''}f'^"'  "'"'  >vi.s(>  Jmv.  Nations 
1  Teat  with  >o,     I      :,     I  a    i  •;/'"  '"">■  -"P-v.-md  to  represent. 

•nuid  or.uir  m-eat  uununvh  Ce  m,.\  •  '  ,  ",U'-'''"al)le  to  the 
h.H  euro  ic.  o^iahlis  !  '  J^  ^^  ^  \  ,  ';,  "^  'j'  '^"«'!'"^'.  -ho  hends 
"nd  nnio  whon.  ail  the  nc  ii^T  1  ""'''^'  "'"^"^"•^  '''  ^'''"-"P'-N 

•^•»--  cJn.,.  out  of  a  htu  ;.il  ,,  '  'T-'''"^'''^  ''"•*'  ''•^  ''  ^^'-•«--  ''^t  like 
must  he  laid  nn  h    ]      v,;!         •  ,;'''^'^'''^r  ?'""''"^'"''   '^«'^^''^'"  "« 

yoil  nmv  d.-»i,-,.     „nv  I  '  ,t ,  1        ,"  "'"""  "'"""'''  R™"  ™«y. 

"reful^o,  ,„e„,  a.  having  separated  .hoSe'l™The  tdT^' 


I'- 


'■)' 


..I  i1  i 


!, 


488 


KVKNT8    IN    INDIAN   HISTORY. 


mifT 


their  friends,  purely  to  serve  the  Indians  more  commodiously  with 
what  they  want. 

Nevertheless,  if  any  little  disorders  should  nt  any  time  hereafter 
arise,  we  will  endeavor  that  it  sliall  not  break  or  weaken  the  ehain 
of  friendship  betwei;n  us;  to  whifh  end,  if  any  of  your  people  take 
offence,  you  nuisl  in  that  case  apply  to  me  or  lo  .ur  chiefs,  and  when 
we  have  any  cau^^o  to  complain,  we  shall,  as  ym  desire,  apply  to 
your  chieis,  by  our  friends  the  Uouestoga  Indians;  but  on  both  sides 
we  must  laborto  pi-event  every  thing  of  ibis  kind  as  rnur-h  as  we  can. 

You  complain  tliat  our  traders  come  into  the  jiatb  of  your  young 
men  <.roing  out  to  war,  and  thereby  occasion  disorders  amongst  them. 
1  will,  therefore,  my  friends  and  brolliers,  speak  very  plainly  to  you 
on  this  head. 

Your  young  men  come  down  Su^-,quelianna  river,  and  fake  the  road 
through  our  Indian  towns  and  settlements,  and  m.ake  a  patli  between 
us  and  the  people  against  whom  they  go  out  to  war.  Now  you  must 
know  that  the  path  liiis  way  leads  "them  only  to  ihi?  Indians  who  are 
in  alliance  with  tlic  English,  and  ilrst  to  tbo.-c  v,  ho  are  in  a  stri<-: 
leniiue  of  friendship  wiiirihe  great  Governor  of  Virunia,  just  as  these, 
our  friends  and  <:hildren  who  .are  settled  amongst  us,  are  in  league 
with  me  and  our  people. 

You  cann(>t  therefore  malv'o  v,ar  upon  tlie  Indians  in  league  Vvith 
Virginia  v/ithout  weakening  the  clK\in  wi;li  the  Ijiglish;  lljr  as  wj 
would  not  suifer  these  our  friends  and  broihers  ofCJonestoga  and  upon 
this  river  to  be  hurt  by  any  persons,  without  considering  it  was  dont 
to  ourselves,  so  the  (.Jovernor  of  Virginia  looks  upon  the  injiirios  done 
to  his  Indian  brothers  and  friends  as  if  they  wore  done  to  himsell': 
and  you  very  well  know  that  though  you  are  live  dii'J'rcnt  nations, 
vet  von  are  but  one  people,  so  as  that  any  v^^rong  done  to  one  nation 
IS  received  as  an  in.jury  done  to  you  all. 

In  the  same  manner,  and  much  more  so,  is  it  v.Ilh  the  I'lngiish. 
who  are  all  united  under  one  givat  king,  who  has  more  people  in  tha' 
one  town  where  he  lives  than  all  the  Indiiuis  in  North  America  put 
together. 

You  are  in  a  league  with  New  York  as  your  ancient  friends  and 
nearest  neighbors,  and  you  are  in  a  league  with  us  by  treaties  oilen 
repeated,  and  i)y  a  chain  whi(di  you  have  now  brightened.  As,  there- 
fore, all  the  English  are  but  one  pei'ple,  you  aro  actually  in  leagn<> 
with  all  the  English  govermnenis,  and  must  e([ualiy  preserve  tho 
{)eace  with  all  as  with  one  govertnncnf. 

You  pleased  me  very  mu(di  w  hen  you  told  me  that  yr  a  were  going 
to  treat  with  the  Governor  of  Virginia.  Your  nations  formerly  entered 
into  a  very  firm  league  with  that  government,  and  if  you  iiave  suflered 
that  chain  to  grow  rusty,  it  is  time  to  scour  it,  and  the  Five  Nations 
have  done  wisely  to  send  you  there  for  that  purpose. 

I  do  assure  you  the  Governor  of  Virginia  is  a  great  and  good  man: 
he  loves  the  Indians  as  his  children,  and  so  protects  and  delends  them, 
for' he  is  very  strong,  having  many  thousand  Ghrisli m  warriors  under 
his  command,  whereby  he  la  able  to  assist  all  those  who  aro  in  any 


MINUTES  OF  THE  PROVINCIAL  COUNCIL.  i^ 

league  of  friendship  with  him.     Hasten,  therefore,  my  friends    to 
•  "Lfwm  ^  ^^'•^"Sthen  the  chain  with  that  great  man,  for  he  dtir  s 
■     it,  and  will  receive  yoi,  kmdly.     He  is  my  great  and  c^ond  friend  •  I 
have  been  lately  with  him,  and  since  you  sav  vou  a?e  ,.trm  'ers' 
will  gjye  you  a  etter  to  him,  to  inform  him  of  what  we  have°done 
and  of  the  good  des.gn  of  your  visit  to  him  and  to  his  countr;!  ' 

M3,  tncnds'and  Brothers,-!  told  you  two  days  a-o  that  we  must 
open  our  breasts  to  each  other;  I  shall.  thereLe,°like  your  True 
inciid,  open  mine  yet  further  to  you  for  your  oood.  ^ 

DarTs""ar  W  ' '''"  ^"='''^'  ^'T  ^  ''"'>'  '^'^^l^People  at  first  in  these 
parts,  aie  by  peace  amongst  themselves  become  a  very  oreat  people 
amongst  you,  far  exceeding  the  number  of  all  the  Indians  tlmtte 

But  while  we  are  at  peace,  the  Indians  continue  to  make  war  upon 

SrTeonTo'  r'  uT'.  r^^^^^'-'  ^^  "'  ^hey  intended  that  noneTf 
IrJt  P^"P^«'l«"'d  be  left  alive;  by  which  means  you  are  from  a 

Sor;ts:r '' '-''  --'•''  ^^^p^^'  ^-^  ^^^  ^ '-  ^^^^  --  -  ^^ 

vei^Il?pl"'''''^r^  '^'"  '°"'^  '^'"S^  '^"y  'P^^^'  ^  different  language, 

of  tie  L^h"T  r^^''  '"^  "^^"^'^  the  same  land  with^hosJ 
01  the  north  we  therefore  cannot  but  wonder  how  you  that  arc  a 
wise  people  should  take  delight  in  putting  an  end  to  yL  race!  The 
Lnghsh,  being  your  true  iriehds,  labor  to  prevent  this.  We  would 
have  you  strong  as  a  part  of  our^lves,  lor  as  our  strength  is  your 
strength,  so  we  would  have  yours  to  be  as  our  own  ^ 

is  for\r-  r^'T^"'^/"  "^y  b^-'^^h^-^'"  '"  these  parts*  to  consider  what 

men  n  "  '  """l ""'  '"  ^^  ^^  '''""'  ^^  ''"^'^  '^"^  your  young 
me  ,  as  they  come  this  way,  endeavor  to  force  them,  and  because 
they  incline  to  follow  the  counsels  of  peace  and  the  advice  of  their 

In,  rrff '  •''°"'  Pf '''"^  "'^  ^'^"^  ^^''  «"d  °^"f«"  P'-^v«''  "i'h  them  to  • 
go  out  to  heir  own  destruction.  Thus  it  was  that  this  town  of  Cones- 
toga  lost  their  good  king  not  long  ago,  and  thus  many  have  been  lost; 
he  young  c  iildren  are  left  without  parents,  their  wies  without  hus! 
bands,  the  old  men,  contrary  to  the  course  of  nature,  mourn  the  death 
of  their  young;  the  people  decay  and  grow  weak ;  we  lose  our  dear 
friends  and  are  afflicted,  and  this  is  chiefly  owing  to  your  young 

Surely  you  cannot  propose  to  get  either  riches  or  possessions  by 
going  thus  out  to  ^^■ar;  for  when  you  kill  a  deer,  you  have  the  flesh 
to  eat  and  the  skin  to  sell ;  but  when  you  return  from  war  you  brin" 
nothing  home  but  the  scalps  of  a  dead,  man,  .who  perhaps  was  a  hus^ 
band  0  a  kind  wife,  and  father  to  tender  children,  who  never  wrono-ed 
you  though  by  losing  him,  you  have  robbed  them  of  his  help  and 
protection,  and  at  the  same  time  got  nothino'  by  it 

If  I  were  not  your  true  friend,  I  would  not  take  the  trouble  of  say- 
ing  all  these  things  to  you,  which  I  desire  may  be  fully  related  to  ail 
your  people  when  you  return  home,  that  they  may  consider  in  time 
I.r  Vn-  /"  «^»  good;  and  after  this,  if  any  will  be  so  madly 
aeat  and  blind  as  neither  to  hear  nor  see  the  danger  before  them    kit 


484 


EVENTS   IN    INDIAN   HISTORY. 


will  still  go  out  to  destroy  and  be  destroyed  for  nothing,  I  must  desire 
that  such  foolish  young  men  will  take  another  path  and  not  pass  this 
way  amongst  our  people,  whose  eyes  I  have  opened,  and  they  have 
wisely  hearkened  to  my  advice.  So  that  I  must  tell  you  plainly,  as 
I  am  their  best  friend,  and  this  government  is  their  protector  and  as  a 
lather  to  them,  we-will  not  sutier  them  any  more  to  go  out  as  they 
have  done  to  their  destruction.  I  say  again,  we  will  not  suffer  it,  for 
we  have  the  counsel  of  wisdom  amongst  us  and  know  what  is  for 
their  good;  for  though  they  arc  weak,  yet  they  are  our  l>rethren;  we 
will  therefore  take  care  of  them  that  they  be  not  misled  with  ill 
council;  you  mourn  when  you  lose  a  brother,  we  mourn  when  any  of 
them  are  lost,  to  prevent  which  they  shall  not  be  suffered  to  go  out  as 
they  have  done  to  be  destroyed  by  war. 

My  Good  Friends  and  Brothers, — I  give  you  the  same  counsel  and 
earnestly  desire  that  you  will  follow  it,  since  it  will  make  you  a  happy 
people.  I  give  you  this  advice  because  I  am  your  true  friend,  but  I 
much  fear  you  hearken  to  others  who  never  were  nor  never  will  be 
yonr  friends.  You  know  very  well  that  the  French  have  been  your 
enemies  fi'om  the  beginning,  though  th(!y  made  peace  with  you  about 
two  and  twenty  years  ago,  yet  by  subtle  practices  they  still  endeavor 
to  ensnare  you.  They  use  arts  and  tricks,  and  tell  you  lies  to  deceive 
you ;  and  if  you  would  mal<!^  use  of  your  own  eyes,  and  not  be  deluded 
by  their  Jesuits  and  interpreters,  you  would  see  this  yourselves,  for 
you  know  they  have  had  no  goode  of  any  value  these  several  years 
past,  except  what  has  been  sent  to  them  from  the  English  at  New 
York,  and  that  is  now  all  over.  They  give  (air  speeches  instead  of 
real  services,  and  as  for  many  years  they  attempted  to  destroy  you  in 
war,  so  they  now  endeavor  to  do  it  in  peace;  for  when  they  persuade 
you  to  go  out  to  war  against  others,  it  is  only  that  you  may  be 
destroyed  yourselves,  which  we,  as  your  true  friends,  labor  to  prevent, 
because  we  would  have  your  numbei's  increased  that  you  may  grow 
strong,  and  that  we  may  be  all  strengthened  in  friendship  and  peace 
together. 

As  to  what  you  have  said  of  trade,  I  suppose  the  great  distance  at 
which  you  live  from  us  has  prevented  all  commerce  between  us  and 
your  people;  we  believe  those  who  go  into  the  woods  and  spend  all 
their  time  upon  it,  endeavor  to  make  the  best  bargain  they  can,  so  on 
your  pai't  you  must  take  care  to  make  the  best  bargain  you  can  with 
them;  but  we  hope  our  traders  do  not  exact,  Jbr  we  think  that  a 
strowd  coat  or  a  pound  o!"  powder  is  now  sold  for  no  more  buck-skins 
than  formerly;  beaver,  indeed>  is  not  of  late  so  much  used  ni  I'/Uvope, 
and  therefore  does  not  give  so  good  a  price,  and  we  deal  but  very 
little  in  that  commoi-ity.  But  deer-skins  sell  very  well  amongst  us, 
and  I  shall  always  take  care  that  the  Indians  be  not  wronged ;  but 
except  other  measures  be  taken  to  regulate  the  Indian  trade  every 
where,  the  common  methods  used  in  trade  will  still  be  followed,  and 
every  man  must  take  care  of  himself,  for  this  I  must  do  myself  when 
I  buy  anj  thing  from  our  own  people, — if  I  do  not  give  them  their 
price  they  will  keep  it,  for  we  are  a  free  people.     But  if  you  have 


% 


MINDTES   OP   THE    I'BOVINCIAL   fOUNCIL. 


466 


any  further  proposals  to  make  about  these  alFairs,  I  am  willinc  to 
hear  an(  consider  tlicm,  for  it  is  my  desire  that  the  trade  be  well 
regulated  to  your  content. 

t  am  sensible  rum  is  very  hurtful  to  the  Indians;  we  have  made 
laws  that  none  should  be  carried  amongst  them,  or  il'  any  were,  that 
It  sliould  ho  staved  and  thrown  upon  the  ground,  and  the  Indians  have 
been  ordered  to  destroy  all  ihc  rum  that  comes  in  their  way.     But 
they  will  not  do  it,-they  will  have  rum;  and  when  we  refuse  it,  they 
wii   travel  to  the  neighboring  provinces  and  letch  it;  their  own  women 
go  to  purchase  ,t,  an,   then  sell  it  among  their  own  people  at  excessive 
lates.     I  would  gladly  make  any  laws  to  prevent  (his  that  could  be 
etiectual ;   but  (he  country  is  so  wide,  the  woods  are  so  dark  and 
private  and  so  far  out  of  iny  sight,  that  if  the  Ind[;ms  themselves  do 
not  prohibit  their  own  people,  there  is  no  other  way  to  prevent  it;  for 
iny  part,  I  shall  readily  join  in  any  measures  that  can  be  proposed 
tor  so  good  a  piu-poso.  '     ' 

1  have  now,  my  friends  and  brotliers,  said  all  that  I  think  can  be 
••(any  service  at_  this  time,  and  [  givo  you  these  thin-s  here  laid 
belorc  you  to  contirm  my  words,  a!/:  live  strowd  coats,  t^^•entv  pounds 
<>l  powder,  and  forty  pounds  oi'  lead,  Ibr  each  of  the  five  Nations  • 
that  IS,  twonty-live  coa^s,  one  hundred  weight  of  powder,  and  two 
hundred  o!  lead  ,n  the  whole,  which  [  desire  may  bo  delivered  to 
Iheni,  with  those  my  words,  in  my  name  and  on  behalf  of  this  pro- 

I  sh;ill  be  gkul  Irerjuently  to  see  some  of  your  chief  men  sent  in  the 
n:une  ot  al  the  rest,  but  desire  yen,  will  be  so  kind  as  to  come  to  us 
to  iJuladelphia,  to  visit  our  iamilies  and  children  born  there,  where 
we  can  provuk;  better  f  ,r  you  and  make  you  more  welcome,  for 
people  always  receive  their  iVi-mls  best  at'  their  own  houses.  1 
liearfuy  wiih  you  well  <,ii  your  journey  and  .:;ood  success  in  it,  and 
when  you  return  home,  I  desire  you  will  give  my  very  kind  love  and 
the  love  ol  all  our  people  to  your  kincrg  and  to  all  their  peoiile 

inen  the  governor  rose  up  from  his  chair,  and  when  he  had  called 

■  hcsaont,  (ho  speaker,  to  him,   ho  took  a  coronation  medal  of  the 

iu.igs  outol  his  poclcet,  and  presented  it  to  the  Indian  in  those  words; 

1  hat  our  children  when  we  arc  dead  may  not  Ibrget  these  thinrrs 
1)ut  l((,^p  this  treaty  between  us  in  perpetual  remembrance,  I  here 
<1oliver  to  you  u  picture  in  gold,  bearing  the  imai£e  of  my  oreat 
niaster,  the  king  of  all  the  l':nglish;  and  when  vou' return  home  I 
charge  you  1o  flehver  this  piece  into  the  hands  of  the  first  man  or 
greatest  chicl  ol  all  the  Five  Nations,  whom  you  call  Kannyooodk, 
to  b(;  laid  up  and  kept  as  a  token  to  our  children's  children,  "'that  an 
nitiiv  and  lasting  friendship  is  now  established  for  over  between  tljo 
buglish  in  this  country  and  ihe  .ereat  Five  Nations 

At  a  council  held  at  Fhiladelphia.  July  iiOth,  1721,  were  present, 
he  iIonora!)le  bir  William  Keith,  Bart.,  Governor;    Richaixl  Hill 
Isaac  .Norris;   S'amuel  Frestoii;  Jonathan  Dickinson;  Thomas  Mas- 
tors;  Andrew  II  ,i,ilton,  Attoniey-General;  James  Louan,  Secretary 

Ihc  minute     ot  council  and  treaty  lately  held  witli  deputies  of  the 

41* 


466 


KVBNTS   IN    IWDIAIf    HISTOHT. 


Five  Nations  at  Conestoga  being  read,  for  the  service  and  satisfaction 
of  those  who  would  not  undertake  that  journey,  the  secretary  reported 
what  iio  iiad  further  transacted  with  tlreni  there,  alter  the  governor 
had  left  that  place,  as  Ibllows: 

James  Logan,  Secrelary,  further  reports,  that  having  continued  at 
(Conestoga  alter  tiie  departure  of  the  governor  and  the  rest  of  tiie  com- 
l)any,  he  had  next  day,  by  the  governo  s  approbation  and  direction, 
held  a  discourse  with  Clhcsiiont,  the  cliicf  of  those  Indians,  and  their 
speaker.  Civility,  theCapla.u  of  Conestoga,  and  John  Cartlidge,  being 
interpreters. 

That  ho  fa'st  put  Gliesaont  in  mind  of  the  groat  satisHiction  the 
governor  had  expressi-d  to  liiin  in  the  council  u[)on  their  kind  visit, 
atul  the  freedom  and  openness  that  had  been  used  to  them  on  our 
parlii,  and  lherel"ore  advised  him,  if  he  had  any  thing  in  his  thoughts 
further  relating  to  the  friendship  est.-iblishcd  between  us,  and  the 
matters  treated  in  council,  he  would  ojien  his  breast  in  this  free  con- 
versation, and  speak  it  without  reserve,  and  whatever  he  said  on  thost 
heads  should  be  reported  faitlifully  to  liie  governor. 

Ghcsaont  then  said,  that  he  v.us  very  well  pleased  witli  what  had 
been  spoken.  Ho  saw  the  governor  and  the  Inglish  were  true  friends 
to  the  Five  Nations,  but  as  to  their  peojjlc;  going  out  to  war,  which 
head  we  chiclly  insisted  ')n,  the  [jrincipal  reason  was  that  their  young- 
men  were  become  very  poor;  they  could  get  no  goods  nor  clothing 
froi!  the  English,  and  therefurc  they  went  abroad  to  gain  them  fron* 
their  enemies. 

That  they  had  once  a  clear  sky  and  sunshine  at  Albany,  but  ncnv 
all  was  overcast,  they  could  no  longer  trade  and  get  goods  as  tliey 
had  done,  of  which  he  (;ould  not  know  the  reason,  and  therefore  they 
had  resolved  to  try  whether  it  was  the  same  among  the  other  English 
governments. 

To  this  the  secretary  answert.Ml,  that  they  had,  from  the  fust  settle- 
ment of  New  York  and  Albany,  been  in  a  strict  league  of  friendship 
with  that  gdvennnent,  and  IkkI  always  had  a  trade  with  and  been 
supplied  by  them  with  the  goods  they  wanted.  Tiiat  it  was  true,  fur 
three  or  four  years  past  the  French  had  come  from  Canada  to  Albany 
in  New  York,  and  purchased  anil  carried  away  great  part  of  the 
goods,  strowd  waters  especially,  sometimes  three  or  four  hundred 
pieces  in  a  year,  which  the  Five  Nations  ought  to  have  had;  but  that 
now,  another  governor  being  lately  sent  thither  from  the  great  King 
of  England,  he  had  made  a  law  thiit  the  French  should  not  have  any 
more  -roods  from  the  English;  that  this  had  been  the  reason  of  the 
clouds  and  dark  weather  they  complained  of,  but  that  now  a  clear 
sunshine  as  they  desired  would  be  restored  to  them;  that  he  very 
well  knew  this  gentleman,  the  new  governor;  that  he  had  not  long 
since  been  at  Philadelphia,  and  at  his  (the  secretary's)  house,  and  that 
he  had  heard  him  (the  Coriear)  say,  ho  would  take  care  his  Indians 
should  be  well  supplied  iijr  the  lliture,  and  accordingly  they  might 
depend  on  it. 

Gliesaont  being  liereupon  asked  whether  they  did  not  know  that  tht. 


«I».TE>   OP  T,,B   PHOVINCIAL  COD!,cir..  '49, 

tlKT  could  not  get  hold  of   Z  Vl     '  !    ■  '"^  ^'"'  ^^^^'^^^  ^hcm  and 

Imd  been  the  niot  anrS  Hc^n^'  /,  ''  ^":^  ^•^'"'^  ""^^  ^'banv 
ancl  they  would  certninly  o  it  f  t' v  •  '^-^  '""y^.^'  '^^^^  «"PPb  t»>crn, 
1«"-^'  ^'"^'t  'fK.y  were  .en«iWe  Z  rcl  T  r\  '"  1'^^'^  ^'"^^  «"  ^heir 
'oi-  then,  hy  the  no,!,.,  tl  a  1  tc£  '  r  ^^^  "',  ^'''^''^'"^  '"^''  ^^  '"'^g-'-d 
;  Ml.  English  every  ^^U.^^^'nl'^Zt'T'''  '""'''^^'^^ 
fd  to  see  them,  but  wished  (or  (ho  r,  f        .7  ''  ^^^''^  "'^^^  very 

[^'^'^^'«  twice  af  Philade^,  r,"^'  ^'"^  J'«'""^olf  had  seen  their 
l''«t  J>'M-e,  and  that  ^yhJls'^on^l:"'"  '  > '"^^  ^^  '"'^^'^^  ^'^'"»  was 
nou-  about  seventeen  vea  s  a-  a  ;^'  '  i7''V?'^""^  "^''^''^  ^^''^''''^  •■^f^^r, 
'iown  au<i  held  a  .rc.at  cZmX^kuf?  "^",^ber  oCrhen.  eame' 
would  visit  us  there  aoah  ,1^  w  r'T'l  '^"''"^''  ^^^  '^'P'^  ^hey 
Jhan  HO  lar  baek  in  U.e '; "^  '  ,^:  I't '"  'ir''  *--  -^venient 
hem  and  ourselves;  that  howeveu'  '''?"''  to  accomrnodato 

'n^is  they  I.H.V  wa^  at^ve  un  n  but' l'"^  ?''*''  ^1'  f ^  ^^'^'^  ^^cre. 
wor.  now  goin.  into  two  .ov  n  ent  '  ti;  t'  h^  ff'"'  '^"^  '^^-"^  ^'^«>- 
seated  and  were  very  rich  •  m  1  v  n  ^  .^"""^  ^'^en  muc,  lontrer 
that  we  saw  then,  in  the  i-^,  1  !  i;;^^?'^^  r'^^^''"^  ^^^'^-"- 
hut  tiioy  ^^■ould  see  the  ooNcr  o  "  -'m!  ,^  f  ^'f """  '"^-^"^  ''^'^c 
7"  touns  and  J.ouses,  wle  e  th  .y  eo  kP  ',"'  «"'!, Virginia  at  their 
that  tlu.y  would  be  very  k  n  lly  eeei  r' '"■'"'"  '^'''''  "^"^'»  '^^tter; 
«nd  mind,  and  shouM  alway  'entn-     n  'l        '''  '"'''^  ""  ^^^"'^  heart 

<!hosaont  t.s.k  an  onno  •  nniK      •  r      '?"'  ■'''  °"'"  '^''"tlnM's. 
;>;-thnr  people  n^ak^        "    vlu^    h  ^'^  ^f  ^''^""  ^'^^  ^'^i-' 

i««aidlhafhehadi,,Jns  n  nn  t,  ■  o  w-'"^'"'"'  ""  ^'"^  ^^^i"- 
ho  had  taken  more  pains  t^'  e  t  '  t  ?  "'  f '-'  to  the  utmost ;  that 
i^a^I'lone;  that  thei  ,,eop|e  h.t  I  u  |v  m  ,  ^'^^  "''""^  ^'"  ^'^«  ^^^"ghsh 
"''^-;  that  they  had  ilso    enf  o mo'^  '''"'"  V^'  ""^  '"^'^^^^"^'ht- 

'  -■  same  purpose;  that  tl>e"  1;;^  l^       ';™  '^  ^'^  i'^'^t-heads  for 
Indians,  excepting  three  .nnl      •.  in  'T   ''^^  P^ace  with  all  the 

ho  hoped  to  iLve°one  eon  ;  d  ;  n  V  '  """•"•''■^''  ^^'^'^  ^^f-- 
o>-  the  (Governor  of  Viromr-  In^L  n'  ^'T'^'  ■'"^"■"^■^  ^Y  '"^^''^"^ 
'or  peace,  as  his  endc.n-.^s  h'ul  hi^  ""'"  f^«^f«  ^ere  very  strono 
't  ost.J,lishe.l  every  whe  e  He  sn  '/  "  "''^  ^^^  <^^>^^htcd  not  to  sec 
well  in  the  counciragain^t  "the  ynn  1  ^^'''>''""'  ^^^^^  ^P-^J^^'  very 
•;ot  done  it  lully  <.nou.h,  ib  he  ZZ  U-  f  n^'"  ''''''  ^'^  ^^  ^^'l 
llioy  ohould  n„;  nn  ..,;:,  1'    ..'"-,?''"''.'''' \o  fold  them  positively  that 


would  have  reported  if  a  eoX   -       d  h^        ^"n^f  ''  '"'■'  ""''  ^'^ 
<-Mmuai  way  (o  prevent  lhe!n.      ''  '  ''""^^  iiavo  been  a  mor. 

proceeded 


tlicy 


\vcre  to  take,  and  it  w 


as  aL'' 
th 


them  about  fl 


Tocd  that  t  ho  chief  of  the  N 


'm  road 
nitikokes. 


»  yc  livci,  that  ihey  should  be  furnished 


1 '"' 

|'«^ 

§■*»•.','; 

f '  f'j 

'! ' 

( 

<>l'l 


li'l  ,i 


488 


EVENTS   IN    INDIAN   HISTORY. 


with  provisions  for  their  journey  suflTieient  to  carry  them  among  the 
inhabitants;  alter  wliich  tiu^v  were  directed,  as  the  irovcrnor  liad  bcforo 
ordered,  th;it  tiiey  should  pnuiuce  his  passport  to  the  gentlemen  of  the 
country  where  they  travelled,  by  whom  they  would  be  provided  for; 
and  the  Nantikuko  chief  was  further  desired,  upon  their  leaving  the 
Nantikoke  towns,  to  direct  them  to  some  of  the  chief  gentlemen  and 
oflieers  of  those  parts,  who  would  undoubtedly  take  care  of  them  on 
sight  of  their  passports,  and  thereby  knowing  their  business,  have  them 
transported  over  the  bav  to  Armapolis.  Beincr  furtiier  ar.ked  bow  tliey 
would  get  an  int.jrpreler  in  Virginia  wIumc  the  Indians  kncnv  nothmg 
of  theil-  laugua'ie,  and  some  proposals  being  maik;  to  liirnish  tliem, 
they  aiisweru's  ■!  "•  vomd  bo  no  occasion  for  any  care  of  tbat.kmd, 
fortliev  very  ■  w  the  Governor  of  Virginia  had  an  interpreter 

ibrlheir  l.-ingua^;'    ;:ways  with  him. 

Provisions  being  then  ordered  for  their  journey,  as  also  at  tiicMr 
desire,  some  for  th<jse  of  their  company,  who  with  iheir  women  and 
children  were  to  return  dir(;ctly  home  by  water  up  tlu;  river  Susquo 
hanna,  vi/:  a  bag  of  biscuit,  some  pieces  of  bacon  and  dried  vemsun; 
these  n>.atters  were  concluded  with  great  expressions  of  thankfulness 
for  the  governor's  great  care  of  them  and  their  iiunilies,  which  kind- 
ness tiiev  said  they  never  should  lorgct. 

The  (iiscourse  being  coutiuued,  they  were  told  it  was  now  very  near 
(viz:  within  one  moon  of)  tliirty-seven  years  since  a  great  man  of 
Enoiand,  governor  of  Virginia,  called  tlie  Lord  Ellingham,  together 
with  Colonel  Dongan,  (JoveriKa-  of  New  York,  held  a  great  treaty 
with  tliem  at  Albany,  of  which  w(!  had  the  writings  to  this  day. 

Ghesaout  answered,  they  knew  it  well  and  the  subject  of  thai 
treaty ;  it  was,  lie  said,  about  selling  of  lands,  lieiiig  further  told,  that 
in  that  treatv  the  Five  Nations  had  given  up  all  their  right  to  all  the 
lands  on  the' Susquehanna  to  the  Duke  of  York,  then  brother  to  the 
Kino-  of  EnL'land,  he  acknowledged  this  to  be  so,  and  that  William 
Penn  since  had  the  right  to  thes(>  laiuls,  to  which  Civility,  a  ('.escendant 
of  the  ancient  Susquehanna  Indians,  the  old  settlers  of  these  parts, 
but  now  reputed  as  of  an  Irocpiois  descent,  added  that  he  had  been 
informed  bv  tlu  old  men,  that  they  were  troubled  when  they  heard 
that  their  lands  had  been  given  up  to  a  place  so  fiir  distant  as  New 
York,  and  that  tliev  were  overjoyed  when  they  understood  VViIliani 
Penn 'had  brought  tliem  back  again,  and  that  they  liad  confirmed  all 

their  riizht  to  him.  . 

Dive'i's  cpiestioiis  were  further  asked  liim,  CJ'pccialiy  concerning  the 
French  of  Canada,  their  trade  and  Ibrtilicalions;  on  which  he  said, 
tliat  the  French  had  three  (brts  on  this  side  of  the  river  St.  Lawrence, 
and  Ixnweeu  their  towns  and  Montival,  furnished  with  great  numbers 
of  <Treat  ivuns;  that  the  iMrnch  drove  a  great  trade  with  them,  had 
people  cons'.antlv  in,  or  vo'nvj  to  and  coming  from  their  towns;  that 
tiic  French  kept'voung  people  in  their  towns  on  purpose  to  learn  the 
Imltan  lanmiage,' which  many  of  them  now  spoke  as  well  as  them- 
selves-  that  they  hail  a  great  intercourse  with  them;  that  about  three 
hundred  of  their  men  (viz:  of  the  Five  Nations)  were  seated  on  tho 


-^.i^  Jul  ?& 


.•v,i>iM¥'Ji' 


A-  c 


-«S^*^v 


'^t^S 


iSf**-* 


"4X|SiSe 


other  side  c 

begun  to  hi 

they  had  si 

(fho  F'reiicl 

a  groat  dca 

done  upon  i 

treated  with 

ever  grantt 

knew  the  F 

never  done 

ever;  and  o 

was  spent  : 

liquors;  and 

returning  in 

very  atlcctio 

ernor  and  tl 


rtiw^^'iiia 


X-Sjl 


MASSA 

An  ahmost 

the  Indians  a 

At  tliis  pcri( 

country,  and 

Ahout  ten 

had  been  con 

from  tiicir  ir 

that  people, 

fooh'shly  cur; 

much,  that  in 

madness  of  I 

rehgion,  certt 

merous  sect, 

their  barbarit 

mvage.i,  inha 

siiips  of  Paxta 

most  horrible 

any  other  pro\ 

the  heathen  f 

might  possess 

" '  These  Ir 

settled  o.t  Cor 

first  arrival  o 

tribe  came  to  v 

and  the  whole 


MASSACRE  OF  THE  CONE9TO0A   INDIANS.  489 

^^mlfhufkJn'i.r"'  'Ti'  '^^  ""  ^'^^^"^'^  had  this  last  spring 
begun  to  build  or  to  provide  (or  biiildinir  a  Ibrt  nt  Niagara  Falls   but 

(mt  vruch)  had  sent  to  lus  town  (tbe  Isanandonas)  this  last  winter 

tS  w   b  fbo  !  ^"  inrticiilarly  asked  whether  the  French  had  ever 

ever    n^     ;j'Tl  "  t      T  "  '^7  ''^"'''  "'"  ^^^^''^^"'-  ^'^^  I"<lians  had 
ever  g  anted  tie  iMvnch  any,    he  answered   No'    that  his  oeonlf. 

^  t  T't^r"^"-^?V^''"  ^"^'"  "'-^  lal  ^c^liad 
ever-  a  d  o nb  1''"""'''  -^'r'"  ""^  "1^°"  ^''^  «^^^""^  ^»>«tso. 

was  'sSen    in       :-b  h"'"^'  '''  "''^!  •••^^'"■^-'  ""'•-''^^■^-    '^'^h-.s  the  day 

Turn  iV' IVom        V  r'"'";"^'  ^''"'r  "^'  ^^■'"'  '^e  rest  of  his  eompany, 
vervS  Zf    r     • /'"   "''"  ^'^  ■''^'"'  ^'•'^f'i«'^'-''«'  ^-ok  their  leave 
S  and    b        -         ''  ^"?  expressions  of  thankfulness  to  the  yov- 
ernoi  and  this  government  for  their  kind  reception. 


CHAPTER  XX  V  I. 

MASSACRK  OF  THE  CONESTOGA  INDIANS  IN  PENNSYLVANIA. 

An  almost  uninterrupted  friendship  seems  to  have  existed  between 
the    ndians  and  the  inhabitants  of  I'ennsylvania,  until  the  year    S" 

countiy,  ana  an  Indian  war  commenced. 

About  ten  vears  after  that,  when  "many,"  says  Mr.  Proud  "who 
had  been  contmually  ilockino.  into  tbe  province,  in  later  vea,  bavin" 
from  their  mexpenence  and  ignorance,  too  despicable  an  op  ion  ol" 
hat  people,  and  treatmg  them  accordingly,  were  by  this^onl? 

mu  b   It'-'T.'"'."^'""^'  '^''  "h"''^  ^P^-^'-  indiseriininately;  i     o. 
much,  that  in  the  latter  part  of  the  year  17G3,  calling  to  theii- aid  tl^e 
madness  of  the  wildest  enthusiasm,  with  which,  under  ,)retence  of 
religion,  certam  most  furious  zealots  among  the  preache  s  of  a  nu 
rnerous  sect,  m  the  province,  could  inspire  their  hearers    to  cover 

t«.':thj;ir\"'r  t"  ^'' ''''  ""'^'"''"-'y  "^"-■^''  "--^  '^-'^- 

Zfon    V  /n^'"';'''"''  ^■'"'"^>''  l"'''>^-iP^"y  'Vom  the  town- 

mos    bo     b  :   f         ^""^-"''  '"^'  ^'"^''"  "'■'^'•''-"•''ood,  committed  the 
most  bouible  massacre  that  ever  was  heard  of  in  this,  or  nerhans  ' 
any  other  province  with  impunity !  and  under  the  notion    f  extn  atin" 
the  heathen  from  the  earth,  as  Joshua  did  of  old,  that  these  sa    ts 
might  possess  the  land  alone,"  &c.     Thus  begins  the  narrative. 

settled  irr?"'  ""■"'",  ''r  '""^■■^'"^  "^  ""  ''-'^^^  ''^  •!'«  Six  Nations, 
seWed  at  Conestoga  and  thence  called  Conestoga  Indians.     On  the 

t^bee^T'  "^  ?'  ^''f'^  ^"  Pennsylvania,  n^essengers  from  this 
Ind  thPw'  l^'f  T'  '^'"V  -''^'^  P^"^^^"^^  of  venison,  corn  and  skin. ; 
and  the  waole  tribe  entered  mto  a  treaty  of  friendship  with  the  first 


if 


I'i  I 


,;   i      I' 


'MM 


feA^?iV"?,ti 


fTfJ^":*^ 


m 


400 


XVKN'TS  IN  INDIAN  III8TOKY. 


f 


proprietary,  William  Pcnn ;  which  was  to  last  as  long  as  the  sun 
should  shine,  or  the  waters  run  in  the  rivers. 

This  treaty  his  Ix-en  since  frequently  rcm^wed,  and  the  chain 
brightened,  us  they  express  it,  I'roin  time  to  time.  It  hiis  never  been 
violated  on  their  part,  or  ours,  till  now.  As  their  lands^by  degrees, 
were  mostly  j)urchased,  and  the  settlement  ol"  th(!  white  pciople  l)e<;an 
to  surround  them,  the  proprietor  assigned  them  lands  on  the  manor 
of  Conestoga,  which  they  might  not  part  with ;  there  they  have  lived 
many  years,  in  friendslii|)  with  their  white  neighbors,  who  loved  them 
for  their  peacea)'  ,  inoHensive  behaviour. 

It  has  always  .on  observed,  that  Indians,  settled  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  white  people,  do  not  increase,  but  diniinish  continually.  This 
tribe  occordingly  went  on  diminishing,  till  there  remained  in  their 
town,  on  the  m'\nor,  but  twenty  persons ;  namely,  seven  men,  five 
women,  and  eight  children,  boys  and  girls. 

Of  these,  Shehaes"  was  a  very  old  man,  having  assisted  at  the 
second  treaty,  held  with  them  by  Mr.  Penn,  in  1701,  and  ever  since 
continued  a  faithful  friend  to  the  English ;  he  is  said  to  have  been  an 
exceeding  good  man,  considering  his  education,  being  naturally  of  a 
most  kind,  benevolent  temper. 

This  little  society  continued  the  custom  they  had  begun,  when  more 
numerous,  of  addressing  every  new  governor,  and  every  descendant 
of  the  first  proprietary,  welcoming  him  to  the  province,  assuring  him  of 
their  fidelity,  and  praying  a  continuance  of  that  favor  and  protection 
which  they  had  hitherto  experienced.  They  had  accordingly  sent  up 
an  address  of  this  kind  to  our  present  Governor  (John  I'enn,  Esquire) 
on  his  arrival ;  but  the  same  was  scarcely  delivered  when  the  unfor- 
tunate catastrophe  hapf)encd  which  we  are  about  to  relate. 

On  Wednesday,  the  14th  of  December,  1768,  filly. seven  men  from 
some  of  our  frontier  townships,  who  had  projected  the  destruction  of 
this  little  commonwealth,  came  all  well  mounted,  and  armed  with 
firelocks,  hangers  and  hatchets,  having  travelled  through  the  country 
in  the  night  to  Conestoga  manor.  There  they  surrounded  ^he  small 
village  of  Indian  huts,  and  just  at  break  of  day  broke  in  upon  them 
all  at  once.  Only  three  men,  two  women,  and  a  young  boy  were 
found  at  home,  the  rest  being  out  among  the  neighboring  white  people; 
some  to  sell  their  baskets,  brooms  and  bowls,  they  manufactured,  and 
others  on  other  occasions.  These  poor  defenceless  creatures  were 
immediately  fired  upon,  stabbed  and  hatchetcd  to  death  !  The  good 
Shehaes,  among  the  rest,  cut  to  pieces  in  his  bed  !  All  of  them  were 
scalped,  and  otherwise  horribly  mangled.  Then  their  huts  were  set 
on  fire,  and  most  of  them  burned  down. 

The  magistrates  of  Lancaster  sent  out  to  collect  the  remaining 
Indians,  brought  them  into  the  town,  for  their  better  security  against 
any  further  attempt ;  and,  it  is  said,  condoled  with  them  on  the  mis- 
fortune that  had  happened,  took  them  by  the  hand,  and  promised 
therri  protection. 

They  were  put  into  the  workhouse,  a  strong  building,  as  the  place 
of  greatest  safety. 


i! 


MABHACIIR   OP   TIIK   COJfESTOOA  1ndIA(»«.  491 

mmm^m 

whole  livfs,  tlir.v  lin.l  i.ovo  •  .1    1.  .' '".^''■'^■''»  "'"I   Hl'it,  11,  fhei, 

01  n,o  M,„o,.„„  will  cry  ,„  |,™v,,,  Ibr  vc",  ™Z       "' '     ' '"'  """'' 

on  the  „,,.„.i„„,  „,„  „,'„,,„,.,,  i,„vi„„  'i  ,„  r  ,"i,  ?,5;r-""' 

Mr.  Proi„l  nd.k  lo  Iho  „?,ove  iim-ralivc,  ilwf,  <.s„  f.r  l,,,i  ,i 

'°n '!"?.''"  ■"','  "'."'■'■  '■"'"*'■•' ""» "■■*'".  or  -„  „    ,  a  ,'! 

«»'tl  Ihn  ,n,nds  oC  Iho  p,«[,lo,  or  pprlinns  boll,    r  I,,,  h  ,  ,, 

qncnces,    by  oxci.in,  a„  exertion  clf  en.ieav^rs   i        e  c  H  ,ns   S 
;<U  puyose;  and  heing  a  relation  of  real  ti.ct.,  thou'!h  ^Si^l 
liurry,  ,t  was  never  answered  or  contradicted."  ° 

workmen  employed  on  the  raili3  ron?P  ThI ,  '''  '^'-''f-''"-'  "P  hy  the 
to  be  the  rern'ain-s  of  the  Tn  ^dest rov'ed  in^l^n^  ^''""■""•^'  '"PJ'"^'^'^ 
'  Paxlon  Hoys.-  Some  of  the  oldes  c  t^/cn  sifo  Inl^  r.^'l'T  ^^  '^^ 
interred  somewhere  in  ttie  vieinitv  of  i  ,0  1 1,  r^  '  V  ^  ""^  •'"'^'^^^  ^'ce 
been  found-Co^epi/er,  S^in  iw^^i' //ISy/  "'"'^  ^^"  '"°^^  ^^- 


I 


'1  i  •  I 


492 


BVfftiTS   IN   INDIAN   HI8T0BV. 


t 


Extract  from  Hecketnelder^s  Narrative. 

[We  find  the  following  particulars  of  this  sad  massacre  in  Ilccke- 
welder's  Narrative,  and  as  the  accounts  are  somewhat  contradictory, 
as  regards  the  persons  who  wore  the  perpetrators,  we  can  have  every 
reliance  on  the  description  here  given.] 

A  party  of  fifiy-seven  white  people,  bearing  the  name  of  Christians,* 
set  out  li-om  Paxton,  to  attack  and  destroy  a  small  settlement  of 
peaceable  and  inoffensive  Indians  in  Conestoga,  near  Lancaster,  where 
tliey  had  resided  for  more  than  a  century,  and  whose  ancestors  had 
been  among  those  who  had  welcomed  William  Penn  on  his  first 
arrival  in  this  country,  presenting  him  at  the  time  with  venison,  &c. 
These  not  happening  to  be  all  at  home  at  the  time,  some  being 
scattered  among  their  white  neighbors,  they  murdered  those  they  met 
with,  to  the  number  of  fourteen  persons,  men,  women,  and  children; 
the  rest,  learning  what  had  belallen  their  friends  and  relations,  fled, 
by  the  advice  of  their  friendly  neighbors,  to  Lancaster,  for  i)rotection, 
and  were  there  placed  in  the  jail  ihv  safety, — where,  however,  this 
mob  party,  now  under  the  name  of  Paxton  boys,  arrived ;  and  having 
broken  open  the  door,  entered,  and  most  cruelly  murdered  every  one 
of  them,  although  they  begged  on  their  knees  that  their  lives  might 
be  spared,  they  being  real  Iriends  of  the  P^nglish.  The  mob  was  so 
intoxicated  with  their  success,  that  after  they  had  finished  their  inhu- 
man butchery  on  those  truly  innocent  Indians,  they  threw  their 
.  mangled  bodies  into  the  street,|  and  with  a  dreadliil  shout,  as  if  they 
had  gained  a  great  victory,  threatened  that  the  Indians  on  Province 
Island,  (the  Christian  Indians,  together  with  Papunhak's  peaceable 
party,)  should  soon  share  the  same  fate. 

Note. — That  there  appeared  to  be  something  unaccountable  in  this 
affair,  will  be  seen  i'rom  the  following  extract  of  a  letter,  addressed  to 
the  writer  of  this  narrative  by  a  respectable  and  intelligent  gentleman^ 
of  Philadelphia.  "There  are,"  says  he,  ^^Ccw,  if  any,  murders  to  be 
compared  with  the  cruel  murder  committed  on  the  Conestoga  Indians 
in  the  jail  of  Lancaster,  in  17(58,  by  the  Paxton  boys,  (as  they  were 
then  called).  From  fifteen  to  twenty  Indians,  as  report  stated,  were 
placed  there  for  protection.  A  regiment  of  Highlanders  were  at  that 
time  quartered  at  the  barracks  in  the  town,  and  yet  these  murderers 
were  permitted  to  break  open  the  doors  of  the  city  jail  and  commit  the 
horrid  deed.  The  first  notice  1  had  of  this  aflair  was,  that  while  at 
my  father's  store,  near  the  court-house,  I  saw  a  number  of  people 
running  down  street  towards  the  jail,  which  enticed  mc  and  other  lads 
to  follow  them.  At  about  sixty  or  eighty  yards  from  the  jail,  we  met 
from  twenty-five  to  thirty  men,  well  mounted  on  horses,  and  with 


*  In  an  account  given  by  Arthur  U.  Bradford,  a  company  of  Presbyte- 
rians, from  Paxtanj^  township,  are  blamed  fortius  itibuman  slaughter  of 
the  poor  Indians.    Hce  Hazard's  Reg.  Pcnn.,  Vol.  9,  pajje  114. 

+  So  the  public  papers  staled,  but  oufilit  to  be  Prison  Yard. 

I  William  Henry,  Esq.,  then  an  inhabitant  of  Lancaster. 


\th' 


INDIAN   ANECDOTES.  493 

his  squar^vife^  pa  t^^utvt    T/l'  '^'  ^'''T  '"^  ""  ""^^  Indian  and 
nrtKo  ♦       ^       '^'  P^"'C"'a'>y  well  known  and  esteemed  bv  the  nennl^ 

wa   ^V^^lTck  T"^  V  '"  P|^^'^  '^"^  ^"-'^ly  -"duct.    I^s  nate 

nection  w,li,  tho  ringleaders,  who  |,ai,J ',,„  li„|e  LZto^TnZn, 
orders  at  that  f„,c,  that  they  not  only  puMicly  walked  Ihe^treerhn 


CHAPTER  XXVII. 

INDIAN  ANECDOTES. 

wr^^T^""  ^^"""'^''^  ''''^''^'  '^"«^"  t°  '!'«  French  by  the  name  of 
Wlntejohn  was  a  great  drunkard.  Count  Frontenac  a^sked  hrihat 
he  thought  brandy  to  be  made  of:  he  replied  tint  if  m,,lfL  ^  r 
carts  and  tongues-.  For,"  said  l^e:^^L^t^:Z.^:^ 
(u  ly  of  It,  my  heart  is  a  thousand  strong,  and  I  can  talk  too  w^h 
astonishing  freedom  and  rapidity."  '       '      '" 

r.'^,'!"f;''.--;'^f'^i^onheFWe  Nations,  who  fought  on  the  side  of  the 
t;  glish  in  the  trench  wars,  chanced  to  meet  in  battle  his  own  faOier 
who  was  hghting  on  the  side  of  the  French.     Just  as  he  waHl  n  ,7^ 
dea    a  deadly  blow  upon  his  head,  he  discove  ed  wl^^a  Twt  1^ 
joid  to  him,  "lou  have  once  given  me  life,  and  now  I  give  it  to 'you 

Rerk^     ^""  r  T"" '  ^"^  ^  ^^''  P'^'d  ^he  debt  I  owed  you!"^ 
Heckles,mess.~ln  Connecticut  river,  about  "two  hundred  milP« 
from  Long  Island  Sound,  is  a  narrow  o'f  five  yardlonl^;  JormeT  by 


42 


*  Near  the  city  of  Philadelphia. 


4d4 


EVENTS   IN   INDIAN   HISTORIT. 


two  shelving  mountains  of  solid  rock.  Through  this  chasm  are 
compelled  to  pass  all  the  waters  which  in  the  time  of  the  floods  bury 
the  northern  country."  It  is  a  frightful  passage  of  about  four  hundred 
yards  in  length.  No  boat,  or,  as  my  author  expresses  it,  "  no  living 
creature  was  ever  known  to  pass  through  this  narrow,  except  au 
Indian  woman."  This  woman  had  undertaken  to  cross  the  river  just 
above,  and  although  she  had  the  god  Bacchus  by  her  side,  yet  Neptune 
prevailed  in  spite  of  their  united  efforts,  and  the  canoe  was  hurried 
down  the  frightful  gulf.  While  this  Indian  woman  was  thus  hurrying 
to  certain  destruction,  as  she  had  every  reason  to  expect,  she  seized 
upon  her  bottle  of  rum,  and  did  not  take  it  from  her  mouth  until  the 
last  drop  was  quaffed.  She  was  marvellously  preserved,  and  was 
actually  picked  up  several  miles  below,  floating  in  the  canoe,  still  quite 
drunk.  When  it  was  known  what  she  had  done,  and  being  asked 
how  she  dared  to  drink  so  much  rum  with  the  prospect  of  certain 
death  before  her,  she  answered  that  she  knew  it  was  too  much  for  one 
time,  but  she  was  unwilling  that  any  of  it  should  be  lost. 

Justice.— A  missionary  residing  among  a  certain  tribe  of  Indians, 
was,  one  day  after  he  had  been  preaching  to  them,  invited  by  their 
chief  to  visit  his  wigwam.  After  having  been  kindly  entertained,  and 
being  about  to  depart,  the  chief  took  him  by  the  hand  and  said,  "  I 
have  very  bad  squaw.  She  had  two  little  children.  One  she  loved 
well,  the  other  she  hated.  In  a  cold  night,  when  I  was  gone  hunting 
in  the  woods,  she  shut  it  out  of  the  wfgwam,  and  it  froze  to  death. 
What  must  be  done  with  her?"  The  missionary  replied,  "  She  must 
be  hanged."  "  Ah  !"  said  the  chief,  "  go,  then,  and  hang  your  God, 
whom  you  make  just  like  her." 

Maonanimity.—A  hunter,  in  his  wanderings  for  game,  fell  among 
the  back  settlements  of  Virginia,  and  by  reason  of  the  inclemency  of 
the  weather,  was  induced  to  seek  refuge  at  the  house  of  a  planter, 
whom  he  met  at  his  door.  Admission  was  refused  him.  Being  both 
hungry  and  thirsty,  he  asked  for  a  morsel  of  bread  and  a  cup  of 
water,  but  was  answered  in  every  case,  "No!  you  shall  have  nothing 
here !  Get  you  gone,  you  Indian  dog  !"  It  happened,  in  process  of 
time,  that  this  same  planter  lost  himself  in  the  woods,  and,  after  a 
fatiguing  day's  travel,  he  came  to  an  Indian's  cabin,  into  which  he 
was  welcomed.  On  inquiring  the  way,  and  the  distance  to  the  white 
settlements,  being  told  by  the  Indian  that  he  could  not  go  in  the  night, 
and  being  kindly  oflered  lodging  and  victuals,  he  gladly  refreshed  and 
reposed  himself  in  the  Indian's  cabin.  In  the  morning,  he  conducted 
him  through  the  wilderness,  agreeably  to  his  promise  the  night  before, 
until  they  came  in  sight  of  the  habitations  of  the  whites.  As  iie  was 
about  to  take  his  leave  of  the  planter,  he  looked  him  full  in  the  face, 
and  asked  him  if  he  did  not  know  him.  Horror-struck  at  finding 
himself  thus  in  the  power  of  a  man  he  had  so  inhumanly  treated,  and 
dumb  with  shame  on  thinking  of  the  manner  it  was  requited,  he  began 
at  Iqngth  to  make  excuses,  and  beg  a  thousand  pardons,  when  the 
Indian  interrupted  him,  and  said,  "When  you  see  poor  Indians 
fainting  for  a  cup  of  cold  water,  don't  say  again, '  Get  you  gone,  you 


INDIAN  ANECDOTES. 


495 


Indian  dog !' "     He  then  dismissed  him  to  return  to  his  friends.     Mv 

W  H       t'  ;;  ^'  ''  "'^^  .^''^"'^  ^«  '^y^  ^^'^'^  ^^'  these  two  Ld  the 
best  claim  to  the  name  of  Christian." 

Deception.--The  captain  of  a  vessel,  having  a  desire  to  make  a 
present  to  a  lady  of  some  fine  oranges  whiclf  he  had  just  brought 
irom  "the  sugar  islands,"  gave  them'-to  an  Indian  in  hs  employee 
carry  to  her.     Lest  he  should  not  peribrm  the  oifico  puncluahyf  he 
wrote  a  letter  to  her,  to  be  taken  along  with  the  prie.t,  th  t^she 
might  detect  the  bearer,  ii"  he  should  (ail"to  deliver  the  whole  o   what 
he  wns  intrusted  with      The  Indian,  during  the  journey,  re  lee  ed 
how  1K3  should  relresh  hu.self  with  the  oran.ges,  and  not  be^'bund  oZ 
w.?tln         °  '"-^  ^iPP/ehension  of  the  maiuxT  of  communication  bx- 
wilting   he  conclnd,  d  that  ,t  was  only  nece.sarv  to  keen  his  desi..'n 
secret  irom  the  letter  itself,  supposing  that  would  tell  of  him  if  he  did 
not,  he  therclore  laid  it  upon  the  ground,  and  roiled  a  lar-e  stone 
upon  1 ,  and  retired  to  some  distance,  where  he  regaled  himself  with 
several  of    he  oranges,  and  then  proceeded  on  lis  journey.     O 
delivering  the  remainder  and  tlie  letter  to  the  lady,  she  asked  him 
vheie  the  rest  of  the  oranges  were;  he  said  he  had  delivered  all;  she 
old  him  that  the  etter  said  there  were  several  more  sent;  to  u,  i, 
he  answered  that  the  letter  lied,  and  she  must  not  beli(,>ve  i[.     But  he 
was  soon  conlronted  in  his  falsehood,  and,  begging  forgiveness  of  th. 
ottence,  was  pardoned.  ^^o    o      o 

Shrewdness.-As  (Governor  Joseph  Dudley,  of  Massachusetts,  was 
superintending  some  of  his  workmen,  he  took  notice  of  an  able-bodied 
Indian,  who,  hal  -naked,  would  come  and  look  on,  as  a  pastime,  to 
see  his  men  work.      Ihe  governor  took  occasion  one  day  to  ask  him 
why  he  did  not  work  and  get  some  cbthes,  where^vith  to  cover 
iiimself.      1  he  Indian  answered  by  asking  him  why  he  did  not  work 
Ihe  governor,  pointing  with  his  finger  to  his  head,  said,  "  I  work 
head  work   and  so  have  no  need  to  work  with  my  hands  as  you 
should."     Ihe    ndian  then  said  he  would  work  if  any  one  ^vodd 
einplov  him.     1  he  governor  t<.ld  him  he  wanted  a  calf  killed,  and 
tliat,  11  he  would  go  and  do  it,  ho  would  irive  him  a  shillin-r      He 
accepted  the  offer,  and  went  immediately  and  killed  the  calf,  and 
then  went  sauntering  about  as  before,     the  governor,  on  ob.servin-r 
what  he  had  done,  asked  him  why  he  did  not  dress  the  calf  before  he 
left  It.     Ihe  Indian  answered,  "  No,  no,  Coponoh  ;  that  was  not  in 
tk  bargain:      was  to  have  a  shilling  for  killing  liim.     Am  he  no 

S'tt  ?'?T;  .       i^T''''"'^     '^^''"  -'^^^^•""'•'  ^'^^'"S  himself  thus 
outvvitted,  told  him  to  dress  it,  and  he  would  give  him  another  shillino-. 

liiis  done,  and  in  possession  of  two  shillings,  the  Indian  goes 

directly  to  a  grog-shop  for  rum.     Ailer  a  short  stay,  he  returned  to 

the  governor,  and  told  him  lie  had  given  him  a  bad  shilling-piece,  and 

presented  a  brass  one  to  be  exchanged.     The  governor    thinking 

possibly  it  might  have  been  the  case,  gave  him  another.     It  was  not 

^ng  before  he  returned  a  second  time  with  another  brass  shillin.r  to 

m  exchanged  ;  the  governor  was  now  convinced  of  liis  knavery,  but 


ii 


496 


EVENTS   IN   INDIAN   HISTORY. 


not  caring  to  make  words  at  the  time,  gave  him  another;  and  thus  the 
fellow  got  four  shillings  for  one. 

The  governor  determined  to  have  the  rogue  corrected  for  his  abuse, 
and,  meeting  with  him  soon  after,  told  him  he  mu«*  take  a  letter  to 
Boston  for  him,  and  gave  him  a  half  crown  for  the  service.  The 
letter  was  di  ted  to  the  keeper  of  bridewell,  ordering  him  to  give 
the  bearer  so  many  lashes;  but,  mistrusting  that  all  was  not  exactly 
agreeable,  and  meeting  a  servant  of  the  governor  on  the  road,  ordered 
him,  in  the  name  of  his  master,  to  carry  the  letter  immediately,  as 
he  was  in  haste  to  return.  The  conso(|uence  was,  this  servant  got 
egregiously  whipped.  When  the  governor  learned  what  had  taken 
place,  he  ielt  no  little  (;lmgrin  at  being  thus  twice  outwitted  by  the 
Indian. 

He  did  not  see  the  fellow  for  some  time  after  this,  but  at  length, 
falling  in  with  him,  asked  him  by  what  moans  he  had  cheated  and 
deceived  him  so  many  times.  Taking  the  governor  again  in  his  own 
play,  he  answered,  pointing  with  bis  tinger  to  his  head,  "  Head  work, 
(Joponoh,  head  work  !"  The  governor  was  now  so  well  pleased  that 
he  forgave  the  whole  offence. 

Equality. — An  Indian  chief,  on  being  asked  whether  his  people 
were  free,  answered,  "  Why  no!,  since  1  myself  am  free,  although 
their  king!" 

Matrimony. — "An  aged  Indian,  who  for  many  years  hud  spent  much 
time  among  the  white  people,  both  in  Pennsylvania  and  New  .lersey,. 
one  day,  about  the  year  1770,  observed  that  "(he  Indians  had  not  only 
a  much  easier  way  of  getting  a  wife  than  the  whites,  but  also  a  more 
certain  way  of  getting  a  good  one.  'For,'  said  he  in  broken  English, 
'white  man  court — court — may  be  one  whole  year! — may  be  \\vo 
years  before  he  marry !  M'ell — may  be  then  he  get  very  good  w  ilc — 
but  may  be  not — may  Ik;  very  cross!  Well,  now  suppose  cross! 
scold  so  soon  as  get  awake  in  the  morning!  scold  all  day! — scold 
until  sleep! — all  one — he  must  keep  him! — White  people  have  law 
ibrbidding-  throw  away  wife  if  he  be  ever  so  cross — must  keep  him 
ahvays!  Well,  how  does  Indian  do?  Indian,  when  ne  see  industrious 
squaw,  he  go  to  him,  place  his  two  fore-lingers  close  aside  each  other, 
make  two  like  one — then  look  squaw  in  tlu;  face — see  him  smile — this 
is  all  one  he  say  yes! — so  he  take  him  home — no  danger  he  be  cross! 
No,  no — squaw  know  too  well  what  Indian  do  if  he  cross!  throw  him 
away  and  take  another  ! — Squaw  love  to  eat  meat — no  husband  no 
nieat.  Squaw  do  every  thing  to  pleas(f  husband,  he  do  every  thing 
to  please  squaw — live  happy.' " 

Toleration. — In  the  year  1791,  two  Creek  chiefs  accompanied  an 
American  to  England,  where,  as  usual,  they  attracted  great  attention, 
and  many  flocked  around  them,  as  well  to  learn  their  ideas  of  certain 
things  as  to  behold  "the  savages."  Being  asked  their  opinion  of 
religion,  or  of  what  religion  they  were,  one  made  answer,  they  had 
no  priests  in  their  country,  or  established  religion,  for  they  thought, 
that,  upon  a  subject  where  there  was  no  possibility  of  people's  agreeing 


IRI! 


m 


INDIAN    ANECDOTES. 


40? 


m  opinion,  and  as  it  was  altogether  matter  of  mere  opinion,  «  it  was 
best  that  every  one  should  paddle  his  canoe  his  own  iay."  Here  is 
a  volume  of  instruction  in  a  short  answer  ol'  a  savage ' 

Jnmce,~A  white  trader  sold  a  quantity  of  powder  to  an  Indian 
and  imposed  upon  h.m  by  making  hip,  believe  it  was  a  grain  wS 

elated  by  the  prospect,  not  only  of  raising  his  own  powder,  but  of 
being  able  to  supply  others,  and  thereby  becoming  immensely  rch 
Having  prepared  his  ground  with  groat 'care,  he  sowed  hi    p^owder 
with  the  utmost  exactness  in  the  spring.     Month  after  month  passed 
away,  but  h.s  powder  did  not  even  sprout,  and  winter  came  belre  he 
was  sa  ished  that  he  had  been  deceived.     He  said  nothing;  buV  ome 
time  after,  when  the  trader  had  forgotten  the  trick,  the  s^ame    ndTn 
succeeded  in  getting  credit  of  him  to  a  large  amount.     7'he  timelS 
for  payment  having  expired,  he  sought  out  the  Indian  at  his  residence 
and  demanded  payment  for  his  goods.    The  Indian  heard  his  demand 
w^h  great  complaisance;  then,  looking  him  shrewdly  in  the  eye,  said 
"Me  pay  you  when  my  powder  grow."     This  was  enouoh      The 
guilty  white  man  quickly  retraced  his  steps,  satisfied,  we  anpi-ehend 
to  balance  his  account  with  the  chagrin  he  had  received 

Hunting.— Tho  Indians  had  methods  to  catch  game  wliich  served 
hem  extremely  well      The  same  month  in  whk.h  the  Mayflowe 
brought  over  the  forefathers,  November,  um,  to  the  shores  of  P^v' 
mouth,  several  of  them  ranged  about  the  woods  near  by  to  learn  what 
the  country  contained.     Having  wandered   farther  than  they  were 
apprised,  in  the.r  endeavor  to  return,  they  say,  "  We  were  shrewdly 
puzzled,  and   lost  our  way.     As  we  wandered,  we  came  to  a  trc" 
where  a  young  sprout  was  bowed  down  over  a  bow,  and  some  acorns 
strewed  underneath.    Stephen  Hopkins  said  it  had  been  to  catch  sorlle 
(leer,     bo,  as  we  were  looking  at  it,  William  Bradford  bein-  in  the 
rear,  when  he  came,  looking  also  up,,ii  it,  and  as  he  went  al^out,  it 
gave  a  sudden  jerk  up,  and  he  was  immediately  caught  up  by  the  leas 
It  was  (they  conlinue)  a  very  pretty  device,  made  with  a  rope  of  their 
own  making,  (of  bark  or  some  kind  of  roots  probably,)  and  havinir 
a  noose  as  artihcial ly  made  as  any  roper  in  England  can  make,  and 
as  like  ours  as  can  be,  which  we  brcuirht  away  with  us  " 

P;W««^.a^m:«s<2;mo^u-e.-.rolH;"'Sinion  was  a  Sogkonate,  who 
about  the  year  1700,  was  a  settled  minister  to  that  tribe.     He  was  a 
man  of  strong  mind   generally  tem|K>rate,  but  sometimes  remiss  in  the 
latter  particular.      1  he  following  anecdote  is  told  as  characteristic  of 
his  notions  of  justice.     Simon,  on  account  of  his  deportment,  was 
created  justice  of  the  peace,  and  ^^•hen  diliiculties  occurred  involvin.^ 
any  of  h.s  people,  he  sat  with  the  English  justice  to  aid  in  making  up 
judgment      It  happened  that  Simon's  squaw,  with  some  others,  had 
committed  some  oflence.     .Tustice  -Almy  and  Simon,  in  makin-  up 
their  mnids,  estimated  the  amount  of  offence  diflerently:  Almy  thoS-ht' 
each  should  receive  eight  or  ten  stripes,  but  Simon  said  "No,  four°or 
hve  are  enough,-poor  Indians  are  ignorant,  and  it  is  not  Christian. 
"Ke  to  punish  so  hardly  those  who  are  ignorant  as  those  who  have 

48* 


kimkmvui 


496 


EVENTS   IN   INDIAN   HISTORY. 


knowledge."  Simon's  judgment  prevailed.  When  Mr.  Almy  asked 
John  how  many  his  wife  si.ould  receive,  he  said,  "Double,  because 
she  had  knowledge  to  have  done  better;"  but  Colonel  Almy,  out  of 
regard  to  John's  feelings,  wholly  remitted  his  wife's  punishment.  John 
looked  very  serious,  and  made  no  reply  while  in  presence  of  the  court, 
but,  on  the  first  fit  opportunity,  remonstrated  very  severely  against 
his  judgment,  and  said  to  him,  "To  what  purpose  do  we  "preach  a 
religion  of  jiislice,  if  we  do  unrighteousness  in  judgment," 

Sam  Hide. — There  are  lew,  we  imagine,  who  "have  not  heard  of 
this  personage;  but,  notwithstanding  his  great  notoriety,  we  might  not 
be  thought  serious  in  the  rest  of  our  work,  were  we  to  enter  seriously 
into  his  biography;  for  the  reason,  that  from  his  day  to  this,  his  name 
has  been  a  by-word  in  all  New  England,  and  means  as  much  as  to  say 
the  greatest  of  liars.  It  is  on  account  of  the  Ibllowing  anecdote  that 
he  is  noticed: 

Sam  Hide  was  a  notorious  cider-drinker  as  well  as  liar,  and  used 
to  travel  the  country  to  and  fro,  begging  it  from  door  to  door.  At 
one  time  he  happened  in  a  region  of  country  where  cider  was  very 
hard  to  be  procured,  either  from  its  scarcity,  or  from  Sam's  frequent 
visits.  However,  cider  he  was  determined  to  have,  if  lying,  in  any 
shape  or  color,  would  gain  it.  Being  not  lar  from  the  house  of  an 
acquaintance,  who  he  knew  had  cider, — but  he  knew,  or  was  well 

satisiicd,  that,  in  the  ordinary  way  of  beg'  ing,  he  could  not  get  it, 

he  set  his  wits  to  work  to  lay  a  plan  to  insure  it.  This  did  not^ccupy 
him  long.  On  arriving  at  the  house  of  the  gentleman,  instead  of  asking 
for  cider,  he  inquired  lor  the  man  of  the  house,  whom,  on  appearing" 
Sam  requested  t(j  go  aside  with  him,  as  he  had  something  of  import- 
ance  to  communicate  to  him.  When  they  were  by  themselves,  Sam 
told  liim  he  had  that  morning  shot  a  line  "deer,  anil  that  if  he  would 
give  him  a  crown,  he  v/ould  tell  him  where  it  was.  The  gentleman 
did  not  incline  to  do  this,  but  oflered  half  a  crown.  Finally,  Sam 
said  as  he  had  walked  a  great  distane(;  that  morning,  and  was  very 
dry,  for  half  a  crown  and  a  mug  of  cider  he  would  "^tell  him.  This 
was  agreed  upon,  and  the  price  [)aid.  Now  Sam  was  required  to 
point  out  the  spot  where  the  deer  was  to  be  found,  which  he  did  in 
this  manner.  He  said  to  his  friend,  "You  know  of  such  a  meadow," 
describing  it,  "Yes,"  "You  know  a  big  ash  tree,  with  a  big  top, 
by  the  little  brook  ?"  "Yes,"  "  Well,  under  that  tree  lies  the  deer," 
This  was  satisfactory,  and  Sam  departed.  It  is  unnecessary  to  men- 
tion that  the  meadow  was  Ibund,  and  the  tree  by  the  brook,  but  no 
deer.  The  duped  man  coulil  hardly  contain  himself  on  considering 
what  he  had  been  doing.  To  look  atier  Sam  lor  satisfaction  would 
be  worse  than  looking  after  the  deer,  ■  ho  farmer  concluded  to  go 
home  contented.  Some  years  after  he  happened  to  fall  in  with  the 
Indian,  and  he  immedi,ately  began  to  rally  him  for  deceiving  him  so, 
and  demanded  back  his  money,  and  pay  ibr  his  cider  anif  trouble. 
"Why,"  said  Sam,  "would  you  find  fault  if  Indian  told  truth  half 
the  time?"  "No."  "Vvell,"  says  Sam,  "you  find  him  meadow]" 
"Yes."     "You  find  him  tree?"     "Yes."     "What  for  then  you  find 


INDIAN   ANECDOTES. 


499 

The 


Slate,  and  lisocl  I  i,n°"  fi , .    "',  '""'T'  "S'""'  °'  '""i  fi-om  *e 
were  setfleil.  T   "u2   o    II    e  21  T  'T  "■''°'°  "  "™'*'' "''  *"'"'<'=' 

Indians  Picvemed  il^^v  °t    p„  h  ''i.tm  "tT"  '"^J","""^"  "S"™' 
deolh  or  liis  oi.lv  el.iki    who.  !     ''""  ""''  ''"'"™  "  >•>« 

Shortly  alienvh  he  rent  t""""  <;  ,|''M'™I'''=  """^^  """  Wm. 
thctn,  .MVlKu  wl'to°m',^,hil,7    ?     ''"  ""'"'""'""'  M'l  said  to 

ofBrislol,  1!.  I.,  ..A  com,.  .  „„d  ,  ,w  ,      Ne,   ,  , ,  |.        "mI  "™""! 

Ihe  bkuKlci-  cl.,1  not  mst  here,  but  is  bund  in  ^'Thn  M^\t  a        •    * 
and  the  West  Indian  Gazetteer  "  &e      Thn    P.  r     ^^^'^  American 
have  had  the  mislJn.nne  ;    bei^.^t  i^ta/e^  o    A^  3T  w  "^  *° 
noags,  alias  Pon.etacom  ofPokandket  ^  '^  '''"  ^^""P*^- 

On^ftffl  o/-  meaning  of  the  name  Canada.— It  is  said  that  Pnn^^a 
was  d,«covera]  by  the  Spaniards,  bolbre  the  tin,e  of  cStIt  and  £ 

iifliiisll 

with  departed  Irom  the  countrv      The  lnfli-in«   l,:,, •  j    , 

^:antg:"  :r:*':^hay„"f  ,r:  ^s!s;'..i'  liTo,:;;  'r-t  "™i 

note  upon  it  also,  itt  his  vaU.able'acSr  ^ V^ylS'-d  dL'^S 


1,         ' 


'  T  ^  1  Wl  •jifi} 


500 


EVENTS    IN    INDIAN    HISTORY. 


IBfl 


in  the  North.  Ho  objects  to  the  aca  nnda  origin,  becausp,  in  Spanish, 
the  word  for  here  is  not  aca,  but  aqiii,  and  that  to  form  Canada  from 
Aquinada  would  be  forced  and  unnatural.  Yet  he  says,  "In  ancient 
maps  we  often  find  Ca:  da  Nada"  that  is,  Cape  Nothing.  "But 
from  a  Canadian  (Indian)  vocabulary,  annexed  to  the  original  edition 
of  the  second  voyage  of  Jaquos  Cartier,  Paris,  1545,  it  appears,  that 
nn  assemblage  of  houses,  or  habitations,  i.  e.  a  town,  was  by  the 
natives  called  Canada.  Cartier  says,  lis  appeUcnt  vnc  lullc — Ca- 
nada." Mr.  Heckewelder  is  of  much  the  same  opinion  as  Charlevoix 
and  Forstcr.  He  says,  that  in  a  prayer-book  in  the  Mohawk  lan- 
guage, he  read,  "  Nc  Kanada-gongh  Konwayatak  iVazare^A,"  which 
was  a  translation  of"  in  a  city  called  Nazareth." 

Origin  of  the  name  Yankee. — Aiii)ury,  an  author  who  did  not 
respect  the  Americans,  any  more  than  many  others  who  have  been 
led  captive  by  them,  has  the  following  paragrajih  upon  this  word: — 
"The  lower  class  of  these  yaukees — apropos,  it  may  not  be  amiss 
here  just  to  observe  to  you  the  etymology  of  this  term:  it  is  derived 
from  a  Cherokee  word,  eankke,  which  signifies  coward  and  slave. 
This  epithet  of  yankco  was  bestowed  upon  the  inhabitants  of  New 
England  by  the  Virginians,  for  not  assisting  them  in  a  war  with  the 
Cherokees,  and  they  have  always  been  held  in  derision  by  it.  But 
the  name  has  been  more  prevalent  since  (1775)  the  commencement 
of  hostilities;  the  soldiery  at  Boston  used  it  as  a  term  of  reproach; 
but  after  the  affair  at  Bunker's  Hill,  the  Americans  gloried  in  it. 
Yankee-doodle  is  now  their  prean,  a  favorite  of  favorites,  played  in 
their  army,  esteemed  as  warlike  as  the  grenadier's  march — it  is  th-^ 
lover's  spell,  the  nurse's  lullaby.  After  our  rapid  successes,  wo  held 
the  yankeos  in  great  contempt;  but  it  was  not  a  little  mortifying  to 
hear  them  play  this  tune,  when  their  army  marched  down  to  our 
surrender." 

But  Mr.  Heckewelder  thinlvs  that  the  Indians,  in  endeavoring  to 
pronounce  the  name  English,  could  get  that  sound  no  nearer  than 
these  letters  give  it, — yengees.  This  was  perhaps  the  true  origin  of 
yankee. 

A  singular  stratagem  to  escape  tortvrv. — "  Some  years  ago  the 
Shawano  Indians,  being  obliged  to  remove  from  their  habitations,  in 
their  way  took  a  Muskolige  warrior,  known  by  the  name  of  old 
Scrany,  prisoner;  they  bastinadoed  him  severely,  and  condemned  him 
to  the  fiery  torture.  He  underwent  a  great  deal  without  showing  any 
concern;  his  countenance  and  behaviour  were  as  if  he  sullerod  not  the 
least  pain.  He  told  his  persecutors  with  a  bold  voice,  that  he  was  a 
warrior ;  that  he  gained  most  of  his  martial  reputation  at  the  expensi; 
of  their  nation,  and  was  desirous  of  showing  them,  in  the  act  of  dying, 
that  he  was  still  as  much  their  superior,  as  when  he  headed  his  gallant 
countrymen;  that  although  he  had  fallen  into  their  hands,  and  for- 
feited the  protection  of  the  divine  power  by  some  impurity  or  other, 
when  carrying  the  holy  ark  of  war  against  his  devoted  enemies,  yet 
he  had  so  much  remaining  virtue  as  would  enable  him  to  punish 
himself  more  exquisitely  than  all  their  despicable,  ignorant  crowd 


INDIAN  ANECDOTES. 


fiOl 


An  unparalleled  case  of  suft'erintr uTUr.  «i  „  t    r 

turcd  a  Wcarrior  nC  (i.»  1  '    f  i/'^^".'?-— "  1  lie  Shawano  Indians  cap- 
acrorLrtn  ti       *Jie  Amntoocah  nation,  and  put  him  to  tho  stake 
sSb  eifuch  tr^-f,  ""'.      ",T^-'^'""i'i««--   hiving  unconcernedly' 

<ii  cZnZro    On  H       T"f  "'""'""S  h'^  Pl«  »'«l'°'"  the  Jeast 
ataMo  ,",fl  ,,  "  '""''  '■"""'"  ''■•"I""'  "P'  ""'I  »»"!.  'h^y  saw 

iiililSiili 

IfZr  .!.     ^  bravery,  even  m  one  who  was  marked  with  wir 

a  mother  and  that  Jier  oflspring  could  not  fail  of  being  cowards." 

nv4  t 'it?  tnT:n,''r"  '''■•.";-^^"^  ^^^^-^  -  •'-  ^''  P-- 
n  mW  of-  f'  f  ^"l'^.''^'  ^"^"^"«  ^"  '"«  company  killed  a 

unclean,  and  al  concerned  m  (he  murder  were  not  allowed  to  conk 
any  provisio.Ks,  either  Ibr  themselves  or  others.  They  we Thowever 
a  lowed  o  eat  of  others'  cooking,  but  not  vmtil  theria  Ipai^t    S 

s    te^'t™  ^^^^^  'f  ^^^^""  ^'-r  --  and'chln  a's  well 

as  a  greater  pai  t  of  heir  cheeks,  almost  to  their  ears.  Neither  would 
they  use  any  other  dish  or  pipe  than  their  own. 

of  thrp"'/n''''"''"'—^^'"'"  L^^^'«  ^"d  Clarke  were  on  the  shore 
a  vi^hfrV?,    Tn'  '"  ;«f'«"«of  their  men  went  one  evenin 'S 

Partv  fnd  on  t,  '''"''•''^  ^-'f'^''''  "'^"•^'  ^  ^"^^"  distance  from  hb 
Part^,  and  on  the  opposite  side  of  a  creek  from  that  of  the  encamp! 


X;f-'i'i' 


603 


EVENTS   IN    INDIAN   HISTORY. 


ment.  A  stranj^e  Indian  happened  to  he  there  also,  who  expressed 
great  respect  anfl  love  i(>r  the  white  nmn;  but  in  reality  he  meant  to 
murder  him  l()r  the  articles  he  had  about  him.  This  happened  to  come 
to  the  knowledge  of  a  Chinnoi  k  woman,  and  she  dctern\ined  at  once 
to  save  his  life ;  therefore,  when  the  white  man  was  about  to  return 
to  his  companions,  the  Indian  was  going  to  acfomi)any  him,  and  kill 
him  in  the  way.  As  they  were  about  to  set  out,  the  woman  caught 
the  white  man  by  the  clothes,  to  prevent  his  going  with  the  Indian. 
He,  not  understanding  her  intention,  pulled  away  from  her ;  but  as  a 
last  re>  ort,  she  ran  out  and  shrieked,  which  raised  the  men  in  every 
direction;  and  the  Indian  became  alarmed  lor  his  own  safety,  and 
made  his  .escape  before  the  white  man  knew  he  had  been  in  danger. 

Self-c.oihinand  in  time  of  danger. — There  was  in  Carolina  a 
noted  chief  of  the  Yamoisees,  who,  in  the  year  170:2,  with  about  six 
hundred  of  his  countrymen,  went  with  Col.  Daniel  and  Col.  Moore 
against  the  Spaniards  in  Florida.  His  name  was  Arratommakaw. 
When  the  English  were  obliired  to  abandon  their  undertaking,  and  as 
they  were  retreating  to  their  boats,  they  became  alarmed,  supposil'lg 
the  Spaniards  were  upon  them.  Arratommakaw,  having  arrived  at 
the  boats,  was  rei)osing  himscjlf  upon  his  ours,  and  was  fust  asleep. 
The  soldiers  rallied  him  for  being  so  slow  in  his  retreat,  and  ordered 
him  to  make  more  haste :  "  But  he  rei)li(!d,  '  iNo — though  your 
governor  leaves  you,  1  will  not  stir  till  1  have  seen  all  my  men  before 
me.' " 

Indifference. — Archihau  was  a  sachem  of  Maryland,  wliose  resi- 
dence was  upon  the  Potomiic,  when  that  country  was  settled  by  the 
English  in  16:3.'J-4.  The  place  ol"  his  residence  was  named,  like  the 
river,  Potomac.  As  usual  with  th''  Indians,  he  received  the  English 
under  Governor  Calvert  with  great  attention.  It  should  be  noted,  that 
Archihau  was  not  head  sachem  of  the  Potomacs,  but  governed  instead 
of  his  nephew,  who  was  a  child,  and  who,  like  the  head  men  ol' 
Virginia,  was  called  Werowance.  From  this  place  the  colonists  sailed 
20  leagues  further  up  the  river,  to  a  place  called  Piscataway.  Here 
a  werowance  went  on  board  the  governor's  ])innacc,  to  treat  with 
him.  On  being  asked  whether  he  was  willing  the  English  should 
settle  in  his  country,  in  case  they  found  a  place  convenient  for  them, 
he  made  answer,  "  I  will  not  bid  you  go,  neither  will  1  bid  you  stay, 
but  you  may  use  your  own  discretion." 

Their  notionn  of  the  learning  of  the  Whites.^h.t  the  Congress 
at  Lancast(>r,  in  1744,  between  the  f*t)vernment  of  Virginia  and  the 
Five  Nations,  the  Indians  were  told  that,  if  they  would  send  some  of 
their  young  men  to  Virginia,  the  English  would  give  them  an  education 
at  their  college.  An  orator  replied  to  this  oiler  as  follows: — "We 
know  that  you  highly  esteem  the  kind  of  learning  taught  in  those 
colleges,  and  that  the  maintenance  of  our  young  men,  while  with  you, 
would  be  very  expensive  to  you.  We  are  convinced,  therefore,  that 
you  mean  to  do  us  good  by  your  proposal,  and  we  thank  you  heartily. 
But  you  who  are  wise  must  know,  that  difTerent  nations  have  difTerent 
conceptions  of  things ;  and  you  will  therefore  not  take  it  amiss,  if  our 


lii'ii 


INDIAN   ANKCD0TE9, 


A08 


formerly  brougi.  upaf  he  colt;  77  "'  T  ^'""^  ^^^^^^'^  ^'^^^ 
were  instructed  in  allyc^^^.t.^J^T'''  ^'''"ri''  ^''^•>' 
they  were  bad  runners  •  i'nn  "  n? '  '  ^""^  ''''"'''  ''"^'^  '<^  "«' 

woods;  unable  to  S  l^i^^o id  '  ZL'"*?'  "'  ^'T^  '"  '^'^ 
build  a  cabin,  take  a  deer  ru.r  ki  Z  ^  '  """T  "'"^'''•'  ^«^  '« 
imperlectly;;eretherSSho    1     •  T'"/'  '''"''"  «"''  '«"="^»go 

the  less  obliged  by  your  kin,  ,  I!  r  Thllf  ^  r'""^'  *'°^'^^^'"'  "«* 
and  to  show  our  "rmeR  1  4  '  o  •  >'  :^,T"  ''i  '^''''"'  "'"^'P*'"?  '' ' 
send  us  a  dozen  oP.l  el     ons  weti  \  |-    '  ^•'•^;"''^  ^"^ 

in.^ct  the.  in  aH.we  knoC^n,:^;^r  rX^"^'^'^ ^^"^"^^"' 

EHoUfof r^"^-  r'"""^  ^"'^  -hirtit"L:et '  on  te ;" 

niro  ,J^r,r     ,      '""P"^''y  "I'»n   "matters  of  rouversat.on   arc   so 
nice,  that  hey  deem  it  improper,  in  the  hi-hest  de-^reo  ^  Z  i.A 
or  contradict  any  thing  th  U  is  said  at  tKnfJ.  ^^  v!  ,°  '^'"^ 

seldom  answer  a  mailer  of  importance  Z  "ame ,  „v  T1  ^      "!'"" 
•hey  should  be  Ihoagh,  to  l,ale  trea.cd  i.  aTtLt^i '    'C/^/Zll 

"A  Swedish  minister,  havino-  as.seml)lpfl  tho  r,u:,.r     c  .i     c. 
hanna  Indians,  made  a'sermon  ^S  1^^^^  ^  ?L^^-^- 
pnncipal  historical  facts  on  which  our  rHioion  is  LnZZ       \ 
the  ihll  of  our  first  parents  by  eatin,  an  a  pie      he  romint'nr  Ph  '! 
to  repair  the  mischief;  his  miracles  and  'sut'c'rin 's  T-^  Wh.T 

a     finished,  an  Indian  orator  stood  up  to^liSnk  tim^".  Whafyo: 
have  told  us,'  said  he,  '  is  all  very  good.     It  is  indeed  bad  to  en 
npples      It  is  better  to  make  them  "all  into  cider      We  are  much 
obliged  by  your  kindness  in  comiiur  so  far  to  tell  u.  .L     \u 
Hhich  you  have  heard  from  your  mouthers  '  ^''^  '^'"^'^ 

"  When  the  Indian  had  lold  the  missionary  one  of  the  legends  of 

s  nation  how  they  had  been  supplied  with  maize  or  corn,  beans  and 
tobacco,*  he  treated  it  with  contempt,  and  said, '  What  I  lelivered"o 
-n  were  sacred  truths;  but  what  you  tell  me'is  mere  fabCSi! 


; } 


i-;1'f 


I 


^1  H 


in 


604 


EVENTS   IN   INDIAN   III8TOUV. 


and  falsehorx].'  'I'ho  Inclian  IMt  iiidignuut,  and  replied,  'My  brother, 
it  seems  your  fricncLs  have  not  tlone  you  juritico  in  your  education ; 
they  have  not  well  instructed  you  in  the  rules  of  conmion  civihty. 
You  see  that  we,  wiio  understand  luid  |iructi.s(>  those  rules,  bclievo  all 
your  stories;  why  do  you  refuse  to  Uilieve  ours  !'" 

Curioaity. — "  When  any  of  the  Indians  como  into  our  towns,  our 
people  are  apt  to  crowd  round  thcni,  ^mze  upon  tlu^m,  and  incounnodo 
them  wiiero  tlu^y  d(;sire  to  lje  private;  this  they  estiiem  grtiat  rudeness, 
and  the  ellect  of  the  want  of  instruction  in  the  rules  of  civility  and 
good  manners.  '  VVe  Irive,'  say  they,  '  as  much  curiosity  us  you, 
and  when  you  come  into  our  towns,  w(!  wish  for  o[)portunities  of 
looking  at  you ;  hut  for  this  purpose  we  hide  ourselves  behind  bushes 
where  you  are  to  pass,  and  never  intrude  ourselves  into  your  com- 
pany.' " 

Rules  of  conoersatioH. — "The  business  of  the  women  ia  to  take 
exact  notice  of  what  passes,  imprint  it  in  their  UKimories,  (for  they 
have  no  writing,)  and  connnuniciite  it  to  their  childr(!n.  '1  hey  are 
the  records  of  the  council,  and  tli(;y  preserve  tradition  of  the  stipula- 
tions in  treaties  a  hundred  years  back,  wliicii,  when  we  compare  with 
our  writings,  we  always  find  exact.  lie  that  would  sj)eak  rises.  The 
rest  observe  a  profound  silence.  W'hen  1»;  has  finisluul  and  sits  down, 
they  leave  him  five  or  six  minutes  to  recollect,  so  that  if  he  has  omitted 
any  thing  he  intended  to  say,  or  has  any  thing  to  add,  he  may  rise 
aoain  and  delivtir  it.  To  interrupt  another,  even  in  connnon  conver- 
sation, is  reckoned  highly  indecejit.  Mow  different  this  is  from  the 
conduct  of  a  polite  British  Imuiie  of  connnons,  where  scarce  a  day 
passes  without  some  confusion,  that  makes  the  speaker  hoarse  in 
calling  to  order;  and  how  dilliirent  from  the  mode  of  conversation  in 
many  polite  companies  of  Euro|)e,  where,  if  you  do  not  deliver  yciir 
sentence  with  great  rapidity,  you  are  cut  off  in  the  middle  of  it  by 
the  impatient  lofjuacity  of  those  you  converse  with,  and  never  suffered 
to  finish  it."  Instead  of  being  betttn-  since  the  days  of  Franklin,  we 
apprehend  it  has  grown  worse.  The  modest  and  unassuming  often 
find  it  exceeding  difficult  to  gain  a  hearing  at  all.  Ladies,  and  many 
who  consider  themselves  (;xamples  of  good  manners,  transgress  to  an 
insufferable  degree,  in  breaking  in  upon  the  conversations  of  others. 
Some  of  these,  like  a  ship  driven  by  a  northwester,  bearing  down  the 
small  craft  in  her  course,  come  upon  us  by  surprise,  and  if  we  attempt 
to  proceed  by  raising  our  voiceii  -,  little,  we  are  stu'c  to  he  drowned 
by  a  much  greater  ehivation  on  tiieir  part.  It  is  a  want  of  good 
breeding  which,  it  is  hoped,  every  young  person  whoso  eye  this  n)ay 
meet  will  not  be  guilty  of  through  life.  There  is  great  opportunity 
for  many  of  mature  years  to  profit  by  it. 

Lost  confidence. — An  Indian  runner,  arriving  in  a  village  of  his 
countrymen,  recjucsted  the  imnu^diate  attendance  of  its  inhabitants  in 
council,  as  he  wanted  tbc^ir  answer  to  important  intljrmation.  The 
people  accordingly  assembled,  but  when  the  messenger  had  with  great 
anxiety  delivered  his  message,  and  waited  for  an  answer,  none  was 
given,  and  he  soon  observed  that  he  was  likely  to  be  left  alone  in  his 


tNDlAlf   ANKCDOTEC.  |g^ 

came  to  su.^h  a  ck-uth    Vlu  r  1     V      '^''^^''"'""^  by  M'hat  means  ho 

lie  lutl  druiS  Jrrum  "       '"^^  "'  '""''  ^'"^''  '^'^y  ^^«re  of  op.„ioxl 

^  serious  question. — About  17«>J    n..     n- 
ckicfwitl,  a  .ncdul.  .m  oi^e  sidl  L' th      ^^"'^^'^■-  P''^'«^"»^d  «  western 
represented  as  arncd     Uh  ato  d    and       T'^^'l  VVashin^on  waa 
«een  in  the  act  of  bury  n^  tlKhafc-he       Th,   l '1 "''  ""  '"'^'""  ^^«« 
wron<r  done  liis  caimtrVn.r         ",'"^"'^f-     -iho  chie<  at  once  saw  the 

U.0  pLident'^^ThllrS  ttS'' "^  ""'^  '"'^'^  "  ^"y  ^-  n^ 

br*ht''m7od  m^^'  wUh'a""'"^""  ^"'^'""'  '^--'^^  h,m  aa 
countenance,  inqui.-  d  I,;/  tv/f'"\ '??"""  '^^  '"««"'"§  «"  ^^ 
replied,  ^V  by  way  of'Tr^^r  '^^  ^^'■"'''"'"«'  ^^^  '^hffe  man 

^^-^^n7fZ:''''ZyZZ'^^^^  ^-d  for  his 

hap|X3ned  to  S  present  vvln^7  '^"^  ^^'''^  thy  yows."  An  Indian 
hadVmished.  andS  to  ^m  -X  "^  '"  '^^  P"*^^*  ''^  -°"  ^  ^^ 
Mr.  Minister  "     The  nr  es     Lv^  ?  '"''  ""^  8°  ^^'"^  ^•^''-  X""' 

mand,  said,  "You  muK  'then  '""w?  TT^'^  "^  "^^^'^^  «*  «'"»■ 
Of  the  mmLter,  th^indi^an'  'o^^d  a^a  ^'-y  n«  '"Not ''  ''^  '"""^ 
liavo  sunpor."    When  ilii«  iv»<,  k„-  i   j    l  ^    .*^'    ^"^  "">  ™*  me 

t«xed,  replied,  "1,  ™v  L^^  I  '  """''l:"«,  '''"'«'"'  ""B'-iently 
The  Indian,  judginSm  Ihc  tol  .77^ "'"',"  '° '"  ""^ ■"''™°g-" 

^  .*.,  Ar-ed^^r  *:,s^irr:t -"'^ '°-  -"" 

to  return  (ho  next  mornin..  l,v  i^,         u        '"  f°'  "''''"•  P^mising 

".arched  out  "nl'ot  lin  dw"  Tnt""'^'  """  '?"=<""'^''^ 
"teliberate  murder,  on  the T^r??,f  ?L    ''""'"f «  "<"  cold-blooded, 

-0.  e.^%"xr;  r^sr;'i:K'hra^;-- 


iil!ill 


■  'I 


V>1 


M6 


BVENXS   Ilf   INDIAN   HISTC'RY. 


be  understood  to  advocate  the  cause  of  a  murdcier;  but  I  will  ask, 
whether  crime  is  to  be  prevented  by  crime:  murder  for  murder  is 
only  a  brutal  retaliation,  except  where  the  safety  of  a  community 
i-equires  the  sacrifice. 

Mourning  much  in  a  short  time. — A  young  widow,  whose  liusband 
liad  been  dead  about  eight  days,  was  hastening  to  finish  her  grief,  in 
order  that  she  might  be  married  to  a  young  wari'ior;  she  was  deter- 
mined, therelbre,  to  grieve  much  in  a  short  time;  to  this  end  she  tore 
her  hair,  drank  spirits,  and  beat  her  breast,  .to  make  the  tears  flow 
abundantly;  by  which  means,  on  the  evening  of  the  eighth  day,  sh« 
was  ready  again  to  marry,  having  grieved  suihciently. 

Horo  to  evade  a  hard  question. — When  Mr.  Gist  went  over  the 
AUeghanies,  in  February,  1751,  on  a  tour  of  discovery  for  the  Ohio 
Company,  "an  Indian,  who  spoke  good  English,  came  to  him,  anu 
said  that  their  great  man,  the  Beaver,  and  Captain  Oppamyluah,  (two 
chiefs  of  the  Delawares,)  desired  to  know  where  the  Indians'  land 
lay,  for  the  French  claimed  all  the  land  on  one  side  of  the  Ohio  river, 
and  the  English  on  the  other."  This  questicm  Mr.  Gist  found  it  hard 
to  answer,  and  he  evaded  it  by  saying,  that  the  Indians  and  white 
men  were  ail  subjects  to  the  same  king,  and  all  had  an  equal  privilege 
of  taking  up  and  possessing  the  land  in  conibrmily  with  the  conditions 
prescribed  by  the  king. 

Credulity  its  men  punishment. — The  traveller  Wansey,  according 
to  his  own  account,  would  not  enter  into  conversation  with  an  eminent 
chief,  because  he  had  heard  that  it  had  been  said  of  him  that  he  had 
in  his  lime  "shed  blood  enough  t  swim  in."  He  had  a  great  desire 
to  become  acquainted  with  the  Indian  character,  but  his  credulity 
debarred  him  effectually  from  the  gratification.  The  chief  was  a 
Greek,  named  Flamingo,  who,  in  company  with  another  called  Double- 
Head,  visited  Philadelphia  as  ambassadors,  in  the  summer  of  1794. 
Few  travellers  discover  such  scrupulousness,  especially  those  who 
come  to  America.  That  Flamingo  was  more  bloody  than  other  Indian 
warriors  is  by  no  means  probable,  but  a  mere  report  of  his  being  a 
great  shedder  of  blood  kept  Mr.  Wansey  from  saying  any  more  about 
him. 

Just  indignation. — Hatuay,  a  powerful  chief  of  Hispaniola,  having 
fled  from  thence  to  avoid  slaveiy  or  death  when  that  island  was 
ravaged  by  the  Spaniards,  was  taken  in  1511, .when  they  conquered 
Cuba,  and  burnt  at  the  stake.  After  being*  bound  to  the  stake,  a 
Franciscan  friar  labored  to  convert  him  to  the  Catholic  faith,  by 
promises  of  immediate  and  eternal  bliss  in  the  world  to  come  if  ha 
would  believe ;  and  that,  if  he  would  not,  eternal  torments  were  hi« 
only  portion.  The  cazique,  with  seeming  composure,  asked  if  thera 
were  any  Spaniards  in  those  regions  of  bliss.  On  being  answered 
that  there  were,  he  replied,  "Then  I  will  not  go  to  a  place  where  I 
may  meet  with  one  of  that  accursed  race." 

Harmless  deception. — In  a  time  of  Indian  (roubles,  an  Indian 
Tisited  the  house  of  Governor  Jenksi,  of  Rhode  Island,  when  th«* 
^twaot  took  occasion  to  request  hina  that,  if  any  strauge  li«liftft 


llfWAir   ANECDOTES. 


sm 


when  he  should  gi vc  him  su  h  In'f        r^"'  ^^'  governor  told  him  that 
of  flip.    Some  tiraVe^ho  IndhnT       "'  ^"  ^^i^  ^ive  him  a  mug 
.^trango  Indian  comf  Ij'r^t^t  rTa:rSV''''^:'Ah^^ 
i^overnor,  "and  what  did   he  snv?"      ^n"  ,  »'     ^"^^  ^^^ 

Indian.  MVhat!  not  .sneak  at  al?''  nrl  ..""  '^'^'''  "^''"'^^  ^^^^ 
no  speak  at  nil."  ^<ThTr^rff'  ,  ?'''  ^^^  governor.  "No,  he 
cclleicy,  and  innnired  if  he  w  ^  ^r  ?'^  ^"•^Pi^'io"^."  said  his  ex- 
was,  o4red  the';;  'i,  ,'^  ^^Vl  ^'^l  ^-^"f,  •''^'"^  ^?'d  that  he 
and  the  Indian  was  ahont  fTf      /  r^™  ^'^'^  '^^''^  disposed  of, 

n^y  squaw  have  ch  ,d  "  ^.':^'^  t  "^''^  ^''^'^'  "^••-  ^^"'^"^^ 
suddenly  chanocd  Id  s  "n»ointr.nn?  '1  ^'f  -'''''''^'''  ^'^^m  was 
new-born  papoose  ^''''PP"'"f"^^"n  and  the  strange  Indian  into  a 

entire  skeleton  found    althn.Kvi      '  tV  ,  ?  '^^'^  "^^'^^'  ^^^^  an 

delphin,  was  so  neL r' pe ^"c  '^  V  ^  T.".  l''^'^  ""^"'"'  '"  P'^''^ 
i^s  delects  with  wood-Lrk^t  ^es  W^'^/l^^^^^l^^^^'^'"^ 

America.     Co  D  ll";,is  tZ      '''  ',"  i'"'  "'^^''^^'•"  P^'''^  «^ 
visited  the  Governor  of  Vit,  T  ■''^  ^'^^  revolutionary  war, 

finished,  some  questions  we    '■  It  tn"tl    """'^"''  "'^"'^   ^'-^^'"^  been 

came  to  the  Bi'"bo  ^Lc  '    n  id    1'''^  "^  these  tremendous  aiimals 
the  bear,  deer  ^1:  's    bnfP  n'  'T  ""''  '^.""^''''^'^'  destruction  of 

created  for  tKM,se  of  th    I  r^  ""^'''  ""'"^•'^'■S  which  had  been 

and  seoia.  tl    '  was   o  enrn^oH    .    ^^  "''"''  ',"^'"  ^^'"^^'^'  '"^'^'"S  down 
to  thecMt^h  STc^te/  ;^^^  '^^^^;^'  '^'^  lightning,  de/cended 

of  which  his  sea    ,'     ho         T  r  r.^'3?'«'''""S'  '^^"""tnin,  on  a  rock 
hurled  his  W  r  .;  t^     e^^^^^^^^^^^^  "'"  •^^"  ^"  be  seen,  and 

s^t;:^'.:[;-^';r-''^^^^"  '^-^  t:^:a:^r= 


\n  "y  ^1 


ms 


BVETtTS   IN   INDIAN   HISTORY. 


I 

I  ; 


Wabash,  the  Illinois,  and  finally  over  the  great  lakes,  where  he  is 
living  at  this  day." 

Such,  say  the  Indians,  is  the  account  handed  down  to  them  from 
their  ancestors,  and  they  could  furnish  no  other  information. 

Narrative  of  the  captimty  and  bold  exploit  of  Hannah  Duston. — 
The  relation  of  this  affair  forms  the  XXV.  article  in  the  Dccennium 
Luctuosum  of  the  Magnalia  Christi  Americana,  by  Dr.  Cotton  Mather, 
and  is  one  of  the  best  written  articles  of  all  we  have  read  from  his 
pen.     At  its  head  is  this  significant  sentence — Dux  Fremina  Facti. 

On  the  15th  of  March,  1697,  a  band  of  about  twenty  Indians  came 
unexpectedly  upon  Havei-hill,  in  Massachusetts;  and,  as  their  numbers 
were  small,  they  made  their  attack  Avith  the  swiftness  of  the  whirlwind, 
and  as  suddenly  disappeared.  The  war,  of  which  this  eruption  was 
a  part,  had  continued  nearly  ten  years,  and  soon  afterwards  it  came 
to  a  close.  The  house  which  this  party  of  Indians  had  singled  out 
as  their  object  of  attack,  belonged  to  one  Mr.  Thomas  Duston  or 
Dunstan,  in  the  outskirts  of  the  town.  Mr.  Duston  was  at  work,  at 
80me  distance  from  his  house,  at  the  lime,  and  whether  he  was  alarmed 
for  the  safety  of  his  family  by  the  shouts  of  the  Indians,  or  other 
cause,  we  are  not  informed ;  but  he  seems  to  havg  arrived  there  time 
enough  before  the  arrival  of  the  Indians,  to  make  some  arrangements 
for  the  preservation  of  his  children;  but  his  wife,  who,  but  about  a 
week  before,  had  been  confined  by  a  child,  was  unable  to  rise  from 
ber  bed,  to  the  distraction  of  her  agonised  husband.  No  time  was  to 
be  lost;  Mr.  Duston  had  only  time  to  direct  his  children's  flight,  (seven 
in  number,)  the  extremes  of  whose  ages  were  two  and  seventeen,  before 
the  Indians  were  upon  them.  With  his  gun,  the  distressed  father 
mounted  his  horse,  and  rode  away  in  the  direction  of  the  children, 
whom  he  overtook  but  about  forty  rods  from  the  house.  His  first 
intention  was  to  take  up  one,  if  possible,  and  escape  with  it.  Ho  had 
no  sooner  overtaken  them,  than  this  resolution  was  destroyed  ;  for  to 
rescue  either  to  the  exclusion  of  the  rest,  was  worse  than  death  itself 
to  him.  He  therefore  faced  about  and  mot  the  enemy,  who  had 
closely  pursued  him ;  each  fired  upon  the  other,  and  it  is  almost  a 
miracle  that  none  of  the  little  retreating  party  were  hurt.  The  Indians 
did  not  pursue  long,  from  fear  of  raising  the  neighboring  English 
before  they  could  complete  their  object,  and  hence  this  part  of  the 
family  escaped  to  a  place  of  safety. 

We  arc  now  to  enter  fully  into  the  relation  of  this  very  tragedy. 
There  was  living  in  the  house  of  Mr.  Duston,  as  nurse,  Airs.  Mary 
Neff,  a  widow,  whose  heroic  conduct  in  sharing  the  fate  of  her 
mistress,  when  escape  was  in  her  power,  will  always  be  viewed  with 
admiration.  The  Indians  were  now  in  the  undisturbed  possession  of 
the  house,  and  having  driven  the  sick  woman  from  her  bed,  compelled 
her  to  sit  quietly  in  the  corner  of  a  fire-place,  while  they  completed  the 
pillage  of  the  house.  This  business  being  finished,  it  was  set  on  fire, 
and  Mrs.  Duston,  who  before  considered  herself  unable  to  walk,  was, 
at  the  approach  of  night,  obliged  to  march  into  the  wilderness,  and 


ii 


■mt, 


NA»;iATIVE   OP   HANNAH   DU8T0N.  ^ff^ 

her/and  its  bmiiXt  t  k'l7a  nSS^'' ^'^  ^^^^'  ^-- 

nurse  was  compelled  to  accomTr.^  T^         ""  T^""'^"^^^  "^^'^^  ^^ 

they  became  uUble  to  tra^vSe  1  1.^;'''"',  f  ^'  "^^  ^'^°'"'  «» 
the  way.  Although  it  was  near  niTh  T'^'^  ^^^  ^"'I^^^^^'  "PO" 
they  travelled,  as  ?hey  jXd  L?  "  •  '?  '^^  '^"'""^  Haverhill, 
then,"  says  Dr.  mS  S/^f,."'  f ,>^'-«  encamping;  .and 
travel  of  an  hundred  an  I  i\l)    \    f  ''*"''  ''"^  "'^''^^'^'•«  '»  «  lon'^ 

ensning."  "''  ^'"^  ^"''^«'  '""''e  or  less,  within  a  i^e^v  days 

di>^;^f  tE7Ser'^^n:^r=  ^^^tr^-'  ^^«  ^"^-» 

Samuel  Leon^rdson   who  h^d  t     "'  ^^''-  ^'^'  ""^  '^^  ^^y  "«'^ed 
eighteen  .w.nths    eL^  '•  |^;^ LT^^^^^  ,^V°^--«'«r,  about 

of  twelve  persons,--t;o  men     h  ee  I'"  ^"^''^»^«"^i'y.  consisting 

These  so  fir  as  our  accot^ ^.       L  ^ki^  o'^       ''"'^"" 

but  told  them  there  was  nnn  .-n^J.  ,  ^     ^  ^"  ''^^""  prisoners, 

and  to  which  the    Ho^fld  hn     T  T^.  '''"'■^'  ^^^^^  ^«"ld  not  avoid 

their  place  of  de^^Laic^whicr^rf  "^'^  'hey  should  arrive  a 

where^  this  was  to     ^  •  .^  ^^^^  l^^  ^--^'et.     The  place 

and  fifty  miles  from  VvS,  a  coX^^^^^t 

Indians.     In  their  meanderino-  coiZ    h!      .  ,      T'"'"'"°  °*   '^e 

i^'^iand  in  the  mouth  of  Contool  '  J  "^"'''^^^  ^^  an 

Concord,  in  New  Hamnshhe      hT  r'   u^°'''  ^''^  '^"^^^^  «bove 

it  had  been  determhfed  by  tl ,;  eamiw.;'  Vr    '""l  '"^""  "^"  '''^^-'' 

an  effort  should   be  mal    o  free   S       T'^  '^r''  ''''^'^'  ^^'''  'hat 

captivity;  and  not  onl "tot i^hd'l^i^:r'bn;  '""  ^1'",^  "''^^'^^^0.1 
see,  somcthino-  bv  wa;  offem,  np  n  r^'  '"*'  '"''  'hall  presently 
')ondage.  The  hemfe  huZn^T'  7^  '^'"''  '''^'  ^'^'^  "^^"^  '" 
fy  timt  onered  an;  cl^a  W  L  ^^  ^  ^''!  ''''  T^^^^ 

them,  and  (o  return  home  with  <=nnh  *     'i  ^''■'  ^'''P^'"'^  ^^"^  scalp 

her  reputation  for  1  rTs^  a  \vd  \^^^^^^^^  «^^vouki  clearly  establish^ 
public:  ShetherelbreTmmnriH,  '"r-^"'  \ho"nty  from  the 
English  boy,  who  it  wouldl  ]','  '''"S'^  *"  Mrs.Noffatid  the 

'ho^.rt  of  ki  li  ran  ,^"'    i„r":';^"^''y  ^"«"S'^  agreed  to  it.     To 

should  be  no  ihiL^  n^'bu§,£  u'  V';""""'  ^"''  '''''  '^'^ 
who,  irom  his  lono-  re  idence  wt  h'  li  '^  ?u  '"'''""^'^d  the  bov, 
Indians,  to  inquire  of  one  of  tbr  1  .  '  '"''  ^"'^"^^  ^'^  ""«  ^^<'  'he 
=.nd  the'  Indian  ThowedllwithZ  T  '^  "''^'^  ^^"""  ^'  ^''^  «"' 
in^inirv.     It  was  nolkrc  I^^sT     '™f 'I'-'^^'^o'  'he  origin  of  tho 

i'>llnwing,  this  bloody  tr  rely  !^s'','dvv;  '^""/'f:^^  ^''^^  "'"ght 
'lio  most  sound  sleeo  tW  tl  -ro  n  r'  ^""  *''^  ^^'^''^"^  ^^'^''^ '" 
themselves  with  the  torn-  h.whs  of  t,^  '''  "'"'"'  ''"^'  '"^^'>^  '■^™'"ff 
each  should  kill;  am  tndv;Ud.," '"'''?''''  ""-^^'^^  'he  numbe? 
escaped  .hat  (he;Xl-^  e  I  ^  i  V  'ki''''"'  '^""'  '^'"^^''''  "'^'  b^''""« 
hadly  wounded,  and  one  lov   Tn  •  '  ''^''  ^  ''"'^""'  ^^hotn  they 

hnrm,and  ac  o  dinglX  wJs  IZV'""''''  ''7  ''■^'  '"^  ^^'^^  to 
kilUj  V-  m-f-  I  "  allowed  to  escape  unhurt.    Mrs.  Dn.f^» 

''^'  ^"='^"  "^^^  ^^eonardson  kdled  the  man  who  had  "so  fVeel'; 


610 


Bvsirra  in  indiaw  history. 


told  him,  but  one  day  before,  where  to  deal  a  deadly  blow,  and  how 
to  take  off  a  scalp. 

All  was  over  before  the  dawn  of  day,  and  all  things  were  got  ready 
for  leaving  this  place  of  blood.  All  the  boats  but  one  were  scuttled, 
to  prevent  being  pursued,  and,  with  what  provisions  and  arms  the 
Indian  camp  afforded,  they  embarked  on  board  the  other,  and  slowly 
and  silently  took  the  coin-se  of  the  Merrimack  river  for  their  homes, 
where  they  all  soon  after  arrived  without  accident. 

The  whole  country  was  astonished  at  the  relation  of  the  affair,  the 
truth  of  which  was  never  for  a  moment  doubted.  The  ten  scalps, 
and  the  arms  of  the  Indians,  v/ere  evidences  not  to  be  questioned;  and 
the  general  court  gave  them  fifty  pounds  as  a  reward,  and  numerous 
other  gratuities  were  showered  upon  them.  Col.  Nicholson,  Governor 
of  Maryland,  hearing  of  the  transaction,  sent  them  a  generous  present 

also. 

Eight  other  houses  were  attacked  besides  Duston's,  the  owners  of 
which,  says  the  historian  of  that  town,  Mr.  Myrick,  in  every  case, 
were  slain  whi'e  defending  them,  and  the  blood  of  each  stained  his 
own  door-sill. 


INTERESTING    FRAGMENTS. 


The  Western  Mothers. — The  following  is  a  thrilling  story  from 
M'Clung's  book  :— On  the  night  of  the  11th  of  April,  1787,  thehoust' 
of  a  widow,  in  Bourbon  county,  became  the  scene  of  an  adventure, 
which  we  think  deserves  to  be  related.     She  occupied  what  is  gene- 
rally called  a  double  cabin,  in  a  lonely  part  of  the  country,  one  room 
of  which  was  tenanted  by  the  old  lady  herself,  together  with  two  grown 
sons,  and  a  widowed  daughter,  at  that  time  suckling  an  infant,  whik; 
the  other  was  occupied  by  two  unmarried  daughters  iVom  sixteen  to 
twenty  years  of  age,  together  with  a  little  girl  not  more  than  hall' 
grown.   The  hour  was  eleven  o'clock  at  night.   One  of  the  unmarried 
dauo-hters  was  still  busily  engaged  at  the  loom,  but  the  other  members 
of  the  family,  with  the  exception  of  one  of  the  sons,  had  retired  to 
rest.     Symptoms  of  an  alarming  nature  had  engaged  the  attention  of 
the  young  man  for  an  hour  before  any  thing  of  a  decided  character 
took  place.     The  cry  of  owls  was   heard   in  the  adjoining  wood. 
answering  each  other  in  rather  an  unusual  manner.     The  horses. 
whidi  were  inclosed  as  usual  in  a  pond  near  the  house,  were  more  than 
eommonly  excited,  and  by  repeated  snorting  and  galloping,  nnnouncintr 


J  THE   WESTBHN   MOTHKBS. 


011 


the  presence  of  some  object  of  terror.     The  youna  man  was  often 
restrained   by  the  fear  of  incurring  ridicule  and  IhrLT^ach  of 

At  length,  hasty  steps  were  heard  in  the  yard,  and  quickly  after 
ward,  several  loud  knocks  at  the  door,  accompanied  W  the  usull 
exclamation,  "who  keeps  house?"  in  very  "ood  EnpJi.h  TlVo-^ 
man  supposing  from  th'e  language  that  s^mTtenil  i:  '  seSsCerf 
at  the  door,  hastily  arose,  and  was  advancing  to  withdraw  the  Sr 
which  secured  It  when  his  mother,  who  had  long  lived  upon  tl 
frontiers,  and  had  pmbably  detected  the  Indian  tone  in  the  demand 
for  admissioiH  instantly  sprung  outof  bcd,and  ordered  he    s^n  noUo 

he'otherTon  :^d  S  t '^'^  ""'  ^"^""^-  ^^'  '"^^-'''-^  awakened 
lier  other  son,  and  the  two  young  men  seizing  their  guns,  which  were 
always  charged,  prepared  to  repel  the  enemy!  ^ 

oho  ,  r'  ^'""^'"^  '^  impossible  to  enter  under  their  assumed 
characters,  began  to  thunder  at  the  door  with  great  violence  buTa 
^ngle  shot  from  a  loophole  compelled  them  to  shift  the  aSt'o  sonie 

nZrTv  T  '  ""^'  ""^?r^""-tely,  they  discovered  the  door  of  the 
other  cabin,  which  contamed  the  three  daughters.  The  rifles  of  h^ 
brothers  could  not  be  brought  to  bear  uponlhis  point,  and  by  inea^ 
of  several  rails  taken  from  the  yard  fence,  the  door  was  forced  f'ror^ 
Its  hmges  and  the  three  girls  were  at  the  mercy  of  the  savages  oZ 
was  instantly  secured  but  the  eldest  defended  herself  desperaSy  w"h 
a  kmfe  which  she  had  been  using  at  the  loom,  and  stabbed  one  of  tie 
Indians  to  the  lieart,  before  she  was  tomahawked.  In  the  mean  im^ 
*e  little  giri  who  had  been  overlooked  by  the  enemy  in  theh  eac^S! 
ness  to  secure  the  others,  ran  out  in  the  yard,  and  might  have  effected 

"teTi^'ttt  t  f  "r  f7T^  "^  ^^^^  ^^^•^^--  and  fled  tu 
instead  o     that  the  terrified  little  creature  ran  around   the  house 

wnnpng  her  hands  and  crying  out  that  her  sisters  were  killed 

1  he  brothers,  unable  to  hear  her  cries  without  risking  eveiT  thin- 

for  her  rescue,  rushed  to  the  door  and  were  preparing  to%ally^out  to 

her  assistance   when  their  motlier  threw  herself  before  th^em  and 

calmly  declared  that  the  child  must  be  abandoned  to  its  fate-tlmt 

he  sally  would  sacrifice  the  lives  of  all  the  rest  without  the  slialiH 
benefit  to  the  httle  gut     Just  then  the  child  uttered  a  loud  scream 

ollowed  by  a  fesv  faint  moans,  and  all  was  again  silent.     Pi™v 
the  crackling  of  flames  was  heard,  accompmiied  by  a  triumphant 
ye     from  the  Ind.ans    announcing  that  they  had  set  fire  to  t ha 
.iivision  of  the  house  which  had  been  occupied  by  the  dau-^hters  and 
of  winch  t hoy  held  undisputed  possession.     The  fire  w^    cuicS 

■ibandon  it  or  perish  in  the  flames.  In  the  one  case  there  was  a 
possibility  that  some  might  escape;  in  the  other  their  fiite  M^onld  be 
equally  certain  and  terrible.  The  approach  of  the  flames  cut  shoV^ 
heir  momentary  suspense  The  door  was  thrown  open,  and  the  old 
iacly,  supported  by  her  eldest  son,  attempted  to  cross  the  fence  at  one 


f '  H 


.1  I 


•  d-yi 


•♦ 


5id 


EVENTS   IN   INDIAN   HISTORY. 


point,  while  her  daughter,  carrying  her  child  in  her  arms,  and  attended 
by  the  younger  of  the  brothers,  ran  in  a  different  direction. 

The  blazing  roof  shed  a  light  over  the  yard  but  little  inferior  to 
that  of  day,  and  the  savages  were  distinctly  seen  awaiting  the  ap- 
proach of  their  victims.  The  old  lady  was  permitted  to  reach  the 
8tile  unmolested,  but  in  the  act  of  crossing,  received  several  balls  in 
her  breast  and  fell  dead.  Her  son,  providentially,  remained  unhurt, 
and  by  extraordinary  agility  effected  his  escape.  The  other  party 
succeeded  also  in  reaching  the  fence  unhurt,  but,  in  the  act  of  crossing, 
were  vigorously  assailed  by  several  Indians,  who,  throwing  down  their 
£uns,  rushed  upon  them  with  their  tomahawks.  The  young  man 
defended  his  sister  gallantly,  firing  upon  the  enemy* as  they  ap- 
proached, and  then  wielding  the  butt  of  his  rifle,  with  a  fury  that  drew 
their  whole  attention  upon  himself,  gave  his  sister  an  opportunity 
of  effecting  her  escape.  He  quickly  fell,  however,  under  the  toma- 
hawks of  his  enemies,  and  was  found  at  daylight,  scalped  and  mangled 
in  a  shocking  manner.  Of  the  whole  family,  consisting  of  eight  per- 
sons when  the  attack  commenced,  only  three  escaped.  Four  were 
killed  upon  the  spot,  and  one  (the  second  daughter)  cai*ried  off  as  a 
prisoner. 

Tlie  neighborhood  was  quickly  alarmed,  and  by  daylight  about 
thirty  men  were  assembleS  under  the  command  of  Colonel  Edwards. 
A  light  snow  had  fallen  during  the  latter  part  of  the  night,  and  the 
Indian  trail  could  be  pursued  at  a  gallo[).  It  led  directly  into  the 
mountainous  country  bordering  upon  Licking,  and  afforded  evidences 
of  great  hurry  and  precipitation  on  the  part  of  the  fugitives.  Unfor- 
tunately, a  hound  had  been  permitted  to  accompany  the  whites,  and 
as  the  trail  became  fresh  and  the  scent  warm,  she  followed  it  with 
eagerness,  baying  loudly,  and  giving  the  alarm  to  the  Indians.  The 
consequences  of  this  imprudence  were  soon  displayed.  The  enemy 
finding  the  pursuit  keen,  and  perceiving  that  the  strength  of  the  pris- 
oner began  to  fail,  instantly  sunk  their  tomahawks  in  her  head  and 
left  her,  still  warm  and  bleeding,  upon  the  snow.  As  the  whites  came 
up,  she  retained  strength  enough  to  waive  her  hand  in  token  of  recog- 
nition, and  appeared  desirous  of  giving  them  some  information,  with 
regard  to  the  enemy — but  her  strength  was  too  far  gone.  Her  brother 
sprung  from  his  horse  and  knelt  by  her  side,  endeavoring  to  stop  the 
effusion  of  blood,  but  in  vain.  She  gave  him  her  hand,  muttered  some 
inarticulate  words,  and  expired  within  two  minutes  af:er  the  arrival  of 
the  party.  The  pursuit  was  renewed  with  additional  ardor,  and  in 
twenty  minutes  the  enemy  was  within  view.  They  had  taken  pos- 
session of  a  steep  narrow  ridge,  and  scorned  desirous  of  magnifying 
their  numbers  in  the  eyes  of  the  whites,  as  they  ran  rapidly  from  tree 
to  tree,  and  maintained  a  steady  yell  in  their  most  appalling  tones. 

The  pursuers,  however,  were  too  experienced  to  be  deceived  by  so 
common  an  artifice,  and  being  saiisHed  that  the  tiumber  of  the  enemy 
must  be  inferior  to  their  own,  they  dismounted,  tied  their  horses,  and 
flanking  out  in  such  a  manner  asi  to  enclose  the  enemy,  ascended  the 


♦  • 


THE   tONK   INDIAN. 


618 


time  they  d  ;overcd  t  af  Ilvf  TT'"''^'  ^"^  ""^^  ^^  '»^"  ^^^' 
They  had  voluntaWly  satifi  cd  h"  l'""r  ^T  "f^^"^'^^  ^"  '^em. 
bod/,  and  had  succLded  to^l^'"^  ^"^  '-^  "•'^'^^^'>'  ^''"'^^^  "^^i" 

reach  the  moLZT  OnoJfr  ^''"''■'  """'  ^'^^-■'''  ^'"'^'"''■^  ^^^'d 
other  H'as  hadly  Zunde     ,.  1      '''/'"•V"''""^'^  •^'^^^  ^^'''^''  «"^J  ^he 

al  lim™  cnpnil  „nd     h '.     i  "'••'S"'V"">i'y  "'''vhicl,  .hey  are 

distinguishes  the  warrior^      °  ""'  °""  '"""  ''''"'>  "™"ll)' 

justthirly    earn  i>,e   the  Sro'rsi  'P°' r^''"'"  '™"''™'''l  •  l"" 
the  Mohawk      '  ^^^^^'to^'-^'iio-lio  wlm  had  once  been  the  Ea-le  of 

withering,  was  falHn.'  t^  tl  ^Im  d     \  /™"     '  "^^^'^^""^^  «"d 
soul  of  the  savage      For  th  rtv  ^n     '  '"'''  ^''-oan  burst  from  the 

oak,  with  its  ivvh^Tno-  to  d  •  '  -  Tt"'"""''  'T''  ^'^  ^"""^  ''^'"'^^'^^  ^^at 
hawk's  eye  could  not  discover  an  In.lian    Z^-      T  ^  li       '  "" 

By  Miss  Francis. 


;| 


n 


I   ! 


614 


EVENTS   llf   INDIAN    HUTORY. 


Sunny  Eye.  Thoy  are  cwt  down,  torn  and  trampled  on.  The  leaves 
are  falling,  and  the  clouds  arc  scattered  like  my  people.  I  wish  I 
could  once  more  see  the  trees  standing  thick,  as  lliey  did  when  my 
mother  held  mo  to  her  bosom,  and  sung  the  warlike  deeds  of  ths 
Mohawks." 

A.  mingled  expression  of  grief  and  anger  passed  over  his  face,  as 
he  watched  a  loaded  boat  in  its  passage  across  the  stream.  "  The 
white  man  carries  food  to  his  wife  and  chiklren,  and  he  fmds  them  in 
his  home,"  said  he;  "  where  is  the  squaw  and  the  papoose  of  the  red 
man  ?  They  are  here  I"  As  he  spoke,  he  fixed  his  eye  thoughtfully 
upon  the  grave.  After  a  gloomy  silence  he  again  looked  round  upon 
the  fair  scene,  with  a  wandering  and  troubled  gaze.  "1'he  pale  face 
may  like  it,"  murmured  he;  "but  an  Indian  cann  .1  die  here  in  peace." 
So  saying,  he  broke  his  bow  string,  snapped  his  arrows,  threw  them 
on  the  burial  place  of  his  fathers,  and  departed  forever. 

An  Indian  Mother. — Extract  from  the  third  volume  of  Mr.  Ban- 
croft's History: — "  If  a  mother  lost  her  babe,  she  would  cover  it  with 
bark,  and  envelope  it  in  the  softest  beaver  skins;  at  the  burial  she 
would  put  by  its  side  its  cradle,  its  beads,  and  its  rattles ;  and,  as  a 
last  service  of  maternal  love,  would  draw  milk  from  her  bosom  in  a 
cup  of  bark,  and  burn  it  in  the  fire,  that  her  infant  might  still  find 
nourishment  in  the  land  of  shades.  Yet  the  new-born  babe  would  be 
buried,  not  as  usual  on  a  scaffold,  but  by  the  way  side,  that  so  its 
spirit  might  secretly  steal  in  the  bosom  of  some  passing  matron,  and 
be  born  again  under  happier  auspices.  On  burying  her  daughter, 
the  Chippewa  mother  adds,  not  snow  shoes,  beads,  and  moccadins 
only,  but  (sad  emblems  of  woman's  lot  in  the  wilderness)  the  carrying 
belt  and  the  paddle.  "  [  know  my  daughter  will  be  restored  to  me," 
she  once  said,  as  she  clipped  a  lock  of  hair  as  a  memorial ;  "  by  this 
lock  of  hair  I  shall  discover  her,  for  I  shall  take  it  with  me,"  alluding 
to  the  day  when  she,  too,  with  her  carrying  belt  and  paddle  and  the 
little  relic  of  her  child,  should  pass  through  the  grave  to  the  dwelling 
place  of  her  ancestors." 

Great  battle  in  the  Indian  country. — The  following  account  of  a 
great  battle  which  was  recently  fought  in  the  Indian  country,  between 
the  U.  S.  troops  and  a  large  body  of  refugee  negroes  and  Indians,  wo 
think,  deserves  a  place  here: 

Large  nuo^hers  of  Indians,  negroes,  and  mongrels,  from  Florida, 
have  been  placed  upon  the  borders  of  Arkansas  and  Missouri.  By  a 
gentleman  direct  from  Fori  Leavenworth,  we  learn  that  some  six 
hundred  negroes  from  Florida,  and  runaways  from  the  Choctaws  and 
Cherokees,  and  from  the  whites,  united  with  a  few  Indians,  and  per- 
haps a  few  white  men,  have  been  gradually  associated  in  the  fast- 
nesses west  of  Arkansas.  Not  long  since  they  reached  high  up  Red 
river,  and  encamped  for  the  purpose  of  hunting  bufllilo.  They  built 
a  very  tolerable  fort  with  logs,  surrounded  with  a  ditch,  to  protect 
themselves  against  all  dangers.     They  caught  but  few  buffalo,  and 


MlCin0AN  AND  WISCONSIN   BOHDER.  f|0 

Lt:td^r£^:;r^^^^^^  ^^e  po^essions  orthe  Choc, 

followed  them,  but  fl  idinl  .iV'     ^''^i'  ='«'"',  ^""^     ^he  Choctaw, 
match,  they  r^tirej,  and  1 'rtV\""''f  P  ^-rtiHcations  an  over- 

dragoons.  Captan  Moore  oC^i^l^^^^^^^  for  the  United  State, 
with  three  companies  of  d'ra  cons  1m^  ^i\  """"  ''"' '"  ""P^"''^  ^^^"^ 
river,  he  found  their  ontrenchZ  /.  tu  a  """I"!  "P""  "''^  ^^'^'' 
great  to  venture  an  attack  Ho  It  too  strong  and  their  number  too 
and  was  reinforced  vvUlafinoi  "'^""^'^'"g'y.  «^"t  ^  Fort  Towson, 
pieces  of  cannon  """^^"^  ^'^  '"'^"'''y'  «"d  «  couple  of 

-I' th:';Zt:rn;';"d  ^,;i7=''  ^^  ''^^  "p""  '^^  -^^■^'  -^  -„ 

«t  a  signal  ruihed  o^tS  o^  t^^  SiS;i""'^'  1'^?  ^'^  "^^-' 
upon  the  prairie  in  front  of"L  vo  ks  Frn?.  ""^.^^S^"  ^«  ^rm 
doing  so,  Captain  Moore  and  lis  "alia  nt  rt  ^^  [""^  T''""^'^^  '" 
at  full  gallop  The  carn^t  ,?,'' ^'7*^"^,''™goon«  charged  upon  them 
the  dragoons  rou  S  thcn^°in  1^  7'"'^  ''  represented  as  terrific- 
aumbors  to  the  sword  ^^^^.1."''°"''  ^"^'  ^"^^  P""'"^  '^rge 
conduct  of  the  dr^Joon.  '"  "'/''^"""^  the  whole  body?    The 

aa  regards  bo^'S^d  b;^^''^"  °'^"  —- ^^tio" 

refugees  availed  absoSly  LtlL  a^aln  rt'b7 '"'^- """  ^T  "^^^^ 
the  mounted  dragoons.  °  ^  ^^^  irresistible  charge  of 

This  decisive  blow  will  oive  spfnn'tv  tr.  fi,„*  i 

fromier,  and  convince  , he  ^m^onclS  t7,E„,ThT  "'r' 
goons  „.y  no.  ,c  .nfled  wi.„.  ^-..e  loLrrL';trw!"s°Xt: 

i.eSr:'sSr:;;L^S;?St"°"'"'"  '^''°''  ™^"  •» 

to  the  survey  of  llie  boundniriin^L,^.  "',"'''''■  °°''P'''"'<''«'™ 
ftrnislics  a  cIcscrM™  „r  ,.I         ."""'reen  Michigan  and  Wisconsin, 

no.doub.wi,,*r„';Cc^;;t;°r,^rr""  °°  ""^  ''»=■"«"'• 
i.ket  Is,?:^;";^;^^  irS' k'Y  v^""'r  °^  ""■'  '»-''^"' 

bears  the  sami  name    O   1  ,U^^    °  i  ,'>^-"':'"'-'°-l™n,  and  the  lake 

iround;  heneer^ppSlLZ'o  t^?,!^^,°S--°^^^^^^^^^^ 

FrencI,,  means  old  planlino  ground  '         ^'  '"  """S"^' 

Ihe  Wisconsin  riv^  1,1    ,k       7"  ''"•"'""'  themselves  along  down      ■ 

ffl  rheir  habits   and  mlvTJ    i '  consequently  less  debauched 

naDits,  and  may  be  taken  as  a  tolerably  fair  specimen  of  tb« 


I  :\ 


m 


S|V  ! 


J'  I  1    . 


6ie 


BV1CMT8   IN    INDIAN    UI8T0BT. 


Chippewa  people — such  as  they  were  before  the  degrading  process 
commenced.  This  baud  arc  social,  not  very  obtrusive,  but  talkative, 
gay,  and  seemingly  hap|)y.  They  are  of  large,  comniunding  stature, 
and  of  jiood  deportment;  they  arc  well  clothed  and  li  il,  and  their 
women  do  not  present  that  s(|uulid,  horvilc  aspect,  which  is  observable 
in  some  of  the  other  northern  tribes. 

T!jo  Ka-ta-kit-te-kon  t-ountry  occupies  a  high  level  above  Lakes 
.'.il»C''i>i  and  Michigan,  and  abounds  in  small  lakes,  which  constitute 
thf  1  luds  of  several  rivers.  The  water  of  these  small  reservoirs,  and 
of  the  streams  generally,  is  cold  and  limpid.  Some  of  the  lakes  weni 
observed  to  contain  the  speckled  trout — such  as  are  generally  met 
with  in  high  latitudes  in  tlie  Unitcul  States.  The  scenery  of  these  is 
beautiful,  and  the  land  adjacent  to  them  is  better  than  is  generally 
believed.  The  coun'fy  is  not  mountainoi.s,  but  may  be  denominated 
•Tolling."  'ilic  giowih  of  timber  is  tolerably  heavy,  consisting  of 
white  and  yellow  pine  on  the  borders  of  the  lakes;  in  some  instances 
of  cedar,  Hr,  hemlock,  and  tamarack  ;  and  a  little  back  of  the  lakes, 
of  sugar  maple,  white  maple,  white  and  yellow  birch,  poplar,  bass, 
and  hemlock.  The  soil  is  of  a  nature  to  lie  adapted  to  the  culture  of 
wheat,  rye,  grass,  oats,  flax,  hemp,  and  potatoes. 

The  manufacture  of  maple  sugar  is  carried  on  to  a  considerable 
extent  by  the  people  of  this  region.  Many  of  their  "sugar  bushes" 
were  observed,  and  from  the  oldness  of  the  marks  upon  the  trees,  the 
Indians  must  have  known  the  art  of  extracting  this  luxury  from  their 
forests  from  an  early  date  of  their  history. 

•  Winter  usually  sets  in  about  the  20th  of  October  in  the  Ka-ta-kit- 
te-kon  region.  This  year,  (1840,)  from  the  20th  to  the  28th  of 
October,  the  mercury  in  Fahrenheit's  tliormometer  ranged  as  low  as 
from  nine  to  twelve  degrees  below  freezing,  and  for  several  days 
during  the  latter  part  of  October  it  was  continually  snowing.  On 
the  return  of  our  party,  Sandy  Lake  outlet  had  becomfe  so  much 
frozen  as  to  make  it  necessary  to  drag  the  canoes  on  the  ice,  and  the 
icji  was  making  very  fast  in  all  the  lakes  and  streams;  this  on  the 
very  last  days  of  October. 

Brule  river, — in  Chippewa,  Wc-sa-co-ta  sc-pe. — The  French  voy- 
agers have  called  this  Brule  (burnt),  from  the  circumstance  of  the 
timber  having  been  destroyed  by  fire  adjacent  to  its  banks,  near  its 
junction  with  the  Monomonee. 

The  Brule  is  one  of  the  principal  head  branches  or  tributaries  of 
the  Menomonee,  and  is  that  branch  which  comes  nearest  Lac  Vieux 
Desert.  It  has  a  rapid  current,  and  varies  in  width  from  eighty  to 
one  hundred  and  twenty  feet.  It  has  a  rocky  bed,  and  is  generally 
so  shallow  as  to  render  it  difficult  to  ascend  it  with  canoes  of  throe 
hundred  pounds  burden,  except  in  times  of  high  water.  The  banks 
of  the  Bride,  or  VVe-sa-co-ta,  are  thickly  studded  with  white  cedar,  fir, 
poplar,  tamarack,  white  birch,  and  pine,  for  a  great  portion  of  its 
extent.  So  dense  is  the  growth  of  timber  imnr>''diately  on  the  banks, 
that  it  is  very  difticult  for  one  to  work  his  way  through  it ;  and  for 
many  miles  the  cedara  overhang  the  river  on  both  sides,  so  as  to  lap 


mcmOAN   iKD    WHCOMSIX   BOBDBH. 


«17 


by  each  otiier,  and  ihere  is  barolv 


11.-  |«..aKO  of  a  ^"n;;""'  "  '"'^'''  '™""  '"^'  ""=  '"""'"S  '™"1«  f"' 

very  co„dde«brvuna  il  rh'd,.h  '"  ^'""'  ""''  ^^  ''  »"''J«  'o 
"fils  principal  ■  ribu?aS  wl.  ch  t?^h'  "T'l"""'  "P™  ""«™>i<">s 
size.    TheTar    w!  rin  i     •""  "icmselves  rivers  of  considerable 

wav  o?R„     r  S  ^''  ^^"^t*"""'  ''"""«  '^"^  ^«"f«  ^^^«hor  cast,  by     e 
way  of  Bav  de  No<,uet,  is  the  one  usually  taken.  '  ^ 

antZt  iT         u'^'^  ''  '°  ''^'^"^  summer  as  to  be  unnavi^able  in 
any  but  the  smallest  canoes,  and  in  some  seasons  it  is  aEt  drv 

^Ser  sr  ,feS;  r;'-:XeT™;^  "»"- 

as  far  as  tl^'  ^^^^*^^f«  «"^«  l""*^'  h««  been  consumed  by  fire 

;lS7:^^i^^^>  ^l.vi;,.reee.cepr.L"ila 

K.l^^^^'''^  '^"*^"'=^' '"  ^^^scending  the  Menomonce,  terminates  at  the 
head  of  Qum-ne.sec  falls,  where  there  is  a  difficult  portaro  one  and 
half  miles  m  extent.  The  total  fall  of  water,  from  the  upper  to ^he 
svcr  pool  an  this  distance,  is  one  hundred  and  thirK-four  feet  This 
amoun  ,s  divided  into  several  chutes,  with  intervennl  rapids  The 
general  aspect  of  th,s  series  of  waterfalls  is  exceedingly  pSesque- 
at  every  change  of  the  point  of  view,  new  and  varied  C    ts  am 

TL.iT  r    ^^""^^^^  ""^^^^  Menomonee;  here  the  whole  river  is  seen 

flicuiar  wall  of  rocks  of  forty  leet  in  height. 
44  '  ° 


Ir  .f 


i     1  : 


U-      I  •■ 


,'    ij 


•II 


■VBNTB    IN    INDIAN   HISTORY. 


The  scenery,  for  some  miles  immediately  below  these  falls,  is  quite 
tranquil ;  the  river  is  wide — in  many  places  six  hundred  feet — and 
dotted  hero  and  there  with  small  islands  bearing  a  heavy  growth  of 
timber. 

Next  in  order  the  Little  Ciuin-nc-sec  falls  occur,  where  the  I'all  is 
about  thirty.five  feet,  in  (3xtent  of  twci  hundred  and  titly  fcot ;  and  tho 
total  width  of  the  river  is  only  uboul  eighty-live  IJ^ot,  Hero  the  bed 
and  banks  are  composed  of  slate  rock.  The  name  Uuin-ne-sec  is 
derived  from  what  the  Indiiitis  taki;  to  be  smoke,  which  is  of  course 
but  the  spray  of  minutely  divided  particles  of  water,  dashing  ugainst 
the  rocks. 

Afler  leaving  Sandy  portage,  in  descending  the  Menoriii)nf)e,  the 
falls  all  the  way  to  its  mouth  are  nothing  more;  than  chutes  and 
various  declivities.  And  here  it  may  be  r(;marked,  that  the  idea 
hitherto  entertained  by  some  of  there  being  such  immense  perp(;ndi. 
cular  liiUs  on  this  river,  as  are  recorded  on  soim;  maps,  is  very 
erroneous.  It  is  gravely  stated  that  there  are  lalls  of  over  two  hun- 
dred feet  vertical. 

Sturgeon  falls,  which  come  next  below  Sandy  portage,  have  but 
thirteen  and  three-fourths  leet  full  in  the  extent  of  one  thousand  leet. 
Above  these  falls  no  sturgeon  are  Ibund,  but  they  collect  in  great 
quantities  at  the  foot  of  the  chute. 

The  scenery  about  these  falls  is  picturesque,  and  the  place  is  a 
resort  for  Indians;  not  so  much,  however,  from  a  taste  for  scenery 
as  for  sturgeon. 

Pe-me-ne  falls  are  the  next  of  note  below  Sturgeon  falls.  The 
total  fall  here  is  only  eight  and  eighty-four  hundredths  in  an  extent 
of  eight  hundred  and  thirty-three  leet,  exclusive  of  the  short  rapid 
immediately  above  the  princi[)al  chute. 

September  25th,  1840,  temperature  at  one  P.  M.  ninety -six  degrees, 
and  for  several  days  preceding  and  succeeding,  the  mercury  ranged 
high. 

Of  the  Menomonee  river  in  general  it  may  be  said,  that  it  is  not 
navigable  for  any  craft  except  canoes,  owing  to  difficult  ra])ids, 
shoals,  and  falls.  The  ascent  of  this  river,  with  canoes  containing 
three  hundred  pounds,  is  a  task  of  incessant  toil  and  danger,  and, 
under  the  most  favorable  circumstances,  requires  fourteen  days  Irom 
its  mouth  to  the  entrance  of  the  Pesh-e-cum-me  with  a  party. 

The  ascent  to  the  Brule,  or  We-sa-co-ta,  is  still  more  difficult  and 
vexatious,  owing  to  the  shallowness  of  the  water.  It  requires  about 
six  days,  at  high  stages  of  water,  to  ascend  from  its  mouth  into  Lake 
Brule;  in  titne  of  low  water  it  is  useless  to  attempt  the  ascent.  The 
time  of  descending  from  Lake  Brule  to  the  entrance  into  the  Menomo- 
nee is  three  days  and  a  half,  with  light  loads  and  high  water. 

The  banks  of  the  Menomonee  river,  as  well  as  its  islands,  from  its 
meuth  as  far  up  as  the  Big  Quin-ne-sec  falls,  are  covered  with  an 
excellent  growth  of  white  and  yellow  pine  timber. 

The  bed  of  the  river  throughout  is  exceedingly  rocky.  The  stream 
does  not  overflow  its  banks,  which  are  generally  quite  bold.    The 


A    CHAPTBR    ON   INDrANB.  ^jg 

l>o.ssihlo  lor  any  rare,  of  fi^^il    '\'^^T^^^^^    "mcs  oskcl.  I.ow  it  were 

frnvnl  for  vvcvks  i„  tho  vTllev  '  l7  "™T  «*'«'^»^-<"-  A  umn  may 
..noo  s,.sp...fi„.,  h  did  nofkl  '',"';•'  ' '''""^""''^  rivers  without 
prrsont  in|,af,ira„     ,t    mTL  "7'      '^''""';':"  '-^"v  """r  than  its 

in  plenty,  Un  wlu-rh,;  ttv  v^  ,:nvo;l  oV  ''"''''■^"  '"^  ^^■""'''  '""- 
iiot  infJ>r,  nr,r  would  ho  draw  ar  v  mw,  r    i  '""  """"■''  ^'^  '-""'^ 

«'hich  a  f^^^y  vears    Le   u    '    ho    '      ''r'  "'   '"'*"''^"-     '^''"--ir  trails, 
romains,  if  hy  c  han -'ho     ZdLTT    '■^^'•"■'^'^"^'  ''vi'l^'nt  of  thoi.- 
ro  weeds  an/oblirora,;:i,1:to"rna;;  r'allf  ^'''T  ""  '''•"""  "'' 
"ow  or  deer  paths.     Tornbs 7X1 ,1    .    ?  '^  ''""""''  "'f'"'^"  ^'^  '^^ 
melancholy  .0  think  how  soon    he  n        •  \?'  "''  """^-     '^ '"  ""^^  '»  '« 
I'-o;  nndVet  it  is  not  Z  Zo  fl^n       '"^'  are  forgotten,  even 
many  of  all  thr,  earfhr,K,m,ln  in       K        ,"'"?"  '"  *''^'  ^^°'-'''-    "o^ 
'-red  ?     To  one,  how  4      1^1  "ev"'"  •''"'''.  "''""""  ^^'•'-'  ••«'"-'"• 
the  for,r,er  lords  of  tie  soil       InT^e        T"'  '^'''r  '""^  ^^'^  ^^^^^'^  '>f 
simnberinj.  lo..,  half  cove  ed  w  h      7?'''  ^""  ^''"  '"'^'^^  ^^'^'^  '^^^ 
^hen  cut  wilL  how  vet  Ihat  it  1  'T  '  f  ^  ""^'  '""^^'  ^'"'^^«  «'"' 
''ling  a  lo^  at  wl  ici/son  e  boy  T  be""'  '^  *  "    •■''^''^^'  ''^'"'  '•--^'>- 
imcked;-Vnin  ther    w  ,'b^'     i     nt  ';r'"T''''*;''^'''."''P''"S'  »'- 
against  son^c  tree    the  scnr  nr .!     .   •         '"''"■''^'  "^  "  ''■■«'  ^^'"^''4 

was  made  ofa  stron  aniin"  I,  Tl  'i  '.  T'}^  ^'^'"y^"''  ^^^''^'^ 
off  about  a  foot  fronMhe'trunk^o  h  ^f  """'  '"^*'''  '''"■^•''  ''^'^  ^'" 
times  found  it  nec^ssry  to  J.  '  ^ '''\f  P"'^'  '"?"  ^^e  fellows  some- 
climb  a  tree,  to  nuU Ttf  a  rl  "  ""  '^^''  ""''^"^  ^"dolence  as  to 
thoy  are  indi^errt  h  L's "TZ  ht't" Th'"'  '°^  '^^^'-'"'-  ^'-"S^ 
-s  any  of  the  devotees  of  [  ymcltns  nd\villl;M'  '^ '^"^'  '''  '""^^ 
^at,on  over  the  prey  of  a  welM  S  hone;  omt  ^"  ™'"^"- Jf "- 
here  now  who  have  chaneoH  tr.  n         ""'"V-comb.     ihere  are  those 

occasions,  and  7he  most  codiar  n  T''""  ^'^  '"  '^''  ""°^^  ^^"  «^>«h 
corded  to  partake  oTwhat  f  It.  flT  7'"  '"^'^^''^"^  ^^•^"•^'  «-• 
.'^omcA  and  a  flow  of  soul  ""^  '''''^"'  ^'^«  "^  ^^'^^^  of 

^h^v:!:!s^rbSsi^:i:?:si^r  ^t  ^'^^  ^'-'^  «^ 
^w^tr^tSn^fr^?^ 

were  once  TJor  me  of  an  Indian  ''''  '"  ^^"^^  '^  '"^  ^^"^^  ^^at  they 
on  he  will  noticXr  1  r.e  stakes  yeJ^r'!!-  ^'t"^'  '  ''"'-^  ^^^^^^e^ 
-d  «ve  by  three  apart:^^ rtorotSct^^^^^  ^t 


■I 


it  nm 


520 


EVBNTa   IN    INDIAN    1118T0BY. 


which  rests  the  coffin  containing  a  few  bones.  A  kw  years  since  such 
u  sarcophagus  was  erected  on  the  west  bank  of  Rock  river,  about  two 
miles  below  the  junction  of  the  Pecatonic,  whurein  was  laid  an  Indian 
girl.  It  remained  until  about  a  year  since,  when  decay  and  the  winds 
swept  it  awav,  and  left  nothing  standing  but  tin;  stakes  on  which  it 
was  reared,  which  nvv  standing  yet.  The  coffin  was  made  by  splitting 
a  section  of  a  hollow  tree  and  taking  one  half  of  it,  with  a  flat  slab 

for  the  rib.  •     » •  . 

The  Rock  river  country  was  a  heaven  for  the  Indians, — its  high, 
dry  prairies,  reaching  to  the  river's  bank  without  marsh  or  slo\igh, — 
its  plenty  of  name, — its  numerabk^  j)rints,  agr(H:abl(>.  to  the  eye,  (for 
an  Indian  has'^an  idea  to  that,)  and  its  dry,  bracing,  and  transparent 
air,  fbrm(!d  so  many  attractions  to  the  red  lords,  that  they  tore  them- 
selves  awav  with  the  ulniost  regret,  and  when  away,  looked  back 
with  the  most  adectiunate  longing;  nor  did  numbers  of  the  VVinneba- 
goes  fail  to  visit  it  every  season  until  their  final  removal  last  year. 
Now  and  then  a  strolling  one,  too  mean  ihv  his  tribe,  still  lingers,  one 
of  whom  is  now  or  was'  lately  camped  at  a  short  distance  from  here, 
whose  name  in  English  is  "Cut  Tongue,"  in  allusion  to  his  having 
lost  a  pjirt  of  his  tongue  for  some  villany.  Last  spring  he  shot  his 
sister  and  her  husband  with  one  bullot.  "  Instances  of  mutihuion  ai-e 
not  uncommon,  most  of  which,  however,  ^ire  the  badges  of  personal 

[)uunacitv. 

The  rudinn  trites  arc  all  alike  in  certain  particulars;  they  are  all 
indolent,— the  distinction  betwe(;n<»  meum  and  tuum  is  but  poorly 
deiined  in  their  minds,— are  all  beggars,— and  the  word  soap,  I 
think,  is  f(jund  in  none  of  their  vocabularies, — and  as  to  water, 
though  they  always  linger  about  the  banks  of  streams,  I  have  no  idea 
the V  are  aware  ot'  the  niany  uses  to  \Nhich  it  may  be  put.  In  other 
respects  the  different  tribes  difier  widely;  they  difHn-  in  stature,  in 
personal  beauty,  in  bravery,  and,  in  short,  in  all  that  forms  the  dis- 
tinction between  meanness  and  nobleness;  for  though,  as  I  said,  they 
are  all  ])ix)ne  to  mistake  another's  lor  their  own,  yet  the  degrees  t... 
which  this  is  carried  diller  immensely.  Their  languages,  too,  vary 
as  much  in  smoothness  as  the  jaw-cracking  lluss  does   from  the 

honied  ItaliiUi.  i   .  ■  i 

In  all  that  constitute  the  meaner  traits  of  Indian  character,  I  think" 
the  Winnebagoes  will  yield  to  few.  Their  average  stature  I  should 
judge  to  be  about  five  feet  five  or  six,  with  immensely  broad  faces  and 
'hea'ds,  in  which  a  phrenologist  might  find  all  the  predominance  of  the 
animal  over  the  spiritual,  if  he  wished  to  confirm  his  doctnnes.  I 
should  think  them  much  deficitnit  in  p«^rsonal  iiravcry.  They  are 
immensely  fond  of  cards;  and  in  love  of  joke,  giggle,  and  fun,  yield 
to  none.  I  never  saw  two  of  them  together,  unless,  perhaps,  of  the 
chiefs  or  old  men,  who  were  not  continually  cracking  j<>kes  upon  each 
other.  If  one  of  them  took  up  a  knife  he  would  dart  it  at  his  fellow, 
or  point  his  gun  at  him  to  make  him  wink  or  dodge,  both  keeping  up 
a  laugh  and°chatter  at  the  rude  fun  they  were  thus  able  to  manu- 
facture. 


CAPTAIN   SAMUEL    BHADY. 


621 


The  Pottowatomios  are  much  their  superiors  in  every  resoect    On*. 

"cLw^'    nTw  h        "'  ^^^'-n'^^l^'^go,  and  ho  pronounced  his 
i^nowin     (no)  with  an  einpliusis  which  showed   ho  thour^ht  t  J 

'v„  f,.,        M  ''"  ™™'  ''■'"l"'»'te  teauly  have  I  ever  seen  an 

pose  Uj  rattle  such  noises;  and  were  I  to  reduce  e,  h  " to  ^rftten 3  ' 
1  would  as  soon  take  to  the  barn-yard.  Jf  one  will  lister  to  a  flock 
oi  sheep  as  they  run  over  a  pasture  of  cobble  sto  es  wl/now  and 
hen  a  spot  o  water,  he  can  gain  some  idea  of  the  manner  in  vhich 
u  Winnebago's  voice  will  run  over  the  hard  g's  and  xC 

An  Extract  from  the  Life  of  Capt.  Samuel  Brady.-Nows  havinr 
armed  at  the  camp  of  the  spies,  which  was  th-.-  upo^  W'hat    s  cj- "d 

^n^ti:v^^  "^'f  "^ '''''  "'■ ''''  '-'^^^ '  ^'-'  ^-  ^"'j- "h:^ 

iuTnnt  I  ^  ^^f^"^."'^d  ;<!>""  pursuing  them  and  endeavorin..  to 
hnd  out  their  place  ol  rendezvous,  lie  selected  siv  ol'  his  men  and 
one  pet  Indian,  and  started  from  camp.  '*"'' 

It  was  in  the  month  of  October,  which  being  the  becnnnin-  of  the 
hunnng  season,  they  had  not  cause  to  take  with  Uiem  mu^ch  p  oviln  ! 
as  It  had  been  previously  remarked,  the  spic-s  were  all  .rood  hunters 
they  crosses  the  river  at  the  mouth  of  Wheeling  creek,  in  thei   canS 
nd  pursued  their  course  up  what  is  now  called^lndia./wh  elin'  crS 
Oh  o)  until  they  thought  they  had  got  a  sufli,=ient  distance  from  the 
1  vcr,  then  bending  their  course  down  the  Ohio,  examining  eierv 
tream  they  crossed  u.  their  way,  in  order  to  li^d  the  tra"r  oTS 
Indians      Nothing  of  note  happened  on  their  march,  until  they  Struck 
ho  Muskingum  river  about  (as  has  since  been  learned)  fc.v  or  fifty 
miles  h«om  Us  mouth.     They  there  discovered  a  trail  that  had  S 
made  by  horses  and  cattle,  a  length  of  time  before;  thinkin.  thaTS 
ed   o  Sandusky,  all  concluded  in  giving  up  the  ch'^e  and  ^o  ng  ii' 
p    -suit  of  more  iresh  game.     Fortune,  who  seems  always  to'give^h^ 
^pios  an  opportunity  of  exercising  themselves,  did  not  in  this  cZ 

when  the  foremost  of  the  company  espied  an  Indian  coming  up  the 


522 


EVENTS   IN   INDIAN   HISTORY. 


river  with  a  dead  deer  hopoused  upon  his  back  by  a  tliong  of  dried 
deer  skin,  which  was  placed  across  his  forehead  and  came  down  over 
hii*  shoulders,  so  that  the  deer  would  rest  upon  his  shoulders.     It  was 
determined  by  the  company  that  he  should  (if  possible)  be  taken 
prisoner.     Brady  commanded  all  the  men  to  lie  down  whore  they 
then  were,  and  sending  a  man  by  the  name  of  Weilzcl  up  the  river 
about  one  hundred  and  fidy  yards,  he  (Brady)  was  to  wait  until  the 
Indian  had  passed  by  them  a  short  distance,  when  he  was  to  steal 
upon,  and  secure  him  and  his  load.     The  Indian  was  now  within  a 
short  distance  of  them,  and  not  aware  of  any  danger,  was  jogging  on 
slowly ;  no  doubt  he  was  oppressed  with  the  weight  of  his  load,  as  it 
afterwards  turned  out  to  be  a  very  large  deer.     IJrady  let  him  pass 
by  a  short  distance,  when,  with  steps  as  light  as  a  cat,  he  stole  after 
him  ;  when  within  a  few  feet  of  him  he  let  out  one  of  his  most 
tremendous  Indian  yells ;  the  Indian  made;  a  spring,  when  the  strap, 
slipping  from  the  Ibrehead  dt)wnwards,  came  u\H)n  his  throat,  and  the 
wcightof  the  deer  brought  him  instantly  to  the  ground,  when  Brady 
jumped  upon  him  and  secured  him,  until  Weitzel  (^who  had  been  placed 
"upon  the  Indian's  path,  in  order,  if  he  escaped  lirady,  to  shoot  him, 
but  not  otherwise,)  and  the  other  men  came  up, — when  they  unarmed 
him,  and  having  tied  his  hands,  they  went  back  some  distance  from 
the  river,  and   having  brought  the   Indian's  buck  with  them,  they 
oncamiied  for  that  day  and  the  following  night.     Brady  knowing  that 
one  Indian  would  not  be  alone  in  that  country  in  the  hunting  season, 
e.  Icavorcd  himself,  and  through  his  pet  Indian,  to  gain  information  of 
the.;-  prisoner,  if  there  were  any  other  Indians  in  the  neighborhood. 
But  so  sullen  was  he  through  that  day  and  all  night,  he  would  only 
answer  by  an  unintelligible  grunt.     In  the  morning,  no  doubt,  linding 
the  numbers  of  men  not  increasing,  and  that  he  was  kindly  treated 
by  those  present,  he  began  with  the  pet  Indian  and  gave  him  what 
all  thouglit  a  full  and  correct  account ;  he  told  them  that  about  two 
miles  up  the  river  on  a  small  creek  (as  he  marked  out  a  draft  of  th(; 
country  in  the  ashes,)  there  was  an  encampment  of  six  hunters,  he 
being  the  sixth ;  that  they  had  with  them  only  two  horses,  and  they 
were  going  to  stay  there  until  the  snow  lell,  when  tlujy  were  to  move 
ofl'  a  great  way  farther  back.     On  receiving  information,  all  agreed 
to  go  up  and  surprise  the  camp,  and  if  they  should  siur-eed,  they 
would  load  the  horses  with  skins  or  otlicr  matters  that  they  might 
find  most  valuable — and  return  home. 

From  the  conduct  of  their  prisoner,  he  being  so  very  lively  and 
apparently  so  accommodating  as  to  be  the  conductor  of  his  enemies 
into  the  camp  of  his  friends,  suspicion  was  raiscid  in  the  minds  of 
Brady  and  his  men,  that  he  either  determined  to  betray  them  into  the 
hands  of  his  comrades,  or  otherwise  was  leading  them  wrong,  and 
only  waiting  an  opportunity  to  make  his  escape. 

It  ao  turned  out  that  they  were  not  wrong  in  their  conjectures,  aa 
they  had  pursued  their  course  but  a  short  time  when  the  Indian,  who 
was  no  wise  confined,  but  unarmed,  made  a  spring  irom  them,  with  a 
war-whoop ;  he  was  immediately  shot  down  by  one  of  the  men.    They 


CAPTAIN  SAMUEL  BRADY.  533 

P"rsuod  by  the  Indians,  tmSu'l?    '";"'''"  ^i"^  ^^^  river,  closely 
pursuit  was  .riven  un  an    '  !  '      "'^"'  ''^''^^'^  ^""''n-  the 

break  of  day:  I^i-ady^'iL  '  ^ £;]  '\  """'^'  ^«  :°"°--^  "P  bv  the 
followed  a  course  w^  ich  S't  ou  d'  ^  IT;'  Tf-^^  ^"  ^''^  '^"'  ''^"^ 
country  there  are  many  nw  /e  t  .ic^  w  '':,'  ^""^  ^'^""^-  ^"  ^^''^ 
but  not  so  nuich  so  but  tl^y  wo,  ij  "f''-''":?  '''""  P'^-^i^'Hy  dried  up, 
foot.  Brady  told  his  mon  U.ev  nl  ''''  r"  ''"I'""^^'^"  "^  a  man's 
a  separate  rJute,  to  n.eT.  a  ho  ZkT  '''''!  '"T'"'^  ^"'-^^'^  ^^^e 
the  Ohio,  about  twenty  in  le    from  "?''  '\^''^'  ^™l^''«d  '"'« 

take  loose  the  strings  of         n       '  "l  'T^  r^'''"^  ^"'''^  '^'^^  ^« 

alone,  in  order  if  tb-y  sh.ukl^nmp''  "I'l^'  "'  ''"''"  ''^^""d  his  ancles 
of  the  betbre  n.en  one  n^she  tl  ^'""  ^V^^  "'"''^^^^■'^  "^^er  in  one 
impression  then  rnaderwl  X  i;  '  .^^  """'''  ''?  ''"^'^  ^«  ^^"-^  by  the 
or  that  oCthe  Indians, .  s  e  nd tn  nK  "''",■' ''"  ''""  '^'"^^^^^  "'^er, 
and  under  the  instc.p  of  U^  S"n,^T7Tr  '"'"'  '''..  string  round 
dned  n.ud  suiHciently  plai';.  I^t 'kn!,;:;;'"'  '"^^"^ ''  '"--'^  ^  ^'-  half 

indianUi:;^:^;;^^::;!- -|--^      't^'-  ^-^  ^°  ^'- 

o'clock  the  next  day      'J^    ;  I        '  r  *^'''''''"^■™^ 
['■rough  the  night,  lHUow^i::,^rbei:'""''  f  '^'^  ^'"^'"^  ^""^ 
by  th.ir  separation,  perhap'^-         o  !    L       '1  T''-'"^  '^^s  intelligible 
-.•iving  at  the  rive;  prej^ll^,  ^.^  ^  ^^^  ^.^^    ;^-  -ape.     ^on 

the  other  side.  They  had  not  be -n  I.  '  '''"'. "^y  were  soon  on 
saKited  by  the  well  knovvn  cry  If  tho  '"'  "'"'  '.'"  *^^"'  ^^^^  ^^«re 
thn  river,  they  discove  ed  two  1  olf ''^f  ]|  '"^^  ^^"  '"'^'^'"g  ^^ross 
their  voices  upon  their  con  ride  w'"'  ''"""'"^;  '^  ^^^  ^"^^^^^of 
them.  Brady'  and  his  me  a  c;.  d  1  T'''.  'l'/'  ''■'"  '"  ^"«^«""g 
opportunity  vvas  ofForod  Tsee  w,  t  ,  l'  '"" '1"^'  ''^'''''^  t'"  ^n 
i:resently,-they  obser^ 'uvX;  '  ,  ^^l  :'',;:;'^''',  --«  ^'^^  ^"-• 
diately  concluded  that  thoy  would  v  '   """f'''     ^^  '^^^  '^me- 

them  a  general  fire      S  h  '  ^^''^'^  *''  ^^^  hank  and  ^iyc 

yards  oi^heslLl;^:wh^'  ah  m":  H 'i  ""'Ml'-.  «hout  twel.^ 
ti'cm.  The  consfernati.  n  :^d  S,i  '^;:^^^^^^'  y  f ""'  Arcd  upon 
by  a  ball  immediately  sunk,  or  w  to  ee,;  ,  r'  'V'"  '''l'^  ^''''  '"''^'^ 
and  those  who  received  n^  imur  ^  n^^^^  ^^  ^^^^ 
o-her  side.  An  irregular  h-eSC'^JtBf  ?'  "I'i  ""^  '"^  '^« 
the  Indians  were  out  of  their  rp-lni..  ^,^     '""'>'  ""d  Ins  men,  till 

others,  in  all  prolab  i,y     J;;:'     •'^'"'^'f  T^ 
opposite  sh-.re.  ^'      "'"  ^'"^'"^'^    ^^^'^''^  ^^^^Y  reached   the 

The  Jndians  wlio  had  remained  on  the  Obin  .k 
preparations  to  cross  the  river      Rr.li-T  "''''''''  ""^^diate 
likely  to  be  taken  in  a^^iin.^.Ho^   ■'.''""""  '^""^  ^'^^'^  ^^^^e  not 


524 


EVENTS   IN    INDIAN   IIISTOHY. 


next  morning  was  spent  in  procuring  game,  which  was  remarkably 
plenty  in  that  country.  In  the  after  i)art  if  the  day  they  pursued 
their  course  up  the  river.  Alwut  an  hour  before  sunset,  one  of  the 
men  having  lagged  behind,  coming  aller  tlie  others,  who  had  by  this 
time  got  considerably  ahead,  heard  a  rustling  in  a  hemlock  tree;  he 
cast  Ills  eye  up,  and  belxild  a  larg(;  Indian  descending  from  out  of  the 
tree;  he  immediately  adjustcul  his  rifh;,  and  the  Indian  soon  fell  to  the 
trround.  Brady  and  his  men  hearing  tlie  report  of  the  rifle,  immedi- 
ately ran  back  to  the  place  vhere  this  tragic  scene  had  been  acted, 
and  upon  lc>arning  all  the  circumstances,  he  gave  orders  to  his  men 
all  to  bo  on  the  alert,  and  1  e  changc^d  his  course,  and  went  immedi- 
ately back  from  the  river,  ibr  several  miles;  .  .id  marching  by  circui- 
tous' routes,  they  arrived  safe  at  home  the  third  day  alter  the  last 
mentioned  action,  and  the  eighth  day  from  their  departure,  without 
the  loss  of  a  man.  ,      ,    ,• 

iirady  had  concluded,  and  no  doubt  correctly,  that  the  Indians 
thought  that  he  and  his  Men  were  yet  down  the  river,  and  would 
soon" move  towards  home.  They  had,  by  forced  marches  at  night, 
.rot  ahead  of  him,  and  took  this  way  of  ascertaining  the  course  he 
mi'i-ht  take.  They  would  fall  upon  him,  when  unguarded  at  night, 
and  sacrifice  him  and  his  men  to  satisfy  their  vengeance.  And  but 
for  the  happy  circumstance  of  the  man  lagging  behind,  no  doubt  they 
would  have  succeeded. 

The  substance  of  this  paper  was  written  by  one  of  the  spies  who 
was  in  company  with  Brady  in  the  adventure  narrated. 

KiSKIMINETAS. 

Polygamy — Treatment  to  Wims — Marriage  Ceremonies— Mode 
of  Divorcing — Another  Ceremony— Children  called  by  the  Mother's 
name,  A-c.—Thc  Indians  allow  of  polygamy,  and  persons  of  every 
rank  indulge  themselves  in  this  point.  The  chiefs  in  particular  have 
a  seraulio,°vhich  consists  of  an  uncertain  number,  usually  from  six 
to  twcfve  or  fourteen.  The  lower  rank  are  permitted  to  take  as  many 
as  there  is  li  probability  of  their  being  able,  with  the  children  they 
may  bear,  to  maintain.  It  is  not  uncommon  for  an  Indian  to  marry 
two  sisters;  somelimes,if  there  happen  to  be  mor(>,  the  whole  number; 
and  notwithstanding  this  (as  it  appears  to  civilised  nations)  unnatural 
union,  they  all  live  in  the  greatest  harmony. 

The  younger  wives  are  submissive  to  the  elder;  and  those  who  have 
no  children  do  such  menial  of!ices  for  those  who  are  lertile,  as  cause 
their  situation  to  ditfer  but  little  from  a  state  of  servitude.  However, 
they  perform  every  injunction  with  the  greatest  cheerliilncss,  in  hopes 
of  gaining  thereby  the  affections  of  their  husbands,  that  they  in  their 
turn  mayliave  the  happiness  of  becoming  mothers,  and  be  entitled  to 
the  respect  attendant  on  that  state. 

It  is  not  uncommon  for  an  Indian,  althoiigli  he  takes  to  himself  so 
many  wives,  to  live  in  a  state  of  continence  with  many  of  them  for 
several  years.  Such  as  arc  not  so  fortunate  as  to  gain  the  favor  of 
their  husband,  by  their  submissive  and  prudent  behaviour,  and  by  that 


INDIAN   MAHRIAOE8. 


525 


to  some  .slran,",  ch  or Vhr."^  .7      ''''™  '°  '«  P'^""^  by  Wm 

to  the  injunction  of  thc^ir  h,  «?nr        -^  '^'^  '''^^'^  '''*'>'  ^^l^^nit 

fpleasJ  at  the  tern  !  ^.v'^^^'  ^^^^  !"-"'-"'S.  «»d  are  not 
that  they  take  this  ii  -rtv  - itho    'fi.  ,  ''u^  ^'""^  '^  "^  ^"«^n 

punished  in  the  same  mlm.e    as  1'  tS    T7l"^  ^''  consent,  they  are 

This  custo.n  is  .nc^rH  "valcnt     '     ^  ^'f  ^'''''  «"'''>  o'' adultery. 
.ntcrior  parts,  than  n^^"£^  Z"^^'"  '"'*'"!'  "'^''^*'  ^'^  '"  ^»« 
the  .nanners  of  the  latte  •  a  ^  cnH    o        "''"''''■  '  '"  ^•'■ft'«™er.ts,  as 

points  to  those.  oltl.eAL''carti'"T  "^"'^™,^^^'«  ^^  -orn^ 
them.  ^vnici leans,  by  the  intercourse  they  hold  with 

thatinhabit'theb.Her  1,1-      ;'!'::,?'  ''"-■  J-orces.     The  tribes 

When  a  vouii-  fi  d  a„   I,  h^  ^      T  '!'  "'^'  '''"'-vin^  custom. 

SOX,  he  endeavors   ^t  n  Z  co^ l^  '"'■'''i;:^'""^  <-  one  ol'  the  other 

known  tliat  her  pareiUs^'r  o    u  ^^1^1    'JZ  "w^'^'  '  '^  "^^^'• 
liminary  ,.  aore,,!  on,  and  the  day  an  ,o    .  d      m"  •      f '"'"  ^'^  i''^'  ' 
anees  of  l.nth   parties  assemb  o    u '    u  "'''  '"'^  acquah.t- 

relation  of  the  lricleorc.orvM.:      •  "/j^"'^'^  "'  'f"^  "^  tl'o  oldest 
The  corr.pany  wi;^^[  ot^^^  X'r'';"'"l"''*  ""  "'^  ^"^"-°"- 
numerous:  tu^y  dance     hovsi^H  ''  '"'''  sometimes  very 

ce^X^;m'';;d'n!o1;if '  '"'^^^  -'r  --'^  --iyo..t  or 

three  or  bu    o     ^'^a  tst  a  Sl^T  'r'  '^^"''^^  "'"^  '^^  "'-'«  ^^'^'^ 
<>'-thc>  l.nde,roon^K;n"^i:'    :    ;;:^;-J;r^^  '•    """^  ^'^'^'  ^^-'^ 

thev  lav  hold  c.f  t^^e    x'livmitie.  o r^  i'"  /''"  '""*''"  *^''  ^^^^  '-'-"^^ 

which  fhey  contiin;:  :::^:i;;::';i::^:;^zt'''  ''-■'  '^''^■'  ^'^ 

short  harangues  suitablL  to  the  orcaslon  "  ^'"""""^'^  ^"'"'^ 

ro<;^  X^'^nteS;;'  fo'^S^^/i  l-l.!in  declaration  of  the  love  and 

lM0iw.„:„!        ^  '"*'""''  "'' '""'  '"^'^^P""!^  her  husband  lo  his 
W ho„  from  nny  dishle  .  ,epa,a,io„  ,„ke,  place,  for  Ihoy  „„  seldom 


ilWifl 


Ini 


526 


EVENTS   IN   INDIAN    HISTORY. 


3  quarrel,  they  <fen(^rally  give  their  friends  a  few  d*ys'  notice 
intentions,  and  otlhr  reasons  to  justify  their  conduct.     The 


known  to 
of  their 

witnesses,  who  were  present  at  the  marriage,  meet  on  the  day  re- 
quested, at  the  house  of  the  couple  that  are  about  to  separate,  and 
bringing  with  them  the  pieces  of  rod  which  they  had  received  at  their 
nuptials,  throw  them  into  the  fire  in  the  presf3nce  of  all  the  parties. 

This  is  the  whole  of  the  ceremony  required,  and  the  separation  is 
carried  on  without  any  murmurings  or  ill  will  between  the  couple  or 
the  relations;  and  after  a  few  months  they  are  at  lib<!rty  to  nnarry 


agam 


When  a  marriage  is  thus  dissolved,  the  children  which  have  been 
produced  from  it  are  equally  divided  between  them;  and  as  children 
ar.j  esteemed  a  Ircasun;  I))'  llie  Indians,  if  the  niunber  happens  to  be 
odd,  the  woman  is  allowed  tf)  take  the  better  half. 

'J'hough  this  custom  seems  to  encourage  fickleness  and  frequent 
separations,  yet  there  are  many  of  the  Indians  who  have  but  one 
wife,  and  enjoy  with  her  a  state  of  connubial  happiness,  not  to  be 
exceeded  in  more  refined  soci(;ties.  There  are  also  not  a  few  in- 
stances of  women  preserving  an  inviolable  attachment  to  their  hus- 
bands, e.xcept  in  the  cases  before  mentioned,  which  are  considered  as 
eiilier  a  violation  of  their  chastity  or  fidelity. 

Althougli  I  have  said  that  the  Inditm  naUons  differ  very  little  from 
each  other  in  their  marriage  ceremonies,  thei-e  are  some  exceptions. 
The  Naudowessies  have  a  singular  nu^thod  of  celebrating  their  rnar- 
riages,  wliich  seems  to  bcur  no  resemljlaufte  to  those  made  use  of  by 
any  other  nation  I  passed  through.  \Mien  one  of  their  young  men 
has  lixed  on  a  young  woman  he  approves  of,  he  discovers  his  passion 
to  her  parents,  Who  give  him  an  invitfition  to  come  and  live  with  them 
ill  their  tent. 

He  accordingly  accepts  the  offer,  and  by  so  doing  engages  to  reside 
in  it  for  a  whole  year,  in  the  character  of  a  meninl  servant.  During 
this  time  he  hunts,  and  brings  all  the  game  he  kills  to  the  family;  by 
which  means  the  father  has^  an  opportunity  of  seeing  whether  he  is 
able  to  provide  for  the  support  of  his  daughter  and  the  children  that 
might  be  the  consequence  of  their  union.  "This  however  is  only  done 
whilst  they  are  young  men  and  for  their  first  wife,  an.'  not  repeated 
like  Jacob's  servitude. 

When  this  period  is  expired,  the  marriage  is  solemnised  afler  the 
custom  of  the  country,  in  the  following  manner:  three  or  four  of  the 
oldest  male  relations  of  the;  bridegroom,  and  as  many  of  the  bride's, 
accompany  the  young  couple  from  their  respective  tents,  to  an  oi)en 
part  in  the  centre  of  the  camp. 

The  chiefs  and  warriors,  being  here  assembled  to  receive  them,  a 
party  of  the  latter  are  drawn  up  in  two  ranks  on  each  side  of  the 
bride  and  bridegroom  immediately  on  their  arrival.  Their  principal 
chief  then  acquaints  the  whole  assembly  with  the  design  of  then- 
meeting,  and  tells  them  that  the  couple  before  them,  mentioning  at  the 
same  time  their  names,  are  come  to  avow  publicly  their  intentions  of 
livin.^  together  as  man  and  wife.     He  then  asks  the  two  young  people, 


INDIAN  MARRIAGES. 


627 


alternately    whether  they  desire  that  the  union  might  take  place 
Havuji  declared  w.th  an  audible  voice  that  they  do  so,  the  waS 

nair  MhiJ'f       ■\'*    u'^'f  ^"'■^"  '^""'  "^'^'"  '^^  ^'^''^'  «»'  ^he  married 
pail  ,  this  done,  the  chief  pronounces  th(;m  man  and  wife 

Ihe  bridegroom  then  turns  r.^ind,  and  bending  his  body,  fakes  his 
Wife  on  h,s  back,  in  which  manner  he  carries  her^amidst  the  acelama 
^ons  of  the  spectators  to  his  tent.     The  ceremony  is  succeeded  by  The 
most  plentiful  feast  the  new  married  man  can  afibrd:  and  songs  and 
dances,  according  to  the  usual  custom,  <;onclude  the  fi-stival. 

Among  the  Indians,  as  well  as  l^k.ropean  nations,  there  are  many 
that  devote  themselves  to  pleasure,  and,  notwithstand  ng  the  aceouifs 
given  by  some  modern  writers  of  the  frigidity  of  an  Indiao^'s  consti  u 
tion,  become  the  zealous  votaries  of  Venus.    The  youn.^  warriors  hat 
are  thus  disposed  seldom  want  opportunities  for  Jatifyln?     eTr  pas 

Tuii  i1niiV"t  T'"^  ^'"'^"^'^  °"  ""'^'^  ----  -  -th- 

singular,  i  sliali  describe  it. 

''  W  hen  one  of  these  young  debauchees  imagines,  from  the  behaviour 
of  the  person  he  has  chosen  lor  his  mistress;  that  he  shall  not  meet 
with  any  great  obstruction  to  his  suit  from  her,  he  pursues  the  follow- 

"  It  has  been  already  observed  that  the  Indians  acknowledge  no 
superiority;  nor  have  they  any  ideas  of  subordination,  excep  in  the 
necessary  regulations  of  their  war  or  hunting-partiJs;  they  cons- 
quent  ly  live  nearly  ma  state  of  ecjuality,  pursualit  to  the  first  princi- 
ples of  nature.  The  lover  therefore  is  not  apprehensive  of  any  check 
or  control  in  the  accomplishments  of  his  purposes,  if  he  can  find  a 
convenient  opportunity  for  com])leting  them. 

"As  the  Indians  are  also  under °no  apprehension  of  robbers  or 
secret  enemies  they  leave  the  doors  of  their  tents  or  huts  unfastened 
durmg  he  night,  as  well  as  in  the  day.  Two  or  three  hours  S 
sunset,  the  old  people  cover  over  the  fire,  that  is  generally  burning  in 

I  wr   ".I^V  ^1"^';"^^^"^'  ^^'^'>  ^'^'^^s.  ""^1  retire  to  their  repose 
"Whilst  darkness  thus  prevails,  and  all  is  (juiet,  one  of  these  sons 
oi  pleasure  wrapped  up  closely  in  his  blanket,  to  prevent  his  bein- 
known,  will  sometimes  onto:  the  apartment  of  his  intended  mistress^ 
Having  first  lighted  at  th.  s.noli.ered  fire  a  small  splinter  of  wood 
which  answers  the  purpose  of  a  match,  he  ai.jjroaches  the  place  where 
^he  repdses,  and  gently  pulling  away  the  covering  from  the  head 
jogs  her  till  she  awakc.s.     If  she  then  rises  up,  and  blows  out  the 
light,  he  needs  no  further  confirmation  that  his  company  is  not  dis- 
agreeable;  but  if  after  he  has  discovered  himself  she  hides  her  head 
and  takes  no  notice  of  him,  he  might  rest  assured  that  any  further 
solicitations  will  prove  vain,  and  that  it  is  necessary  immediately  for 
Imn  to  retire.     During  his  stay  he  conceals  the  light  as  much  as 
possible  in  the  hollow  of  his  hands ;  and  as  the  tents  or  rooms  of  the 
ndians  are  usually  large  and  capacious,  he  escapes  without  detection. 
It  is  said  that  the  young  women  who  admit  their  lovers  on  these  occa-      • 
sions  take  great  care,  by  an  immediate  application  to  herbs,  with  the 
potent  efficacy  of  which  they  are  well  acquainted,  to  prevent  the  effects 


i!t'  !.; 


528 


EVKNTS  IN  INDIAN  HISTORY. 


of  these  illicit  amours  from  l)ocoming  visible;  for  should  the  natural 
consequences  ensue,  they  must  forever  remain  unmarried." 

The  children  of  the  Indians  are  always  distinguished  by  the  name 
of  the  mother ;  and  if  a  woman  marries  several  husbands,  and  has 
issue  by  each  of  them,  they  are  called  after  her.  The  reason  they 
give  for  this  is,  that  as  their  offspring  are  indebted  to  the;  father  for 
their  souls,  the  invisible  part  of  their  essence,  and  to  the  mother  lor 
their  corporeal  and  apparent  part,  it  is  more  rational  that  they  should 
be  distinguished  by  the  name  of  the  latter,  from  whom  they  indubitably 
derive  their  Ixjing,  than  by  that  of  the  father,  to  which  a  doubt  might 
sometimes  arise  whether  they  are  justly  entitled. 

There  ^  some  ceremonies  made  use  of  by  the  Indians  at  the 
opposition  of  the  name,  and  it  is  considered  by  them  as  a  matter  of 
ffreat  importance,  but  what  these  are  I  could  never  learn,  through  the 
secresy  observed  on  the  occasion.  1  only  know  that  it  is  usually  given 
when  the  children  have  passed  the  state  of  infancy. 

Nothing  can  exceed  the  tenderness  shown  by  them  to  their  off- 
spring; and  a  person  cannot  recommend  himself  to  their  favor  by  any 
method  more  certain,  than  by  paying  some  attention  to  the  younger 
branches  of  their  famili(;s. 

There  is  some  difficulty  attends  an  explanation  of  the  manner  in 
which  the  Indians  distinguish  themselves  from  each  other.  Besides 
the  name  of  the  animal  by  which  every  nation  and  tribe  is  denomi- 
nated, there  are  others  that  are  personal,  and  which  the  children 
receive  from  their  mother. 

The  chiefs  are  also  distinguished  by  a  name  that  has  either  some 
reference  to  their  abilities,  or  to  the  hieroglyphic  of  their  families;  and 
these  are  acquired  after  they  arrive  at  the  age  of  manhood.  Such  as 
have  signalised  themselves  either  in  their  war  or  hunting-parties,  or 
are  possessed  of  some  eminent  qualifications,  receive  a  name  that 
serves  to  perpetuate  the  fame  of  these  actions,  or  to  make  their 
abilities  conspicuous. 

.Death  of  an  Indian  Warrior. — We  find  in  one  of  the  Little  Rock 
papers  a  singular  obituary  of  an  old  Indian  who  lought  under  (.4en. 
Wayne  in  the  Revolutionary  War.  Capt.  Tisho  Mingo,  a  veteran 
warrior  of  the  Choctaws,  departed  this  life  on  the  5th  ult.  Although 
but  little  known  beyond  the  limits  of  his  nation,  yet  he  was  a  man 
who  had  seen  wars  and  fought  battles ;  stood  high  among  his  own 
people  as  a  brave  and  good  man.  He  served  under  Gen.  Wayne  in 
the  Revolutionary  War,  for  which  he  received  a  pension  from  the 
government  of  the  United  States ;  and  in  the  late  war  with  England 
he  served  under  Gen.  Jackson,  and  did  many  deeds  of  valor.  He  had 
fought  in  nine  battk-s  for  the  United  States.  As  a  friend  he  has  served 
the  white  man  faithfully.  His  last  words  were,  "  When  I  am  gone, 
beat  the  drum  and  fire  the  guna !" 


'  \ 


APPENDIX. 


DICTIONARY  OF  INDIAN  WORDS  AND  PHRASES. 


Good  spirit, 

Evil  spirit 

Man,  . 

Woman, 

Male, 

Female, 

Infant, 

Head, 

Forehead, 

Hair,  . 

Eyes, 

Nose, 

Nostrils, 

Mouth, 

My  teeth, 

Tongue, 
Beard, 
Brain, 
Ears, 
Neck, 
Throat, 
Arms, 
Fingers, 
Nails, 
Side,  . 
My  back, 
My  belly, 
Inighs, 
My  knees. 
Legs, 
Heart, 
My  father. 
My  mother, 
45 


Knistenaux. 

Ki  jai  Manitou. 
Matchi  manitou. 
Ethini. 

Esquois. 

Naphew. 
Non-gense. 

A'  wash  ish. 

Us  ti  quoin. 

Es  caa  tick.  • 

Wes  ty  ky. 

E  kis  ock. 

Oskiwin. 

Oo  tith  ee  gow  mow. 

O  toune. 

Wip  pit  tah. 

Otaithana. 

Michitoune. 

With  i  tip. 

O  tow  ecvgio. 
I|0  qui  ow. 
'O  koot  tas  gy.. 

O  nisk. 

Che  chee. 

Was  kos  sia. 

O's  spin  gy. 

No  pis  quan. 

Nattay. 

O  povam. 

No  che  quoin  nah. 

Nosk. 

O  thea. 

Noo  ta  wie. 

Nigah  wei. 


630 


jopmrnx* 


My  boy,  (son)      . 

My  girl,  (daughter) 

My  brother,  cider, 

My  sister,  elder,  . 

My  grandfather,  . 

My  grandmother, 

My  uncU-,   . 

My  nephew, 

My  niece,    . 

My  mother-in-law. 

My  brothcr-in-luw. 

My  companion, 

My  husband, 

lilood, 

Old  man,    • 

I  am  angry, 

I  fear, 

Joy,    . 

Hearing, 

Track, 

(/hicf,  great  ruler, 

Thief, 

Kxcroment, 

nulFalo, 

Ferret, 

Pole  cat, 

Klk,    . 

Koin  deer,   . 

Fallow  doer, 

Beaver, 

Woolverine, 

Squirrel, 

Mink, 

Otter, 

Wolf, 

Hare, 

Marten, 

Moose, 

Bear, 

Fisher, 

Lynx, 

Porcupine,  . 

Fox,  . 

Musk  rat,    . 

Mouse, 

Cow  Buffalo, 

Meat-Hesh,  • 


Knistenavi. 

Ncgousis. 
Netanis. 

Ni  StCHH, 

Ne  miss. 

No  moo  shum. 

N'  o  kum. 

N'  o'ka  miss. 

Ne  too  sim. 

Ne  too  sim  csquois. 

Nisigouse. 

Nistuh. 

No  wechi  wagan. 

Ni  ii'ip  pem. 

Milh  coo. 

Shi  nap. 

Ne  kis  si  wash  en. 

Ne  goos  tow. 

Ne  ilea  tha  tom. 

Pethom. 

Mis  t;onna. 

Hnukimah. 

Kistnouthesk. 

Meyce. 

Moustouche. 

SisouH. 

Shicak, 

Moustouche.         ' 

Attick. 

Attick. 

Amisk. 

Qui  qua  katch. 

Knnequachas. 

Sa  quasue. 

Nekick. 


egan. 


wuce. 
Wappistan. 
Mauswah. 
Masqua. 
Wijask. 
Picheu. 
Cau  quah. 
Ma  kisew. 
Wajask. 
Abieushiss. 
*Noshi  Moustouche. 
VVias. 


APPIiWDIX. 


631 


Duck, 

Crow  ('orbc-nii, 
Swun, 
Turkoy,      . 
1'hnn.sanfs.  . 
Bird,  . 

Whifn  (if)OHo, 
(ircy  <i(H)S(), 
"artrid<r(!,    . 
VValor  lien, 
JJovc, 

I'ipi;  or  .luck, 

( -urp, 

Sturgcdii,    . 

White-  Fi.s|i, 

I'ickcrcl,      . 
Fish,  (ill  jj;f;iu!ral) 
SjKiwn, 
Fins,         _  . 
'J 'rout, 
Cniw  I<'ish, 

Wasp, 

Turtle, 

Snake, 

Awl, 

Noedle, 

Fire  steel,    . 

Fire  wood,  . 

Cradle, 

Dagger,       . 

Arrow, 

Fish  Hook, 

Axe, 

Ear- bob,     . 

Comb, 

Net,   . 

Tree, 

Wood, 

Paddle, 

Canoe, 

Birch  Rind, 

Bark, 


Kmhtbnaue. 

Atim. 
MakuHU. 
Hy  sip. 
('a  (J/iwken. 

WapsK  u. 
Mes  Hci  ihew. 
Okes  kew. 

Pethescw. 
Niseag. 

W<.y  VVois. 

P(!stasish. 

Pithew. 

('Iii(|iiil)i.s|i. 

Oini  Mec. 

Wa  VVah. 

Kcnonge. 

Na  may  bin. 

Na  iVIa_\ . 

Aticaining. 

Oe-chaw. 

Kcnonge. 

VVaquon. 

<'hi  (hi  kan. 

IVa  gousc. 

A  shag  gee. 

A  tliick. 

Ah  iti()f>. 

Mikinack. 

I\iiiil)ic. 

Oscajick. 

Saboinigan. 

Appot. 

Mich-tah. 

Teckinigan. 

Ta  comagau. 

Augusk  or  Atouche. 

Quosquipichican. 

Seegaygan. 

Chi-kisebisoun. 

Sicahoun. 

Athahe. 

Mistick. 

Mistick. 

Aboi. 

Chiman. 

Wasquoi. 

Wosquoi. 


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dS3 

AFPBNDIX. 

Knistenaux.                  \ 

Touch  Wood, 

Leaf, 

Grass,         .         , 

Raspberries, 

Strawberries, 

Pousagan. 

Nepeshah. 

Masquosi. 

Misqui-meinac' 

O'-tai-e-minac. 

Ashes, 

Pecouch. 

Fire,  . 
Grapes, 
Fog,  . 

Scou-tay. 

Shomenac. 

Pakishihow. 

Mud,  . 

Asus  ki. 

Currant, 

Kiesijiwin. 

Road, 

Mescanah. 

Winter, 
Island, 

Pipoun. 

Ministic. 

Lake, 
Sun,   . 

Sagayian. 
Pisim. 

Moon, 
Day,  . 

Night, 

Tibisca  pesim.  (the  night  Sun) 

Kigigah. 

Tibipca.                                  = 

Snow, 

Cosnah. 

Rain, 

. 

Kimiwoin. 

Drift, 

Pewan. 

Hail,  . 

Shes  eagaa. 

Ice,     . 

Frost, 

Mist,  , 

Water, 

Mountain, 

World, 

Mesquaming. 

Aquatin. 

Picasyow. 

Nepec. 

Messe  asky.  (all  the  earth) 

Wachce. 

Sea,    . 

Kitchi  kitchi  ga  ming. 

Morning, 

Mid-day,     . 

Portage, 

Spring, 

River, 

Rapid, 

Rivulet, 

Sand, 

Ke(]uishepe. 

Abetah  quishcik. 

Unygam. 

Menouscaming. 

Sipec. 

Bawastick. 

Sepeesis. 

Thocaw. 

Earth, 

Askee. 

Star,  . 

Attack. 

Thunder, 

Tithuseu. 

Wind, 

Thoutin. 

Calm, 

Athawostin. 

Heat, 
Evening, 
North, 
South, 

,         Quishipoi. 
,        Ta  kashike. 

Kywoitin. 

Sawena  woon. 

APPEPTDIX. 


d'43 


East, 

West, 

To-morrow, 

Bone, 

Broth, 

Feast, 

Grease  or  oil, 

Marrow  fat, 

Sinew, 

Lodge, 

Bed,    .         . 

Within, 

Door, 

Dish, 

Pert, 

Sledge, 

Cincture,     . 

Cap,  . 

Stocks, 

Shirt, 

Coat, 

Blanket, 

Cloth, 

Thread, 

Carters, 

Mittens, 

Shoes,     .    . 

Smoking  bag, 

Portage  sling, 

Straight  on,' 

Medicine,    . 

Red,  . 

Blue, 

White, 

Yellow,       . 

Green, 

Ugly, 

Handsome,  . 

Beautiful,    . 

Deaf, 

Good-natured, 

Pregnant,    . 

Fat,    .         , 

Small  or  little, 

Short, 

Skin, 


Knistenaux. 

Coshawcastak. 

Pasquismou. 

Wabank. 

Oskann. 

Michim  waboi. 

Ma  qua  see. 

Pimis. 

Oscan  pimis. 

Asstis. 

Wig  waum. 

Ne  pa  win. 

Pendog  ke. 

Squandam. 

Othagan. 

Wasgaigan. 

Tabanask. 

Poquoatehoun. 

Astotin. 

Achican. 

Papacheweyan. 

Papise-co-wagan. 

Wape  weyang. 

Maneto  weguin. 

Assabab. 

Chi  ki-bisoon. 

Astissack. 

Maskisin. 

Kusquepetagan. 

Apisan. 

Goi  ask. 

Mas  ki  kee. 

Mes  coh. 

Kasqutch.  (same  as  black) 

Wabisca. 

Saw  saw. 

Chibatiquare. 

Mache  nagousen. 

Catawassiseu. 

Kissi  Sawenogan. 

Nima  petom. 

Mithiwashin. 

Paawie. 

Outhineu. 

Mushikitee. 

Abisasheu. 

Chemasiah. 

Wian. 


If,,^' 


it 


45* 


f  1  e 


634 

ATBNDIX. 

Knistenaox. 

Long,          .         .         .         .         Kinwain. 

Strong,        , 

Mascawa. 

Covvurd, 

Sagatahaw. 

Weak, 

Nitha  niissew. 

Lean, 

Matha  waw. 

Brave, 

Nima  (jlustaw. 

Young  man, 

Osquineguish. 

Cold, 

Kissin. 

Hot,  . 

Kicbatai. 

Spring, 

Minouscaming. 

Sunuiier,     . 

Nibin. 

Fall,  . 

Tagowagonk. 

One,  . 

1 

Peyac. 

Two, 

Nisheu. 

Three, 

Nishteu. 

Four, 

Neway. 

Five,  . 

Ni-annan. 

Six,    . 

Negoutawoesie. 

Seven, 

Nish  wissic. 

Eijrht, 

Jannanew. 

rj 

Nine, 

Shack. 

Ten,  . 

Mitatat. 

Eleven, 

Peyac  osap. 

Twelve,       . 

Nisheu  osap. 

Thirteen,     . 

Nithou  osap. 

Fourteen,    . 

Neway  osap. 

Fifteen, 

Niaman  usaj). 

Sixteen, 

Nigoutuwoe:?ic  osap. 

Seventeen,  . 

Nish  woesic  osap. 

Eighteen,    . 

Jannencw  osap. 

Nineteen,    . 

Shack  osap. 

Twenty,      . 

Nislicw  niitenah. 

Twenty-one, 

Nishcw  mitcnah  peyac  osap 

Twenty-two,  &c. 

Nisheu  niitenah  nisheu  osap 

Thirty", 

Nishtou  niitenah. 

Forty, 

Newoy  mitenah. 

Fifty, 

Niannan  mitenah. 

Sixty, 
Seventy, 

Negoutawoesic  mitenah. 

.         Nisvvoisic  mitenah. 

Eighty, 

Sannaeu  mitcnah. 

Ninety, 
Hundred,     . 

Shock  mitenah. 

Mitaua  mitenah. 

Two  Hundred, 

Noshew  mitenah  a  mitenah. 

One  Thousand, 

Mitenah  mitena  mitcnah. 

First, 

Nican. 

Last, 

Squayatch. 

More, 

Minah. 

Better, 
Best,  . 
I,  or  mo. 

You,  or  thou. 
They,  or  them, 
We,    .         .     ' 
My,  or  mine. 
Yours, 
Whom, 
His  or  hers, 
All,    . 

Some,  or  some  few, 

The  same,  . 

All  the  world, 

All  the  men, 

Sometimes, 

Arrive, 

Beat,  . 

To  burn, 

To  sing. 

To  cut. 

To  hide. 

To  cover,    . 

To  believe, 

To  sleep,     . 

To  dispute. 

To  dance,  . 

A  o  give. 

To  do. 
To  eat. 
To  die, 
To  forget,    . 
To  speak,    . 
To  cry,  (tears) 
To  laugh,   . 
To  sit  down, 
To  walk,     . 
To  fall,        . 
'I'o  work,     . 
To  kill,       . 
To  sell, 
To  live, 
lo  see,        , 
To  come,    . 
Knough, 
It  hails. 
There  is  some, 


APPENDIX. 

Knistenauk. 

Athiwack  mithawashin. 

Athiwack  mithawashin. 

Nitha. 

Kitha. 

Withawaw. 

Nithawaw. 

Nitayan. 

Kitayan. 

Awione. 

Otayan. 

Kakithau. 

Pey  peyac. 

Tabescoutch. 

Missiacki  wanque. 

Kakithaw  Ethinyock. 

I  as  cow-puco. 

To  couchin. 

Otamaha. 

Mistascasoo. 

Nagamoun. 

Kisquishan. 

C'atann. 

Acquahoun. 

Taboitam. 

Nepan. 

Ke  ko  mi  towock. 

Ncmaytow. 

Mith. 

Ogitann. 

Wissinee. 

Nepew. 

Winnekiski.sow. 

Athimctakousc. 

Mantow. 

Papow. 

Neinatappe. 

Piinoutais. 

Packisin. 

Ah  tus  kew 

Nipahaw. 

Atta^'om. 

Pimatise. 

VV^aban. 

Astamotch. 

EgoUiigog. 

Shisigan. 

Aya  wa. . 


696 


586 


APPENDIX. 


There  is,     . 

It  ruiiKs,       . 

Allcr-to-morrow, 

To-day,       . 

'rheroiiwiiy, 

Mucli, 

Presently,   . 

Mukc,  heart, 

This  riiorninu;. 

This  nigiit, 

Above, 

Below, 

Truly, 

Already, 

Yet,  more. 

Yesterday, 

Far,    . 

Near, 

Never, 

No,    . 

Yes,   . 

By  and  by, 

Always, 

Make  haste. 

It's  long  since. 


Knistenaux. 

Aya  wa. 

(iuiiniwoin. 

A  wis  wabank. 

Anoutch. 

Netoi. 

Michett. 

Fischisqua. 

Qiiithipeh. 

Shebas. 

Tibiscag. 

Fspiininif. 

Tabassish. 

Taboiy. 

Sashay. 

Minah. 

Tacoushick. 

VVathow. 

(Juishiwoac. 

Niina  wucatch. 

Nitna. 

Ah. 

Pa-niina. 

Ka  ki-kee. 

Quethe|>eh. 

Mcwuisha. 


APPENDIX. 


537 


S^ti&t^lfel^iiaiji-fesS-5;c;rG;3=5:. 


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evil  spirit,  w 

them  to  bafll 


46 


A    SUPPLEiVIKNT/ 


Tho  treatment  that  wo  received  from  the  Irulians,  durin.'  nearly  three 
years  that  we  were  with  them,  was  very  kind  and  hospitable;  except 
the  ill  treatment  that  we  received  from  the  Sioux  tribe,  who  several 
tmies  made  attempts  to  stop  us;  and  we  should  have  been  massacred 
had  we  not  terriied  ihem  from  their  murderous  intention,  by  threaten' 
mg  them  with  the  small-pox,  in  such  a  manner  as  would  kill  the  whol« 
tribe  ol  them.  Nothing  could  be  more  horrible  to  them,  than  the  bar« 
mention  ol  this  fatal  disease.  It  was  communicated  to  them  by  the 
Americans,  and  spread  from  tribe  to  tribe  with  an  unabated  pace 
until  it  extended  itself  across  the  continent.  ' 

"This  fatal  infection  spread  around  with  a  baneful  rapidity,  which 
no  flight  could  escaix!,!ind  with  a  (iital  (>flect  that  nothingcould  resist 
It  destroyed,  with  its  pestilential  brealh,  whole  families  and  tribes;  and 
the  horrid  scene  presented,  to  those  who  had  the  melancholy  and 
attecting  opportunity  of  beholding;  it,  a  combination  of  the  dead  and  dy- 
mg;  and  .such  as  wished  to  avoid  the  horrid  fate  of  their  friends  around 
them,  prepared  to  disappoint  the  plague  of  its  prey,  by  terminating 
their  own  existence.     The  habits  and  lives  of  these  devoted  people, 
who  provide   not  to-day  for   the   wants  of  to-morrow,  must  have 
heightened  tho  pains  of  such  an  uflliction,  by  leaving  them  not  only 
without  remedy,  but  even  without,  alleviation.     But  nothing  was  left 
them,  but  to  submit  in  agony  and  despair.     To  aggravate  the  picture, 
if  aggravation  was  possible,  may  be  added  the  sight  of  the  helpless 
child  beholding  the  putrid  carcase  of  its  beloved  parents  dragged  by 
the  wolves  from  ttieir  huts,  (who  were  invited  by  the  stench,)  and  with 
a  ferocious  voracity,  satiate;  their  hunger  on  the  mangled  corpse;  or 
in  the  same  manner,  serve  the  dog  with  food  from  the  body  of  his  once 
iKiloved  master.     Nor  was  it  uncommon  for  the  father  of  a  family, 
whom  the  inrection  had  just  reached,  to  call  his  family  around  him, 
to  represent  the  sufferings  and  cruel  fate  from  the  influence  of  some 
evil  spirit,  who  was  preparing  to  extirpate  their  race;  and  to  invite 
them  to  baflle  death,  with  all  its  horrors,  with  their  own  weapons;  and 


^■'1 


t 


*  Extracts  from  Lc\ri9  and  Clsirke'a  Journal. 


46 


r)40 


A   BTrrn.RMRVT. 


fit  Iho  snmn  fimo,  iC  their  iicnrts  fiiilcd  in  th'iH  nrcrssnry  net,  ho  was 
hiiTiscIf  ready  to  |)erli)rin  the  deed  of  mercy  with  his  own  linnd,  as 
the  last  net  ofliis  iiHicliun,  and  inslaiitly  (oilow  them  to  the  rhnriiher^ 
of  death."  The  Indians  hein-;  di.stiiutc  of  physicians,  livinj,' on  aiiinml 
food,  phni^^in^'  th<jnisolv(.'s  into  cold  \vuter,on  the  first  discovery  of  the 
disease,  rendered  it  ijenerally  mortal. 

While  we  were  at  Fort  Maiidan,  the  Sioux  rohlx.-d  several  of  our 
pnrty  when  they  were  rcturninu;  to  the  lort,  with  the  fruits  of  nn 
•xciirsion  alter  ^nime;  and  innrdered  several  ol"  the  Mandan  trilie  in 
cold  blood,  without  provocation,  while  reposiiijj;  on  tlie  hosom  of 
friendship.  On  hearini,'  of  this  nmssucre,  ('a|)tain  Clarke  and  tho 
greater  part  of  us  volunteered  to  aven<i;(!  the  nim-der ;  hut  were 
deterred  by  not  reeeiviji;^  succor  froni  the  Mandan  warriors,  who 
dec^Iiued  to  avenge  the  outrajje  comir\itted  on  them.  The  |)roI)ahili(y 
of  tlieir  not  eulistirif!;  was,  that  they  were  afraid  ol"  the  superior  nuinljcr 
of  l'..e  Sioux  to  warrant  an  engagement. 

Soon  afler  this  massacre,  we  received  authentic  intelliirence,  that 
the  Sioux  had  it  iueontemplf.tion  (if  their  threats  were  true)  to  miu'der 
us  in  the  sjjring;  hut  were  jM-evented  from  making  the  attack,  hy  our 
threatening  to  spread  the  small-[)ox  with  all  its  horrors  a>r  )ng  them; 
they  knowing  that  it  first  originated  among  the  wliite  people,  and 
having  heard  of  iimoculation  and  the  moiks  of  keeping  tlus  inleetion  in 
vials,  wliich  they  had  hut  an  imperlect  idea  of,  that  barely  a  threat 
filled  them  ".vith  horror,  and  was  sutficient  to  deter  tluMn  from  tlieir 
resolute  and  bloody  |)urpose.  This  stratagem  may  ajtpear  insignifi- 
cant to  the  reader,  but  was  of  the  greatest  conse([uence  to  ust*  for  to 
it  alone  we  owe  not  oidy  the  fate  of  the  expedition,  but  our  lives. 

Most  of  the  tribes  of  Indians  that  we  b(;came  actpiainted  with 
(except  the  Sioux),  after  being  introduced  by  our  interpreter,  and 
finding  that  our  intentions  were  friendly  towards  theui,  n(!ver  failetl  of 
irreetin"  us  with  many  tokens  of  their'friendlv  disiiosition.  Soon  alter 
oirr  interview,  we  were  invited  to  smoke  the  calumet  of  ])eacc,  and  to 
partake  freely  of  their  venison.  The  women  and  children,  in  particu- 
lar, wore  not  wanting  in  showing  tokens  of  friendship,  by  endeavoring 
to  make  our  stay  agreeable.  On  our  first  meeting,  they  generally 
held  a  council,  as  they  term  it,  when  their  chief  delivers  a  "talk,"  in 
which  they  give  their  sentiments  respiicting  their  new  visiters;  which 
wiere  filled  with  professions  of  friendsliip,  and  often  were  very  eloquent, 
and  abounded  with  sublime  and  figurative  language. 

When  we  departed,  aller  taking  leave,  they  would  often  put  up  a 
prayer,  of  which  the  following  is  a  sample,  which  was  put  up  fin*  us 
by  a  Mandan:  "That  the  Great  Spirit  would  favor  us  with  smooth 
water,  with  a  clear  sky  by  day,  and  a  bright  star-light  by  night;  that 
wc  might  not  be  ])rpsented  with  the  red  hatchet  of  war;  but,  that  the 
great  pipe  of  peace  might  ever  shine  upon  us,  as  the  sun  shines  in  an 
unclouded  day,  and  that  we  might  he  overshadowed  by  the  smoke 
thereof;  that  we  might  have  sound  sleep,  an<l  tlult  the  bird  of  peace 
might-whisper  in  our  ears  pleasant  dreams;  that  the  deer  might  be 
taken  by  us  in  plenty ;  and  that  the  Great  Spirit  would  take  us  home 


A,   SCt'PLliMBNT. 


fi41 


411  Hnfcty  lo  one  snuawM  mid  fliil.liv.i.  "     'ri 

mil.,  .^„  J        .1    '^  i""^^7  "»<i  'uiiijioii.        I  hcsc  prav'Ts  were  fciic 

■  m  .        .    '  ""■  '"■"':''•  ""''••  "'^'^'^  ''■^^"'  '"  '"'<"•'''!"»  ">^var.]. 

manner  Z/r       •"  ''"  ''""^^"'•^ ''  ^^'"  '""•'^"'  '''"'  '""  "'"  '"<>^'  'l--"t 

devou  C(J  by  wild  beast,  o    ,,rey  ;  b,;t  bappily  we  escaped.      Fre.u.e.     v 

X  y  K ..,   the  head  ol   the  Missouri   abounds.     After  beii.-  atlackeil 
t  oy  give  no  quarter,  but  rush  with  great  fury  towards  tirei    e  r       ' 

It^'ofT'"'"" V'^''' 1  ''  IT  "f" ""•'"' -"<!  -ouided  hi.n;   1  e  be    ;  i! 
itead  of  being  lutimidated  i,y  th,-  smart  of  the  wound    was  stini.    ,.r^I 

saved   his   he   by   ruiinin-   headlong  down   a  steep  nreeinico     il  ,( 

5;i'S  r:;"^ "' '""  '■■■'"• "'" '"-  ---'^  <^^^^r!^zx 

The  following  narrative  of  an  cneounter  wit],  a  snake  is  told  bv  a 
comparnon  whose  veracity  can  be  relied  on.  1  will  "ive  i  in  is  oln 
words,  as  bo  related  it  in  a  letter  to  lus  friend.  "  " 

"Some  time,"  .says  he,  "before  wc  readied  Fort  Mandan,  while  I 

ov?r  sho2.a'tbr""r  •r.'l"'"*"^'  «"''  o'-^^^^-^'-'^-t  monsler     t 
ever  shocked  tlie  nmid  with  horror  was  preseiited  to  ray  siolit     Wha 
passing  deliberately  in  a  forest  that  bordered  on  a  prairie       he  ird  a 
rusthng  in  the  bushes;  I  leaped  towards  the  object,  Id  "ht'ei  witluhe 
!>i-ospect  of  acquiring  game.     B^lt  on  proceedin' •■  a  fex/ pares  f.  he. 
".y  blood  was  chilled  with  horror,  by  Ihe  appea^i  e   ,    ^  so  I  eU  of 
an  enormous  size.     On  discoveri.ig'me,  hi 'immediate  vei^fd^s 
}io.id  to  a  grea    height;  his  color  was  of  a  yellower  hue  than  thesn  (s 
.  of  a  ra tt  e-snake;  and  on  the  top  of  his  back  were  spots  ol  a    ed  i, 

whon  t7  .    ""^  '-f  evidently  in  the  attitude  of  sprin-in-.-  at  me 

when  I  levelled  my  ride  at  him;  but  probably  owin-.  to  my  coLter' 

nation      only  wounded  him;  but  the  explosion  of  the  -nm  and  tt 

wound  turned  to  flight  the  awful  enemy.'    Perhaps  yo.P  i  ay  thii  F 

ha    my  fnght  has  magnified  the  description.     I  can  canddfy  aver' 

that  he  was  m  bulk  half  as  Urge  as  a  middle-sized  m;n."       ^         ' 

In  the  Indian  tribes  there  is  so  great  a  similarity  in  their  stature 

«olor,  government,  and  religious  tenets,  that  it  will  be  requisittT' 


542 


A   SUPPLEMENT, 


pcrapicuity,  to  rank  them  under  one  geneml  head.     And  when  thert 
Is  a  contrast  in  the  course  of  the  description,  it  will  be  mentioned. 

The  Indians  are  all  (except  the  Snake  Indians)  tall  in  stature, 
s:traight  and  robutnt.  It  is  very  seldom  they  are  deformed,  which  ha.« 
given  rise  to  the  supposilion,  that  they  put  to  death  th::;ir  deformed 
children,  which  is  not  the  case.  Tiieir  skin  is  of  a  copper  color,  their 
eyes  large,  Vilack,  and  of  a  bright  and  sparkling  color,  indicative  of  a 
subtle  and  discerning  mind.  Tlrir  hair  is  of  the  sairie  color,  and  prom; 
to  grow  I'Mig,  straight,  and  seldom  or  never  curled;  their  teeth  aro 
large  and  white.  I  never  observed  a-.i/  decayed  anvjng  them,  which 
makes  their  breath  as  sweet  as  the  air  tky  exhale.  The  women  an 
about  the  stature  of  the  Eiiglish  women,  and  much  inclined  to  corpu- 
lency, which  is  seldom  the  case  with  the  other  sex. 

I  shall  not  enter  into  a  discussion  about  the  cause  of  their  hue.  I 
shall  barely  mention  the  suppositions  ihat  are  made  respecting  it- 
Some  have  asserted,  that  it  is  derived  principally  from  their  annointing 
themselves  with  fat  iii  the  summer  season,  to  prevent  profuse  perspi- 
ration, and  this,  combined  with  the  influence  of  the  sun,  has  giver,  tht- 
tincture  of  their  complexion.  To  suppo»-t  the  hypothesis,  they  assert 
that  the  rcj)eated  above-mentioned  causes  give  color  to  the  parent, 
v.ho  procreates  his  own  likeness,  until  at  length  it  is  entailed  on 
poi-terity.  But  notwithstanding  this  curious  reasoning,  others  are  of 
opinion,  that  the  hand  of  the  Creator  gave  the  reddish  hue  to  the 
Indians,  the  sable  coloi'  to  the  African,  and  that  of  white  to  the  civil- 
ised nations. 

They  esteem  a  beard  exceedingly  unbecoming,  and  take  great  pains 
to  get  rid  of  it ;  nor  is  there  ever  any  to  !>e  ptjiceived  on  their  faces, 
except  when  theyg  •  vv  old  and  become  inatteutive  to  their  appearance. 
Every  crinoso  excrescence  on  other  parts  of  their  body  is  held  in  as 
great  abhorrence  by  thein,  and  both  sexes  are  equally  careful  to 
extirpate  it,  in  v.-hich  they  often  employ  much  time. 

The  Pallotcpallor.-;,  Serpentine,  Mandap,  and  other  interior  tribef" 
of  Indians,  pluck  them  out  with  bent  pieces  of  hard  w(  od,  formed  into 
a  kind  of  nippers,  made  for  that  purpose;  while  those  that  have  a 
communication  with  Americans  or  Europeans,  procure  from  then^ 
w'rc,  which  they  ingeniously  make  into  an  in3';rument  '•esembling  n 
screw,  which  will  take  so  firm  a  hold  of  the  beard,  that  with  a  sudden 
twitch  they  extirpate  them  out  by  the  roots,  when  considerable  blood 
I'l^ver  fails  to  flow. 

The  dress  of  the  Iirdiuns  varies  according  to  the  tribe  that  they 
belong  to;  but  in  general,  it  is  very  commodious,  not  to  encumber 
them  in  pursuing  the  chase,  or  their  enemy ;  thosi  that  inhabit  tk" 
Missouri,  I  have  often  seen,  in  cdd  v/eathcr,  without  any  apparel  to 
screen  themselves  from  'he  inclemency  of  the  weather.  The  lower 
rank  of  the  Pallotepallors  and  Clatsops  wear  nothing  in  the  sum.ner 
season,  but  a  small  garment  about  their  hips,  which  is  either  manu- 
factured out  of  bark  or  skins,  and  which  would  vie  with,  if  not  excel, 
any  European  manufacture,  beiiig  diversified  with  different  colors, 
which  give  it  a  gray  aiypearance.    Their  chiefs  are  generally  dressed 


A  SDPPLKMENT. 


549 


m  robes  that  are  made  out  of  small  skins,  (which  takes  several  hun- 

•  t      f  ""i  g^""«"!').°^  different  colors,  neatly  tanned,  which  th"  y 
hang  loosely  over  their  shoulders.  ^ 

In  deep  snows  they  wear  skins,  which  entirely  cover  their  lee,  and 
feet  and  almost  answer  for  breeches-being  held  up  by  strin-^s  Tfed  "o 
the.lower  part  of  the  waist.     Their  bodie°  in  the  winter  se^on  a^ 

TwlrS  ^''^'''"'  kinds  of  skin,  which  are  tanned  v^r the  ?^ 
on,  which  they  wear  next  to  the  skin.     Those  of  the  men,  who  w  sh 
to  appear  more  gay  than  others,  pluck  out  the  greatest  part  of  tle'r 
hair,  leaving  only  small  locks  as  fancy  dictatesron  which  are  hunl 
different  kinds  of  quills,  and  feathers  of  elegalit  plumage  suneZ 
painted.     The  Sioux  and  Osage.s,  who  traffic  with  the  AmerW 
wear  some  of  our  apparel,  such  as  shirts  and  blankets ;  theformi' 
they  canno  bea  -  tied  at  the  wristbands  and  collar,  and  the  latter  the^ 
herhlT  .r ''^'  their  shoulders.    Their  chiefs  dr^ss  very  gayTabo^J 
the  r  heads  they  wear  all  kinds  of  ornaments  t<iat  can  well  bt  bestowed 
upon  them,  which  are  ctiriously  wrought,  and  in  the  winter  lon^  rob^« 
of  the  richest  fur,  that  trail  on  the  ground.  ° 

In  the  summer  there  is  no  great  "peculiarity,  only  what  the  higher 
rank  wear  is  excessively  ornamented.  ^  ^ 

The  Indians  paint  their  heads  and  faces  vellow,  areen,  red  and 
black;  which  they  esteem  very  ornamental.     They  ^Iso  pa  nt  them 
•elves  when  they  go  to  war ;  but  the  method  they  make  use  of  on  tht 
occasion  differo  from  that  which  they  wear  merely  as  a  decoraTon. 

Ihe  Chippewa  young  men,  who  are  emulous  of  cxcellin<r  their 
companions  in  finery,  slit  the  outward  rim  of  both  ears;  at  the  same 
.me  they  take  care  not  to  separate  them  entirely,  but  Ic^ve  the  flesT. 
thus  cut  still  untouched  at  both  extremities;  around  this  Iponl  sut 
stance  rom  the  upper  to  the  lower  par'.,  they  twist  brass  wire°filUhe 
weig^i  draws  the  amputated  rim  in  a  b<nvof  five  or  six  inches  dam«! 
ter  and  draws  it  down  almost  to  the  shoulder.  This  decoration  L 
esteemed  gay  and  becoming. 

fj!J^''^7V''fTJ'"'''''i  *''*""'  ^"  ^'''^  t'^^*'"  noses,  and  wear  in 
them  pendants  of  different  sorts.  Shells  are  often  worn,  which  when 
painted  are  reckoned  very  ornamental. 

for^h^ir  TJ  ""^  'k  Y'T  ':'^"  '"^."'^''  '^'  ^'^^'^  ^^  Louisiana  is 
foi  their  legs,  a  kind  of  stocking,  either  of  skins  or  cloth  r  these  am 

^ed  up  as  much  as  possible  in  the  shape  of  their  leg,  so  as  to  admU 
o(  beug  drawn  on  and  oif;  the  edges  of  the  stuff  on° which  thevTre 
Srnf"?  ''f  '"?"^'^  to  the  seams,  and  hang  loose  aboul  th^ 
breadth  of  .  hand;  and  this  part  which  is  placed  on  the  outside  of  the 
leg  IS  general  y  ornamented  with  lace  and  ribbons,  and  often  with 
embroidery  and  porcupine  quills  variously  colored.  The  hunters  from 
Louisiana  find  these  stockings  much  more  convenient  than  any  others. 
1  heir  shoes  are  made  of  the  skins  of  deer  or  elk  ;  these,  aft^r  beimr 
dressed  with  the  hair  on,  arc  cut  into  shoes,  and  fashioned  so  as  to^ 
easy  to  their  feet  and  conviMiicnt  for  walking.  The  edges  around  the 
ancle  are  decorated  with  pieces  of  brass  or  fin,  fixed  around  a  leather 

46* 


/   • 


f 


644 


A   SirPPLEBTENT. 


string  about  an  inch  long,  which,  being  placed  very  thick,  make  & 
delightsome  noise  when  thciy  walk  or  dance. 

The  dress  of  the  women  in  the  summer  season  consists  only  of  a 
l)etticoat  that  does  not  roach  down  to  their  knees.  In  the  winter  they 
wear  a  shilt,  made  of  skins,  which  answers  a  very  good  purpose  when 
they  stand  erect,  as  it  is  suffi(Ment[y  low,  but  when  they  bend  over 
they  often  put  modesty  to  the  blush.  ,  Their  legs  are  covered  similarly 
to  the  other  sex. 

Most  of  the  female  Indians  who  dwell  on  the  west  side  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi, near  its  confluence  with  the  Missouri,  decorate  their  heads  by 
enclosing  their  hair  in  plates  of  silver:  it  is  a  costly  ornament,  and  is 
made  useof  by  the  highest  rank  only.  Those  of  the  lower  rank  make 
use  of  the  bones,  which  they  manulhcture  to  resemble  that  of  silver. 
The  silver  made  use  of,  is  formed  into  thin  plates  of  about  four  or  fivt 
inches  broad,  in  several  of  wiiich  they  cunfinc  their  hair.  That  platw 
which  is  nearest  the  head  is  of  considerable  width;  the  next  narrower, 
and  made  so  as  to  pass  a  little  way  under  the  other,  and  gradually 
tapering  till  they  get  to  a  very  considerable  magnitude. 

This  proves  to  be  of  very  great  expense,  for  they  often  wear  it  on 
the  back  side  of  the  head,  extending  to  the  full  length  of  their  hair, 
which  is  commonly  very  long. 

The  women  of  every  nation  generally  paint  a  spot  against  each 
about  the  size  of  a  crown  piece;  some  of  them  paint  their  hair,  and 
sometimes  a  spot  on  the  middle  of  the  forclicad. 

The  Indians  have  no  fixed  habitations  when  thc^y  are  hunting,  but 
build  their  houses  where  convenirncy  pre  .'•ents,  v/h'uh  are  made  so 
small,  that  it  obliges  the  inhabitants  to  j^'.nipe  at)out  in  them,  being  so 
low  as  not  to  admit  one  to  stand  erect,  and  arc  without  windows. 
Those  that  are  built  for  a  permanent  residence  are  much  more  sub- 
stantial ;  they  are  built  of  logs  and  bark,  large  enough  to  contain 
several  apartments.  Those  built  for  the  chiefs  are  often  very  elegant. 
That  of  the  chief  warrior  of  the  Mahas,  is  at  least  sixty  feet  in  cir- 
cumference, and  lined  with  furs  and  painting.  The  furs  are  of  various 
color.-!,  many  of  which  I  had  never  seen  before,  and  were  extremely 
beautiful;  the  variety  in  color  formed  a  contrast  that  much  added  to 
its  elegance.  The  paintings  were  elegant,  and  would  adorn  the  dwell- 
ings of  an  opulent  European  Prince.  But  the  houses  of  the  common 
people  are  very  different. 

They  have  also  moveable  houses,  which  they  use  for  iishing,  and 
sometimes  for  hunting;  which  are  ir.ade  of  deer-skins,  or  birch  bark 
sewed  together,  which  they  cover  oyer  j.oles  made  for  that  purpose; 
they  are  bent  over  to  form  a  semicircle,  ft  hich  resemble  those  bent 
by  the  Americans  for  beans  or  hops  to  gnn\  on,  and  ai-c  covered  over 
as  before  mentioned,  which  are  very  light  and  easily  transported  whcrw 
necessity  requires. 

The  best  of  their  cabins  have  no  eliinincys,  but  a  small  hole  to  hi 
the  smoke  through,  which  they  are  compelled  to  sto[)  up  in  Llormv 
weather;  and  when  it  is- too  cold  to  put  osit  their  fn-,  thoir  huts  are 


A   StrpptHMEICT, 


645 


;?  4 


filled  with  clouds  of  smoke,  which  render  them  insupportable  to  anv 
but  an  Indian.  ' 

Their  utensils  are  few,  and  in  point  of  usefulness  very  defective- 
those  to  hold  water  m  are  made  of  the  skins  of  animals  and  The 
knotty  excrescences  of  hard  wood;  their  spoons  are  manufactu^d 
out  o.  wood  or  the  bones  of  a  buflalo,  and  are  tolerably  commodes 
and  I  have  oflen  seen  them  elegant,  and  sometimes  painted.  ' 

Ihe  Hathcads  and  Clatsops  make  baskets  out  of  rushes,  that  will 
hold  water  ,  they  are  not  very  dry.  These  two  nations  Appear  o 
have  more  of  a  mechanical  genius  than  any  other  people  that  I  have 
ever  been  acquainted  with  And  I  think  they  are  not  rivalled  by  an^ 
nation  on  earth,  when  taking  into  consideration  their  very  limited 
mechanical  instruments.  ^  iHimt.u 

Many  of  the  Indian  nations  make  no  use  of  bread,  salt,  and  spices- 
and  many  live  to  be  old  without  seeing  or  tasting  of  either.     IV* 
Umt  ive  near  the  snowy  mountains,  live  in  a  great  measure  on  berries 
which  clothe  the  fields  in  great  abundance.  ' 

The  Taukies  and  other  Eastern  tribes,  where  Indian  corn  arows 
take  green  corn  and  beans,  boil  them  together  with  bear's  flesh,  the 

■In  general  they  have  no  idea  of  the  use  of  milk,  althouah  m-eat 
quantities  might  be  collected  from  buffalo  and  elk.  They  o'nly'con 
sidor  It  proper  for  the  nourishment  of  tire  younir  of  these  beasts,  in 
their  tender  state.  It  cannot  be  perceived  that^ny  inconvenience 
.ai.ses  Irom  the  disuse  of  articles  so  much  esteemed  by  civilised  na- 
.ions,  which  they  use  to  give  a  relish  and  flavor  to  their  food.  But 
on  the  contrary,  the  great  healthiness  of  the  Indians,  and  the  un- 
healthiness  of  the  sons  of  Epicurus,  prove  that  the  diet  of  the  former 
IS  the  most  salutary. 

They  preserve  their  meat  by  exposing  it  to  the  sun  in  the  summer,    ' 
and  m  the  winter  by  putting  it  between  cakes  of  ice,  which  keep  i 
sweet,  and  free  from  any  putrefactive  quality. 

Their  food  consists  in  a  great  measure  of  the  flesh  of  the  bear, 
buffalo  and  deer.  Ihose  that  reside  near  the  head  of  the  Missouri 
and  Columbia  rivers,  chiefly  make  use  of  the  buffalo  and  elk,  which 
are  often  seen  from  fifty  to  an  hundred  in  a  drove.  Where  there  arc 
plenty  of  the  two  last  mentioned  beasts  there  are  but  a  few  of  the 
lormer,  and  where  there  are  many  of  the  former,  but  few  of  th« 

The  mode  of  roasting  their  meat,  is  by  burning  it  under  ground  on 
tlio  side  of  a  hill,  placing  stones  next  to  the  meat;  the  mode  of  build- 
ing  to  heat  it,  somewhat  resembles  the  fire  made  under  a  lime-kiln 
m  this  manner  they  roast  the  largest  of  their  animals.  • 

Iho  mode  of  cooking  smaller  pieces,  is  to  roast  it  in  stones,  that 
atre  hewn  out  for  the  purpose. 

The  Fla'dicads  and  Clatsops  procure  a  root  about  the  size  of  a 
potato  which  grows  spontaneously  and  in  great  abundance,  and  is 
tolerably  pa!a(a!)if\  nnrJ  r^,^r■r^„^^,r  „^„„.-,,  ..,:.i    -l .•  ,  ' 


m 


I  HI 


md  perfectly  agrees  with  the  nativ 


es;  but  made 


646 


▲   BCrfJ,£M£XT. 


US  all  sick,  while  we  were  among  them.     Before  we  descended  the 

Columbia  river,  we  were  unable  to  procure  game,  and  h;id  recourse 
to  ihe  flesh  of  dogs  and  horses  to  preserve  lile,as  those  roots  would, 
without  doubt,  have  destroyed  us,  and  we  were  unable  to  procure  any 
other  kind  of  food. 

Many  of  the  tribes  of  Indians  are  extremely  dirty.  I  have  seen 
the  Maha  Indians  bring  water  in  the  paunches  of  animals  that  were 
very  dirty,  and  in  other  things  equally  so.  But  the  Maha  chiefs  are 
very  neat  and  cleanly  in  their  tenls,  apparel,  and  food. 

The  Indians  commonly  eat  in  large  parties,  so  that  their  meals 
may,  with  propriety,  be  termed  feasts ;  they  have  not  set  hours  for 
their  meals,  but  obey  the  dictates  of  nature. 

Many  of  the  tribes  dance  before  or  after  their  meals,  in  devotion  to 
the  Great  Spirit,  for  the  blessings  they  receive.  Being,  informed  of 
the  mode  of  our  saying  grace,  they  answered  that  they  thought  we 
were  stupid  and  ungrateful  not  to  exercise  our  bodies  for  the  great 
benefits  that  we  received :  but  muttering  with  our  lips,  they  thought 
was  an  unacceptable  sacrifice  to  the  Great  Spirit,  and  the  stupid  mode 
of  the  ceremony  ridiculous  in  the  extreme.  In  their  feasts,  the  men 
and  women  eat  apart;  but  in  their  domestic  way  of  living,  they  pro- 
miscuously eat  together. 

Instead  of  getting  together  and  drinking  as  the  Americans  do,  they 
make  use  of  l<?asting  us  a  substitute.   • 

When  their  chiefs  are  assembled  together,  on  any  occasion,  they 
always  conclude  with  a  feast,  at  which  their  hilarity  and  cheerfulncsfs 
know  no  bounds. 

Mo  people  on  earth  are  more  hospitable,  kind,  and  free,  than  the 
Indians.  They  will  readily  share  with  any  of  their  own  tribe  the  last 
part  of  their  provisions,  and  even  those  of  a  diflerent  nation.  Though 
they  do  not  keep  one  common  stock,  yet  the  community  of  goods  is 
so  prevalent  among  them,  and  their  generous  dispositions  render  it 
nearly  of  the  same  efiect. 

They  strike  fire  by  rubbing  together  two  sticks  of  wood,  of  a  par- 
ticular kind,  which  they  procure  v/ith  ease;  from  other  kinds  it  is 
impossible  to  procure  fire. 

They  are  extremely  circumspect  and  deliberate  in  every  word  and 
action;  there  is  nothing  that  hurries  them  info  any  intemperate  wratli, 
but  that  inveteracy  of  their  enemies,  Avhich  is  rooted  in  every  Indian's 
breast,  and  never  can  be  eradiciatcd.  In  all  olher  instances  they  arc 
coo!,  and  deliberate,  taking  care  to  suppress  tfio  emotions  of  the  heart.' 
If  any  Indian  has  discovered  that  a  friend  of  his  is  in  danger  of  being 
cut  oil'  by  a  lurking  enemy,  he  does  not  inform  him  of  his  danger  in 
direct  terms,  as  though  ho  was  in  fear,  but  he  first  coolly  asks  him 
which  way  he  is  going  that  day:  and  having  made  his  answer,  with 
the  same  indiflerence  tells  him,  that  he  has  been  informed  that  an  ob- 
noxious benst  lies  on  the  route  where  he  is,  going,  which  might 
probably  do  him  mischief.  This  hint  proves  sufficient;  nnd  his  friend 
avoids  the  danger  with  as  much  caution,  as  though  every  design  and 
motion  of  his  enemy  had  been  pointed  out  to  him. 


A   St'Pl'tRMENT. 


64? 


tiJt  '^  r^  ""  shows  Itself  on  occasions  that  would  draw  forth 
h  !  rrT  i  ""  '''''T^^''  ^^^'^-  f'"''"  Indian  has  been  absent  from 
hi  It  ^^  ^'v^Mf^'  '"""'^''  ^"^^^'"  «"  '-^  ^''^■-  o--  hunfincr  party,  and 
InsfeTdof'th  "^^'^'r  ""'  ^""'■'^^  "^"^  ^'■'^^«"-  ''^«"'  his  habitation, 
^0^11   n  "''!^''"'^''""'  ^'^^'  naturally  arise  in  the  breast  of 

Znn^  "h  ""''  ""'^  r"  f"-°'^"^'tive  of  mi.tual  congratulations,  he 
con  inues  his  course  without  looking  to  the  ri^ht  o?  left  •  without 
payu.,  the  least  attention  to  those  around  him,  tiH  h  a  r  l;.  a  his 
house.    I  le  there  s.ts  down,  and  with  the  same  unconcern  as  if  he  ha' 

o  them  Th?  '/'?';.'''t^'''  ''  ''  •^^^'^''^'  ''^"••^  before  he  relates 
o  them  the  mcu'ents  that  have  befallen  lun,  durin-  the  absence 

S'l'S^otT^s'l^'"  'f  "^'"'Y  '^••"''^^'  -•  ^  -"  ^J-d  on  the 

£i^i;:^^,:^^^^^^^ 

food  when  he  arrives  at  the  hut  of  a  friend,  where  he  knows  that  Z 
wants  will  be  immediately  supplied,  he  takes  care  not  to  show  the 
oast  symptoms  of  impatience,  or  betray  the  extreme  hunger  that  he 
Inr'.  •'^'  ^u  ""  '^^''"S  invited  in,sitscontentedi;down!and 
and  1^'  w.'  '"^';"l^  "'  "^"'''  composure  as  if  his  appetite  was  clayed, 
and  he  was  perfec  ly  at  ease:  he  does  the  same  if  imong  stranirs 

a  o  oof  o?""^  VT^^  '.^^."f  'l^y  '"''y  '^''"^'^  ^"^  they  esteem  It 
a  pioof  of  lortitude,  and  think  the  reverse  would  entitle  them  to  the 
appellation  of  old  women.- 

If  you  tell  an  Indian,  that  his  children  have  greatly  signalised 
themselves  against  an  enemy,  have  taken  many  scalps,  and  brought 
home  many  prisoners,  he  does  not  appear  to  feel  any  great  emotions 
ot  pleasure  on  the  occasion ;  his  answer  generally  is,  "  they  have  done 
well,  and  makes  but  very  little  inquiry  about  it ;  on  the  contrary,  if 
you  inform  him  that  his  children  are  slain  or  taken  prisoners  he 
makes  no  complaints;  he  only  replies,  «ii  is  unfortunate,"  and  for 
.some  time  asks  no  questions  about  how  it  happened. 

This  seeming  indifference,  however,  does  not  proceed  from  a  want 
ot  the  natural  affections,  for,  noi withstanding  they  are  esteemed 
savages,  [  never  saw  among  any  other  people  greater  proofs  of  filial 
tenderness;  and,  although  they  meet  their  wives  after  a  long  absence 
with  the  stoical  indifference  just  mentioned,  they  are  not,  in  general, 
void  ot  conjugal  affection.  '  '       e  > 

Another  peculiarity  is  observable  in  their  manner  of  pavina  visits 
t  an  Indian  goes  to  visit  a  particular  person  in  a  family,  he  m'entiona 
to  whom  his  visit  IS  intended,  and  the  rest  of  the  family  immediately 
retire  to  the  other  end  of  the  hut  or  tent,  and  are  careful  not  to  com"e 
near  enou-h  to  interrupt  them  during  the  whole  conversation.  The 
same  method  is  pursued  when  a  young  man  goes  to  pay  his  addresses 
to  a  young  woman;  bM  then  he  must  be  careful  not  to  let  love  be  the 
subject  of  his  discou;  j:.  v/hile  the  daylight  remains. 

They  discover  an  amazing  sagacity,  and  acquire  with  the  greatest 


m  m 


i  .  J,  .  , 


l^'^iJk 


548 


A   SUl'lM.KMKNT. 


rcndiiicss  nny  thiiii.':  that  cloprmls  u|K)11  tlir  attontionofthe  mint!.  Ry 
exiH  riciice,  and  an  ai'utct  (thsiTvatidii,  tlicy  attain  many  perlbctions, 
to  which  the  Americans  an;  stranu;crs.  For  instance,  they  will  cross 
a  fitrest,  or  a  plain,  which  is  two  hiindri-d  miles  in  breadth,  and  rcr.ch 
with  great  exactness  tlu;  point  at  w])i(  h  they  intend  to  arrive,  keeping 
durinfi;  the  wjiole  of  tlyjt  space  in  a  din-ct  line,  without  any  material 
deviations;  and  this  they  will  do  with  the  same  ease,  let  the  weather 
be  tidr  or  cloudy. 

With  equal  acuteness  they  will  point  to  that  part  of  the  heavens  the 
sun  is  in,  tliou<;h  it  Ix;  intercepted  hy  clouds  or  fogs;  besides  this,  they 
are  able  to  pursue  with  incredible  facility  the  traces  of  a  manor  beast, 
either  on  leaves  or  grass;  and  on  this  account  it  iswitli  f^reat  dilHctdty 
that  a  flying  enemy  escapes  discovery. 

'J'hey  are  indebted  for  these  talents  not  only  to  nature,  but  to  an 
extraordinary  command  of  the  intellectual  faculties,  which  can  only 
be  acfjuirt'd  by  an  unremitted  attention,  and  by  long  experience. 

'I'hey  are  in  general  very  ha|)py  in  a  retentive  memory ;  they  can 
re<',apitulate  every  i)articular  that  has  been  treated  of  in  councils,  and 
remember  the  exact  time  when  tht;y  were  held.  Their  belts  of  wam- 
pum preserve  the  substance  of  the  treaties  they  liave  concluded  with 
the  neighboring  tribes,  for  ages  back,  to  which  they  will  appeal,  and 
refer  with  as  much  perspicuity,  and  readiness,  as  Europeans  can  to 
their  written  records. 

Every  nation  pays  great  respect  to  old  age.  The  advice  of  a  father 
will  never  receive  any  extraordinary  attention  from  the  young  Indians; 
probably  they  receive  it  with  only  a  bare  assent;  but  they  will  tremble 
before  a  grandfather,  and  submit  to  his  injunctions  with  the  utmost 
alacrity.  The  word;-:  of  the  ancient  part  of  the  community  arc 
esteemed  by  the  young  as  oracles.  If  they  take,  during  hunting 
parties,  any  tame  that  is  reckoned  by  them  uncommonly  delicious,  it 
is  immediatelj-  presented  to  the  eldest  of  their  relations. 

They  never  suffer  themselves  to  be  overburdened  with  care,  but 
live  in  a  state  of  perfect  tranquillity  and  contentment,  being  naturally 
indolent.  If  provisions,  just  sufficient  for  their  subsistence,  can  be 
procured  with  little  trouble,  and  near  at  hand,  they  will  not  go  iar, 
or  take  any  extraordinary  [)ains  for  it,  though  by  so  doing  they  might 
acquire^  greater  plenty  and  of  a  more  estimable  kind. 

liaviiig  much  leisurctime,  they  indulge  this  indolence  to  which  they 
arc  prone,  by  sleeping  or  rambling  about  among  their  tents.  But  when 
necessity  obliges  them  to  take  the  field,  cither  to  oppose  an  enemy, 
or  to  procure  themselves  fijod,  they  are  alert  and  indefatigable.  Many 
instances  of  their  activity,  on  these  occasions,  will  be  given  when  we 
treat  of  their  wars. 

The  greatest  blemish  in  their  character  is  that  savage  disposition, 
which  impels  them  to  treat  their  enemies  with  a  severity  that  every 
other  nation  shudders  at ;  but  if  they  arc  thus  barbarous  to  those  with 
whom  they  are  at  war,  they  are  friendly,  hospitable  and  humane  in 
peace.  It  may  with  truth  be  said  of  them,  that  they  arc  the  worst 
enemies,  and  the  best  friends  of  any  people  in  the  world. 


A    SUPPLEMENT. 


040 


tribes  the  very  idea  i/nn.  Vl^  l         '**  "^'^'''     ^"'ong  «omc 

young  mon'^rrrarl  at  emoM,  '  "'/^"'*  /"^"^  abandoned  of  their 

womeninwllureof  nn„r^  of  sohctat.ons ;   yet,  the  Indian 
married  are  notThe  IcL  1?^^"?"',.^''^"^?"^  '^"^  ^'"''^  'hey  are 

-ho  child,™  of  ,ho  ,,„«„„  ,„  ..i,„.„  .ifc.;*'  .:ii  "^  ■^""i'  ''^ 

1  he  Indians  can  lorm  to  Ihcmselvos  no  idea  of  fh*.  vnlno  ^r 
thc^  cor^ider  it,  M-hcn  they  are  n.a.le  acqu;dn;:^S'ti:  u^^' HS 
1     s  applied    by  other  nations,  as  the  soiree  of  innu.ne  able  evihTn 
It  they  attribute  all  the  mischiefs  tiiat  arc  prevalent  amnnrr 
-uch  as  treachery,  plundering,  devast^rtiolirand  ".uXr  °  ''"°^'"""' 

1  hey  esteem  it  irrational,  that  one  man  should  be  possessed  of  « 

lar  d.strd.ut.on  of  ,t,  great  numbers  should  be  shut  up  withhi  X 
dreary  walls  of  a  prison,  cut  off  from  society  of  which  thev  co  s  itm! 
a  part,  exceeds  their  belief;  nor  do  they  faif,  on  h  a    n.  Ls    .a^Tf 

1;^"  r'.  ^IT  '^'T  "^  S"^^rnment  related,  to  ch?u-ge  thehstf 
nto.^  of  .t  ^^',di  a  total  want  of  huManity,  and  to  brand  U  em  with 
the  names  ol  savages,  brutes.  »^       ■ '  ""  "'^"»  wim 

IJiey  show  almost  an  equal  degree  of  indifTerence  for  the  produc- 
tions ot  ar  .     When  any  of  these  are  shown  them,  they  say^'  It  is 
pretty   I  hke  to  look  at  it,"  and  are  not  inquisitive  aboutSnstru 
t.on  Of.    neither  can  they  forn.  proper  conceptions  of  its  use      B^ 

2°cHre     wT  "  P'""'  '"""^  ^•^'^  ^'-"^^  ^°'"^y'  ''^  skilled  in  hnting      ' 
«^n  direc  with  unerring  aim  a  gun,  or  bonds  with  ease  a  bow  can 
dexterously  work  a  canoe,  understands  the  art  of  war.  i«  aequ^  mS 


660 


A   8UPPLEMKNT. 


with  the  situations  of  the  country,  and  can  make  his  way  without  a 
euido  through  nn  immense  loiest,  subsisting  during  this  on  a  small 
quantity  of  provinions,  they  are  in  ruptures;  they  will  listen  with  great 
attention  to  the  pleasing  tale,  and  bestow  the  highest  commendation 
on  the  hero  of  it. 

They  make  but  very  little  use  of  physicians  and  medicine,  and 
consequently  they  have  but  very  lew  diseases  among  them.  T/'^^re  is 
seldom  an  Indian  but  what  blooms  with  the  appearance  ol  health. 
They  have  no  midwives  among  tbetii;  and  among  several  tribes  the 
mother  is  without  the  assistance  of  any  person  being  with  her  at  the 
time  of  her  dcjlivery,  not  even  a  iiniale  atlindanee.  ,  •  .    • 

Soon  after  the  birth  of  a  child,  it  is  placed  on,  a  board,  which  n 
covered  with  a  skin  stutU'd  with  soil  moss:  the  child  is  laid  on  its  back 
and  tied  to  it.  To  these  machines  are  tied  strings,  by  which  they 
han"  them  to  branches  of  trees ;  or,  if  they  do  not  find  trees  handy, 
they"  lean  them  against  a  stump  or  stone  while  they  dress  the 
deer  or  fish,  or  do  any  other  doineslic  business.  In  this  position  they 
are  kept  until  they  are  several  months  old.  When  taken  out  they  are 
suflered  to  go  naked,  and  are  daily  bathed  in  cold  water,  which  render 
them  vigorous  and  active. 

The  diseases  nmnufacfured  by  the  modern  sons  of  dissipation,  were; 
unknown  by  them.  These  hardy  diseiple^^,,  of  heal'h  do  not  hear  ol 
the  powerful  and  painful  eloquence  ol  the  gout,  coiisumptioi),  and  the 
rest  of  the  lon<4-  catalogue  of  typhus  diseases,  which  is  preached  to  the 
votaries  of  Epicurus  and  Bacchus,  when  their  repentance  is  too.kite. 

An  Indian  child  is  generally  k(,-pt  at  the  breast  until  it  is  two  ycart 
old,  and  sometimes,  though  rarely,  until  three  years. 

The  Indians  often  occasion  iiillammntory  disease,  by  excessive 
eating,  after  a  fast  of  three  or  four  days,  when  retreating  from  or 
pursuing  an  enemy. 

The  inequality  of  riches,«tho  disappointment  of  ambition,  and 
merciless  oppressions,  are.not  with  thL-m  (>xciting  causes  of  insanity. 
I  made  great  inquiry,  but  was  not  able  to  learn  that  a  single  case  of 
melanch  !y  or  madness  was  ever  known  among  them. 

The  dreadful  havoc  that  the  small-pox  has  made,  has  necessarily 

been  mentioned.  .     .  ^■^■ 

The  mode  of  curing  a  fever  is  by  profuse  perspiration,  which  is 
cflected  by  the  patients  being  confined  in  a  close  tent  or  wigwam,  over 
a  hole  in  ihe  earth,  in  which  red  hot  stones  are  placed ;  a  quantity  of 
hot  water  is  then  thrown  upon  the  stones,  which  involves  the  patient 
in  a  cloud  of  vapors  and  swea^i  in  this  situat\pn  he  A«4ghcs  out,  and 
plunges  into  a  river  of  water,  and  from  hence  he  retires  into  a  warm 

bed.  _  J 

They  never  think  of  giving  medicine,  until  they  have  first  mad« 
an  attempt  to  remove  the  disease  by  sacrifices  and  prayer;  and  if  th« 
patient  recovers  soon,  it  is  attributed  to  the  hqly  management  of  the 
priest ;  and  if  medicine  is  to  be  used  as  the  last  alternative,  they  never 
adrpinister  it  without  its  being  accompanied  with  prayer,  and  a  larg« 
quantity  of  meat,  which  they  consume  ori  the  fire  for  a  sacrifice. 


A   SUPPLEMENT. 


501 


the  Indians  inim        .i    '^  f.  .utt^r  '"  ^'"  ^'^V^"  Virginia,  that 
snmc  eilcct.  °        "c.utiuis  possess  a  plant  that  produces  the 


'iii«y  m<K,„,,  J^Z^.^'^fl,^    ",;"""'■  "«""l".  "I'-rving,  when 
f'm  ll,„  f,„s,  M.,o„    ,,        „        ,  ■ "'  l"'™i""=«'-y  ono,  whid,  ihev 

>l«-ir  h.-u„l.s  ,,.„;,S"' ,         ■'  ^      "'"'■'•  '"■'■■'■^l'i''g  "1  Ihe  samo  lime 
11.0  bark  „r  ,  , .'    r,  ,vo.  ,    w       ,"'"  T""'  1'"'  "'=''■  "^"■"l''  i" 

.l,l°C,t';„';r"""  ''"™^  '""™'-  '"•""'  ■»-'"  "-y  gather  i„ 

la,«!:tu;a:ou":"!,"=  l"'"?  ••  °^  '''"y  'f  -  «■  •«■'  »-  their  vil. 
Ihe  win™.  '"''■  "'"  1''"'=°  "''"'•<=  "«=y  intend  (o  hunt  during 

10  l^l-n'.";''  "'" '''""■°''  *'°"" '  '■"'■ '"  *«  -oulh  the  Beaver,  be.nn 


Dommber 


ho 


|.m.ui,  „l-,hei,-";.„n,'""'"°'  *'"""'  '""""^  """^  ™'l''°y  ""^  "■■>"">  "> 
appearance  tj,ey  term,  is  coming  (o  life  again. 


553 


A  at'lM't.KMKNT. 


Thoy  make  no  diviHion  of  wwikH,  but  days  llidy  coimt  by  «leop»; 
IwilftluyH,  l»y  iioiiitiiiif  U)  till!  .sun  at  immui;  and  (|iiart(!rs,  by  the  rimng 
and  scltini(  olthn  sini;  to  express  whicb  in  llieir  traditions  thoy  nuikc 
use  of  very  sinnilieant  hii'roj^ly|»lii<"s. 

'i'hf!  Indians  are  totally  iuiskill<  d  In  f^eoorapliy  as  well  an  alt  other 
jjcienc(!8;  and  yet  they  draw  on  their  bireh  bark  very  exact  charts  or 
nmps  oi"  tlie  countries  they  are  acciiiainted  with.  The  latituck;  and 
loni;itu(k!  is  only  wantini;,  to  make  them  loleraiily  coinphte. 

Their  sole  knowledge  in  astronomy  consists  in  beiiii;  ahh"  to  point 
out  the  pole  star;  by  wlii(di  ihi-y  rej^ulate  their  course}  when  ihey  tra- 
vel in  {\iv  ni;:;ht.  * 

They  reckon  lh<i  dislanc(!  ol"  plain's,  not  by  miles  or  leaizuijs,  but  by 
a  day's  journey,  which,  acc.ordinii;  to  tht!  best  <-alculalions  I  could 
make,  ajjpears  to  Ix-  about  twenty  I'lniil'ish  miles.  'I'Ik^sc;  they  also 
divide  into  halves  and  ([uartiM's,  and  will  demons! rate  lhen>  in  their 
maps  with  jj;reat  <-.\aclness,  by  tlie  hieroglyphics  just  nyntioued,  when 
they  retrnlati'  in  council  their  war  parties,  or  their  most  dislant  hunt- 
ing tvxcursions. 

'I'hev  hav(>  no  idea  ofarilhrnelic  ;  and  though  they  are  able  to  count 
any  nundxa',  li;j;m'es  as  well  as  letters  apjw^ar  nwslerious  to  them,  atul 
abov(!  their  compreliension. 

l''A'ery  separati'  bcwly  ol"  Indians  is  dividcvl  into  bands  or  lril)es, 
wliiidi  band  or  tribe  liirms  u  liltle  comuiunity  with  th(!  nation  to  whicli 
it  Ixilouifs.  As  the  nation  has  some  particular  syudiol  by  which  it  is 
distiniiuislu;d  fronj  others,  so  each  tribe  has  a  badj^e  iVorrj  wliicdi  it  is 
denominated;  as  that  of  llm  Magle,  the  ranllier,  tlie  Tij^cr,  the  Muf- 
lalo,  iSic.  l)n(!  band  is  r(!presented  by  a  Snake,  another  a  Tortoise, 
a  third  a  Squirrel,  a  lourth  a  Wolf,  and  a  lilHi  a  Mutlido,  Through- 
out every  nation  they  |)articularize  themselves  in  the  same  manner; 
and  the  meanest  person  iunong  them  will  remen)l)er  his  lineal  de- 
scent, and  distin<fuish  himseli'by  his  lesptrtive  family. 

Did  not  many  (■irciunslances  tend  to  confute;  tlu;  supposition,  I 
should  be  almost  induced  to  conchuk;  from  this  distinction  of  tribes, 
and  tlu;  particular  atnichment  of  the  Indians  to  them,  that  th(!y  derive 
their  orij^in,  as  soiik^  have;  asserted,  from  the  Israeliles. 

Besides  this,  every  nation  distinguish(!s  itself  by  the  maimer  of 
<«onstru''tin!4-its  tents  or  huts.  And  so  well  vers»'d  are  all  tlu^  Indians 
in  this  dislinction,  that  thouj^li  there  appears  lo  Ik;  lit)  dillerence  on 
the  nicest  observation  •  made  by  an  American,  yet  they  will  immedi- 
ately discover,  from  the;  position  of  a  j)ol(;  left  in  the  ground,  what 
nation  has  encamped  on  the  spot  many  inoiillis  hefun;. 

Every  band  has  a  chief  who  is  termed  the  <i,reat  chief,  or  chief 
warrior ;  who,  because  of  his  approved  valor,  dinvts  (heir  military  ope- 
rations, and  regulates  all  (;oncerns  belonging  to  that  department.  Bui 
this  chief  is  not  considered  as  tlu>  head  of  tlie  stale.  Besides  the 
great  warrior  who  is  elected  lor  Ijis  warlike  (pialiiieations,  there  is 
another  who  enjoys  a  pre-eminence  as  his  hereditary  right,  and  has 
the  more  immediate  management  of  their  civil  aliairs.  This  chief 
might  with  great  [)ropriety  be   denominated  their  Sachem,  whose 


flsmint  i 
nllixes  tl 

'J'llOlJj 

latter  in 
of  neitlu 

•  •ntertaii, 
fioiis  of 

•  ince  off 

( )n  till 
to  give  c 
from  11  ( 
:>itantly  n 
iminediat 
'<iislfii|  p 
lillle  shor 

Anioii!. 
'Imy  alio) 
flppeariiijj 
ob|(;ct  o|"i 
llii'ir  atlej 
•  uiidiig  nil 
'ions  of  1 1 
liiaii   to   I 

•.elieiiii*  )li 

the  chiei; 
varryiiig  i 
any  resti'ii 
ol"  revfdigi; 
III"'  elii(;ls 
piiliisliiiieii 
Some  111- 
to  the  lej^ii 
limes  succ< 
lo  have  ni 
This  af!coi 
fioo,  which 
(o  me. 

lOacli  (in 
ant  chief,  n 
be  carried  i 
ity  in  speal 
their  (-oune 
In  this  i 
authority  a; 
nction  relati 
all  their  pu 
^varriors,  w 
'Is  rank.     ' 


A  8T!P1'I,KMKNT. 


55S 


assent  \h  nwjsMUiy  in  .ill 
nlfi.xfs  tlif  in;irl<  ui'"ili(.  ),i| 


*'*>ijv(.ymic('8  fuiii   Ircafics,  t 


liitt 


i"liouj,'li  llicM-  Iwdn 


M'  «ir  ii.'itioii. 


)  l«»  which  hi- 


lt •  cull 


•T  in  iiMUully  d(!ii(.iniiijitc(|  (J,,.;,.  | 


si(lcr..<|  „,s  the  h.ii(ls.,r(hc  hanil,  Mii.l  tli 


of"  neither  civil  i 


>"i"  Miihlary  sijlx.nlinalidi 


kiiiif,  yet  |||<;  IndiiuiH  arc  scn.sihio 


Ah  i!verv  one  of  fhoi 


no..s  ..I  h.s  I,  K-rty,  nil  injunci.-ns  llKu'cun  ui,|    ^Ti^'^Z 
<«»  •  ;"t  l-usiNv..  c.n.man.l,  arc  instan.lv  rcjc-.d  wi.h  Jrn." 

'    "'    a  «MHl  that  lie  ihinky  sncji  a  ilnii-  nccc^sarv  to  bo  done   in 
^-untly  aronscs  an  <.n.ula.i..n  nn.nn,  .!,."  inliri,.     nn    •     a        it     1 

.;  Mill    |M.t  ol  II,.  c.,niniaM(l  is  cva(lc<l,  niul  .■m  .•.Mthorilv  that  liills 
lilil'"  siM.ri  Ml  ahsnluto  .way  inslltulcl  in  i;s  n  .:,.,  ^ 

Am.mo  the  hidian.snoNisil.l,,  |i,nn(,r,^.ncn„nent  is  cstahlnhcd  • 
'li.-y  ail.nv  „l  no  su,.|,  dislin,.,,',,,,  as  nnuastrale  ,-nd  s,,l,,ect,  ovc  v  ,  u 
-  .|Hy.n.  ,.,  cn,,oy  an  indc,...nd.,.nce  tl,:.t  cann.,  he  c.,  ,      |e|    '  T    ! 

I      :  o  Kovennnent  anion,  then,  is  n.,|,e.-  lo,..iu.  ,han  doin^tic,  ,! 
""  "  "tt«'i.l,.  n  s..eni.s  n.oivto  he  enii.lov.d  in  ,.,vserviii.r  snch  a  union 
j.mMl,.u..^,hers<.l;,|u.ir,nh,.as^[i,,Vnalle\|. 

o(  t  .e,r  eiu.nneM,  and  act  a.ainst  then.  will,  concert  au<l  vi^or, 
"V     "'"•■"""""    """'•'<"•  -'■'I-'-   I'.v   anv   inhi;-,   re.nlalions       il 

;r  "■";:"""  "I'l-'-rs olV:nviceUHi;e'.,.,,M,,,,i,vis,npoM.dh 

i^cne,    every.H.e,s.a,    lih-r.y  to  ..ho.se  u|,,.,|.er  h.  Jill  Li '        , 

an  "n.  tlolis  I  "'  '"  "  •"•  '•""'l'-''^-'.^-  '■---  "-'^t  l.y  then,  nnder 
aiK  lestiictions.  U  violeive  is  c<.niin;nr.,|,  or  h[o„d  is  s hedjlie  ri'-hf 
ol  n.yen^,n^  tlies..  niisdenieanoiv  is  leli  to  the  f.n.ily  of  tl '    injn;;;h 


|"'\V(T<i|  rilli'-iiiji'   nor  nioderatiiiK  ih' 


lite  chi(!is  aasuint!  neifjier  tl 
juinishinent. 

Some  nations,  where  the  dignity  is  l:e,e,l,tarv.  lunil  the  .ik-ccsmou 

!>  »l.e  legiale  hiie.     On   the  death  of  a   chi-f,  i,is  sisl-.r's  son  ^oi    " 

■nu.  snccce,ls  In.n  m  ,.,vi;.rence  ,o  his  nun  soi. ;  and  if  ho     aCns 
i'  havo,  no  sister,  the  nearest   ILokHc   .Ha.ion  assumes  the  Sn^iv! 

I  us  acccjunls  lor  a  uonian  h<;in-,  at  l|,e  head  o|'  tlio  Winn-^haui^  na- 
lion,  which,  helo,v  I  was  acquainted  with  their  Inws.  apiH.ared  stran-.e 

Each  (innily  h.as  a  ri-lit  to  aj.point  our-  ..fjfs  chi-./s  to  he  an  assist- 
ant ch.el,  and  without  whose  consent  noihin-,  „f  a  pni.lic  nature' can 
bo  earned  ......xeculion.     These  are  .eneralLv  chosen  li.r  thd^d:!" 

ym  speakn.o;  and  such  onU    an;  permitted  to  make  orations  in 
ihoir  councils  and  general  ass.mhlies.  ■ 

In  this  body,  with  the  her(..ditary  chief  at  its  h<  ad,  i\u^  supreme 
nuthority  appears  to  bo  lodged ;  as  by  its  determination  every  trans-' 
potion  relative  to  their  hunting,  to  th.m-  making  war  or  peace,  and  to 
•  U    hoir  public  concerns,  are  rc.gulated.     Nest  to  those'  the  body  of 

U amors,  winch    c.omnrnl.pn,^!..    nil   ..,1, „i.i_    x_    1  ,  •',  , 

arms,  holds 
of  the 


ail  tneir  i)uhli(!  (.jiicerns,  are  regulated,  ^'ext  to  those,  the  b 
warriors,  which  comprehends  all  who  are  able  to  boar  arms, 
is  rank.      1  his  division  has  sometunes  at  its  head  the  chiol' 


'f 


Mi 


A  HirpPLKMKNT. 


niiHoii,  it*  ho  Ikih  si^'imli/cd  liiinscIC  }iy  iiiiy  rf-ruiwucl  nctioiv;  if  tvK,. 
Hdiiic  chicllliiil  hiis  rfiulrrcd  liiinscll"  laiiidiis. 

Ill  tlirir  I'oiiiicilH,  which  itir  hflil  l»y  the?  rori'sjcninjr  nirinlxirH,  nvc-ry 
alliiir  1)1"  ciiiHCfiiii-nci'  i  m  (l.'li.ilcil ;  Mini  im  ciiliTprisf  of  iIh' l.'usf  irio- 
iiHiit  iiiiilrrlukrii,  iiiili'.ss  ii  ilicic  imils  with  (hr  ^'fiiniil  n|>|>n»l)iili(»n 
oflht'  ohii'lH.  Thf'V  ••Dimuniily  MMsi'mhlc  in  a  hut  ur  tmi  !i|i|ir(i|iriiitni 
lo  this  purpnsc,  nixl  Immih;  hi-uIcI  in  n  circle  on  the  i',r"'iitiil,  tlic  cldcMl 
chiti  rises  iiiiil  iiiiilu-s  m  .s|Hcch  ;  whrii  hi"  lias  tvuicjiulcil,  another  gutn 
n|),  and  thus  ihcy  M|M-al(,  il'ni'ccs.saiy,  hy  turns. 

On  thin  Dccasioii  their  lani.niti'.iif;  is  ncrvuns,  and  their  manner  (if 
<'\|)reHsi()n  rnipiiaticai.     Their  styii!  is  adorned  with  imaj-es,  eoinpn- 

risons  and  stroiiir taphors,  aud"i^  (M|ual  in  alleo;,,rieM  to  that  oi'aiiy 

of  the  ("iistern  iialion;.  In  all  their  set  speeches  they  express  tlieni- 
M'lvcs  with  innch  veheniencc,  hut  in  eominon  discourse  accordiiiL;  to 
<»iir  usual  method  of  speech. 

The  youii'.!,  men  are  sutn-rcd  to  he  present  at  the  councils,  ihouyh 
they  (ire  not  allowed  to  make  a  specudi  'till  they  are  reiriilarly  aduiit. 
led;  thoy  however  listen  with  ;iieat  attention,  and  to  show  tliat  tiiey 
hoth  luiderstaiid  and  approve  ol"  the  resolutions  taken  hy  th(!  usseni- 
ble(h-hiels,  they  lVe(piently  exclaim,  "  That  is  rij-ht,"  "  Tliat  is  yood." 

The  oiKstomary  mode  anion;.;  all  ranks  of  expressiiii.i;  their  assent, 
jnid  which  they  repeat  at  tin;  end  of  almost  every  period,  is  hy  utt(!r- 
iiij^-  a  kind  of  forcihlo  aspinition,  which  sfieins  like  iin  union  of  the 
Icttevs  OAH, 


i)A\ci\«;    i:\!'i\(i    niKjM  ri,i-.sii   sri'i'.itsTirioiv-iiirNTiNCJ-i'ASTiNO- 

l»l!i:.\.MIN(i     .\(.ll,ITV. 

Daiiciiiif  is  a  liivorili;  "excrciso  among  the  Indians:  tlK7  never 
meet  on  any  puhlic  occasion,  hut  this  makes  u  part  of  the  entertain- 
ment; and  when  they  arc  not  eimaived  in  war  or  himtinjr,  ti»o  youth 
of  hoth  sexes  amuses  thi'iuselves  in  this  manni'r  every  (^v(;nin<'. 

They  always  dance,  as  I  havi;  just  observed,  nt'their  leasts.  In 
thost!  as  well  as  other  dances,  every  man  ristvs  in  iiis  turn,  and  moves 
about  witli  _i!,reat  freedom  and  boldness;  siniring  as  Ik;  does  so,  the 
exploits  of  liis  ancestors.  During  this  the  comiiany,  who  arc  seated 
on  tlie  groimd  in  a  circle  around  the  dancer,  join  with  iiim  in  inakin^r 
the  cadence,  by  an  odd  tunc,  which  they  utter  ail  together,  and  which 
sounds,  "  Il(>h,  heh,  heh."  These  notes,  if  thoy  miyht  he  so  termed, 
are  articulated  with  a  harsh  accent,  and  strrinod  'mj{  with  the  it>rj.sl 
li)rce  of  their  lungs  ;  so  that  oik;  would  i  'i'liic  ihf,a  strength  must 
soon  be  exhausted  by  it ;  iiisti'ad  of  which,  tiicy  rejjeat  it  with  the 
same  violence  during  the  whole  of  the  cMitertninment, 

The  women,  particularly  thost!  of  the;  western  nations,  dance  very 
gracefully.  Thoy  carry  themselves  erect,  and  with  their  arms  hang- 
ing down  close  to  their  sid(>s,  move  first  a  lew  yards  to  the  right,  and 
hen  bnck  again  to  the  leil.  This  movement  they  perform  without 
tn'-iiig  any  stops  as  an  American  would  do,  but  with  their  feet  con- 


A  •UlTMeMRNT. 


ioiiWMl,  movinnr  by  Jurnn  tkir  toon  and  Uts-h.     In  tl 


«l 


l*'t  th 


•In  with  ^rr,.m  H^i|i(y  ,„  „  ,.,.r(uiii  ,|i^,. 


<m(i  wliii  join   ill  lh<!  (luiicc  hr  cvf 


aiuv,  and  llicn  return 


6fif 

iiH  manner  thoy 
and 


r  Nil 


«« «'\ai'.Hy  Willi  cacli  «»||Mir,  (Iml 

ut  Htaird  |,..rindH,  »li.-y  ,„i„i,|,.  i|„,,r  shrill  v..i.vs  will,  tlir  I, 
ol  (Ih!  men,  wild. sit  ur.iind,  (lor  it  i»  olwcrvnd  that  tl 
Jcnnix  in  tin-  Haiiit  danco,)  wliid 


clii( 


H'ocM,  ina 


k« 


iiiiimiroiiN,  tlii-y  krop  lime 
no  uit«Trii[»lioii  i.|isu<'N.     I)urin;r  tins, 

oai'Mi-r  ono« 

K!  NCXCH  n(!V(;r  iii- 

ruiiiij  and 


Tlu!  IndiiiiiN  I 


lercnl  «MTa.sionH,  jin  iIk;  rini;  ( 'n| 


»,  with  tliu  music  ol"  tlio  d 
an  aj.',r(('ali|i'  linrmony. 

'iav(,  H.venil  kinds  of  dan.!.-H,  wliici,  t|„.y  usr  o,,  diP- 


»ia><«!  I)ain;«',  and  IIk;  J)a 


|«!  ( "uliuiK't  iJaiic..,  ihi;  War  Dance,  th<;  Mar- 


c'vcry  one  of  these 


!"•<'  ol'  the  Sacrilice.     The 


are  di.s.similar ;  hut  it  i.s  almost 


voy  any  idm  ol'tlK!  |)oinl.s  in  which  tl 


movements  of 
mpoHsihIo  lo  con- 


Dill 


•rent  naliotiN  lik(!wi.s(!  vary  in  tl 


K-y  are  unlilu; 
K'ir  manner  ol"  danciii'r.     Th 


/.!•.  ,,  ,  , ;•/  ■■■   ^••'•'    "I'oiiier  Ol   (lanciii''.       J   i«; 

<- h.|.,.eway  thn.w  themselves  u.lo  a  greater  variety  of  attitudes  than 
nny  other  peoplo;  Homet.mos  th.y  hold  their  h.ads  erect,  at  others 
hoy  l>end  Ihein  almost  lo  the  .round  ;  then  reclino  on  on^  nide,  and 
<  -"nediately  on  the  other.  Other,  carry  llu-mselves  more  uuri" It, 
»te|,  lirnxT  and  move  more  gracerully  ,•  hut  they  all  accompany  then' 
dnnns  with  (he  d.sajrtreaide  noise  just  menti..ned.  '      * 

llK^I'ipe  Dance  IS  th<-  piin.ij.al  and  most  |.|ea.sin<r  to  a  HiK^ctator 
of  any  «l  them  l>ei„.  tho  least  rraiiti,-,  and  the  movement  of' U  mZ 
^™.|ul.  It  IS  hut  on  particular  occasions  that  it  is  used :  as  when 
ambassadors  from  an  eiuiuy  arriv.'  to  treat  of  ,«;,«;,.,  or  when  Htran. 
gers  ol  (!miiienc(!  pass  throu-^h  their  territories. 

The  War  Danes  which  I  hey  use  hoth  helore  they  sot  out  on  their 
war  parias,  and  ,>ii  li.eir  rcluin  from  them,  strikes  tc-rror  into  strau- 
jrers  It  is  perlormcl,  as  others,  amidst  a  circl,;  of  the  warriors:  a 
«iiic  o<;Me,ally  l,etr,ns  it,  who  moves  Irom  the  ri^ht  to  the  lolLsinuini/ 
at  the  same  tune  both  his  own  exploits  and  those  of  his  ancestors 
When  he  has  conclude.l  his  account  of  any  memorable  uction,  he 
.ilives  a  VK.Ieut  blow  with  bis  war  club,  auain^t  a  post  tlmt  is  iixed  in 
liie  M'-ounil,  nciir  lh<4centie  ol'  Ihe  assembly,  Ibr  this  purpose. 

J'.very  one  dances  in  bis  tu;n,  and  recapitulates  the  wonderous 
deeds  ol  bis-  lamily,  fill  ibey  all  at  last  join  in  the  dance.  Then  it 
b-comes  truly  alarmm-  t<.  any  stnmtrc,.  ,h,u  happc'iia  to  be  amoncr 
Ibem,  as  they  throw  tluMnselves  into  every  horrible  and  t.irrilyinu 
I'ostun^  that  can  be  imagined,  reh.'arsing  at  the  same  time  the  parts 
they  expect  to  act  a^^'amst  their  en<;mies  in  the  field.  Diirin-'  this 
<bey  Hold  (heir  sharp  knives  in  their  bauds,  vviUi  which,  as  they  "whirl 
aix.uf  (hey  m-a  every  iuoiikuU  in  dauber  of  cuttinjr  each  other's  throats: 
and  di(l  they  not  shun  (he  threatened  mischief  with  inconceivable  dex- 
(erity,  it  could  not  be  avoided.  By  tbe.-.e  motions  they  intend  to  rc- 
pivsent  the  manner  in  which  th(;y  kill,  scalp,  and  take  their  prisoners, 
lo  heighten  the  scone,  they  set  up  tho  same  hideous  yells,  cries,  and 
warw  uH.ps  they  use  in  the  lime  of  action :  so  that  it  is  impossible  to 
consider  them  in  any  other  light  than  as  an  assemblage  of  demons. 

Alter  some  hours  sjK'nt  in  dancings  tho  fejist  begins;  the  dishes 
l)eiug  brought  near  me,  1  perceived  that  they  consisted  of  doe's  flesh. 

47*  "  • 


[tS  til 


SlSd* 


A  SUPPLEMENT. 


and  I  was  informed  tl)at  at  all  public  <,'rand  feasts  they  never  make 
use  of  any  other  kind  of  food. 

In  this  custom  of  eating  dog's  (lesh  on  particular  occasions,  they 
resemble  the  inhabitants  of  yomc  of  the  countries  that  lie  on  the  north- 


10  author  of  llu;  account  of  Kamschatka, 


cast  borders  of  Asia,     Th 

iniblishcfl  by  order  oi'thc  empress  oi"  Russia,  inflirms  us,  that  the  peo- 
ple inhabiting  Korcka,  a  country  north  of  Katnschafka,  who  wander 
about  in  hordes  like  the  Arabs,  wheri  they  pay  tljcsir  worship  to  the 
evil  beings,  kill  a  rein-deer  or  a  dog,  ijw  ll('sh  of  which  they  eat,  and 
le<ave  the  head  and  tongue  sticking  on  a  pole  with  ilie  front  toward:^ 
the  e'lst.  Also,  that  wli(>n  tliey  arc  afraid  of  any  iul(!ctions  distf-mper, 
they  kill^  a  dog,  and  winding  the  guts  about  tw(j  poles,  pass  between 
I  hem.  These  customs,  in  which  they  arc  nearly  imitated  by  the  In- 
dians, seem  to  add  strength  to  my  supposition,  that  America  was  firsl 
|)Copled  from  this  quarter. 

"  I  know  not,"  says  a  traveller  amongst  them,  "  under  what  class 
ofdanccs  to  rank  that  perflirmed  by  th(>  Indians  who  came  to  my  tent 
when  I  landed  nciir  I'-'kc  Pepin, "on  the  banks  of  the  Mississippi. 
When  I  looked  out,  as  I  there  mentioned,  1  saw  about  twenty  nakeil 
young  Indians,  the  most  perii>ct  in  (heir  shape,  and  by  far  the  hand- 
somest of  any  I  had  ever  se-.-n,  coming  towards  mo,  aiid  dancinu'.  as 
Ihey  approached,  to  the  music  ol'their  drums.  At  every  ten  or  twelvi 
yards  they  halted,  and  set  up  their  ycHs  and  cri(>s. 

"When  they  reached  my  tent.  Tasked  them  to  come  in;  which, 
without  deigning  to  umkc.  me  any  answer,  tliey  did.  As  1  observed 
that  they  were  painted  red  and  black,  as  Ihey  u"sually  are  when  thev 
go  against  an  enemy,  and  [lerceived  that  snim;  parts  of  the  war  dance 
was  intermixed  with  (heir  other  movements,  1  doubted  not  but  they 
were  set  on  by  the  inin)ical  chief  who  had  refused  my  salutation:  "i 
rhoreli)re  r(>solv(!d  to  sell  my  liie  as  dear  as  possible.'  To  this  pur- 
pose,  I  Pcceived  them  sitting  on  my  chi.-st,  with  mv  gun  and  pistols 
beside  me,  anj  ortK-rcd  my  men  to  ke<^j)  a  watcli(lir<"ye  on  then),  antl 
Lkj  also  upon  their  guard.  « 

_  "The  Indians  being  entered,  they  continued  their  dance  alternately, 
smgmg  iit  the  same  lime  of  their  "heroic  e\pk)its,  and  the  superiority 
of  their  race  over  every  people.  To  r<nforce  their  kuKiuage,  though 
it  was  uncommonly  nervous  and  cxpn^ssive,  and  such  as"  wouldl.! 
Itself  ^have  carried  terror  to  the  tirmest  heart,  at  the  end  of  every 
period  they  struck  their  war  clubs  against  the  poles  of  my  t(,«nt  wit'li 
such  violence,  that  I  (expected  every  mouKaU  it  would  have  tumblcil 
apon  us.  As  each  of  them  in  dancing  round  passed  by  me,  tli.-v 
placed  their  right  hand  above  their  eyes,  and  cming  clos(;  to  me. 
!ooked  me  steadily  in  the  face,  which  I  could  not  .•.oiistrue  inl-^  a 
token  of  friendship.  My  men  gave  themselves  up  n)r  lost,  and  I  ac- 
knowledge, for  my  own  part,  that  I  nrwer  found  mv  apprel]ension> 
more  tumultuous  on  any  occasion. 

"When  they  had  nearly  ended  their  dance,  I  presented  to  tiiein 
the  pipe  of  peace,  but  they  would  not  receive  it.  I  then,  as  my  last 
resource,  thought  I  would  try  what  presents  would  do;  accordin-'v. 


A  SUPPLEMENT. 


667 


I  took  n-orn  my  chest  some  ribands  and  trinkets,  which  I  laid  before 

^r:^J!:x;^::^:;z^^^         r^.^o  -e. :: 

they  sat  down  or.   tiy.!;     d    wn  h     'li^r^r'''"'"/^'^"'^^'"' 
,H„en.  o'oi'JiLi,  Winch  1  considered  as  a  favorable 

•nd       .      h   "^."'>' """■'•  "'«fK.n  who  happened  to  lid!  ih  wilh'them 

inAi  "t' ho'I:  "^''r'  "^'^"''^'''.'^  ""^  so  deiu,minated  'Von.  their  oflor- 

nee  to  wfiu  I    the   Naudowcssies   oiv<-  that  title,   Irom   bein-v  ,,^n.l 
when  any  pubhc  lortunate  circumstance  befids  them.     wkt  T^ 

iiiddle  o  tlH.ir  encamnment,  which  tiicv  soon  dest.-oyed  As  tht 
hnppened  just  a,  (he  new  n.oon,  they  esfe;.med  it  a  ueky  omen-  and 
hav.n^  roasled  it  whok>,  every  one  in  the  c.unp  nartool^of         '^W 

what  Ola  ,eho,...is  natm-e,  termed  a  danc<3  of  the  saciHce."* 

.//^rt^///^'    IS   the   principal   occ.ipalioa   of  ll.e    Indian- •    thev  arc 

nuncd  ,.,  ,t  Ir,^  tl.ir  youth,  an.i  'it  is  an  exc-cise  wl  ic  .  is  ^  4^d 

".  i.-ss  honorable  ihau  necessa.-y  towani  their  subsistence.      -Wlex 

enKjs  .md  resoh.le  hnnu.  is  held  in  nea.  ly  as  great  ^n^atb.     ;: 

them  as  a  distmnuishcl  warrio.-.     Scarcely  auy  device   which  ihl 

."?.nu,ry  of  man  has  diseovcvd  for  ensnann.  or    le^  ;;^n  '  hose 

an;.a,st.u.^^^^ 

When  they  are  cn^agcrl  in  this  e.xcvise,  mv.y  shake  olf  the  indo- 

"■^K.e  pecuKtr  to  tlu.r  nature,  and   bccMue  active,  pcrseve.i^,r  "    d 

HK  e!at,.abk..     They  are  e.ua'ly  sagacious  in  lindmi  thci    n  cy' 

Mljc.ne.ms  .h.y  use  to  destroy  it.     They  discern^he  tbSps  of 

■^  Ua.t  they  are  m  purMMt  ol,  al(h<,u,h   they  are  imperceptible  to 

pal  iX:s;:,:;2 '■'""'  "^" '""" '"'" '''''  ^^'•''^'"^>'  '''-4h  *;;.!; 

The  beasts  )h;U  (he  Indians  hunt,  both  (or  their  flesh,  on  which 

h<^  subsist  and  for  tu-i,- skins,  of  which  they  ei.her  make  thei,  ;;;; 

pn.d  ,„  ba,-terw,th  I  he  Europeans  for  uecessa.-ies,  are  the  bufDdi, 

••:«.  deer,  li.onse,  carribuo,  bear,  beaver,  otter,  martin,  &c.     I  defer 

♦  Sec  Dr.  Ifubbard's  Compilation  ofl[..diati  History. 


lit 


568 


A  SUPPLEMENT. 


givinfT  a  description  of  these  aiiiniala  here,  and  shall  only,  at  present, 
treat  of  the  manner  of  hunting  tliein. 

The  route  they  shall  take  lor  this  purpose,  and  the  parties  that 
shall  go  on  the  different  expeditions,  are  fixed  in  their  general  coun- 
cils, which  arc  held  some  time  in  the  summer,  when  all  the  operations 
lor  the  ensuing  winter  are  concluded  on.  The  chief  warrior,  whose 
province  it  is  to  regulate  their  proceedings  on  this  occasion,  with 
groat  solemnity  issues  out  an  invitation  to  those  who  choose  to  attend 
him  ;  for  the  Indians,  as  before  observed,  acluiowledge  no  superiority, 
nor  have  they  any  idea  of  compulsion ;  and  every  one  that  accepts  it, 
prepares  himself  by  liisling  during  severni  days. 

The  Indians  do  not  iiist,  as  some  other  nations  do,  on  the  richest 
and  most  luxurious  food,  but  they  totally  abstain  from  every  kind, 
either  of  victuals  or  drink;  and  such  is  their  patience  and  resolution, 
that  the  most  extreme  thirst  could  not  oblige;  tlicm  to  taste  a  drop  of 
water ;  yet  amidst  this  severe  abstinence  they  appear  cheerful  and 
happy. 

The  reasons  they  give  for  thus  fasting,  arc,  that  it  enables  them 
freely  to  dream,  in  which  dreams  they  are  informed  where  they  shall 
find  the  greatest  plenty  of  game?;  also,  that  it  averts  the  displeasure 
of  the  evil  spirits,  and  induces  them  to  be  propitious.  They  also  on 
these  occasions  blacken  those  parts  oi' their  bodies  that  are  uncovered. 

The  fast  being  ended,  and  the  place  of  huniing  made  known,  the 
chief  who  is  to  conduct  them  gives  a  grand  least  to  those  who  are  to 
form  the  different  parties ;  of  which  none  of  them  dare  to  partake  until 
Ihey  have  bathed  themselves.  At  I  Ids  feast,  notwithstanding  they 
have  iiislcd  so  long,  they  eat  with  great  moderation ;  and  the  chief 
that  presides  employs  himself  in  rehearsing  the  leats  of  those  who 
ha^e  tiecn  most  succcssfid  in  the  business  they  are  about  to  enter 
upon.  They  soon  aihn'  set  out  on  the  march  towards  the  place  ap- 
pointed, painted  or  rather  bedaubed  with  black,  amidst  the  acclama- 
tions of  all  the  peoplo. 

It  is  impossible  to  describe  their  agility  or  perseverance,  whilst  tlioy 
are  in  pursuit  of  their  [)rey  ;  iieillicr  thickets,  ditches,  torrents,  pool.-;, 
or  rivers  Hto[)  them;  they  always  go  straight  forward  in  the  most 
direct  line  they  possibly  can,  and  tln'i'e  are  lew  of  the  savage  inhabi- 
tants of  the  woods  that  they  cannot  overtake. 

When  they  hunt  fitr  bears,  they  endeavor  to  find  out  their  retreats; 
fur  during  the  winter,  tbesi;  animals  conceal  themselves  in  the  hollow 
trunks  of  trees,  or  make  themselves  holes  in  the  ground,  where  the\ 
continue  with  food,  whilst  the  severe  weather  lasfs. 

When  the  Indians  -think  they  have  arrived  at  a  place  where  the-.e 
animals  usually  hiunit,  they  form  themselves  inlo  a  circle  according 
to  their  number,  and  moving  on\vard,  endeavor,  as  they  advance  tn- 
wards  the  centre,  to  discover  the  retreats  of  their  prey.  Uy  this 
means,  if  any  lifi  in  the  inIiM'mediat(!  space,  they  are  sin'c  of  arousing 
and  bringing  them  down,  either  with  their  bows  or  their  guns.  Th:' 
bear*  will  take  to  fhsrht  at  slight  of  a  man  or  a  dou',  and  will  uiiK 


'';:f;7.,'j!»?.!.  ALL'  wj^  }\ 


A  Siri'PLKMKNT. 


569 


make  resistance  when  tliey  arc  extremely  liungry,  or  after  they  arc- 

TJu;  Indian  method  of  hunlinir  the  h.dlhlo  is  hy  (ormin-r  a  circle  or 
.1  square  nearly  m  the  san.c  nMnncr  as  when' thev  search  lor  the 
bear  lavn.g  tnkcn  the.r  dillerent  stations,  they  set  U.<3  grass,  which 
at  this  time  ,.s  rank  and  ,lry,  on  lire,  and  iIk'sc  animals,  who  are  ex- 
t  erne ly  ic-arlul  ol  that  elcn.ent,  fiyino-  ..th  precipitation  helbre  it, 
gieat  numbers  are  henuucd  m  a  small  compass,  and  scarcely  a  sin-le 
one  escapes.  •^  ^ 

They  have  dilierent  ways  of  hunting  the  elk,  iho  d.'er,  and  the 
carnboo.  Sometimes  they  seek  them  out  in  the  woods,  to  whicii  thev 
retu-e  during  the  severity  of  the  cold,  where  they  are  easily  shot  from 
behind  tiuMrees.  In  the  more  northern  climates  they  take  the  ad- 
vantage  ol  the  weathrr  to  destroy  the  elk  ;  when  the  sun  has  just 
■slrc.igih  enough  to  melt  the  snow,  and  tin;  iVost  in  the  night  forms  a 
kmd  -  a  crust  on  thesurlace,  this  animal  being  heavy,  breaks  it  with 
his  worked  hools  ai.d  with  dilTicidly  extricates  himself  from  it ;  at  this 
tnne,  therelore,  he  is  soon  overtaken  and  destroyed 

Some  nations  have  a  method  of  hunting  these 'animals  which  is 
•jioie  easily  executed,  and  free  from  danger.  The  hunting  party 
divide  themselves  into  two  bands,  aiul  choosing  a  spot  near  The  hol- 
ders ol  some  river  one  party  embarks  on  board  their  canoes,  whilst 
the  o  her  lorming  themselves  into  a  semicircle  on  the  land,  the  flanks 
ol  which  reach  the  shore,  let  loose  their  dogs,  and  by  this  means 
rouse  all  the  game  that  lies  within  these  bounds;  they  then  drive 
them  towards  the  river,  into  which  they  no  sooner  enter,  than  the 
greatest  part  of  them  are  immediately  despatched  by  those  who  re- 
main m  the  canoes. 

Both  the  elk  and  biiffalo  arc  very  furious  %shen  they  are  woended 
and  vvill  turn  fiercely  on  their  pursuers,  and  trample  them  under  their 
leet  if  the  hunter  finds  no  means  to  complete  their  destruction,  or  does 
not  seek  for  security  in  flight  to  some  .idjacent  tree;  by  this  method 
they  are  frequently  avoided,  and  so  tired  with  pursuit,  that  they  volun- 
tarily give.it  over. 

But  the  hunting  in  which  the  Indians,  particularly  those  Vho  inha- 
l)it  the  northern  parts,  chiefly  cmpl.jy  themselves,  and  from  which 
they  reap  the  greatest  advantage,  is  the  beaver  hunting.  The  season 
for  this  IS  throughout  the  whole  of  th(j  winter,  frcjin  November  to 
April ;  during  which  time  the  flir  of  these  animals  is  in  the  ^ivatest 
perfection.  A  description  of  this  extraordiiiary  animal,  the  construc- 
tion of  their  huts,  and  the  regulations  of  their  almost  rational  commu- 
nity,  I  shall  give  in  another  i)lace. 

The  hunters  make  use  of  several  methods  to  destroy  thorn.  Those 
generally  practised,  are  either  that  (jf  taking  them  in  snares,  cuttin<> 
throiigli  the  ice,  or  opening  their  causeways.  ° 

As  the  eyes  of  these  animals  are  very  euick,  and  their  hearing 
exceedingly  acute,  great  i)reeantioii  is  necessary  in  ai)proaehing  their 
bodies;  for  as  they  seldom  go  far  from  the  water,  and  their  hous°>s  are 
always  built  close  to  the  side  of  some  large  river  or  lake,  or  dams  of 


if  .» 

Ill         \ 

lii  ;r 


:il:  ij 


06U 


A  sij|'i'i,|.;.ui:NT, 


thoir  own  c 

est  part  ol'llu^  water,  and  dive  iiiiiucdiatrlv  to  tlir  hnUnti 


onstriictiun,  U|i()ii  tlio  UjmsI,  ulann  they  haslcii  to  tlio  (lecp- 


tliis,  they  muko  u  j^rcaf 


as 


thcv 


do 


uoisc  l)y  iK'aiiiiii  tlKi  water  with  tluir  tails,  on 


|)iir|)os(^  to  put  llie  wlioli;  fnitornity  on  iheir  j^Miard. 

They  talu!  Iheiii  witli  snares  in  the  IblloWnli''  inanntn-.  'l'lioM<>h  the 
I)cavers  usually  lay  up  n  suHicicnl  store  ol"  piovisions  to  serve;  lor 
Iheir  subsistence  during  Ihe  winter,  they  make  iVoiii  time  to  time  uxcur- 
sions  to  the  n(iinhl)orin<j,-  woods,  lo  procure  Iresh  supplies  oTlood. 

Tho  hunters  havini^-  iinnid  oui  iheir  hainits,  place  a  trap  in   llK-ir 
way,  l)aitc;d  with  small  pi(!ce.,  .   ■■      ' 
the  heaver  has  no  sooner  laid 


iia ru,  or  youii'j;  shoots  ol  trees,  which 
hold  oi;,  ilijin  a  lar^c  lou^  ol'  wood  lidls 
upon  him,  and  lircaks  his  hack  ;  his  enemies,  who  are  upon  the  watch, 
soon  appi;ar,  and  instantly  despalch  llie  helpless  animal. 

At  otiu'r  times,  when  the  ice  on  ihe  rivers  and  lakes  is  a!)out  halfji 
foot  thick,  they  make  an  openini':  ihroiinh  jt,  with  their  hatehels,  to 
wliich  Ihe  beavers  will  soon  hasten,,. n  heinn;  disturbed  at  th(3ir  houses, 
lor  a  supply  of  Iresh  air.  As  their  bivalli  occasions  u  considerable 
motion  in  the  water,  the  himler  has  siiHicieiit  notice  ()!' their  approach, 
and  melhods  are  easily  laken  liir  kiiockiiin  iIkmu  ,,ii  the  head  the  nio- 
nionl  Ihey  aj)pear  above  the  siirliici'. 

\\  hen  the  housis  ol"  the   beavers  happen  to 
are  hk. re  easily  destroved:  the  Imnicrs  then  ciil 


lo   make   toward 
taken,      liul  ihev  miisl 


winch   ar(i    we 


le  near  a  rivulet,  they 
ihe  ice,  and  spreadiuir 
a  net  under  if,  break  down  llu;  cabins  oC  the  beavers,,  wiio  never  liul 
the  deepest  pari.  v.Iiere  :i;  ■  .are  enlaimied  and 
not  be  sulier(_'d  lo  r^'uiiun  there  lon'.^',  as  they 
would  soon  e.Mricale  ihemselve-,  with  their  teeth, 
known  to  b(>  excessively  sharp  and  sIimum. 

The  Indians  tak(>  o-real  care  :  .  binder  iheir  do^s  I'lX)!!!  touchinir  tho 
bones  of  the  beavers.  The  ivaM.ns  they  oive  Ib'r  these;  precautTons, 
are,  lirst,  that  the  Ix.iies  are  so  .  .\cessively  haril,  Ihey  spoil  the  teeth 
ol"  the  dons;  and  secondly,  ihex  are  apprehensive  thiil  thev  shall  so 
e.\asper;ite  the  spirits  of  the  beavers  b\  this  permission,  as'to  reiuk'r 
ihe  next  hunting,'  season  unsuccessml. 

_  Whrn  the  Indian..  (k'stiM_\  biiii.-iio.  elk,  (k'cr,  \-c.,  they  generally 
divide  Ihelkish  of  such  as  they  have  laken  among  the  tribe'to  which 
they  bek)iig.  lim  in  hunting  the  beaver,  a  lew  liimilies  usually  unite 
and  divide  the  spoil  aiuong  them.  JiKk-ed,  in  Ihe  lirst  iiisttuice  they 
generally  |iay  some  atii'iifion  in  the  division  to  their  own  liunilies;  hut 
no  jealousies  or  murmurings  are  ever' known  to  arise  on  accounfor 
any  apparent  jtartiality. 

Among  the  iNaudowessies,  if  a  person. ^^hoots  a  deer,  butlalo,  &c., 
and  It  runs  a  coiisidi'rahk;  dislance  before  it  drops,  where  a  person 
belonging  to  miolh(u-  tribe,  being  nearer,  lirst  sticks  a  knili;  into  it,  the 
game  is  coiisiden d  as  the  properly  of  the  latter,  notwithstandin<r  it 
liad  been  niortalfy  wounded  by  the  ti.ruK-r.  Thoui-h  this  <'usloni  ap- 
pears to  be  arbitrary  and  unjust,  yet  the  peo|)le  eheerllilly  submit  to 
It.  This  decision  is,  howt-ver,  verv  ditli'rent  IVom  that  practised  by 
the  Indians  on  the  back  of  fhe  colonies,  where,  the  first  person  tluit 
hits  IS  elititied  to  the  best  share. 


n 


At:  p.  Ni;e 

IIITOKY 

1'Kii;hi.- 

-HI'KA'i 
TKKA'I'A 

The  1 1 

aside  wli 
Houthwai 
fions  adc 
In  ev(; 
the  warri 
iensiv(;|y 
weapons 
situation 
and  liie-B 
the.se  kin 
Tete,  or 

The    I, 

which  «;x 

that  is  ve; 

attack  tliL 

other  wea 

they  liiste 

arm,  a  lit; 

in  their  hi 

terity,  as 

couiilry  V 

plains,  th( 

horses  on 

fleetest  of 

I  was  i 

which  the' 

Ibis  th(!y  i 

near  such 

a  great  ad 

them  there 

tSome  n; 

dillerent  fo 

rows,  and 

\ery  hard 

thi%;e  inc;hf 

edge  resen- 

ever  they  ( 

The  dag 

tion,  but  til 

them.     It  1 

had  comnu 

«f  steel,     'j 

the  linndle 


A  SirppLEMEXT. 


5(11 


TKKA'I'MKNT  Of  IMIIH()NI:KS    HlV\vi:s   &(i!^  tONCiui^KKU  liNilMV- 

The  fiidiiuis  iMjirin  ( 
aside  wlicn  fliey 
.southward,  i  liiiv(!  I 
tiuiis  ullcr  tli(!v  an;  iiltv 


O   l)( 


ir  arms  at  tlio  a<rc  otTiflocn,  and  lay  t| 


trnv(!  at   (Ik;  am;  oi 


lent 


sixty.-  SorMii  nations  to  tin; 


Hvn  niliimmd,  do  not  continue  tijeir  uiilita 


ry  cxcr- 


In 


every  hand  or  nation  the 


the  warri<ji\s,  who  are  al 
/ensiv(;iy,  as  occasion  re(| 


!•(!  is  n  select  Jiuinher  ul 


lo  are  styled 


ways  ready  to  act,  either  o/Ii.nsively  or  dc 


un'cs 


Tl 


weapons  (ronimonly  ns(MJ  anionir  them,  whici 
situation  of  their  conntrie: 


St!  ar<!  well  armed,  he 


iinna:  the 


1   vary  accordino-  t,,  (| 


and  1 
tl 


n(!-arms;   hut  those;  who  I 


!Some  make  use  ol"  tomahawks,"] 


knives. 


lesc 


kin( 


Tete,  or  War  CI nh 


s  ol'  weapons,  use  hows  and  arj 


iv(!  not  an  opportunity  ol"  piirchasini; 


•ows,  and  also  tht;  (Jasse- 


Tl 


10   Indians  that  ii.hahit  still  further  to  tl 


which  extends  to  the  tSoutli   S 


10  W(,'st<vard,  a  country 


that  is  very  unconii 


non. 


I! 


attack  their  enemies  on  horse! 


oa,  nse  in   li,i,dit  a  warlike  inslrumeiit 
tvui,^  o-reaf  plmty  (,r  horses,  they  ul 


wea 


pon  tl 


ways 
,  and  enciimher  ihemsclves  with  no 


lan  a  stone  ofmiddlinfr  size,  curiously  wrouuht,  whi.| 


other 

.hoy  .hsten  hy  a  strin,,  ^d.out"  a  yii^d  a;Hr;"^;;in^n::,7^;;ei;n:h; 
arm  a  l.t;te  ahove  the  .^w  Tlu:se  stones  tiu.y  ror^^^l.nuX  '^y 
n  tuMr  hands  tdl  theymd,  their  enen.ies,  and  then  with  -reat  dex- 
lonty,  as  they  nde  lull  speed,  ..ever  Ihil  ol  doiny  execution.  The 
••ounlry  wh,.-h  thes,.  tr.hes  possess  abou..din,ir  with  lar-x;  evtcsive 
plains,  those  who  atta<d<  them  seldom  return;  as  the  swilh.ess  of' the 
horses  ori  winch  they  are  u.ounted  enables  them  to  overtake  even  the 
fleetest  ol  their  invade.-s. 

I  was  i.,li..rmed  that  unless  they  fom.d  moi-asses  or  thickets,  to 
which  thej-couM  .-.it.re,  they  were  sure  of  hein<r  cut  off;  to  p.-event 
this  th(!y  always  took  ca.-e  whenever  they  made  an  onset,  tl)  do' it 
iH'ar  such  retreats  as  were  impassable  for  caval.-y,  they  (hen  havin<r 
ihSriherl'''''''''"''  "''"'"  ^''*"'  '-"^'""^^''  ''''"•'''•  '^^-^l^ons  c-ould  not  reach 

Home  nations  make  use  ofa  javelin,  pointed  with  bone,  worked  into 
fhflerent  fo.-,„s;  but  t h.^  I..<lian  weapons  in  gene.-al  are  bows  and  ai-- 
rows,  and  the  short  club  already  mentioned.  The  latter  is  made  of  a 
Nery  hard  wood,  and  the  head  ol'it  liishioned  i-ound  like  a  hall,  about 
th.%;e  inches  mul  a  half  in  dia.neter:  i.i  this  rotund  partis  fixed  an 
edge  resemblmo-  th.  of  a  tomahawk,  either  of  steel  or  flint,  which- 
ever they  can  procure. 

The  dap-r  is  peculiar  to  some  nations,  and  of  ancient  construe 
tion,  but  they  can  give  no  account  how  lonir  it  has  been  in  use  among 
hem.  It  was  orig.nally  made  of  flint  or  bone,  hut  since  thev  have 
had  co.nmumcation  will,  the  lOuropean  trade.-s,  they  have  fonned  it 
«(  steel,  li.e  length  ol  .t  .s  about  ten  inches,  and  ihat  pa.-t  close  to 
th<e  handle  nearly  three'  inches  broad,     its  edges  are  keen,  and  it 


m'2 


A  SI'l»in,nMENT. 


griuliially  (a[KTs  towards  a  poiiil.  'J'licy  wear  il  in  a  sliratlio  madf 
of  dc!(!r's  lc;at,lu!r,  noatly  oniaiiiontrd  with  porcupine's  (jiiills;  and  it  i% 
usually  liuni';  by  a  strini,^  dccomtfd  in  the  snnio  rnaiuicr,  whicli 
roaches  as  low  only  as  ihe  hreasf.  'J'liis  curious  weapon  is  worn  hv 
fi  (ew  of  till!  principal  cliiels  alone,  and  considered  holh  as  an  useliil 
instrument,  and  an  ornamenlal  liadnc;  oi' superiority. 

I  observed  anioni;-  tlieni  a  li-w  lar^els  or  shields",  niad(!  of  raw  bul- 
fiilo  hides,  and  in  IIk^  llirni  oi"  llmse  used  by  ihe  ancients;   but  as  the 


innnluM- ol"ihese  was  small,  and  I  could 


lin  no  inle|li<'ence  of  the;  era 


in  which  th«!y  lirst  were  introduced  amoiijj,'  Ibeiii.  I   sup|)ose  those  I 


s;iw  had  desc(!nded  from  liither  to  son 


lor  manv  yeneralion.- 


'I'he  reasons  iIk;  Indians  jfivo  lor  makinn-  war  a'^ainsl  one  anotl 


ler. 


.ire  much  iIk;  same  as  those  uru(Ml   by  more  civilised  nations  Ibr  di<*. 


turl 


)nig  lli(!  tranqudlily  ><['  iheir  neighbors.     TIk 


lileas  oi    the 


lormer 


arc  in  i>;eneral,  liowever,  more  rational  and  just  than  such  as  are 
l)roiit;hl  by  Kuropeans  in  vindication  of  their  proceedings. 

""le  extension  of  empire  is  seldom  a  motive  witli  tiiese  p(>op|e  \, 


'1 


mvade  and  to  commit  depredations  on  the  territories  of  tlidso  win 
liappen  to  dwell  near  them.     To  secure  the  ri'/hts  of  1 


luiitmv  within 


l)arlicular  limits,  to  mainlam  the  liberty  of  passino-  throuub  their  ac- 
customed tracts,  and  to  guard  those  lands  which  iht^y  consider  IVodi 
fi  lonif  tenure  as  their  own,  airainst  any  infrinnvment,"  are  iIk^  i';enrn'al 
causes  of  those  dissensions  that  sooft<'n  break  out  lK;tween  tin;  Indian 
nalions,  and  which  are  carried  on  with  so  n^:li  animosity. 

Thoiuvh  straiiL';ers  to  the  itlea  ofseparal(>  |^)erly,yet  the  most  un- 
cultivated amonjf  them  iir(>  well  ae(|iiaiiited  with  the  rights  of  the 
communily  to  the  domains  they  possess,  and  oppose  with  vigor  everv 
encroachmenl  on  them. 

Xotwilbstanding  it  is  nrnerally  supposed,  tliaf  from  their  territories 
being  so  iwleiisive,  the  l)ouii(l;iries  of  them  (cannot  be  ascertained,  yet  [ 
am  w(>ll  assured  that  the  limits  ol' each  nation  in  the  inleriur  parts  arc 
laid  down  in  tli<'ir  r(i(k>  plans  wilii  great  .precision.  I5y  theirs,  as  I 
liavt!  just  observed,  was  1  enabled  to  regulate  mv  own  ;  and  after  the 
most  exact  obs(M'vations  and  imiuiries,  I  Ibund  biit  v(>ry  l!'W  instauci^r 
in  wliich  th('y  erred. 

J)Ut  inten^t  is  not  either  the  most  frequenter  most  !)owerful  incen- 
tive to  their  making  war  on  each  other.  The  passion  of  revenge, 
which  is  the  distinguisi>ing  characteristic  of  thes(!  people,  is  the  most 
general  mofiv<\  Injuries  are  felt  by  them  with  ex(piisite  sensibility, 
and  vengeance  pursued  with  unreyiitied  ardor.  To  this  mav  !)e 
added  that  natural  excitation  which  every  Indian  is  sensible  of  a«t 
soon  as  lie  a[)proaehes  the  age  of  manhood,  to  give  proof  of  his  valor 
and  [irowess. 

As  they  are  easily  possessed  with,  a  notion  tiiat  war  oiiidit  to  be  the 
chief  business  of  their  lives,  that  there  is  nothing  more  desirable  than 
the  reputation  ol"  being  a  great  warrior,  and  that  the  scalps  of  Iheir 
enemies,  or  a  number  of  prismers  arc;  alone  lo  be  esteemed  valuable, 
it  is  not  to  be  wondered  at  that  the  young  Indians  are  eontiniiallv 
reetlc?s  and  uneasy  if  their  ardor  is  repressed,  and  they  are  kept  iii 


I 


A    SnpPLEMi;NT. 


r,fi3 


ll.e  gt.„„,  ,vl,o  urc  ll,o  s„„„li„„„  „,■  „„,  ,,„„„*  i„„,  ,.^    ' '"5', 
n„ii  devour  tl,oscj    jv  wi.ar,  11,0V  wcT,.  d-ri,i      «„  ,,  '<<-' ,,a  go 

'"'.^    .  •'•'"U  ycur  facets,  (ill  y„ur  .,uivo,vs,  ca.u.o  tl,.  lb  J  trroso md 

Sir™;^;;,^^'''^  ^'^^  "'-"^  '"•  ^"^  '-'^  -"  -"  ^^-^w 

a  tf.'n'r'f  ''y/''^^«^"^''7'^ti«»S  the  warriors  snatch  their  arms  ii. 
a  tian^port  of  (my  sn,.-  ,hn  son^.-  oC  war,  a.id  l,„rn  wilh  iinpalicncc 
to  imbrue  Ihcir  hamls  i„  the  hlood  oC  their  c-ncuiies.  ""P'l"^"^^ 

^omctuues  private  .diieCs  a.s.son.l,!c  small  parties  and  make  rxour 
l^ons  a,a,nst  those  wuh  whon.  thoy  am  at\var,  or  suclw^  W    " 
jured   I.em.     A  single  vvarrior,  pn.n.pl.nl  hy  rev<.noo,  or  a  <  c  kc  "o 
showl.,s  prowess    wdl  tnrch  unattended  Several  nuuh-ed  mi  es   to 
.surprise  and  eut  oflu  strairoliucr  party.  ' 

These  irregidar  sallies;  however,  are  not  always  approved  of  i,v 
the  eider  ehu:ls,  thou,,h  thny  are  ofton  obliged  to  connive  at  tfln!    ^ 

l>ut  when  a  uar  is  national,  and  undertaken  hy  the  communitv 
their  d,.>liberations  are  fi>nnal  and  slow.      The  ekJers  assern  le  fn 

wh ue    he>  de.iver  their  opinions  m  solemn  speeches,  weicd.inrr  with 
maturity  the  nature  oCiho  enterprise  they  are  ihout  ij an<^^.n^   and 

''n"Sl^;;m  t"'  "="'^  '''  '''""^Sos  or  inconv.;^iience;;;:S 

Their  priests  are  also  consulted  on  the  sutfject,  and  oven,  some- 
times the  advice  o(  the  most  intelligent  of  their  women  is  asked 
I(  the  determination  be  for  war,  tjiey  prepare  for  it  without  much 

The  chief  warrior  of  a  nation  does  not  on  all  occasions  head  tho 
war  i)arty  himself ;  he  Crc.piei.lly  d<.pu(es  a  warrior  of  wfiosc  valor 
and  prud^niee  he  has  a  good  opinion.  ^I'hc  person  then  fixed  on  iie- 
u.g  first  Ijedaubcd  with  black,  observes  a  fast  of  several  days,  durin- 
which  he  invokes  the  Great  Spirit,  or  deprecates  the  an^cr  of  the 
anloup,  holding  while  it  lasts  no  converse  with  any  of  liis°ribe 
^  lie  IS  particularly  careful  at  the  same  time  to  ol^serve  his  dreams 
.or  on  these  do  they  suppose  their  success  will  in  a  great  measure 
•lopcnd,-  and  from  the  firm  persuasion  every  Indiaii,  actuated  by  his 


i«! 


.10'J 


A   StrPPIiEMrRKTT. 


own  prosumptuous  lhon<fhfs,  is  iinprrssrd  witli,  lliat  ho  .slinll  march 
forth  to  certain  victory,  tlicse  arc  generally  f'avorahlc  to  \m  wishes, 

A  Her  lie  has  fhsted  as  long  as  cnsteni  preserihes,  he  assenihlr.s  the 
warriors,  and  holding  a  helt  di"  wanipiini  in  his  hand,  thus  addresses 
them : 

'*  Hrothcrs !  hy  the  inspiration  ol"  the  Great  Spirit,  I  now  speak 
unto  yon,  and  hy  him  am  I  jjrompled  to  carry  into  execiilion  tlnMiiteri- 
tions  which  I  am  about  to  disclose  to  you.  'I'hf^  blood  of  our  deceased 
brother  is  not  yet  wiped  away  ;  their  bodies  are  not  yet  covered,  an<I 
I  am  goinc;  to  perform  this  duty  to  them." 

Having  then  made  known  to  tliem  all  the  molives  that  iiidnee  liim 
to  take  up  arms  against  flie  nation  with  whom  they  are  to  engage,  hs 
thus  proceeds:  '  I  have  ihcrefiire  resolved  to  miirch  throuj.'li  the  war 
patli  to  suri)ris(;  them.  NVe  will  cut  their  (lesh  and  drink  their  blood: 
tve  will  take  soaljjs  and  make  ]irisoners ;  and  should  we  perish  in  this 
glorious  (Miterprise,  wo  shall  not  be  (or  ever  hid  in  the  dust,  lor  this 
belt  shall  bq  a  recompense  to  him  wlio  buries  the  dead."  Having 
said  this,  he  lays  it  cm  the  ground,  and  he  who  takes  it  up  declares 
himself  his  lieutenant,  and  is  considered  the  second  in  command; 
this,  however,  is  only  done  by  some  distinguished  warrior,  who  has 
a  right,  by  the  number  of  his  scalps,  to  the  post. 

Though  the  Indians  thus  assert  that  they  will  eat  the  ik^sh  and  drink 
the  blood  of  their  enemies,  the  threat  is  only  to  1)0  considered  as  a 
(lg>n'ativc  expression  ;  notvyithstanding  they  sometimes  devour  the 
hearts  of  those  they  slay,  and  driidv  I  he  blood,  by  way  of  bravado, 
or  to  gratify  in  a  more  complete  manner  their  revenge. 

The  chief  is  now  washed  from'  his  sable  covering,  annointcd  with 
bear's  fat,  and  painted  with  their  red  paint,  in  such  figures  as  will 
make  him  appear  most  terrible  to  his  enemies.  Me  then  sings  the 
war  song,  and  enumerates  his  warlike  acyons.  Having  done  this  he 
fixes  his  eyes  on  the  sun,  and  pays  his  adoration  to  the  Great  Sjnrit, 
in  which  he  is  iiccompanied  by  all  the  warriors. 

This  ceremony  is  followed  with  dances,  such  as  I  have  before  de- 
scribed ;  and  the  whole  conciludes  with  a  (cast  which  usually  consists 
of  dog's  flesh. 

This  feast  is  held  in  the  hut  or  tent  of  the  chief  wairior,  to  whi- 
all  those  who  intend  to  accompany  him  in  his  expedition  send  their 
dishes  to  befdlcd;  and  during  the  (east,  notwithstanding  ho  has  fasted 
so  long,  he  sits  composedly  with  his  pijio  in  his  mouth,  and  recounts 
the  valorous  deeds  of  his  lamily. 

As  the  hopes  of  having  their  wounds,  should  they  receive  any,  pro- 
perly treated,  and  expeditiously  cured,  must  bo  some  ;i(ldi|bnal  in- 
ducement  to  the  warriors  to  expose  themselves  more  freely  to  danger, 
the  priests,  who  are  also  their  doctors,  prepare  such  medicines  as  will 
prove  efficacious.  With  great  ceremony  they  carry  various  roots  and 
plants,  and  pretend  that  tlicy  impart  to  Uiem  the  power  of  healing. 

Notwithstanding  this  superstiiious  method  of  proceeding,  it  is  very 
certaift  that  they  have  acquired  a  knowledge  of  many  plants  and 


A    8UPPLKMENT. 


56A 


.Wmvof-'lr  ''^^'•«^'^'";i••»."f  «"Sa«ing  in  war  is  taken,  to  the 
<  epartino  „  d,,,  warn.,r.s,  lh„  „„,|,ts  an;  spout  in  festivity,  and  their 
'lays  in  mal<ii,;r  tho  nrr.,Uh\  prcpamtions.  ^ 

w  rsnc'.^^^^^^  .-..hl.„nn,i,  tnln,  ih.-y  (i.v  upon  .,„,.  „r  thoir  chiefs 

tor  u,    'in         'l"^^"'';.^-;'    'I'''t  p.-'.plo  well,  an.l  who  is  a  ^rood  ora^ 
h  ^      ,;      ;  ,'?^^  ''""  "  >^'''«f-wa.npu,n,on  which  is^pecified 

with'     '  .         '■',    "7  '"  ''""'•"^"^•^'  '-'vry  .mtion  is  acquainted 

^^1  h.     At  ,h..  sa.nc  t,M.c  ho  carries  with  hi.n  a  hatchet  painted  red. 
As  soon  as  he  reaches  iho  camp  „r  villa^.,  to  which  he  is  destined 
ho  acquaints  the  chu-Cof  the  tril...  with  .he^,cneral  tenor  of  his  ^1 

h  ds,l,  r  ,"';•'•"'  hav.nir  laid  the  hatchet  on  the  j^round,  he 
of  ton  s':  '"^  >"';'.' -"'-'-■;^  more  .ninntely  into  ti?o  occa'sion 
ha  ch      and  as  soon  as  he  has  finished  speakin,,  dchvors  the  biit. 

chief     e,      (•"'■'     ;  '"■""';^  '"  '"'■'""^'  'U'xili.ries  to  his  nation,  a 
chict  st<>ps    ..rward  an.!  tak.'s  up  the  hatchet,  and  they  imme.liatelv 
espouse,  w„h  sp,r.t,  ,he  cause  they  have  thu^  en^a-.^J  to  s     ^o  f 
But  .(,  on  this  app.calion,  neither  the  belt  n(,r  hatchCt  are  accepted 
he  ermssary  conch.des  that  the  people  whose  assistance  he  sol  cUs,' 
have  already  entered  n,to  an  alliance  with  the  foes  of  his  nation   and 
returns  w.th  speed  to  inform  his  count  rv.nen  of  his  ill  sucee.i.. 
is  hv  tn  r  ""''■  '"i  "■*''"''  1'"'  ''"''"'•'  '''^'•'■■'"^  ''"'  ^^^'-'''i^t  each  other, 
icd,  to  the  n/|fiou  which  they   u„end  to  break  with;  and  the  men- 
sen,,er,  uotw.thstaudiu,  the  danger  to  which  he  is  ex  ,oscd      om  the 
u  hk>n  luryol  those  whou.  he  thus  sets  at  deliance,  executes  his  com 
mission  with  great  fuk'Hty. 

Sometim,.s  this  token  of  defiance  has  such  an  instantaneous  effect 
on  those  to  uhnni  ,t  ,s  presented,  that  in  the  first  transports  of  their 
u.y,as.nal     party  will   issue  ll.nh,  without  waiting  for  the  permis- 
sion of  the  el.l,.,-  H.iels,  au.l  slaying  the  first  of  the  ofK-ndiiK-  nation 
loy  mcvt,  .-uf  open  the  body  and  stick  a  hatchet  of  the  sam.rkii.d  as 
.ba.  they  just  received,  into  tli--  heart  of  the  slaughtered  foe.     Amon" 
;';:'"".'•''  '•'•."1"";  "•';'"-^  tl'i-  i^  'loi.o  with  an  arrow  or  spear,  the  en.l  o? 
l>'oh  :s  painted  red       And  the  more  to  exasperate,  ihey  .lisineu.ber 
'"'•   l'o,iy,  to  show  that  they  esteem  tliem   not  as  men,   but  as  old 
women. 

The  [ndians  seldom  take  the  Held  in  lari-e  bodies,  as  siirb  numbers 
would  re,,„ire  a  greater  degree  of  industry  to  provide  for  their  sub- 
sistence,  during  their  tedious  marches  throuuh  rlreary  fi)rests,  or  lon<r 
voyages  over  lakes  and  rivers,  tlian  they  would  care  to  best.nv. 

Ibeir  aru.ies  are  never  encumbercal  with  bagoago  or  military 
stores.  M  warrior,  besides  his  weapons,  carries' with  him  only  a 
mat,  and  whilst  at  a  distance  from  tl..;  frontiers  of  the  enemy  sup- 
norts  hmiself  with  the  grune  he  kills,  ur  the  fish  he  catchc         ' 


les. 


m''Hf-- 


r.tirt 


A    SUPPI.KMENT. 


When  thoy  pass  throuffli  a  country  whore  thoy  havo  no  appvchtifi- 
sions  ofiiKHitiiif^  with  an  onciny,  llicy  use  v(!ry  little  prcc-uition  ;  somo- 
fimcs  there  are  scnrcely  a  do/en  warriors  lell  to<reth<r — the;  rest  being 
in  pursuit  of  their  jfanrK! ;  but  tlioiiirli  they  should  have  roved  to  a  very 
consi<l(!rablf>  disttuKM!  iVoni  the  war-pal li,  they  are  sure  to  arrive  at 
the  place  of  rendezvous  by  the  hour  n|)[)oiute(i. 

Thoy  always  pitch  their  tents  lonii;  bciore  sunset;  and  being  natu- 
rally presumptuous,  take  very  little;  care  to  jjuard  against  a  surprise. 
Thoy  place  great  confidence  in  their  iManitoiis,  or  houseliold  gods, 
which  thoy  carry  with  th"ni;  and  being  persuadcul  that  they  take 
ui>on  Iheni  the  oifice  of  sentinels,  they  sleep  very  securely  under  their 
protection. 

These  Manitous,  ns  they  are  cdled  by  some  nations,  but  which  are 
termed  VVakons,  that  is  spirits,  by  the  Naudowessies,  are  nothing 
more  than  the  otter  and  martin  skins  I  have  already  described  ;  for 
which,  however,  thoy  have  a  great  veneration. 

Alter  they  have  enfinvd  the  enemy's  country,  no  pcjople  can  be 
more  cautious  and  circumspect;  fu'cs  are  no  longer  lighted,  no  more 
shouting  is  heard,  nor  the  game  any  longer  pursued.  They  are  not 
even  j)ermittcd  to  speak,  ])ut  must  convey  whatever  they  have  to  im- 
port to  each  other  by  signs  and  motions. 

They  now  proceed  wholly  by  strat;ig('m  and  ambuscade.  Having 
discovered  their  enemies,  they  send  to  reconnoitre  them;  and  a  coun- 
cil is  immediately  held,  during  which  they  speak  only  in  whispers,  to 
consider  of  the  intelligence  imparted  by  those  who  wore  sent  out. 

The  attack  is  generally  made  just  belbre  day-break,  at  which  period 
they  suppose  their  iiies  to  be  in  the  souiwk'st  sleep.  Throughout  the 
whole  of  the  preceding  night  they  will  lie  Hat  upon  their  laces,  with- 
out stirring,  and  make  their  approaches  in  the  same  posture,  creeping 
upon  their  hands  and  feet  till  they  arrive  within  bow-shot  of  tliose 
they  have  destined  to  destruction.  "  On  a  signal  given  by  the  chief 
warrior,  to  which  the  whole  body  makes  answer  by  tlie  most  hideous 
yells,  they  all  start  up,  and,  discharging  their  arrows  in  tlie  same  in- 
stant, without  giving  their  adversaries  tiun-  to  recover  from  the  confu- 
sion into  which  thoy  are  throwii,  pour  in  upon  them  witii  their  war- 
clubs  or  tomahawks. 

The  Indians  think  there  is  little  glory  to  be  acquiix>d  from  attack- 
ing  their  enemi(;s  openly  in  the  field;  their  greatest  pride  is  to  sur- 
prise and  destroy.  Tliey  seldom  (Migage  without  a  manifest  appear- 
ance of  advantage.  ii'  ihey  find  the  enemy  on  their  guard,  too 
strongly  entrenched,  or  superior  in  numlnirs,  they  retire,  provided 
there  is  an  opportunity  of  doing  so.  And  they  esteem  it  the;  greatest 
qualiilcation  of  a  chief  warrior,  to  bo  able  to  manage  an  attai-k,  so  as 
to  destroy  as  many  of  the  enemy  as  possible,  at  the  expense  of  a  few 
men. 

When  the  Indians  succeed  in  their  silent  approaches,  and  are  able 
to  force  the  camp  which  they  attack,  a  scene  of  horror  that  exceeds 
description  ensues.  The  savage  fierceness  of  the  conquerors,  and  tho 
desperation  of  tho  conquered,  wlio  well  know  what  they  have  to 


A    SUPPLEMENT. 


567 


ox,>oct  shoiiM  they  fall  alive  into  (ho  hands  of  their  assailants  occasicm 
the  .nast  extraordinary  exerti„n.s  .m  hulh  sides.  The  il  f  es  ,,?  thS 
x,n,batauts  al    hesmearcl  ui,h  l.laek  and  red  paint,  and  Cr,     Ji^ 

|ha  Indians  are  negli,,;nt  in  gnardin,  a,,:;;:::t  s^       s       "y  ,ueS 

;i:^;x;^-::tof:at;:-s 

exerUctri'^n't/^^'^  ""  "^■^""  ^'^  ^--"^'^  --  ^hcc  extraordlnar]; 

dournT  /i' "^  '"""  '"'"'"."'""'  ^"  """'"y'  «"^'  ^i^'ory  is  no  longer 
•dou  tin  ,    he  conquerors  rtrst  despatch  all  sueh  as  they  thinl     hev 

t    take"  '^"  '^""'^  "'^  "''^"^'  ^"--^  ^^-l^'^'  «nJ  tlfen  e  deltj 

ake  as  many  prisoners  as  possible;  aller  this  they  return  to  scX 

those  who  are  ether  dead,  or  too  n.uch  wounded  to  be  talcen  with 

of  U.!.i?ii;  ^'7!T'  ''I'^f ''  <^-v-^«o^ingIy  expert.  They  seize  the  head 
oi  then-  hsabiod  or  dead  enemy,  and,  r)lacin<r  one  of  their  feet  nn  ♦?„ 
nock  tw.st  their  left  hand  in  tl^  hair ';  [y  tJns"  meant   mvL'  extendi 

«;  i\  ■:.  r  r  ''^''"^'  '^''P'  '"  y^'^*^  "'•d^'^  ^»'-  tlii«  cruel  purpose" 
and  wuh  a  Co.v  dexterous  strokes  take  off  the  part  that  is  teSth,: 

ou  d  i  ■^"'■'  '"  T'^'"""'  '"  •'"'"^'  ''''^'  '''^^^  '''«  ^^''o'«  time  re 
quired  scarcely  exceeds  a  minute.     These  they  preserve  as  nmm. 

.nents  o  their  prowess,  and  at  the  san,e  time  as'^r^oflol  heTc  * 
geancc  they  have  inflicted  on  their  enemies. 

If  two  Indians  seize  in  the  same  instant  a  prisoner,  and  seem  to 
have  an  equal  claim  the  contest  between  them  is  soon  decided  ;  for 
o  put  a  sp,.edy  end  to  any  dispute  that  might  arise,  the  person  that' 
IS  apprehensive  he  shall  lose  his  oxpect^.l  reward,  mmiiatelv  lis 
recourse  to  h,.s  tomahawk  or  war-club,  and  knocks  on  the  S  the 
unhnppy  cause  of  their  contention.  ''" 

llay.ug  completed  their  purposes,  and  nuulo  as  much  havoc  as  pos- 
.sible,  hey  immediately  retire  towards  their  own  country,  with  the 
:^poi   they  have  acquired,  fjr  tear  of  being  pursued. 

Should  this  be  Ih..-  cas..',  they  niako  use  of  many  strata-ems  to 

ude  the  searches  of  the  pursuers.     They  somotini  scatte^C,^ 

s    .d,ordus   overthe  prmis  of  their  lie.,-  sometimes  tread  in  each 

tl  eislootsteps,  and  soaielnncvs  lift  (hrir  fbei  so  hioh  and  tread  so 

u^Utly    as  not  to  make  any  imprcosion  on  the  ground.     But  if  thev 

HiKl  ail  ihe:-o  precautions  unavailing,  and  that  'they  are  near  being 


I-  1 


> 


OfH 


A    bUJ'fl.KMKNT. 


overtaken,  ihey  first  dtisputcli  and  Nt-al|)  tlicir  priisoucrs,  {tiid  then 
(l^vidin;.^,  carh  endeavors  t(»  regain  lii.s  native  country  by  u  ddli'rent 
route.  'I'liis  |jr(;vents  all  fiirtlier  |)ur.suit;  fi)r  their  pursutM's  ni>w  dr. 
»|miring,  either  oi'  gratiiyinj,^  their  nsvenge,  or  ndea.siu!^'  tliu.se  of  their 
lri<nids  who  were  inado  eaptive,  r<;turn  homo. 

If  tlu'  sii(n<essl'ul  party  is  so  liieky  as  to  iriale  ^om]  their  r<<treat 
unmolested,  they  hasten  with  tli(>  great<'st  expedition  to  reach  a  conn- 
try  where  they  may  h(!  jKrliictly  secure ;  and  that  their  wounded  com- 
[)anions  may  not  retard  their  (lii^ht,  lliey  carry  tliem  hy  turns  iti  litters, 
or  if  it  is  in  the  winter  sca.son,  draw  tliem  (ju"  sledges. 

I  ho  jjrisoners,  during  their  nmrcdi,  are  guarded  witii  the  j^realest 
care.  During  tli^-  day,  if  the  journey  is  over  land,  th(>y  are  always 
hold  hy  some  of  the  victorious  party  ;  if  hy  water,  they  are  fastened 
to  tlie  canoo.  In  the  night  time  they  are  stretched  along  the  ground 
quite  naked,  with  thcMr  logs,  arms,  and  neck  fastened  to  hooks  fixed 
in  the  ground.  I'esides  tliis,  cords  are  tied  to  their  arms,  or  legs, 
which  arc  held  hy  nn  Indian,  who  instantly  awakes  at  the  least  mo- 
tion of  them. 

During  their  inartdi  they  oblige  their  prisoners  to  sing  their  death- 
song,  whi(di  generally  consists  of  these  or  similar  sentences :  "  I  am 
going  to  die,  I  am  about  to  sutler;  but  I  will  bear  the  Kev(;rest  tortures 
my  enemies  can  inflict,  with  becoming  fortitude.  I  will  die  like  a 
brave  man;  and  I  shall  then  go  to  join  the  cljicfa  who  have  suffered 
on  the  same  account."  These  songs  are  continu(;d  witli  necessary 
intervals,  until  ^hey  reach  the  village  or  camp  to  which  they  ur« 
going. 

When  the  warriors  have  arrived  witliin  liearing,  they  set  up  difij'r- 
cnt  cries,  which  comimuiicat(;  to  iheir  friends  a  general  history  of  the 
success  of  the  expedition.  The  number  of  the  dead-cries  they  oive, 
declare  how  many  of  their  own  party  are  lost;  a>'d  the;  number  of 
warwhoops,  the  numljer  of  prisoners  tliey  have  taken. 

It  is  dillicult  to  describe  these  cries;  but  the  best  idea  I  can  convey 
of  them  is,  that  the  former  consists  of  th;;  souikIs  whoo.  whoo, 
whorjp,  which  is  conljuued  in  a  long  shrill  lone,  nearly  till  the  breath 
is  exhausted,  and  then  broken  off  with  a  sudden  elevation  of  the  voice. 
The  latter  is  a  loud  cry,  of  much  the  same  kind,  which  is  modulated 
into  notes  by  the  hand  being  placed  before  iIk;  moulli.  Both  of  them 
might  be  heard  to  a  very  considerable  distances. 

Whilst  these  arc  uttering,  the  persons  to  whom  tliey  are  deslnncd 
lo^  convoy  the  intelligence,  continue  motionless  and  all  attention. 
When  this  ceremony  is  peribrmcd,  the  whole  village  issue  out  to  learn 
the  particulars  of  the  relation  they  have  just  heard  in  general  terms; 
and  accordingly  as  the  news  proves  iiKiurnful  or  the  contrary,  they 
answer  by  so  many  acclamations  or  cries  of  lamentation. 

Being  by  this  time  arrived  at  the  village  or  camp,  the  M-oincn  and 
childreii  arm  themselves  with  sticks  and'  bludgeons,  and  form  them- 
selves into  two  ranks,  through  which  the  prisoners  are  obliged  to  j^ass. 
The  treatment  they  undergo  before  they  reach  tlic  extremily  of  the 
line  is  very  severe.     Sometimes  t|.i-  y  arc  so  beaten  over  the  head  and 


A   iUlTLEMKNT. 


M0 


luc  ns  to  have  smrcoly  any  ronmins  of  lilo;  an.l  f.ai.py  vvr.ul.l  it  be 

or  th,,„  ,,  by  tl.Ks  usagn  an  .nd  was  put  t..  Ih.ir  w. 'td.-.l  bol^ 

Hut    b.Mr  tonneutors  take  cure  that  none  ..I'thr  blows  tbcy  -'ivo  pn.vc 

Tcrnnnictionsf  '"      "'  "'""'"  ''"'  '"''^'■"''''  '''^^'''''''  '""  •"^"•"  «''" 
Allcr  having  uiuhv<;nm  this  iu^.ruih.oiory  disciphiio,  th.^y  aro  bound 

lUcuimu.-d.  J  hoso  who  aro  dw-nrd  to  be  put  to  drath,  by  the  usual 
tonncnts,  arc  dchvored  to  the  chief  of  the  warriors;  «uch  as  arc  to 
-pared  are  g.ven  into  the  hands  of  the  ,.hi,.f  of  the  nation;  so  tha  n 
a  hort  tnnu«  all  thcpr.soners  nmy  be  assured  of  (b.,.ir  fate.as  the  se  . 
tcnce  now  pronounced  ,s  irrevocable.  The  Ibnner  they  term  beh.L. 
cons.nncl  to  the  house  of  death,  the  latter  to  the  house  ui' .raL. 

huch  captives  as  are  pretty  far  a.lvan.-cd  in  lilJ.,  and  havT-  acquired 
Cs  i,  I  ^1  r^"'"'''^^  deeds,  always  atone  for  the  blood  they 
knom  V  t^  I'i  '■'"''"•';  "'  ""^'  '"■"■  '^''"'''-  ^"^^^^'^  i»  ^"•'  '^'  ••-''lily 
legible  to  the  Indians  as  letters  to  Americans.       . 

1  ho  manner  in  which  these  hier(.^lyphics  are  made,  is  by  breaking 
the  «k.n  with  the  teeth  of  a  lish,  or  sharpened  flints,  dipped  in  a  kind 
of  ink  HKule  of  the  soot  of  pitch  pine.  Like  those  of  a'ncie.rt  Picts  of 
Hn  am,  these  are  esteemed  ornamental  ;  and  at  the  same  time  they 
ae.  c  as  n-gisters  of  the  heroic  actions  of  the  warrior,  who  thus  bears 
alxMit  him  indelible  marks  of  his  valor. 

The  pris.HHTs  destined  to  death  are  soon  led  to  tiie  place  of  cxecu- 

ion,  which  IS  generally  in  the  centre  of  the  camp  or  village;  whore 

PlKMug  sfript,  and  every  part  of  their  bodies  blackened,  the  skin  of  a 

crow  or  raven  is  fixed  on  their  h..ads.     They  are  then  bound  to  a 

stake,  will,  faggots  lieaped  around  them,  and  obliged,  for  the  last  time 

to  sing  llieir  death  song. 

The  warriors,  for  such  only  it  is  who  commonly  suiter  this  punisli- 
incnt,  now  perform  in  a  more  prolix  manner  this  sad  solemnity 
i  hey  recount  with  an  audible  voice  all  the  brave  actions  they  have 
performed,  and  prirle  themsr.lvcs  in  the  number  of  enemies  they  have 
Killed  In  this  n.hearsal  tliciy  spare  not  even  their  tormentors,  but 
strive  by  every  provoking  tale  they  can  invent,  to  irritate  and  i-isult 
thorn.  Sometimes  this  has  the  de-sired  elK-ct,  and  the  suflerers  are 
tlesjKitciied  s(Jonor  than  they  otherwise  would  have  been. 

There  are  many  oth(;r  methods  which  the  Indians  make  use  of  to 
put  their  prisoners  1,)  deafh  ;  but  llicse  arc  only  occasional ;  that  (,f 
burnuig  is  most  geiieially  used. 

This  method  of  tormenting  their  enemies  is  considered  by  the  In- 
'iiaiis  as  productive  of  more  than  one  betielicial  consequence.  Jt 
sadates.  Ill  a  greater  degree,  that  diabolical  lust  of  niveiige,  which  is 
tlic  predominant  passion  in  the  breast  of  every  individual  of  every 
fribo;  and  it  gives  the  growing  warriors  an  early  propensity  to  that 
cruelty  and  Hurst  of  l)Iood,  which  is  so  necessary  a  (jualllieation  lor 
such  as  would  bo  thoroughly  skilled  in  their  savaue  art  of^ar. 
AotwitlistaiKling  these  acts  of  severity  exercised  bv  the- Indiana 


4 


570 


A    SUPPLEMENT. 


towards  those  of  their  own  species,  who  fall  into  their  hands,  some 
tribes  of  them  have  been  very  remarkable  for  their  moderation 
to  such  fonialc  prisoners,  belonging  to  the  English  colonies,  as  have 
happened  to  be  taken  by  them.  Women  of  great  beauty  have  fre- 
quenfly  been  carried  off  by  them,  and  during  a  march  of  three  or  four 
Jiundred  miles  through  their  retired  forests,  have  lain  by  their  sides 
without  receiving  any  insult,  and  their  chastity  has  remained  invio- 
late.  Instances  have  happened,  where  female  captives,  who  have 
been  pregnant  at  the  time  of  their  being  taken,  have  found  the  pancrs 
m  child-bn-th  come  upon  them  in  the  midst  of  solitary  woods,  and  sa- 
vages their  only  companions;  yet  from  these  savages  as  they  were, 
have  they  received  every  assistance  their  situation  woidd  admit  of 
and  been  treated  with;a  degree  of  delicacy  and  liumanity  they  little 

Those  prisoners  that  are  consigned  to  the  house  of  grace,  and  these 
are  commonly  the  young  men,  women,  and  children,  await  the  dispo- 
sal  of  the  chiefs,  who,  after  the  execution  of  such  as  are  condemned 
to  die,  hold  a  council  for  this  purpose. 

A  herald  is  sent  round  the  village  or  camp,  to  give  notice  that  such 
as  have  lost  any  relative  in  the  late  expedition  are  desired  to  attend 
the  ..jsfnbution,  which  is  about  to  take  place.  Those  women  who 
have  lost  their  sons  or  husbands,  are  generally  satisfied  in  the  first 
place ;  after  these,  such  as  have  been  deprived  of  friends  of  a  more 
remote  degree  of  consanguinity,  or  who  choose  to  adopt  some  of  the 
youth. 

The  division  being  made,  which  is  done,  as  in  other  cases,  without 
the  least  dispute,  those  who  have  received  any  share,  lead  them  to  • 
their  tents  or  huts;  and  having  unbound  them,  wash  and  dress  their 
wounds,  if  they  happen  to  have  any ;  they  then  clothe  them,  and  m\e 
the  most  comlortable  and  re[rcshing  food  their  store  will  afford.    ° 

Whilst  their  new  domestics  arc  feeding,  they  endeavor  to  admin- 
ister  consolation  to  them;  they  tell  them  that  as  they  are  rcdopmed 
from  death,  they  must  now  bo  clicerCul  and  happy ;  and  if  they  serve 
them  well  without  murmuring  or  repining,  nothing  shall  be  waiitino-  to 
make  them  such  atonement  lor  the  loss  ol'  their  country  and  friends 
as  circumstances  will  allow.  ' 

If  any  men  arc  spared,  they  arc  commonly  civcn  to  the  widows 
that  have  lost  their  husbands  by  the  hands  oflhe^'nemv,  should  there 
1)0  any  such  ;  to  whom,  if  fhey  Imppen  to  prove  norccable,  they  are 
soon  married.  But  should  the  dame  be  otherwise" en<raocd,  the  life 
ol  him  who  falls  to  her  lot  is  in  great  danger;  especiafly^if '-he  fan- 
Cies  that  her  late  husband  Mants  a  slave  iii  the  country  of  spirits  U> 
which  ho  is  gone.  ' 

\Vhen  this  is  the  case,  a  number  of  young  men  t;ike  the  d(-vo!e(l 

captive  to  some  distance,  and  despaldi  him  without  any  ceremony  : 

after  he  has  been  spared  by  the  council,  (hey  consi.ieV  him  of  too 

ittle  consenuenco  to  be  cntill.Kl  to  the  lorments  of  those  who  have 

been  judgeff  worthy  of  tin  ni. 

'I'he  Nyjinen  are  usually  distributed  to  the  men,  from  whom  they  do 


A   SUPPLEMENT. 


571 


not  fail  of  meeting  with  a  favorable  rccrntion.  'I'he  bovs  and  mrh 
are  taken  into  the  families  of  such  as  have  need  of  them,  and  are  con- 
sidered  as  slaves ;  and  it  is  not  uncommon  that  they  are  sold  in  the 
same  capacity  to  the  American  traders  who  come  amon.r  th,.,,,. 

Ihe  ndians  have  no  idea  of  moderating  the  ravage";,  of  war,  bv 
sparing  their  prisoners,  and  entering  into  a  qegotiation  with  the  band 
from  whom  they  have  been  taken  for  an  e.^.hange.  All  that  are 
captivated  by  both  parties,  are  either  put  to  ,Ieath,^l.dopted,  or  made 
slaves  ol.  And  so  particular  is  every  nation  in  this  respect,  that  if 
any  tribe,  even  a  warrior,  should  be  taken  |.r:soner,  and  by  Vhance 
be  received  into  the  house  of  grace,  either  as  an  adopted  person  or^ 
slave,  and  should  afterwards  make  his  escane,.fhey  vvill  by  no  means 
receive  h.m,  or  acknowledge  him  as  one  of  th(.ir  iLd 

insf  ,L7"'^'''r  ''[•,?"''   '■-'.  '''■'  '•^^"•'^"^'  '""^^'"^   ""t  in   any   one 
instance  irom  the  children  ol  the  nation  to  which  they  belon-.    Thev 

assume  all  the  rights  of  those  whose  places  they  supply,\nd  fre- 
quently  make  no  ditficulty  in  g„ing  in  the  war  parties' I Junst  their 
own  countrymen.  Should,  however,  any  of  those  bv  chance  make 
heir  escape,  and  be  afterwards  retaken,  they  are  esteemed  as  unna- 
tural children,  and  ungrateful  ptrsons,  who  have  deserted  and  made 
war  upon  their  parents  and  benefactors,  and  are  treated  with  uncom- 
mon  severity. 

That  part  of  their  prisoners  which  are  considered  as  slaves,  is 
generally  distributed  among  the  chiefs  ;  who  frequently  make  presents 
oi  some  ol  them  to  the  American  governors  of  the  outposts,  or  to  the 
superintendents  of  Indian  atfairs.  I  have  been  informed  that  it  was 
the  Jesuits  and  French  missionaries  that  first  occasioned  the  introduc- 
tion  of  these  unhappy  captives  into  the  settlements,  and  by  so  doin^ 
taught  the  Indians  that  they  wfM'c  valuable.  '     ° 

Their  views  indeed  were  laudable,  as  tliev  imagined  that  bv  this 
method  they  should  not  only  prevent  much  barharity  and  blood'shed, 
but  iind  the  opportunilies  much  increased  of  spreading  their  reli-rion 
among  them.  To  this  purpose  they  have  encouraged'' the  traders  to 
purchase  such  slaves  as  they  meet  with. 

Tlie  good  effects  of  this  mode  of  |)roceeding  were  not,  liowcver 
equal  to  the  expectations  of  these  pious  fathers.  Instead  of  bcin.r  the 
means  of  preventing  cruelty  and  blo.idslied,  it  only  caused  .liss(;nUons 
betwe(>n  the  Indian  nations,  to  be  carried  on  with  a  i-reater  dcnree  of 
violence,  and  with  unremitted  ardor.  The  prize ^they  fbu'dit  for 
being  no^  longer  revenge  or  fame,  but  the  acquirement  of  spirituous 
liquors,  for  which  their  captives  were  to  be  exchanged,  and  of  which 
almost  every  nation  is  immoderately  fbnd,  they  sought  for  th(>ir  ene- 
mies with  unwonted  alacrity,  and  were  constantly  on  the  watch  to 
surprise  and  carry  them  off. 

It  might  still  be  said  that  fewer  of  the  captives  are  tormented  and 
put  to  death,  since  these  expeciafions  of  receiving  so  valuable  a  conside- 
ration for  them  had  been  excited,  than  there  usually  had  been ;  but  it 
does  not  appear  that  their  accustomed  cruelty  to  the  warriors  they 
take-,  is  in  the  least  abated  :  their  natural  desire  of  vengeance  must  be 


'ii§ 


w 


'ii-''  * 

' 

rlj'l  ^1 

i 

I  in 

• 

872 


A    SIIIU'I-KMKNT. 


gralificd;  they  now  only  l)ecorne  more  assiduona  in  .securing  a  f^reator 
niimhcroryounn'  prisoners,  whilst  iIiom;  who  arenmde  captTvc  i"i  their 
delirice  ari;  tormented  aiid  put  to  death  as  jjelore. 

And  this,  even  in  despite  of  tlie  disorju-cCul  estimation;  for  the 
liuhnns  considor  every  coiKnicnMl  peo|)le  as  in  u  state  of  vassala<re  to 
their  compierors.  vXiier.oiK-  nalion  has  linally  subdued  atiotherrarid 
u  conditional  sid)mission  is  a^reetl  on,  it  is  cnstornary  lor  tiic!  ciiiefs 
of  th(M-on(|uered,  when  they  sit  in  eouticil  with  their  subduers,  to 
wear  petlieoats  as  an  aelinowledument  that  they  an;  in  a  state  of 
subjection,  and  ouj^ht  to  l)e  ranlved  amoni';  the  women.  'J'heir  par- 
tiality of  tlie  Freiicli  has,  however,  taken  too  deep  root  for  time  itself 
to  erachcale  it. 

Tli(>  wars  that  a ••(;  carried  on  bclwcen  the  fndian  nations  are  in 
gen(>ral  iieredilary,  and  continue  from  aye  to  aoewith  a  lew  interrup- 
tions. If  a  i)eace  becomes  necessary,  tiie  principal  care  of  both 
parlies  is  to  avoid  the;  appearance  of  mid<in^  the  iirst  advances, 

VViien  they  treat  with  an  enemy  r<;lative'to  a  suspension  of  hostili- 
ties,  the  chief  wiio  is  connnissioned  to  nn(lerlaketh<<  nej-otiation,  if  it 
is  not  brought  about  by  the  mediation  of  some  neigbborin^  bund, 
abates  notbiiiir  of  his  natural  liaunhtiness,  even  when  the  a?lairs  of 
his  country  are  in  the  worst  situation;  he  makes  no  concessions,  but 
endeavors  to  persuade  his  adversaries  that  it  is  their  interest  to  put  an 
end  to  the  war. 


^iM?.^'?^r,.'"  ""'  <'\i"i"iviTV  or  i!i(  iiAiu)  nAiu),  Ksa.,  i.atk  op  frank- 

^^.      '  .'^  V,>';'''^'^'  •  '"^''^-^^l"    \VI  111  111.^  UirK  A,\|)  ^•AMI1.^  .  AND  OTIIKUS 
-COM,i;(Ti;i)  I'KOM   Ills   I'Al'KliS  liV    lllSi^ON,   AIM.niliAl,!)  HAKU 

^U'  Cither,  liichard   Hard,  lived   in  York  county,  now  Adams,  and 
owned  the  mill  now'c.'ilkHi   iMarsbalTs  mill,  in  what  is  called  Car- 
roll's  tract,  where,  on   liie   moriiin<i- of  the  ]  Mth  of  A|)ril,   17r)8,  his 
house  was  invested  by  a  parly  of  nineteen  Indians.     They  were  dis- 
covered by  a  little  uirl  called   Hannah  .\I-|?ri(le,  who  was  at  the  door, 
and  on  seeing  them,  screamed,  and  ran  into  the  house.     At  this  time, 
Uiere  were  in   tlu>   hoiis(-,  my  father,  mol her,  and   lieutenant  TluMnas 
Potter,  (broliier  of  Ceiieral  Poller)  who  lia<l  comi>  the  evening  hcilnv 
(being  a  liill  cousin),  togeiber  with  a  child  oi"  about  six  months  old, 
and  a  bound  boy.     The    Indians   rushed   into  lh(>   hous(<,  and  one  ol 
them,  wiih  a  large  cutlass  in  his  hand,  made  a  blow  at  Totter,  but  he 
«o  managed  it  as  to  wnst  the  sword   from  the  Indian,  and  return  the 
blow,  which  would   have   put   an   end   to   his  existence,  had   not  the 
pouit  struck  the  ceiling,  which   turned  the  sword  so  as  to  cut  the  In- 
dian's hand.      In  the  mean  time,  i\lr.  Hard  (my  liither)  laid  hold  of  a 
horseman's  pislol  that  hung  on  a  nail,  and  siKqiped  it  at  the  breast  of 
one  of  the  Indians,  but  there  being  tow  in  the  pan,  it  did  not  go  olf;  at 
this,  the  Indians  seeing  the  pistol,  ran  out  of  the  house.     Hy  this  time 
one  of  the  Indians  at  the  door  had  shot  at  Potter,  but  the  ball  took 
hnn  only  m  the  little  iing(>r.     The  door  was  now  shut  and  secured  as 


A    StJPPLKMRlVl 


ST.-J 


well  nsposs.l.lo;  h,it  nn,l,„<r  thr  Indians  fo  bo  vory  nn morons,  and 
having  n„  ,,cnv.l,;r  or  hall,  and  as  (h..  sava-os  nn-ht  oasilv  hnrrMJown 
the  house  by  reason  of  the  thatcho,!  ro.,!"  and  tlio  qi.antitv  of  mill 

r  nil  ':'  l/'r, >'""•'  "V/^'  '•""'""-  -•••'■<'  ^«  the'deolar^M-ons  ;; 
the  Indians,  that  hoy  vvonid  not  ho  p„t  to  d(>afh,  dotorminod  lh.>m  to 
Hurrendcr ;  on  vvh.oh  a  party  ..f  the  Indians  wont  to  a  fi..l,l  and  made 
pnsonors  Samnol  flun.or  and  David  M'Manimy.  A  lad  of  the  n"me 
ol  W.lhan,  \V  h.to,  oomin.tr  to  the  n.ill,  was  also  made  a  prisoner.  \\Z 
ing  socnrf3.1  ^ho  prisoners,  they  took  all  tho  valnahlo  otlivts  ..nt  oC  thr 
house  and  sot  (no  to  the  mill.  They  then  proceeded  towards  tho 
nountam,  and  my  mother  enqnirin,..- of  (I„.  Ir.dians  who  had  oaro  ..f 
hor,  was  ,n(ormo,l  that  th.y  were  of  ,1..  Ddaware  nation.  At  the 
distanoc  o  about  s.>venty  rods  from  tho  house,  contrary  to  all  their 
pronnses  they  p„t,  to  death  Thon,as  I'otf,.,-,  and  havinu-  prooeedo,!  o 
he  moun taui  ab.ut  three  or  lour  n.iles,  one  of  the  Indians  sunk  the 

repe  ,tod  blows  s<vdped  ,t.     Alb^r  crossin,,,.  tho  n.omUain,  they  passed 

without  eftoct.      1  bonce,  passin-  late  in  the  cvenin-  M'(  'or.l's  old  furt, 
they  encamped  about  half  a  milo  in  the-  ^.,p.     Thcscrond  day,  bavin.. 
l«ssed  in  o  the  I'ath  Valley,  ,boy  disc.n.M'ed  a  party  of  wfi'men  in 
pursuit  ol  them;  on  which  they  ordered  the  prisoners  to  hasten,  for 
Jhould  the  whites  come  up  with  them,  they  should  be  all  tomahawked 
Having  been   thus   hurried,  tlioy  reached  the  top  of  th(.  Tuskaron. 
mountain,  and  all  had  had  sat  down  to  rest,  when  an  Indian,  without 
any  previous  warning,  sunk  a  tomahawk  into  the  forehead  of  Samuel 
Hunter,  who  was  seated  by  my  li.fhor,  and  by  repeated  blows  put  an 
end  to  his  existence.     He  was  tlu',,  scalped,  and  tho  Indians'    pro- 
ceedmg  on  their  journey,  encamped  that  evening  some  miles  on  the 
north  of  Suloling  11,11.     The  next  day  they  marl^hed  over  the  Alio! 
ghany  mountain,  through  what  is  now  called  Blair's  gap.     On  the 
t.flh  day   umie  crossing  Stoney  Creek,  the  wind  blew^  a  hat  of  my 
ather  s  from  the  head  of  the  Indian  in  whoso  custody  he  was      'i"he 
Indian  went  down  tho  stream  some  distance  before  he  recovered  it 
Jn  the  mean  time  my  fiither  had  passed  the  creek,  but  when  the  In- 
dian returned,  h(;  severely  beat  my  father  with  the  gun,  and  almost 
disabled  him  from  travelling  any  further.     And  now,  rencctin^  that 
he  could  not  possibly  travel  much  further,  and  that  if  this  was  the 
case,  he  would  be  immediately  put  to  dcith,  he  determined  to  attemt)t 
us  escape  that  night.     Two  days  before  this,  the  half  of  mv  father's 
head  was  painted  red.     This  denoted  that  a  council  had  been  held 
and  that  an  equal  number  were  for  putting  him  to  death  and  keeping 
him  ahve,  and  that  another  council  was  to  have  taken  place  to  detei-! 
mine  the  question.     Being  encamped,  my  parents,  who  before  this  had 
not  liberty  to  sfieak  to  one  another,  were  permitted  to  assist  each 
other  in  pluckmg  a  turkey,  and  being  thus  engaged,  the  design  of  es- 
oaping  was  communicated  to  my  mother.     Afler  some  of  the  Indians 
had  laid  down,  and  one  of  them  was  amusing  the  others,  with  dress- 
ing himself  with  a  gown  of  my  mother's,  my  father  was  called  to  go 


ij 


;    !- 


574 


A    SUPI'LEMENT. 


for  water.     lie  took  a  quart,  and  emptying  it  of  what  wafer  it  con- 
tained, stopped  about  six  rods  down  to  the  spring.    My  mother,  perceiv- 
ing this,  succeeded  so  well  in  coiifiiiino-  the  attention  of  the  Indians  to 
the  gowii,  that  my  father  had  got  about  one  hundred  yards,  wlien  the 
Indians  from  one  fire  cried  to  tl'ose  of  another,  "your  man  is  gone." 
They  ran  after  him,  and  one  h;iving  brought  back  the  quart,  said, 
"here  is  the  quart,  but  no  man."     Thr^' spent  two  days  in  looking 
after  him,  while  the  prisoners  were  confined  in  th.   camp  ;  but  aller  an 
imsucccssful  search,  they  proceeded  down  the  stn  ,im  lo  the  Alleghany 
river,  tiience  to  Fort  Du([uesne,  now  Furt  Pitt.     After  remainingMhere 
one  night  and  a  day,  they  went  about  twenty  miles  down  tiie'Ohio, 
to  an  Indian  town,  on  entering  which  a  squaw  took  a  cap  off  my  mo- 
ther's liead,  and  with  many  others  severely  beat  her.     Now  almost 
exhausted  with  fatigue,  she  requested  leave  to  remain  at  this  place, 
but  was  told  she  migiit,  if  she  preferred  being  scal()cd  to  proceeding. 
They  flien  took  her  to  a  town  called  Cususkey.     On  arrivinf^  at  this 
place,  Daniel  M'Manimy  was  detained  outside  the  town.     But  mv 
mother,  the  two  boys  and  girl  were  taken  into  the  town,  at  the  same 
time  having  their  liair  pulled,  faces  scratched,  and  beaten  in  an  un- 
merciful manner.     Here  1  shall  extract  from  my  father's  papers  the 
manner  and  circumstances  of  M'Manimy's  death.     This  account  ap- 
pears  to  have  been  obtained  from  my  mother,  shortly    iter  her  return, 
wlio  received  it  from  those  who  had  been  eye-witnesses  of  the  tragical 
scene.     The  Indians  formed  tlici.iselves  fnto  a  circle,  round  the^ri- 
soncr,  and  comiTicnccd  by  beating  h'm ;  some  with  sticks,  and  some 
with  toniahaw'  s.     He  was  then  tied  to  a  post  near  a  large  fire,  and 
after  being  tortured  some  time  with  burning  coals,  they  scalped  hin), 
and  put  the  scalp  on*  a  pole  to  bleed  before  his  face.     A  gun  barrel 
was  then  heated  red  hot,  and  passed  over  his  body,  and  with  a  red 
hot  bayonet  they  pierced  liis  body  with  many  repetitions.     In  this 
manner  they  continued  torturing  him,  singing  and  shouting,  until  he 
expired.     Shortly  after  this,  my  mother  ^et  out  from  this  place,  leav- 
ing  the  two  boys  and  girl,  whom  she  never  saw  again,  until  they 
were  liberated.     She  was  now  distressed  beyond  measure;  going  she 
knew  not  where,  without  a  comforter,  without  a  companion"^,  and  ex- 
pecting to  share  the  fate  of  M'Manimy  in  the  next  town  she  would  reach. 
In  this  distressed  situation  f;hc  met  a  number  of  Indians,  among  whom 
was  a  captive  woman.     To  her  my  mother  made  known  lier  fears, 
on  which  she  was  informed  that  her  life  was  not  in  danger,  for  that 
belt  of  wampum,  said  she,  about  your  neck,  is  a  certain  sTgathat  you 
are  intended  for  an  adopted  relation.     They  soon  after  arrived  at  a 
town,  and  being  taken  into  the  council-house,  two  squaws  entered  in 
—one  stepped  un  and  struck  my  mother  on  the  side  of  the  head. 
Perceiving  that  tue  other  was  about  to  follow  this  example,  she  turned 
her  liead  and  received  a  Second  blow.     The  warriors  were  highly 
displeased,  such  acts  in  a  council-house  being  contrary  to  the  usa'^e 
Here  a  chief  took  my  mother  by  the  hand,  and  delivered  her  to  two 
Indian  men,  to  be  in  the  place  of  a  deceased  sister.     She  was  put  in 
charge  of  a  squaw,  in  order  to  be  cleanly  clothed.    She  had  remained 


I 


A  SUPPLEMENT. 


S76 


'1.0.-,  Lavi,,.  alncadv  ...'     H™  IvJ      oTu.Ii'V'"''!''''  '"  "'■'  ""'■ 

lams  and  .svvami)s   imfll  hnr  r.  Jt       ,  ^         'luiKiicd  miles  over  moun- 

not  to  I.C  discounaorl  L    '  "'  ^"'^.'■■"'''  ''"^  "''  ^^''"'^  told  her 

when  she  z^^c:,:z:r:z:^'''7  ir^-  '^^^  ^^°^"^' 

was  the  more  disposed  to  .  ive  c  'd  t  '.        '    r"  '"^'^'•mation  sh« 

a  chief-counsellor  in  the  I^i\  '         '  '''"'''  ''"'"  ""«  wlio  was 

surprise,  shl  laV^  '^ve^^ad'h;"!  e  n> -fr -^"7"^'  ^'^,  '''  ^''^' 
hawked  and  scah)ed      Sho  w?«  -7  ""^'-"'flo,  having  been  toma. 

escape,  but  wa^vm,,f'V/^  I '""'^^  Lad  endeavored  to 

severe  tit  of  sickness    wh;,.ff  i    7   i  hunger,  brought  on  a 

situation,  havini  n"Vc™  to  '  Tl  '''°  "^"""'"  '"  ^'''^  ^^«'«^"' 
i^lanketkshe^o  ^y  cov'inl  a^^^^^^^^^^^^^  T  ^y^P/^^hise  uilh  her,  u 
miserabIecab,n;boi];S3^^;:  t    o.^;,:::;"    sf  ""  '"'J'''''    " 

H  o^^c;    ;  burn  h^r     "^  '       uTT''  ^'"^^  ^^^^  ^'«'  ''^^  '«  «  "^^^'^ 

det(..rmine  never  to  learn  the  Indian  languaoe,  an.l  she  ad  be  re  1   .*.  • 
etorm.na.o„  all  the  time  she  remained  witJm'i^r^od:^^  of 
e.  captivity  to  that  of  her  releasement,  a  space  of  tv;o  year    ami  five 

wTt     mi,  b  r   7'  '"'^^'^  ^"■'"-  "'"'^  ^''^^^   '^V  h*r  adop       velat  ons 
With  much  kmdness-even  more  than  she  had  reason  tUx  J?. 

.s -i.l  now  return  to  the  narration  of  lacts  respectin..  n  y  father 

alter  he  had  made  b.s  escape  fn-m  ,he  Indians  as  before  statJd  ' 

1  ho  Indians,  as  soon  as  he  was  missed,  gave  chase.     Findin-  him- 

rch  ^'  I.im     •    ;f''  ''  '"'  ^'•''■"  ''■'"''  ^^■'^'■'^  ^'"'"^  ^V  the  Indians  in 
vaich  of  him;  in  the  mean  time,  with  mur-h  fati^o  and  sufTerina 

mw  ""l^:  ^7'T  '"'•  T''^^  ^^r^^'  -^^  ^'  "-  ^^^P  covered  S 
.^now.     By  this  time  he  was  almost  exhausted,  having  travelled  nearlv 

lew  bud.^plucked  from  the  trees  as  he  we„t  along;  his  nhoos  were 


676 


A  SUPI'lJEMEM'. 


worn  out;  and  the  country  Ik;  travcilled  through  being  extremely 
rough,  and  in  many  places  covered  with  briers  oi'a  poisonous  nature, 
Jiis  feet  were  very  much  lacerated  and  swollen.  To  add  to  his  dilli- 
culties,  the  mountain  was  overgrown  wilh  laurel,  and  the  snow  lodged 
upon  its  leaves  so  bent  it  down  that  he  was  unable  in  tnany  places  to 
get  along  in  his  weak  condition,  except  by  creeping  upon  his  hands 
and  knees  under  the  branidies.  'riiree  days  bad  now  elapsed  since 
his  esc;ipe ;  and  although  he  ic'ared  that  the  Indian-;  were  still  in  [)ur- 
suit  of  hiui,  and  that  by  I  ravelling  along  the  mountain  they  would 
find  his  tracks  in  the;  snow,  and  by  that  means  be  led  to  his  place  of 
concealment,  yet  he  ibund  himself  s(j  lame  tiiat  he  could  proi'eed  no 
farther.  IJis  hands  also,  t)y  crawling  upon  them  in  the  snow,  became 
almost  as  much  swullei'  .  .  I>is  fee*  'le  was  tlieredjre  compelled  to  lie 
by,  without  much  pros  ■  '  .  'jd  of  ever  proceeding  any  farther  on  his 
journey.  Besides  tiic  t  ■  ■.  oi'  being  overtaken  by  his  savag(3  pur- 
suers, he  was  in  fact  in  «  slarving  cjiiditiou,  not  having  tasted  Ibod 
since  his  escape,  except  the  buds  already  mentioned,  plucked  as  he 
journeyed  on  iVom  the  beanwood  or  red-bud  tree;,  as  it  is  called.  On 
tlio  lifth  day,  however,  as  he  was  creeping  on  his  liands  and  knees 
(not  being  able  yet  to  walk)  in  search  of  buds  or  herbs  to  appease  his 
huii^rer,  he  was  ii)rlunate  (Miougb  to  see  a  rattle-snake,  which  he  Icillcd 
and  ate  raw.  Atler  lying  by  three  or  four  days,  he  allayed  llie 
swelling  of  his  leet,  by  puncturing  the  festered  parts  with  a  thorn; 
he  then  tore  up  his  breeches,  and  wilh  the  pieces  bound  up  his  il-et  as 
well  as  he  could.  Thus  prepared,  he  again  set  out  ujjon  his  journey, 
limping  along  with  great  pain  ;  but  he  had  no  other  alternative,  except 
to  remain  where  he  was  and  die.  He  had  gone  but  a  lew  miles, 
■when,  from  a  hill  he  had  just  ascended,  he  was  startled  by  the  wel- 
come sound  ot"  a  drum ;  he  <:alled  as  loud  as  he  could,  but  there  was 
no  one  to  answer ;  it  was  but  a  delusion  olthe  imagination.  8ad  and 
disappointed  lie  journeyed  on  again,  and  on  the  eighth  day  crossed  the 
Jimiata  l)y  wading  it,  which,  on  acctjuut  of  liis  lauKniess,  ho  accoai- 
plished  witii  great  difficulty.  It  was  now  night,  and  very  cold,  and 
his  clotiies  being  wet,  he  was  so  benumbed  that  he  was  afraid  to  lie 
downiest  he  should  perish;  and  he,  therefore,  lame  and  wearied  as 
he  was,  determined  to  ])ur-Me  his  journey,  although  it  was  very  dark. 
Providential  circunistancc  .  I'or  in  the  course  of  the  night,  as  he  wan- 
ilered  on,  he  scarcely  knew  whither,  he  was  .attracted  by  the  sii>ht  of 
a  fire  apparently  abandoned  the  day  beli)re,  |>robably  by  a  party  ei" 
the  settlers  who  were  out  in  [)ursuit  of  the  savages.  Remaining  iiere 
till  morning,  he  discovered  a  path  leading  in  the  direction  of  the  sel- 
tlements,  which  he  lijlKjwed  witii  as  much  speed  as  lie  was  able. 
This  was  the  ninth  day  since  his  estape,  during  which  time  a  lew 
buds  and  four  snakes  were  all  he  had  to  subsist  on.  In  the  afternoon 
of  this  day  he  was  alarmed  by  suddenly  meeting  at  a  turn  of  his  pa:h 
three  Indians;  but  they  proved  I'riendly,  and  insitead  of  killing  him,  as 
he  expec'ed  when  he  first  saw  flujm,  they  conducted  him  in  a  finv 
liours  to  Fort  Littleton,  (in  Bedlbrd  county,)  a  i)lac(i  well  known  fo 


A  SI  ITT  EM  i;  NT. 


577 


hiin,  where  he  imnai 
strciii-th  U>  proceed  Ijonit 


'ic-d  a  few  diiy^,  until  sullicientlv  reciuited 


in 
Some  ti.ne  alier  my  "liithei's  refuru  home,  he  vve.it  to  Fort  I'itf 

t  IIK  yncvei  h,ud  V  stronger  de.sn-e  lor  any  ihiiiu-  thai,  ,<,  have  sunk 
.  r:;  rd.;f '^  i-  .-d,  a.Kl  that  thoy  h^i  a^re:.!  to  kill  Im'on  hi 
uu  n  n*xt  day.     Alter  this  man  had  n^nnesled  mv  Ihlher  nnf  to 

fheir  conversation,  he  returned  to  the  ranip,  ^njcei  o, 

I  -nay  here  state  that  ln,m  the  tin.e  that  n,y  lather  wn.  taken   l,v 

tontiiMii-    plans   lor  her  .■edemiXion.     Jjesirin-^  wilh  this  v\oJ  t- 

E  TZ  ""^'"F','"  'f  ''  ^'''  "  I'noadeof  wa'L'tn.    L 
tins      ;    i    '"'         '  '•'""'  ';'"■  '"•"'■^■'^^'"'  •'^■^  '"'•  ^^  ^^'^•^'^^"•^''  '^ut  Ihidir..- 
ol^    lien    n   r''.7.  "'"'"'';l'^'  '^'^^'^"'^^  t"  Ihecommandiuvniil,.^ 
of     e  place  to  get  Capla,,.  White  Eyes,  who  conunanded  a  party  o  ' 
Indian.,  to  promise  to  aecompai.v  him  to  Pittsku-..     Tj.;;  vas  ac 


iving  agi-eed  to  take  him 


-aie  to 


cord,ng.ydotu,and  the   Indians  1.,.,,,^  au.-eeu  ,o  laK< 
lit,  my  lather  set  out  with  them,  having  a  horse  and  a  n-v/  riiic 
I    cyhad  p.>ceeded   hut  ahout  two  nnles,  when  an  Inj,,   ,    u     <    'oli" 
the  u  „    an.l  took  up  a  scalp  whi<-h  that  .nornii.g  had  invn  ,,u<en  of 
one  oi  the  wago,.e.-s.     This  alarmed  my  lather  ..ot  a  little:  but     a' 
n.  pmceeded  alK,ut  ten  nnles  nu1her,,he  Indians  a^ain  t.unedotrul, 
oad,and   hrought  several   horses  au,l  a  keg  of  whiskev  which  had 
been  concealed.     Shortly  aller  this,  the  Indians  he.an  to  dri       so  af 
a'   ::;ri    "'^™^=^1-    ;VhiteEyes,hensigniiied,o  mv  lamer   hS 
a.  he  h  u   nu.  otl  Irom  then.,  he  would  th-n  shoot  hin>,  and  .-aised  his 
gun  to  ake  aim;  but  my  Ihth.a-,  stepping  hehh.d  a  tre.,  ran  round  it 
wh,  e  ,  e  Ind.an  n>ilowed.     This  fi.r  a  tio.e  gave  great  Lmus<;:r::^  to 
tlie   nsumdcrs   until  a  young  Indian  stepped  up,  twisted  lh<..  nun  out 
01  the  hands  ol    W  Inte  Eyes,  and  hid  it  u.ider  a  loo.     The  Indians 
became  considerably  intoxicated,  and  scattered,  leaving  While  J':ye8 
with  my  lather.      White  Eyes  then  made  at  him  wilh^a  lar-re  stick 
anning  at  hi«  head,  but  ,ny  lather  threw  up  his  arm,  and  received  so 


!lH 


rf.Ji 


578 


A  SUI'l'LKMKNT. 


severe  u  blow  us  to  l)lucl\Cii  it  Cor  woek.s.  At  this  tiiiit-  an  fiidiuii  of 
another  niition,  wlio  liud  b(;eii  ^e!lt  as  an  oxpresm  to  Ijedforcl,  came  by. 
('!i|)taiii  Wliite  Eyes  applied  to  liirii  I'or  his  <;un  to  shoot  my  I'nthv.r, 
!)nr  the;  iiidiuii  rc^lliM-d,  as  tliey  \Ner(!  aboiil  making  jieare,  and  tlu; 
Icillin,'^  of  my  lather  would  briii^r  (,a  another  war:  (l)einii;  of  dillJireiit 
nations,  tlu  y  were  ol>liL!,ed  t(»  speak  in  ICnj^iish.)  ily  this  time  my 
liither,  llnding  himself  in  a  desperate  situation,  resolved  at  all  evinits 
to  attempt  an  escape  ;  lie  said  to  ( 'ajjlain  White  lOyes,  "onr  liortjes  an; 
i;oinu  away,"  and  went  towards  them,  expecting  fvory  minnte  to  rtv 
ceive  a  hall  in  his  back  ;  but  on  comini>;  up  to  his  horse,  he  got  on 
him  and  took  lo  iIk^  roail ;  he  liad  gone  but  a  short  distance  when  lu." 
saw  the  Indian  who  had  taken  the  gun  out  of  White  Eyes'  hand 
sleeping  at  a  spring,  and  I  liav«^  often  heard  him  say,  if  it  had 
been  any  other  of  the  Indians,  he  would  have  shot  him.  Fearing 
pursuit,  ho  rode  as  last  as  his  liorso  could  go,  and,  having  travelled 
all  niglit,  he  got  to  I'ilfsburg  the  next  morning  shortly  alhn-  sunrise, 
and  he;  was  there  not  more  than  three  hours  until  the  Indians  were  in 
atU  r  him  :  bur  from  u  tear  of  injury  being  done  my  mother,  should  he 
kill  them,  he  suppressed  his  anger,"  and  passed  the  niatter  by.  Hen- 
he  had  an  opportunity  of  writing-  her  a  letter,  n'cjuesling  her  "to  inforut 
her  adopted  friends,  that  if  they  would  bring-  her  in  ho  would  pav 
Ihem  iijrty  pounds.  But  having  waiifd  for  an  answer  until  he  b(". 
came  impatient,  he;  bargained  willi  vn  Indian  to  go  and  steal  her 
away.  IJut  the  night  bt:lore  ho  was  tn  start  ho  declined  going,  say- 
ing that  h<>  Wi.uld  he  killed  if  h(>  went.  In  this  situation  ho  resolveil 
at  all  hazards  to  go  himself  and  bring  her;  tlir  which  purpose  he  sjet 
out  and  went  lo  a  |i!aco  on  the  .Susquehanuah,  I  think  it  was  called 
iShomokon,  not  fiir  In.m  wliat  is  called  the  Big  Cherry  Trees.  From 
hen^  he  set  out  0!i  an  Indian  path,  along  which  he  had  travelled  until 
evening,  wIumi  he  was  met  by  a  party  of  Intlians  who  were  bringing 
in  my  mother;  th(!  Indians  passed  him  by,  and  raised  the  war  halloo 
~my  mollit  r  lelt  distiessed  at  their  situation,  and  my  father  perceiv- 
ing the  Indians  not  to  le  in  a  good  humor,  began  to  promise  them 
their  pay,  us  he  had  |)ri;nM.s(,(l  by  letter,  wh(?n  they  would  come  to 
.Shomoken;  but  the  [mlians  told  llim  that  it'  he  gotthem  among  the 
whites  he  would  then  n-liise  to  pay  them,  and  that  they  would  then 
have  no  redress.  Finding  they  were  thus  api)reliensive,  he  (old  them 
to  keep  him  a;sa  hostage  out  in  the  woods,  and  send  his  wile  into  town, 
and  lu)  would  send  an  order  tor  the  money  to  be  paid  Ihein  ;  and  that 
d'it  v.as  not  d.-ne  tlK;y  might  do  with  him'as  they  pleased.  This  had 
the  desired  ellect, — they  got  quite  good-humored,  and  brcnight  tln^n 
111,  on  doing  which  the  money  was"|.aid  agreeably  to  promise.  Be- 
ture  my  fit  her  and  mother  left  Shomoken,  he  rc(|uested  an  Indian 
who  had  been  an  adopted  bn)ther  of  my  mother,  if  ever  he  came 
down  amongst  the  white  people  to  call  and  see  him.  Accordingly, 
some  time  afterwards  thi;  Indian  paid  him  a  visit,  he  living  then  about 
ten  miles  from  (^hambersburg.  The  Indian  having  continued  lor 
some  Ume  with  him,  went  to  a^^tavern,  kn<nvn  by  the  name  of  M'Cor- 
mack's,  and  there  became  somewhat  intoxicated,  when  a  certain  New- 


;j.^aLjiMii!';'iE 


A    801'J'LEMKNT. 


579 


S^^n,  (siiK-c  f)X('cut(>d  in  (.'nrlisli;  C 


,    . ,.  <      ,.     ,       ,  -   lisl'!  Cor  sicaliriu-  horses,)  having  n  laive 

kml„  ,M  MS  ,a„,l,  s|nK.k  it  ,nt..  ,ho  India..':;  n.r.k,  J.l..  li,,.:;,!  JS 
•s  f,..,,,.  tl.n.yby  to  tl.,ust  i,  in  lK,.twoea  tl.o  bone  a...rtl.n.ai,  and  I 
drawn.  ,t  torvva.-d  to  .....t  his  throat ;  hut  he  par.ly  .russed  his  aim 
and  only  cut  ,hn  ,;,r.>,.a.-t  of  th.  vvind-pi,..  (^n  tln^  Now' -n  hadt 
escape  l.-ornju.s,cc.,otherwi,sc  the  law  would  have,  h..,.,  put  i,  I  .-ce 
Vt.mnsr  hnn.     And  ,t  has  I,,...,,  rnnarkcd,  (hat  ever  aHer  he  eo  tin  ed 

^1    !'«'  I"."^»;  the  wound  was  sewed  u,,,  and  he  eon.inued  at  ,ny 
ci  f.er  s  un  ,1  he  ha.l  nrovered  ;  when   he  retur..,.!  to  his  own  neonhf 
who  put  hun  to  ,iea,h,  o..  the  p.etext  of  hi.s  havi...r,  as  they  X 
joined  the  white  |K;..|.le.  °'  ^       "' 

In  AuoMst,  1701  (aecordino.  to  the  best  aeeou.its  of  the  ti.ne.)  my 
'•'t'"'  "  .1  his  la.uily,  |,-o,n  lear  oj-  the  l.,dia..s,  havin^r  ,„oved  to  mv 
grand  arhe..  Th.mas  i^.'s,  about  three  .niles  Iron,  hirown  ,ll^Z 

and  ru..  fowanis  and  (rorn  a  thiekel  of  bu.hes.     DhMMvin/-  ihesc'ci,- 
cinn.s!,m<..s,  he  beeauK,  alarnud,  and  takin^r  „,,  hi,,  .„„,  ^p,^^  ,^^^  „•,., 
to  .-un  to  the  house,  fur  he  believ,.!  there  were  India..;  ...'a.-.     So  they 
made  towards  the  house,  a..d  had  not  b(;en  the'e  iuure  ihan  an   hou.- 
when     .....n  the  lofl  of  the  house  they  saw  a   par.y,  eo.n.^anded  by 
Capi    lo,,e,-,   late  ( ,en   I'otter,  n.   pu.-suit  of  a  party  of  Indians  who 
lia.    ,hat  .nornin<,r  murdei-ed  a  sehooleiasler  of  ih,.  name  of  I'.rowu 
w..h  'en  small  ehildrr.,,,  and  seaipr.!  and  lelt  Cr  dead  one  by  th..-  ,.amc 
ol  AieliibaM   AJe(  ull..u-h,  who  iccove.-ed  and  was  livin-r  not  ioi.-r 
su.c...     ji  u-as  .•e.narkable  that,  with  but  ihw  exrepfions,  the  scholars 
w;ere  mueh  aveise  to  goiny  to  scIk^oI  that  moi-nin-      And  the  account 
given   by  Me;  u*Higl.  is,  that  when  the  master  and  scholars  iriot  at 
the  s.^hnol,  tw.,  of  the  scholars  inlormed  him  that  on  iheir  way  thev 
had  seen    Indians,  hut  the  inthrmation  was  not  attended  to  by  the 
master,  who  o.-dcred  fhom  to  th.Mr  books;  soon  afterwards  two  old 
Indians  and  a  boy  rushed   up  to  the  door.     Tlie  master  seeing-  then, 
pray.d  them  ,,nly  to  take  his  lile,  and  spare  the  childr(ui  ;  but"uni;.el' 
uigly  the  two  old  Indians  stood  at  the  door  whilst  the  boy  enfeivd  the 
house,  and  with  a  piece  of  wood,  made  in  the  lorm  of  an 'Indian  maul, 
l:illed  'lie  master  and  scholars,  after  which  the  whok,'  of  them  wcr» 
tcaiped. 


I  was  hoi-n  within  ten  miles  of  the  town  of  Aberdeen,  in  the  nortk 
ot  hco;  and,  ol  .-(Jfiutable  parents.  At  eiyht  years  of  ace,  bcin<^  a 
sturdy  hoy,  I  was  taken  notice  of  hv  two  fellows  belonging^to  a  vessel, 
employed  (as  tlu;  trade  then  was)  by  some  of  the  wo°thv  merchant^ 
ol  Aberdeen  m  that  viiluiious  and  execrable  practice  of  stcalbcr  yowno- 


THO 


A  BIMMM-KMKNT. 


c.liildrctJ  from  tlioir  pnrdita,  nnd  sillin-r  ti 


iioiXH  abroad ;  and  on  I 
wlic'it'  I  wua  (;on(lucl<  (1  lici 


irnj  as  slnvcs  in  the  plunta- 


napped  in  tlio  Kimu;  man 


loaid  Iht'sliip  I  Uiis  easily  rujojcd   by  th(;in, 
vvccu  (licks,  lo  some  olherH*  ibL-y  had  kid. 


unericu. 


.sixtc( 
1  neve 


W 

pound 


len  ar 


ner,  an<l  in  abnul  a  nionlh's  tim(!  set  Hail  Tor 
ived  at  rhiladel|)liiii,llicc,ip(ainsr)ld  us  at  about 


IS  per  head.      Whul  b(;eaino  of  my  unhappy  eompan 


r  knew ;  but  it  was  my  lot  to  be  sold  I 


ions 


or  si'ven  years,  to  one  of 


iny  countrymen,  who  had  in  \m  youth  lx>en  kidnapiied  like  mvs(;lf 

\\ilt    Ir^irn   niwjl.^w  4.......  '  '  ^ 


l>ut  from  auolli(!r  t 


own 


II 


avin.r  no  children  of  his  own,  nrttl  coi 


nmiseratin,'^  my  condition, 


ni(!  m  i:;oni!^  to  school,  wli(;re  I  went 


he  took  care  of  me,  iiidulLcd 

every  winler  for  (ive  years,'  rind  made  a  tolerable  prolieieur^v.  With 
this  fTocxI  master  I  continued  till  he  dir'd,  and,  as  a  reward  for  mv 
l.ullilu  wrvu-e,  he  left  me  two  lujiuired  pounds  currency,  whi.h  wai 
tlicn  about  c.M  hundred  and  twcniy  pounds  sterlin-,  his  best  horse, 
saddle,  and  all  his  weariiii^  a|)pai(>l. 

l{(!in-r  now  sevcMteen  years  old,  and  my  own  master,  havin.r  mo- 
uey  in  my  pocke!,  and  all  other  necessaries,  I  employed  mv.^^lf  in 
jobbing  or  near  seven  years;  when  1  r<«solve<l  to  scitle,  an.J  married 
the  d.iu;:hfer  o(  a  substantial  planter.  My  lalher-in-iaw  mad.;  me  a 
deed  of  ^r,|t  of  a  iruc-t  of  laud  that  lay  (unhappily  lor  mc^  as  it  ha. 
since  proved  )  on  the  lroniu>rs  ol  the  province  of  Veunsylvanin,  near 
thclor.vso,  the  l)elawarc,  containing' about  two  hundred  acres,  thirlv  of 
which  were  wed  cleared  and  lit  f.r  manedi.ie  use,  on  which  wcc  a 
«ood  house  and  barn.  The-  place  pleasiu;.  ,nc  well,  1  settled  <,n  it 
My  moiKiy  I  exp,MHlc<l  m  buyin-  stock,  household  furniture,  and  im' 
p.emenLs  lor  out-door  work;  and  beino-  h.ppv  in  a  rood  wi:e,  mv 
ehcity  wa.  complete:  but  in  1751,  the  Indian.;,  who  had  li.r  a  loiu. 
hme  be.oro  rava..ed  and  d.stroyc.i  other  parts  of  Am*ica  unmolested, 
began  now  to  be  very  troubleson..>  on  the  /i-oniiers  of  our  province 
where  hey  {generally  appeared  in  small  skulkuiir  parties,  con.niitin  r 
^rcat  devustalions.  '  '•"'"o 

'IVrriblea.ui  .hocking  to  human  nature  were  the  barbarities  daiis 
comuMl  ed  by  these  «av,ip.  !     Scarce  di.l  a  day  pass  but  some-  ilii^ 
happy  lan.iiy  or  o;her  lell  viciims  to  sava-^e  crueky.     'i'errib'e   in- 
deed, It  prmed  to  mo,  as  well  as  to  many'oiIuMv;.    *l,  that  was  now 
hai>py  in  an  easy  8late  ofiii;.,  blessed  w,:h  an  a!il.ciioi,at<i  and  tender 
wi.e,  becain.  on   a  sudden  one  of  th.  most  unhappy  of  mankind: 
^x^arce  can  1  suslam  the  .hock  whtch  lor  ever  .-ecu  'on  rec.lh.    ni 
he  fatal  second  of  October,   1754.     My  wi'e  ,hat  day   went  i     n 
home   to  v.su  some  oi  her  relations;  as  I  .taid  up  later  than  uu 
expecting  her  return,  none  bein.  in  the  house  biside.s  myself,  hv 
grea    was  my  surprise  and  terror,  wi,.-n,  about  eleven  o'clo  .ka 
".gh  ,  I  heard  the  dismal  ;.arwhoop  of  ,h.  «ava,es,  and  (0,^^  h 
my  house  was  beset  by  thc-m.     I  (lew  to  n)v  chand,er  wi,>  1  w  ad 
perceived  them  to  be  twelve  in  numlK.-.     Having  mv  .^  1    ul'ed   I 

liuitless  are    ho  cOorts  o(  cnu  man  a-ainst  the  united  force  of  so 
many  blood-thirsty  monstcs  !     O...  oHhem  that  could  sl^^-ak  Eng 


»t 


A  BUrPLrMKNT. 


lisJi  lliiTuU'iicfl  mo  in  rf(, 
l»urn  inc  alive;"  iiddino.  I 
rend 


Aei 


"HI,  -il.at  if  I  did  „ot  como  out  thoy  would 


^';  hovscvor,  'Mliai  il  |  would 


iiy.s(«l|-|,ris(,n(T,llir;y  would  not  kill 


<  oiru!  out  and  hut- 


'■ircuui.slau<;c.s,  I  choso  to  icjy  „„   tl 
'i<'<itl.  I'y^n'jociiu- them;  and  accord 


H'U- 
Ul< 


iiK!."     In  such  dcplorubio 


'y 


u.y  t^nuMu  H.y  hand   not  knovvin.  tl.at'l  had  .t.     hn 


>iouii.scs,  rather  than  meet 
vv(!Ut  out  ol'tlic  house,  with 


T'Pr<'ii''li  I  hey  rushed  on  me  li|. 


H 

the  1 


laVMIL'' 


fl<iU.S( 


'•«'  ll'iisin   their  power,  they  hound 


niediulely  on  my 

«!  ti-ers,  and  instantly  disarmed  me. 

Hie  to  u  tree,  went  into 


N<:t  fire  to  il 


',  I'lundered  it  of  every  thinjr  ihey  could 
'•"Msumed  what  was  left  helore  mv 


and 


isfuxl  with  this,   (hey   set   1 


fiiiry  oli;  and  then 
<'yca.     Not  sat. 


wl 
lior 


'n;  lo  my  harn,  stable,  and  out-h' 


'^''viM  wore  about  lu„  hnnd^.d  bushels  .Vwl 
"ses,  and  live  sheep,  all  orwhiel 


ouscs. 


JJ 


yifigthus  /iuished  the  execrable  I 


Il  w(  r(!  consumed  louslio 


icat,  hix  cowa,  lour 


Olio  oltlu!  monsters  eanu 
with  Ih^  wor.^t 


to  me  witli  a  t 


nisme.ss  about  which  they  came 


)uialiawk  and  threatened 


to,  and  then  they  untied 
wl  ■  ■    ' 


of  tiealhs  if  I  would  not  go  with  tliem.     Th 


me 


me,  and   oave  i 


lie  u   load  to  ea 


lid  I  agreed 
•ry,  under 


-u,  made,  tbey  for  some  tin.  danc..d  round    neaiu'i^eir  mam^' 
wlioopui-,  hall.K)Uig  and  shnekin.r  in  a  irl  dillul  n.n     e.       P  ' 

H  cd  with    this   sort  of  .nirth,  they  .uj^        'Z^aJZ^^Il^U 
'^  n.^  tu-  liurnm.  coals,  and  sticks ^kuum.  wiih  C^trod 

"ncteniu^r  „,  burn  me  entirely  if  1  cri.  if  ou;.     Thus  tortured        I 
was,  ahnost  to  .leath,  I  sullercd  their  bru.aliti<  s,  with  u^  "  !  1,^^, 
'"  V(Mit   n>y   anguish   otherwise  ll,an   bv  shed  'ii,      m1  .,        " 
Uiosc  bein,  ob..rved,  they  took  ircLwJ^i;"  U  ^h     7    ..n  n";rr'' 
.  Y-;  'HI...:,  me  nn-  lace  was  wet,  and  that  K.y  u       1  dry     ^  "' 
via.!,  UHlcd  they  cruelly  did.      JJow  1  u-:,lerueut  tl  es    tor  tu  e    h^' 
i-rii  a  untt<.r  of  wondc>r  to  me,  but  G.,1  enabkxi  n>^      v  it  Jw^^ 
■nore  than  common  patience  lor  the  deliveranc.e  I  daily  pravdbr 
A    Icn.,btheysal  down  round  the  lire,  and  roasted^  I  Jm^^^^^^^^^^ 
WHcl,  they  Juki  robbed  n,y  duelliuK.     AVb.n  they   uu  s     p    l'    k'' 
;^  ie  .<   some   <>  me;  thouoh  it  may  easily  l,e  iu.a.^.d  1  h      bu^       1^ 
H     ue   o  eat,  alter  the  tortures  arul  uaseric.  1  had  .ufii.red  ;  yet     a 
oic^<l   osej.m  pleased  wuh  what   they  oficred  me,  lest  b/ .^X 
't  (I  oy  .hou:,    resume  their  hellish  practices.      What  i  could  not  e- 1 7 
-mnvodto  hale,  they  having  unbound  rue  till  tlu-y  in.a  LTl  h^^^^ 
<,a   all;  but  ,h.n  they  bound  mo  as  belbre ;  in  which  deplor^lcon- 
'"  K,    I  was  forced  to  coutuiuo  ,ho  whole  day.     When  the  ,un  wL 
^ot.  (hey  put  out  the  fire,  and  covered  the  ashJ.  with  leaved  a^sthc^r 


!■ 


i 


'm 


/iHiJ 


A  MUl'l'LKHKNT. 


(loiii^  i'roin  thrnro  nloii^  tht*  Hiis(|ii<'lifiiiii:ili,  tor  the  Npiicn  of  six 
miles,  loiiilcd  UN  I  was  licloic,  we  arrived  at  a  spot  near  llio  Afipnla- 
cliiiiii  iiiiiiiiilMitis,  (ir  Mine  hills,  when-  they  hid  llicii'  pliirdcir  iiiidei-  Ioks 


ol  \vo(>( 


I.      I' 


Koiil  tlieiici' Iht'V  procet  (led  In  a  iKij^lilii  nillv^  house,  oecii 


hl> 


pied  hy  oiin  Jacoh  Snider  and  his  india|ipy  liirnily,  rohsisfin^  of  his 


wile,  hve  cliiMren,  and  a    voiiii''  man,  liis  servant. 


'I'liey 


soon  i^oi 


admillance  into  ihc  iinliirliaiate  man's  house,  svlicre  thtiy  immedialely, 
witliont  the  least  remorse,  s('al|)e(l  hoth  parenls  and  children;  nor 
eoiild  the  tear-s  the  shrieks,  nor  cries  ot'  poor  iimo( cut  ehildren  prevent 
iheir  horrid  massacre.  I  hivin^!4  thus  scalped  lliem,  and  plundcreil  iIk* 
house  of  every  thinii  that  M;is  nioveahl(!,  they  set  tin!  to  it,  and  lelt 
the  distressed  victims  ami(!  >  !he  llames. 

'riiinkinij;  the  yoiinu;  man  ite|oni;iiiy  to  this  unhappy  lumily  would 
he  of  service  to  them   in  carrying',  part  ol"  their  plunder,  ihey  spared 


Ins  hie,  and  loaded  mm  anil  myseii  svitli  wliar  iliey  Had  lien-  oot,  niid 
agaie  marched  into  the  Blue  hills,  wlu're  they  stoned  their  yoods  as 
hellire.  My  lello\v-sidlen>r  could  not  support  the  (  ruel  treatment 
which  w(>  were  obliged  to  siilli'r,  and  coH)piainiiui;  hiiferly  to  moot' 
Ids  heing  nuahle  to  proceed  any  tiirtliei^l  endeavored  to  animate  him, 
but  all  in  vain,  I'or  he  still  continued  his  moausi  ;ind  t<'ars,  which  one 
of  the  savages  perceiving,  as  we  travelled  along,  came  up  to  iis,  and 
with  his  tomahawk  gave  him  a  blow  on  the  head,  vvliich  li'lled  the 
unhappy  yoiilh  to  the  ground,  wliom  they  immediately  scalped  and 
lolh  'IMie  siidd(>niiess  offhis  murder  >hock<  d  me  to  that  degree,  that 
1  was  in  a  manner  niolionh'ss,  expecting  my  liili'  would  soon  be  the 
same:  however,  recovering,  my  distracted  thoughts,  I  dissembled  mv 
anguish  as  well  as  I  <-ould  from  th{>  barbarians  ;  but  slill,  such  wa-f  mv 
tornu',  that  tor  some  time  1  scarcer  ku<^w  llie  davs  of  tlse  W(!ck,  or  what 
I  did. 

They  still  kept  on  their  course  near  lli(!  mountain---,  wliere  they  Jay 
skulkiug  lour  (u-  five  days,' rejoicing  at  the  plunder  they  had  got. 
When  provisions  !)ecame  s<arce,  lliey  made  llieir  way  towards  llie 
.Suscpii'haimah,  and  jjassing  near  another  iiouse,  iidiabiled  by  an  eld 
man,  whosr;  iiimic  was  John  Adams,  with  his  wifi-  and  liair  .small 
I'liildren,  and  )neeling  with  no  resis!aiic(>,  they  iminediat(;Iv  scalj)ed 
the  inollier  a.iid  her  children  bi^iu'e  lh(>  i;!(l  man's  e\es.  Iiiliumiii 
and  livurid  as  this  v.a-;,  it  did  not  satisfy  iliem;  lor  when  they  bad 
murdered  the  poor  woman,  they  acU'd  with  her  in  such  a  lirul-al  man- 
ner as  decency  will  not  pei'iiTit  me  to  meniioii.  The  unhappy  Ihls- 
band,  not  beiiiL'.  abl<^  to  avoid  th(!  sight,  enlicaled  them  lo  [)ii!  an  end 
to  liis  miserable  being;  but  they  were  as  deaf  to  the  tears  and  onlrea- 
ties  of  Ibis  venerable  .--uni'rer  as  they  had  1,'een  to  tho.se  of  ibe  other'-:, 
and  proceeded  to  burn  and  destroy  Ins  house,  barn,  corn,  liay,  cattle, 
and  every  thing  the  poor  man  a  lew  hiiiir.s  before  was  master  of. 
liaving  faved  wbnl  tiny  thought  pro|)er  froin  the  flames,  they  gave 
the  old  i.;a!i,  li^eble,  weak,  and  in  the  nii.scrahio  cou'dtion  he  tlien 
was,  as  well  as  inyst;li',  burdens  to  carry,  and  loading  themselves  lil.C'- 
wise  witii  bread  and  meat,  pnrsueil  their  journey  towards  the  Uivat 
8wa!np,     Here  tlioy  lay  lur  eight  or  nine  days,  diverthig  thcniiielveh. 


A  H(ri'IM,i;.>IKNT. 


5H.1 


.It  fiiiic.H,  ill  I)nrf),'i roils 

«*tn|.  hjiii  nuk.d,  ,111,1  |,„i,„  !,j,„  ;',|j 

«t  oti 

taunt 

aihoiild 

W(!ro  ;i 


fTiinlricsoii  III,,  old  man:  Horndtimrs  ihoy  would 


I'T   (ilMCS   lh( 


y  Would  plii.-k  th,.  wliii,.  Iidirs   I 


ovi  r  Willi  various  sorts  of  ndors 


"i^'ly  (.•II    hiiM  |„,  vvas  a    ln,>[    |i,r   |ivi 


roiii   Ins 


lirad. 


anc 


ML' 


'^li'Hv  Jinn  kindnrss  in  |.iiUino  hin,  ,,ut  of  (t 


HO  lonj,',  Mild  that  tiny 


Ins  to 


"irs,  lor  dail)   did  ijicy  lir,.  il 


i«!  world 


il 


I  vani 


rioiis  iii.Niiis  Ihcy  trill]  to  toiincnt  | 


K'liisclvcs  with  th(!   va- 


and  wl 


rei 


hot 


lipi'i'i^;  liiin;  at  olli.-r  lii 


inn ;  sotncliinfM  tyiii^  him  to  a  trro 


II. 


aU. 


MI'S,  scorchini^  his  liirDw.'d  .lic-ks  with 
'•"His   and  hurnino'  his  lo,,s  .|iiii,.  i,,.  |,is  Kn.ivs.     ()„.,  ni,r||,. 


Ix'fn  thus  torincntcd,  whilst   1 


each  oth.T  al.  the  miseries  we  daily  siilll 
Hrrived,  hrinL'incjf  with  thcin  t 


ind  I 


were  condolin'r 


led,  twenty. live  other  jnd 


lii'd  inilia|i|)ily  i;il!,.|,  inlotlwir  h'ln.is  in  ( 
near  the  river  Si 


w.'iily  scalps  and   three  prisoners,  wl 


laiis 


'onoiroeheanue,  a  small  towi 


io 


.      latinah,  .•hi.lly  iiihaliiled   |,y  t|„.  jriv.),.     '|'| 


n-se 


-  ners  .ravn  ns  son,.3  sh..eKi„.  aerounls  of  ,he  n„,,ders  and  .k-vas- 
X'^^;?:---^^^''^^  '"  'l";n-  IMrts;  a  li.v  instances  of  whi.-h  will  enahle 

voa.';  !  ,  ?',"•'  "•  ""  ";""'""■"•  ""•  l"'"vi"<-ial.s  have  snlli.r.d  lor 
tT..'r\  ','"rP"'-'ywl.o  now. join..!  us,  had  it  not,  I  lumi.l,  in 
,'.•"'•'•  ';  '7.'"  th..,r  volenecs  so  soon  as  those  who  visited  ny 
Ml  alum  ;  th..  i.rsi  ol  the.r  tra.^edies  hein,  „„  H...  or„,|  ol"  O.toher, 
17.M,  wh..n  Jolni  Lewis,  with  his  will,  and  three  small  cinhiren,  were 
""'-.ly  .s..al,,ed  an.l  munk-r,.d,  and   his  house,  hum,  and  'c  v.  ry 

w  it  l?l  i"'  l'T'""i'     '""■  ;""'  .•'•^■^^'•"y''l.     On  the  -Hih,  .laeol,  Miller, 
w.lh  h.s  wile  and  six  ol   Ins  lamily,  will,  every  tiling  on   his  planta 
ions,  shared  the  same  liiK...     The  ;M)lh,  ,|„.  house,  n7ill,  l.arn,    w       v 
'oad  ol   ..altle,  two  teams  of  horses,  and  ..very   thin,   helon' .in-,     u 

.r;^l.     '•!""'  "'"'   ""'   "^^•^"•'"' '";'-'-l';-ili>,ainUirhis 

iniM.iahle  lamily,  eonsislnio.  ot  ,„„„  j,,  ,„„„u,r,  l„,i„g  ,,,,|      ,   „„,„ 

>n  |>i.'<'.-s  and  oiven  to  th.:  swine.  One  of  the  substantial  tra.k,.rs,  he- 
lon^in-  to  the  pn.vineo,  havin...  hiislness  that  .-alled  him  some;  miles 
'M>  tlK*  eonntry,  lei!  into  the  hands  of  ,h,..se  rutiiaiis,  who  not  only 
«cvdpod  hiin  hut  iiu„i..liat..|y  roasi-d  hi,,,  [...fon,  ho  was  dea<l;  then 
Ike  eanmbals  i,,r  want  of  oil„.r  li.ud,  eat  his  whole  body,  and  of  his' 
head  mad.s  what  they  .'ailed,  an  Indian  piiddin.r. 

tion  o?tl.""rr  '^^V"'"'";''^"'"  '"'"-''  ''niHtyrthe  deplorable  silua- 
'"  ol  Ih..  deCn..el,.ss  inhabitanis,  and  what  thry  hourly  sulli.red  in 
«''"tp-ytnl  tlie  ojohe,  must  strike  th.;  ulmost  horro,-,  and  cause  in 
every  breast  th,-  ut,„ost  dcteslation,  not  only  a^^ainst  the  authors,  but 
against  thos.,-  who,  through  inattenlion,  .,r  pusillanimous  or  erroneous 
princip  e.s,  sulh.red  these  savaoos  at  first,  unrcpelled,  or  even  unmo- 
tested,  to  e.jmmit  siicii  outra-.-s,  depivdaiions,  and  murd(u-s. 

i  le  t  ire.;  pns,.ners  that  were  brought  with  these  additional  forces 
constantly  ivpimng  at  their  lot,  and  almost  dea.i  with  their  excessive 
hard  trwitm.nt.  contrived  at  last  to  make  their  escape;  but  bein-  ihv 
irom  their  own  settlements,  and  not  knowinn-  the  c(;,mtry,  were ''soon 
alter  met  by  some  others  of  tiie  tribes  or  nalions  at  war  with  us,  and 
n-ou-|,t  l,a<d{.  1 1,0  poor  creatures,  almost  lamished  lor  want  of  sus- 
tenance, having  had  none  during  tlie  time  of  their  escape,  vsere  no 
•ooncr  in  the  power  of  the  barbarians  than  two  of  them  were  tied  to  a 


1,  '.'1 


584 


A  SUrPLKMi;.\T. 


trco,  and  a  '^iv.ni  fire  mado  round  thoin,  whore  they  remained  till  they 
were  terribly  scorched  and  burnt;  when  one  ol"  the  villains  with  his 
sealping-knili;  ripped  open   their  bellies,  toyk   out  llicir  entrails,  and 
biu-ned  thrni   l)el()re  their  eyes,  whilst  iho  others  were;  cutting,  pierc- 
ing, and  tearing  the  (iesh  Vroni  their  breasts,  hands,  arms,  a°id  legs, 
with  red   hot  irons,  till  they  wen;  dead.     'I'he  third   mdiappy  victim 
was  reserved   a  linv  hours   longi^r,  to   be,  if  jjossible,  saeriiieed  in  a 
more  cruel  manner :  his  arms  were  tied  close  to  his  body,  and  a  hole 
l)c;!ng  dug  deep  enough  for  him  to  siand   upright,  he  was  put  into  it, 
and  earth  rammed   and  beat  in  all   round  his  boily  up  to  his  neck,  so 
that  his  head  only  appeared  above  ground  ;  they  then  scalped  him, 
and  there  let  him  remain  I'or  thrcie  oi'four  hours  in  the  greatest  ago- 
ii'es:  alter  which  they  niade  a  small  lir(.'  near  his  head,  causing  him 
to  suilir  the'  most  excruciating  torments:   whilst  the  poor  creature 
coidd  only  cry  lor  mercy  by  killing  him  immediately,  i()r  his  brains 
wen|  boiling   in   his   head.      Inexorable  to  all  he  said,  they  continued 
llie  lire  till  his  eyes  gushed  out  of  their  sockets.     Such  agonizing  tor- 
Diciits  did  this  unhappy  creaIin-(;  sulli'r  lor  near  two  hours  before  he 
was  quite  dead.     They  then  cut  off  his  head,  and  bmied  it  with  the 
other  bodies— my  task  behig  to  dig  the  graves;  which,  leeb'(!  and  ter- 
rilled  as  I  was,  the  dr<'ad  ol'"suliei'i!ig  the  same  (iite  enabled  me  to  do. 
A  great  snow  now  falling,  tli(}  barbarians  were  li'arlul  lest  the  white 
people  should,  by  their  tracks,  find  out  their  skulking  retreats,  which 
obliged  them  to  make  \hv.  best  of  their  way  to  their  winter  quarters, 
about  two  hundred  miles  farther  from  any  "|)lantalions  or  inhabitants. 
After  a_ long  and  painlul  journey,  being  almost  starved,  I  arrived  with 
this  internal  crew  at  Alamingo.     There   I  found  a  number  of  wig- 
warns  full  ol'  their  wt)men  and  children.      Dancing,  sini^ing,  and  shoiU- 
ing  were  their  gen(>ral  jnnu.sements.     And  in  all  iheir  Teslivals  and 
dances  ihay  relate  what  successes  they  have  had,  and  what  damages 
they  have  suslain(-d  in  their  expeditions,  in  which  I  now  uiihap|uly 
iiecame  a  part  of  their  theme.     The  severity  of  the  cold  increasinii', 
they  stripped  me  of  my  clothes  l!)r  their  own  use,  and  gave  uk;  sudi 
as  they  usually  wore  themselves,  being  a  piece  of  biaidiet,  and  a  pair 
of  moccasins,  or  shoes,  with  a  yard  of  coarse  cloth  to  put  round  me 
in  |)laee  of  breeches. 

At  Alamingo  I  remained  near  two  months,  till  llie  suow  was  ofl'the 
ground.  •Whatever  thoughts  I  might  Imve  of  mikiim-  my  escape,  to 
carry  them  into  execution  was  impracticable,  beiuj,  so  liir  iVum  any 
plantations  or  white  peopk^,  jiiid  the  seven;  weather  rendering  mv 
iimbs  in  a  maimer  quite  still"  and  motionless  ;  however,  I  contrived  to 
(ielend  myself  against  the  iuclenKMicy  of  the  weather  as  well  as  I 
could,  byinakiiig  myself  a  little  wigwam  with  the  bark  of  the  trees, 
covering  it  wiih  earth,  which  inade'it  resembl(>  a  cave ;  and,  to  pre- 
vent the  ill  eflects  of  the  cold,  1  kept  a  good  fire  always  near  the  door. 
My  liberty  of  going  about  was,  indeed,  more  than  1  could  have  ex- 
pected, but  they  well  knew  iIk^  impracticability  of  my  escaping  from 
them.  Seeing  me  outwardly  easy  and  submissive,  they  woukLsome- 
times  give  me  a  little  meat,  but  iny  chi(;f  Ibod  was  Indian  corn.     At 


A  SUPPLEMENT. 


686 


length  the  time  came  whm  ihcy  were  preparing  themselves  for  ano- 

set  out,  IlK.y  were  joined  Ijy  niiiuy  other  Indians.  ^ 

As  sooii  rus  tlie  sn.nv  was  (juile  gone,  they  set  forth  on  their  lour 
ney  towards  the  back  parts  ofth-  pr.rviuee  ol'l^nn^sylvanm  :  1  le^^^^^^^^ 
n,e.r  W.VC.  and  children  U:hind  u.  .he,r  wigwan,^  ^^  we^  2 
a  lonnulable  hody,  amounting  to  near  one^  hundred  and^ilty.  My 
busmess  was  to  carry  what  d.-y  thought  pn.per  to  load  rJ^Uh  bu^ 
Uiey  never  uUmstcd  n.e  wi,h  a  gun.  \xl  nmrched  on  seve^  da^ 
without  any    hmg  particular  occurri,.g,  ahnost  la.uished  ibr  wa  t  o  " 

c^n    X'h  iir  n^]  '  '"'  /"'"'""  '"'  '^  '^^^  ^'"l^«  «'•  ^"dLn 

fare  m^        c Ho     r  ^         "  T''  ^'^  '  "'"'  '""'  ''"'  '"'"■•'"•^  >herr,selve.s 

are  much  better,  lor  as  we  drew  near  the  plantations  they  were  afraid 

tojull  any  ga,„c,  lest  the  noise  of,h,.ir  guns  should  alarm  the  inhatZ 

When  we  again  arrived  at  th.>  Blue  hills,  abo.U  thirty  .niles  from 
he  Ir.sh  se  t  en.ents  IxMbre  mentioned,  we  encamped  lor  tin-ee  days 
though  Cod  knows  we  had  neither  tents  nor  any    hiu„-  els    to  dS 
us  from  the  me  en.eney  of  the  air,  having  nothing  to'lic  on  by  ni<  ht 

by  mght,  being  m  parcels  ol  ten  (,r  twelve  men  to  a  lire,  where  fhev 
!"th!Xf'  '""  "■  '^"■^'''  "'■"^•''•'^  "1'  '"  ^^  '^'-•'-^^'  with  thc'r  fS 
During  oui-  stay  here,  a  sort  of  council  of  war  was  held,  when  it 
was  agreed  to  divuJe  then.selves  into  companies  of  about  twenty  men 
each  alter  which  every  captain  marched  whh  his  party  where  he 
bought  pm,.er.  1  st.ll  belonged  to  my  old  masters,  but  was  left  l«! 
hind  on  the  mountains  with  ten  Indians,  to  stay  till  the  rest  should 
return  ;  not  thmkmg  ,t  proper  to  carry  me  nearer  to  Conogochea-ue, 
or  the  oth(>r  plantations.  °       ^"o"^' 

rn,u,To  \  ''"'^'r  ■'  '  n"^''"'''";  ^"  "-''"^l'^'  ^"^  ^''""S"'  '  '^"^^^^^  ^'^^  country 
round  extremely  well,  yet  1  was  very  cautious  of  giving  the  least  sus- 
picion  of  any  such  intention.  However,  tlie  third^lay  after  the  -rand 
body  lelt,  my  companions  thought  proper  to  traverse  the  mountains 
m  search  ol  pune  f<jr  their  subsistence,  leaving  me  bound  in  such  a 
manner  that  1  could  not  escape.  At  night,  wh(;n  they  returned,  havin^r 
nnbound  me,  we  all  sat  down  to  supper  together  on  what  they  had 
Killed,  and  soon  alter,  IxMng  greatly  liilia-ued  with  their  .lay's  excur- 
sion, they  com[)osed  themscilves  to  rest,  as  usual,  f  now  tried  various 
ways  to  see  whether  it  was  a  scheme  to  prove  my  intentions  or  not  • 
but  alter  making  a  noise  and  walking  about,  sometimes  toucdiin-  them 
with  my  leet,  1  ll.und  there  was  no  Dillacy.  Then  [  resolved/Tf  pos- 
■sih,o,to  get  oiHM.f  their  guns,  an.l,  if  .liscovered,  to  die  in  my  delence, 
rather  tlian  b.>  takt^i.  For  that  |Miipos(!  I  made  various  ellhrts  to  o-et 
one  Irom  under  their  luvuls,  (where  they  always  secured  lluan,)  but 
HI  vain.  Dida[)pointed  m  this,  I  beuan  to  despair  of  carrying  my  de- 
sign into  execution  ;  yet,  alter  a  little  recollection,  and  tru'stin'ir  ,nyself 
ty  the  .livme  nrotecti..n,  I  set  li.i'uard,  naked  and  delenceless  "as  I 
was.     huch  was  my  terror,  however,  that  in  going  frmn  them  I  halted. 


,.py 


&»6 


A  fiUPPLKMENT. 


nrul  paused  every  four  o!-  five  yards,  looking  foarfully  towards  (he 
spot  where  I  had  lell  thorn,  lest  lliey  should  awake  and  miss  me;  but 
when  I  was  two  hundred  yards  Iroin  thfim,  1  mended  my  pace,  and 
made  as  mueh  hasle  as  I  possibly  eould  to  the  foot  of  the  mountains; 
when,  on  a  sudden,  1  was  struck  with  the  greatest  terror  at  hearing 
the  wood-ery,  as  it  is  enlled,  which  (he  savages  1  had  left  were  malt- 
ing upon  missing  their  charge.  The  more  "my  terror  increased  the 
faster  1  pushed  on,  and,  scarce  knowing  where  I  trod,  drove  through 
the  woods  with  the  utmost  i)recipilati()n^  sometimes  Calling  and  bruts- 
ing  myself,  cutting  my  l(;et  and  legs  against  the  stones  in  a  miserable 
maimer,  J3ut  faint  and  maimed  as  1  was,  I  continued  my  flight  till 
daybreak,  when,  without  having  any  thing  (o  sustain  na'ture^but  a 
little  corn  left,  1  crept  into  a  hollow  tree,  where  1  lay  very  snug,  and 
returned  my  prayers  and  thanks  to  the;  divine  Being  that  had  thus  far 
favored  my  escape.  liut  my  appose  was  in  a  few  hours  destroyed  at 
hearing  the  voices  of  (he  savages  near  the  place  where  I  was  hid, 
threatening  and  talking  how  th(>y  woidd  use  me  if  they  got  me  again. 
However,  they  at  last  left  the;  sjjot  where  I  heard  them,  and  T  re^ 
mained  in  my  apartment  all  that  day  without  further  molcs(ation. 

At  night  1  ventured  forward  again,  frightened,  thinking  each  twig 
that  touched  me  a  savage.  The  (hird  day  1  concealed  myself  in  like 
manner  as  before,  and  at  night  travelled,  keeping  ofl'the  main  road  as 
much  as  possible,  which  lengthened  my  journey  many  miles.  But 
how  shall  I  describe  (he  terror  1  felt  on  the  fourth  night,  when, 
by  the  rustling  I  made  among  the  leaves,  a  party  of  Indians,  that 
lay  round  a  small  fire,  which  I  did  not  perceive,  started  from  the 
ground,  and,  scnzing  (heir  arms,  ran  from  (he  fire  amongst  the  woods. 
Whether  to  move  forward  or  rest  where  1  was,  1  knew  not,  when,  to 
my  great  surprise  and  joy,  I  was  relicn'ed  by  a  parcel  of  swine  that 
made  towards  the  phu-e  where  1  guessed  the  savages  to  be ;  who,  on 
seeing  them,  imagining  they  had  caused  the  alarm,  very  merrily  re- 
turned to  the  fire,  and  lay  again  down  to  sleep.  Bruised,  crippled. 
and  terrified  as  1  was,  I  pursued  my  journey  (ill  break  of  day,  when, 
thinking  myself  safe,  I  lay  down  under  a  great  log,  and  slept  till  about 
noon.  Before  evening  I  reached  the  summit  of  a  <^reat  hill,  and  look- 
ing  out  if  I  could  spy  any  habitations  of  white  people,  to  my  inex- 
pressible joy  I  saw  some,  which  1  guessed  to  be  about  ten  miles'  dis- 
tance. 

fn  (he  morning  I  continued  my  journey  towards  the  nearest  cleared 
lands  I  had  seen  the  day  belWre,  nnd,  about  four  o'clock  in  the  after- 
noon, arrived  at  the  house  of  John  Bell,  an  old  acquaintance,  where, 
knocking  at  the  door,  his  wife,  who  o[)ened  it,  sceina  me  in  such  a 
frightful  condition,  flew  ihnn  me,  screaming,  into  the  house.  This  • 
alarmed  the  whole  family,  who  inunediat(>lv''ned  to  their  arms,  ttnd  1 
was  soon  accosted  by  the;  master  with  his  "gun  in  his  hand.  But  on 
making  myself  known,  (for  he  before  took  me  to  be  an  Indian,)  he 
immediately  caressed  me,  as  did  all  his  family,  with  extraordinary 
friendship,  the  report  of  my  b-ing  murdered  by  the  savages  having 
reached  them  some  months  before.     For  two  davs  and  niohls  tliev 


A   Sri'l'LKMUNr. 


581 


cou„lv,  .,l,.n,i  .mo     ,,.'v '^^ ''''■'■■':'■''■':.•'*  I'""*  i"  '-■hcslcr 
•■"Ul.l  ,:,v,lit  th-ir  VvJ      i    *^'  ''•'•••('"','  scarce  .,„,.  „r  i|,„  |i„nily 

■"« I i^«i  ^,!^ ^:{ :/  ';i'rf;,™v'::,i I""-"'  >^'^-'y<-l 


KIM..     Ksa,  .)|.-  STir.  Vl  AM    IV   TnK^<^,     '';.!, ).^'''^  '"•'  '"'"VrHA.-^  .m-K 


Jfimes  Wliiddeii,  th 


10  rniiternal   grand r-ifhni-  oi'  Mrs.  Sluitc 


captain  i„   !h,.  .-inny  at  tlie"takiii°  of  ('anr,  B 


was  a 


owiKid  a  tra;;t  of  land 


1":   Hrcton,   in   1715.      He 


ho 


Noble 


lived  with  his  il 


on  8\van  f.land,  in  the  Rivor  K.-nnchcc,  whe 


iinily.     Onn  of  hi.s  daiiohtt 


(ndi 


oi-fsnionlh,  who  lived  on  tl 


rs  inarrii'd  Laza 


ol  (;ra(J 


iiH  Iiad  bcoti  accustomed  t 


10  island  with  her  Huh 


re: 
rus 


Tl 


fants  IVoni  th(?  attac 


lere  was  a  "arris  >n 


)  visit  ( 'apt.  Win, Id. 


ler. 


Tl 


It* 


On 


(ill 


ll 


11  lor  the  purposes 


10  inor 


s  ot  rhe  enemy  in  time  (d"  \ 


le  island  So  sc-.-'ure  the' 


inhabi- 


■iiing,  a  little  after  daybreak,  two  b.n's  'went  out  of  the 
olt  the  uate  open.     TIh-  In, linn.  ,.,:,...  < . 


I'isnn,  and  left  the  "-ate 


0[)c: 


availing  lliemselvfs  of  the  o 


)|)()rtu 


nson. 

upon  them;  but  tli<!re  was  no  escane''    "( 


lie  lU'lians  wore  on  tl 

nity,  a!)out  ninety  entered  the': 


gar- 
le  watch,  and 


le  inhabitants  immediately  discovered  that  th 


ar- 


retreated  to  the  cellar,  and 


iptain  Wliidden  and  I 


man 
Won  I 
fire, 
don 


aie;  th'-   Indians  at  the  head  of  t 


concealed  themselves.     N 


le  enemv  was 


lis  \vi/(.' 


I  ling  on"  of  thcin  in  the  a 


he  stairs,  a 


!)le  and  his  hired 


bil'  took  Noble,  his  w 


'■ill.     The  Indians  did  not 


fid  fired  upon  them. 


ll. 


return   the 


don  and  Mi,-v  'I 


,  .'lUil  seven  children,  with  Timothy  Whid 


V!:3Cri| 


n 


iohnv,  prisoners.  .  The  hired 


i;'  caofivi 


man  and  the  hv 


>   t)OVS 


excep  ii,  r    ,i-]i  ;i^  ;.,)„!, I   ,„,, 


■.  \vere  carried   to  ihc  wit,-r  side  and  bonid; 


to  th, 
;ith- 


r^iii  aw 


'firrison,  burnt  the 


le   Indians  then  returned 


le 


J:irn  and  phindrred  the  house,  cut 


•-!K-ds,  strewed  th-  fMlbf^'s   in  the  fi'ld,  and 


open  the 


tliev  ciiulil  iiiid,  aiid 


silver  a:r 

idlOs'! 


picion  unt  ! 

peace,  re  'cived   many  favoi 

den 


ried  oir  all   tl 


le 


i^  muchofihe  provisions  as  th(,7 


\vas  siipp.isMl  they  omiitcd  to  burn  the  house  from  ;l 


le  sug- 


eap'ain  and  Ins  will',  froin  whom  they  had.  in  lim-s  of 


W(M'i!  concealed  in  it.     ( 


ijita 


in  Whid- 


,  alter  the  destruction  of  his  property  on  the  island,  returned  to 


50 


It 


588 


A    SirpPLKMKNT. 


Grcetilaiid,  in  this  Stato,  which  is  sii|)i)osed  to  linvo  been  his  nafivr- 
phtcc,  Mild  llierc;  died. 

Tlie  Indians  also  took,  in  a  wood  on  tlic  island,  an  ohl  man  hy  tlie 
name  of  I'omoroy,  who  was  (!mj)loy('d  in  making  shingles.  Ihivinu 
collected  their  captives  and  pknidcr,  they  immediately  lell  the  island, 
and  commenced  their  return  to  Canada  to  dispos<!  of  their  prey. 
Pomeri)V  was  old  and  li  le,  and  nnahie  to  endure  the  iatiyue  oT  the 
march,  wiihout  wunv  assistance  tlian  t!ie  savai^es  thou^ilit  fit  to  render 
him,  and  they  killed  him  on  the  jciuriiey.  'I'hey  wi're  men;  atfcnlive 
to  the  chilch'en,  as  tin'  tliem  ihey  undoubtedly  expected  ;i  hiuher  price 
or  a  ij,realer  ransom.  Abigail,  one  of  the  eliildren,  died  among  llie 
Indians.  The  otlier  ca|)tive,-i  arrived  sale  in  Canada,  and  were  v.ari- 
oiisly  di-posed  cf.  Mr.  Nohlt;  wfis  suld  to  a  baker,  in  vcuebec,  and 
Jiis  wile  to  a  lady  ol'  tlie  sanu-  place  as  chanibermaid,  Tiiev  were 
allowed  to  visit  i-ach  other  and  to  sleep  le^ether.  Four  ol'  the  cliil- 
(h'cn  were  also  sold  in  (Quebec,  as  were  Timothy  W'hidden  aiul  Mi\v\ 
Jlolni' s.  Th(>  ca[)tives  in  that  city  were  exchanacd  within  a  vear, 
and  returned  to  their  homes.  Mr.  VVhid(k:n  and  Miss  Holmes  were 
afterwards  miilcd  in  marriage. 

Fanny  Nolile,  tin;  principal  subject  of  this  memoir,  at  the  time  of 
her 


•  capiivity,  was  about  thirteen  months  old 
M( 


he  was  cari'ieci 


l)y  ;• 
party  ol  Indians  to  Montr(>al.  In  tiii'ir  attehipts  to  dispose  of  iier, 
they  took  lier  one  day  to  the  house  of  Monsieur  J^ouis  St.  Auge 
Charl(H>,  an  eminent  merchant  oftiiat  |)lace,  wiio  was  at  that  fini{>  on 
a  journey  to  (.iuebec.  His  lady  was  called  into  the  kitchen  by  one  of 
her  maids,  to  see  a  poor  infanl  ci-awling  on  the  tile  floor  in  dirt  and 
rags,  pl'-kiiiii'  apple  p(clin,'.'s  (jut  of  the  cracks.  fSlie  came  in,  and  on 
kindly  noticiiii;  tlu;  child,  Fanny  immediately  caught  lioldol  the  lady's 
gown,  wrap|)cd  it  over  her  iiead,  and  burst  into  tears.  The  lady 
eould  Hi  it  easily  resist  this  aj)peal  to  h(>r  cfimpassion.  .She  took  up 
the  child,  who  clung  abfuit  her  neck  and  repeatedly  embraced  lier. 
Tlie  Indians  offered  to  sell  her  their  little  captive,  i)ut  she  declined 
buyiii'j,  not  choosing  prol)ably  in  the  absence  of  luM'  husband  to  veii- 
tnre  on  such  a  purchase.  The  Indians  left  the  house,  and  sle|)f  thai 
night  on  the  pavements  bclbre  the  door.  Fanny,  who  had  again 
heard  the  voice  of  kindness,  to  which  she  had  not  been  acciistoiised 
from  licr  savage  masters,  could  not  be  (piiet,  but  disturbed  the  shmi- 
bers  and  toucjied  the  heart  of  the  French  lady  l)y  her  incessant  cries. 
This  lady  had  then  lately  lost  a  child  by  death,  and  was  perhaps 
more  tjuiek  to  feel  for  tlii'  sulic'rings  of  children,  and  more  disposed  to 
love  them,  than  she  would  (jtherwise  have  been.  Early  the  next 
morning  the  Indians  were  called  into  the  house;  and  Fanny  was  pur- 
chared,  put  into  u  tub  of  water,  and  having  been  thoroughly  waslied, 
was  dres-ed  in  the  clothes  of  the  deceased  child,  and  [)ut  to'bcd.  f^he 
awoke  smiling,  and  seemed  desirous  of  rei^iyinr  her  mistress'  kind- 
ness by  her  infantile  prattle  and  Ibnd  caresses.  ^  Fanny  could  never 
learn  for  what  prii-e  she  was  bought  of  tlu;  Indians,  as  her  French 
mother  declined  answering  her  questions  upon  that  suljject,  telling  her 
to  be  a  good  girl,  and  be  thankful  that  she  was  not  still  in  their  power. 


A    SlJPPLEMKNT. 


58!) 


Mods,  and  Mad.  ,St.  A 
Uvo,  and  treated  lior  will 
.'or  Iheiii  a  (dial  attaclmieiit.      W 


iii^o  took  a  lively  interost  ia  their  little  cap- 
I  inucli  leii(leiiie.s.s  and  alll'ctiun.     .Slus  .'bit 


niotl 


hen  h 


in  h 
hi-; 

Nohl( 


'•I',  oil  her  r(!tiu-n 


■r  parents  were  oxelianoc'd,  her 


'■r  anus,  hut  no  instinct  taiedit 


1  >ine,  called   upon   Fanny,  and  took  ihe  child 


md   she;   lied    i;)r  protect 
■     d 


It  her  to  I 


'cjoic 


ion   to   hi 


in  tl 
•  I 


le  niafernal  em- 


(!  received  ni;uiy  presents  ||-,,in  the  Frenc 


r  i''reni'!i   ninnun.i. 


M 


rs. 


isfartiou  to  see  that  "her  littl 
iiiny  was  taught  to  call 


F 


as  her  parents.     Th-.-v  had  h 


da'Hihler  was  left  in 
iMo 


1  ladv,  and  had  the  sat- 


aliectioii.'ite  hands. 
UKl  consider  Moms,  and  Mad.  Wl.  Au<'-e 


odiicafe.i  her  in  the  Roman  Caihol 


r  haplizi'd  hv  tiio  irinie  of  I 


jli.'anor,  and 


N 


osiers  and   Ave  Mai 


ic.  reUiiion. 


Sii 


learned 


her 


waler,  and  told  her  heads  wiih 


i>,   went  to  mass,  crossed   h  rsc 


i'att 


li  wiih  ho 


\V\ 


len  lour  ((r'five  years  old,  -I 


^reat  devotion. 


ly 


parenis  hy  VVheelwri;.ht,  who  had 


le  wiseniiced  away  from  her  French 


!»een  cmphtyed  hy  the  ifoverntnont 


Massac!  nsetts  to  seek   fi.r  cap,iv..s  in   (aua.la.      [  !e  carried  her  to 

he   Ihree  R.vers,  where  he   had  several  other  captives,  and  lo:t   her, 

^t^  h-  pro.ended,  w,,!,  a  i-lalion  of  her  French  father's  lor  a  leu'  days 

vlien  she  expected   to   retnrn  to   Montreal.      J5:u  she  had  not  hecn  to 

ho  I  '.'l'      n'"''  l"'!r  1'"!!'   '^^■'"•y-''^"-  '"•»'■->  ^vhen  ilH=  old  squaw 

m  d   hya  young  sanop,  s<r/.,.d   upon  Fanny,  and  carried   her  to  St. 
t  ...  -ots,  where  they  kept  her  ahout  u   luru.ight.     She  had  now  at- 
t^u  r,\  ,„  age  when  she  would  he  sensihlc  of  her  misibrumes,  and  hit- 
tci  y  lamen.ed  her  s,.paratioM  Iron)  her  Frend,  paivnts.     The  Indians 
endeavored  ,o  pacily  and  please  her  hy  drawing  on  I.er  coat  or  IrS 
lh<.  hgnes  ol  deers,  wolves,  h.virs,  fidies,  &c.;  and  once,  prohaMy  (o 
make  her   ook  as  han.l.omely  as  themselves,  they  painteci  her  cheeks 
in   the    Indian   lashion,  wln.di  very  much  distressed   her,  and  the  old 
Sfjuaw  muh  them  wipe  off  the  paa.t.     At  one  time  she  -ut  awav  from 
tlie  savages,  aiul  sought  roliige  in  Ihe  host  lookin-  hou  r  hi  ihe  ^illa^re, 
winch  l>r>longed  to  a  iMench  priest,  who  kissed   her,  asked  her  many 
quysoons,  and  (.-eated  her  kindly,"  hut  gave  her  up  to  the  claim  of  her 
l"li"i'  .nast,.rs.      U  hde  at  St.   Francois,  her  hroiher,  Joseph  Nohle 
who  ha<l  not  heen  soUl  t,)  ih.-  FrcH,,  hut  slill  hved  with  iho   Indians 
l^ame  to  see  her,  hut  she  had  a  i:cr:,t  aversion  t-,  him.      lie  was  in  his 
111'  I m  dress,  and  sIk;  would  not  helieve  him  lo  he  a  rekuion    or  speak 
to  huu  li   she  could  avoid  ii.      i-;\u^  was  at  la^t  lurned  hack  hv  Ihe  In- 
dians lo  Montreal,  and  to   h.T  great  satislaction  was  delivered  lo  her 
'••.Mich  lalh.-r,  who  ivwanled  the  Indians   u,r  returnin  >    her.      It  was 
doubtless  111.' expectafiMM  of  much  reward  which  indu.'ed  the  old  squaw 
<>  sei/.e  her  afthe  Three  Rivers,  as  ih  •  Indians  not  unin.,|uenllv  stole 

i'iH'l;  |-M''ives,in  ..nlerloc-xtort  piv'siaiis  f.rlhc'ir  r.'turn  fr.Hii  Ihe  French 
genllementowhomihesamecapliv(>shadhei;.r(;l,(vnsold.    Ijelbre  thi- 

linie  she  had  I..M.,,hastilycarri(Ml!roin.\Inntreal,l)urried  over  mountains 
;n'd  across  waters,  and  concealed  amon-  fla-s,  while  those  who  ac 
companied  her  wee  ovidenlly  p.ursue<l,  and  in  nreal  appr.hension  ol 
being  overtaken;  hut  the  occasion  of  this  Hi, ht  .u- its  incidents  she 
was  too  young  to  undersland  or  ilistinctly  to  rememh.  r,  and  she  was 


!    '    'i 


iim 


»90 


A    SItlM'LKMKNT, 


uniibic;  allerwnrda  lo  siilisiy  hcrsilt"  wlicll  -r  licr  French  (htlicr  con- 
voyed her  awny  fo  keep  li'cr  mil  of  (lie  iviu-li  of  Ik  r  niiliiial  Iriciids, 
or  wliclhcr  she  was  tnkrn  hy  llmsc  (Vir'nds,  mid  afK'rw.'irds  rclakcii  as 
at  tlic  'I'liivc  liivcr.s  ninl  iciuriK  d  to  iMoiilrcal.  The  iMviudi  jiareuts 
<'nutiously  avoided  iiilJ.riuiii:'  h<i-  upon  this  sid)iect,or  ii|ion  iiny  other 
wliich  should  remind  her  of  her  caiilivily,  her  couniry.  Iier  parents  or 
her  friends,  lest  she  slimdil  heroine  disconlenled  wiih  her  situation, 
;u;d  desirous  of  lea vinir  111. ise  wlio  had  adopted  her.  'J'hey  kept  her 
.-.-^creled  Crom  her  naluial  iVii  nds,  wlio  wen;  in  search  oV  her,  and 
evadi-d  every  ijneslion  whiidi  niioht  lead  to  her  discovery.  One  day, 
wiien  iMons.  Si.  Aiij>-e  and  'uost  of  his  lamily  were  at  mass,  she  was 
--(Mil  \\i;h  another  <-aplive  lo  llie  Ihird  slory  of  iht;  house,  and  iIk^  do- 
nie.> lies  were  re(piiicd  striclly  lo  Match  ihem,  as  it  was  known  lliat 
>ome  of  her  n>laliuns  \\(  rr  Ihen  in  llie  pla-'e  endeavol-iiiL;  to  find  her, 
Of  (hi.-'  cii-eunislance  sIk-  was  ii'.iiorani,  hut  siu;  was  (lis|>leased  with 
her  confinenienf,  and  wiih  her  little  companion  found  means  to  escape 
:'roni  Iheir  room  and  went  lielow.  While!  raisinij;  a  cup  of  water  to 
her  nioutli,  she  saw  a  mnn  lookin'j  at  hep  Ihrouirli  the  window,  and 
.-<tretcliiiii!,-  (Hit  his  arms  towards  lier,  at  the  same  time  s|)eakinir  a  lan- 
i;uasie  whicli  she  could  not  understand.  She  was  very  much  alarmed, 
threw  down  her  water,  ;md  ranwiihall  possible  speed  to  her  room. 
I.iltle  did  she  suppose  that  it  was  her  own  IjiIIkm'  from  whom  sh(!  was 
nyiiiic  in  such  li-ar  nnd  liorror.  lie  had  relurned  to  Canada  to  seek 
ilioso  of  his  children  u  ho  nMiiained  there.  Fie  could  hear  nodiini;' 
ol'his  Fanny  ;  hut  walchin^  ihe  house,  he  perceived  her,  as  was  just 
stated,  and  jnyfully  strelchinjf  his  arm-!  towards  her,  exclaimed, 
•'There's  my  daughter  !  O!  Ihal's  my  daughter!"  V,\\,  she  retreated, 
and  ho  could  not  <.<jun  admittance,  lor  the  lioiise  was  enarded,  and  no 
slraiijer  permilled  to  enter.  I  low  loni^v  li"  coutinu<-d  hovei  iiiu  ahout 
her  is  now  unkiu'vu,  ImiI  he  left  < 'miada  without  emhraciii'.',-  her  or 
soeinp  her  aunin. 

Her  French  iKirents  put  her  lo  a  hoaniin'_^-school  altacheil  to  a  nun- 
nery in  Montreal,  where  she  remained  s(  vera!  years,  and  was  taiitiht 
all  hranch(>s  of  n(>edl(>-W(irk,  with  iMN^^raphy,  music,  paintini;,  iVc. 
hi  the  same  school  wcri-  two  Misses  .lohnsons,  w  ho  were  eapliucd  at 
C'harlestfiwi!,  (No.  4)  iu  IT-li,  and  two  Misses  I'liijips,  th(-  dauyjilers 
of  Mrs.  Il'owe,  who  were  taken  af  liiiidsdale  in  1755.  h'anny  was  in 
■ichon!  w  hen  Mr-:.  Howe  came  for  Ihml  dauuhlers,  and  loiin-  runeui- 
liered  the  !:ri<'f  and  lamentations  of  the  vouiii;-  captives,  when  olflit;cd 
to  leave  their  school  and  mates  lo  retmai  to  a  stran^ic,  thou<j,h  iheir 
native  coiuiiry,  ;ind  to  relali\es  whom  they  had  lonn-  li.riidtlen. 

\'>'hi!e  al  school  at  Monln^al,  li"r  luvillier  .loseph  ai:nin  vi-ited  her. 
lie  s'ill  belonged  lo  the  St.  Francois  triiK>  of  Indians,  a  was  dressed 
remar!:al)ly  fine,  having  forly  or  fifty  hroaclies  in  his  shirt,  cla-^ps  on 
his  arm.  and  a  <j;r(vit  variety  of  knots  and  hells  about  his  clothinii-. 
lie  broui'ht  his  little  sister  I'lllen,  as  she  was  then  called,  and  who 
was  then  not  fir  from  seven  years  old.  a  vounn  finvn,  a  basket  of  cran- 
l^erries,  and  a  lump  of  sap  siiuar.  Tlie  little  uirl  was  miadi  pleased 
with  the  (iiwn,  and   had   no   'ireat   aversion  to  cranlierries  and   s'.emr 


A    .SriM'LKAIKNT. 


691 


but  sho  WHS  imicl,  iVii^htiMKid  by  tl,,;  a|)|)c.ir!iiico  oCJosopIi,  and  would 
rocoivo  nutlnriu-  IVoi.i  Lis  l.iimh,  i,||,  ,u.  tl„.  sii-^cslioi,  ol'  li.u-  iVioudH 
!«■  li.Kl  Nva.slicd  ihc  |,aiiit  iVom  hi,,  iiu;c,  and  niado  s..mi-  ali.M'atiou  in 
his  ,lr(!ss,  when  slio  vciitnnMl  1.,,  a,;c(.|.t  his  ..iHTin-s,  and  iinmcrhatoly 
ran  (rum  his  pn.sonr.!.     Tl...  wki  d.iy,  .l.,.(.|,h    nituni...!  wiih  ihe  In. 


(haiis  to  St.  Kranrois,  hut  soin.!  Iiiik;  alttirwanls  iVl 


chast'd  him  ol'il 
he  nc: 


<>ns.  > 


i(!  savaL',i's,  and  (IivsmmI  him  in  I  In;  I' 


Si.  a 


ii2(; 


n-ncdi  si' 


iVLT  a|»|K'arf!d  .so  hold  and   inajosli.;,  so  s|arilfd  i-.nd  vi 


|)ur. 
but 


whni  array-'d   in   his   Indian   lia 


vacious,  as 


iVicnd- 


l)ii. 


li 


o   however   l)e(;am 


and  associatin-<'  with  his   Indian 


him  lo  srhool  ;   and  when   I 


an 


rniirli  altachcil  lo  St.  Aiii;e,  who 
lis  sister   |)arled  with   him   noon   l(;av 


Ida,  h(!  i^ave  iier  a  strict  e,har^(!  noi  to  let  it  ho  kn 


put 
ing 


was,  lest  he  t(jo  should  be  obliiiTMl  u,  | 


Pl 


:ac.(;  of  his  birth. 


(.■a  VI 


to  let  It  l>(!  known  where  he 
his  iVieiids  and  relurn  lo  the 

When  belween  eleven  and.twc.lve  years  of  a-e,  l.'amiy  was  sent  to 


tlu!  scho(il  or.l'rsidiiu;  mms  in   tinel 


Hri-(\  lli(>  (liseipline,  was   much 
school   at   iVIoiitreal.      In   both 


>ec,  to  comph'te   lie'r  edncation. 


ssed,  were  allowed 


ninis,  who,  not   heini^-   |)ro!( 
pioasure;   but  at  (inebec  the  pmiiLs  wc 
from  the  world,  beinif 


more  solemn   and   strict  than   in  the 
places  lh(!  teachers  were  calle(i  hall' 


fo  'J,')  in  and  out  at 


day,  and  conlined  by  bolts  and 


re  111  a  j^rcat  ineasuns  secluded 
permitted  to  walk  only  in  a  small  srardcn  by 


straint  was  irksome  to  Fam 


y.     Sh 


i-irs  in  Iheir  cells  at  niiihl.     This  n 


close  of  the  year  was  permitled  to   re| 
Mont 


real,  and  ai^ain  (!nf(-r  the  silmol  in 


^rew  discontented;  and  at  the 
urn  to  lier  French  parents  at 


bile  Fannv  was  in  the 


hat  citv. 


year,  she  was  one  day 
of 


nuiiiKjrv,  bein;f  then 


in 


e(|  u 


ally 


ler   Iburtcenth 


;ur|ins( 


:d  and  alarmed  by  the  enl ranee 


:i  stranger,  who  demanded  her  of  the  nuns  as  a  redeeiiKHJ  captive 
inployed  fhis  man,  Arnold,  lo  seek  out  his  dau'dite 


lilherto  suceeed.nl  in  de- 


Her  lilt  her  had 

and  o!)tain  her  from  the  French,  w 

taining  her.     Arnold  w;is  wc^ll   calculaled   lljr  this  employm'-nt."  f'J 
was  s(;cref,  subtle,  res:.lute  and  persevering-,     lie  had  been  some  time 
m  the  city  without  excilino-  a  suspicion  uf  his  business.     He  had  as- 
<-er!aiiied  where  the  captive  was  to  be   iomid— he  iiad   procured   (h« 
necessary  powers  to  secure  h(;r,  and  in  Ins  approach  to  the  nunnery 
was  af;t;ompani(>d  by  a  sergeant  and  a  file  of  men.     The  nuns  were 
unwilling  to  deliver  up  their  nupil,  and   re.piired   to   know  by  what 
right  he  d(;mand(!d   her.     Arnold  convinced   iIkmii   (hat  his  authority 
was  derived  from  the  governor,  aii(]  They  durst  not  disobey.     They, 
however,  {)roloiigcd  t!ie  tinn;  as  much  as  possible,  and  sent  word  to 
Mons.  St.  Auge,  hoping  that  he  would  be  able  in  some  way  or  other 
to  detain  his  adojjtcd  daughter.     Arnold,  however,  was  not  to  be  de- 
layed  or  trifled  with.     \h  sternly  demanded  the  captive  by  the  name 
of  Noble  in  the  governor's  nam-,  and  the  nuns  were  awed  into  sub- 
mission.    Fanny,  weeping  and -trembling,  was  delivered  up  by  those 
who  wept  and  treinl)led  too.     She  accon)i)unied  Arnold  to  the  gate  of 
the  nunnery,  but  the  idea  of  leaving  for  ever  those  whom  she  loved, 
.ijul  going  with  a  company  of  armed  men  she  knew  not  whtthor,  was 
♦oQ  overwhelming,  and  she  sunk  upon  the  ground.     Her  cries  atid 


599 


A    SrPI'I.EMENT. 


Iiimontations  drew  tlie  people  nroiind  licr,  Jiiul  she  (ix(;lniinccl  hittrrly 
agniiiat  tli(!  criH-lty  of  lijirini;  her  iivviiy,  (l(!c'lariii<j;  that  sho  could  nut 
.nnd  would  not  fj;o  any  liirlhcr  as  a  prisoner  with  those  iVi).'htful  .sol- 
(liurs.  At  this  time  an  l')n^lish  olliccr  ap|)ran'd  in  tii(;  crowd  ;  he 
reasoned  witli  h<T,  suothi'd  her,  and  persuaded  her  to  walk  with  him, 
assiu-iug  licr  the  yuani  should  he  dismissed,  and  no  injury  InMidl  her. 
As  they  passed  hy  the  door  of  jVlons.  St.  Au^e,  on  tjieir  way  to  the 
inn,  her  oriel"  and  ex<'lamations  were  nMiewed,  and' it  was  with  ^reat 
dilliruity  that  slie  could  br.  persuaded  to  proceed.  Hut  Ihe  ouard  had 
merely  I'allen  hack,  and  were  loo  near  lo  prevent  a  rescue,  liad  an  at- 
tompt  heen  made.   ( 'apt.  M'(  'lure,  the  llnidish  oiliccr,  promised  her  that 


Uge 
her,  and 


..h(,'  should  he  permitted  to  visit  her  French  paicuts  th(!  next  day.  !Sho 
Ibuijd  thr-m  in  tears,  hut  they  could  not  detain  her.  Ahms.  St.  A 
<fav(!  her  a  liauiliid  of  mom  y,  and  (:nd)raced  her,  hlesse 
rushed  out  ol"  the  room.  His  lady  supplied  Ixn- with  clothes,  and 
their  i)avtin<f  was  most  allirtionale  and  alii-ctinu'.  Slie  lived  to  a  coii- 
r.idcrahly  advam-ed  a^io,  hut  she  could  never  speak  of  this  scene  with- 
out visible  and  deep  emotion. 

She  was  carried  down  fh(>  river  to  Quebec,  wliero  she  tarried  a  lew 
nays,  and  then  sailed  with  Captain  Wilson  I'or  Jioslon.  SIk;  arrived 
at  that  port  in  July,  oni;  month  lK"l()r(!  she  was  lliurteeii  years  olfu.e. 
kSIio  was  joy  fully  lecoived  by  her  frii'inls,  but  her  liitherdid  not  loiiu 
survive  her  return.  After  his  death  she  resided  in  the  l.amily  of 
(/ai)t.  V\'ilson,  at  IJoston,  luitil  she  hud  acfuiired  the  J-'-ni'lish  laniMiaiic. 


y  ii^noranf.     She  then  w(  lit  to  N 


ew- 


icr,  where  she 


of  which   helJire  she  was  enlii(>l 

bury,  and   lived   in   the  lamily  of  a  relativt;  of  her  fatl 
found  a  home,  and  that  jx'ace  to  which  she  had  lon<>;  heen  a  slrauuer. 

1(1  she 
d  in 


Her  education  had  fpialilic^d   her  for  the  instruction  of  youlli,  a 
partially  devoti^l   herself  to  that  emjjloyment.     She  w'as  eni;u<ic 


I  school     i: 


It 


mpfon,  where  she  formed  an  ac(]nainlance  u  iih   Mr. 


.lonatlian  'I'ilton,  a  gentleman  of 
die 


liood  projierty  m  Kcnsiuutou,  wliou 
she  married  about  the  yiar  I'iHk  lie  died  in  HOH.  \n  l>-(tl  .sh( 
married  Mr.  .h)lm  Shute,  of  Nc\\..\hirket,  and  lived  in  lj\e  villnuc  oi 
>}ew(ield^,  in  that  town,  till  her  deaih,  in  September,  IHii).  '  Slu 
was  much  rcspec'od  and  esteemed  in  lile,  and  her  deatli  w. 
life  })ad  been,  that  of  a  Christian. 


IS.  a,- 


lier 


■»■ 


CAl'l'AIN   JOVATII  \:V   CAIiVKICrt    NAURA'I'IVK    Oi'    lilS   CAI'J  I  |!  K,   AM)    Sl.l! 
bKtillKN'T  i:S(  AIM-;  Fl«0    I   'I  UK  I\niA\S,    AT  'I'UE  lU.OODV   .MNSSAl'lti;   ioM 

iMiiTi'M)  KV  rui-.M,  \vui;n  I'oirj' wim.iam  iii'A'uv  rKi.i.  i.\  ro  ■riii;  ii.wds 
UK  '!'ni;  iKiiNun,  i  .\i)i:u  ukn.  sioxTCAii.M,  i\  'j  iii:  vi:aii  n.-)?.    w  itiirKx 

UV  fll.MiiJ;i,F. 


General  VVel)b,  who  commalid(  d  the  iMU'lisii  army  in  North  Anie- 
viea,  wliicli  was  ih(>n  encamperl  at  I'ort  F.dv.ard,  havin-v  intellio(;nce 
that  the  French  troops  under  i\fonsieur  Montcalm  were  makinir  some 
movements  towards  Fort  William  Henry,  lie  detached  a  corps  ol 
about  fifteen  hundred  men,  consistinif  of  Fnidish  and  provincials,  t-^ 


A    SUI'I'LKMKiNT. 


5ua 


stron.trtl.ci.  the  garrison.     In  this  party  [  went  as  a  volunteer  unions 
tnt;  latlcr.  * 

The  apprrhonsions  .)C  tli..  Rnuhsh  gcnoral  were  not  without  (oun- 
tlation  ;  lor  ih.  .|:.y  aller  ..ur  arrival  w,-  saw  Lalu;  (.J(!or.r(.,-(lom.orlv 
l.al<o  bacramnni;  to  which  it  H.-s  contiirih.us,  (•..vcrc.j'witl.  an  ini- 
nvn.sc  mi.nhcr  ol  hoats;  an.l  in  a  lew  h..urs  we  liuuid  our  lines  at- 
tacked  i,y  th.^  hvnch  ue,„.ral,  who  ha.l  jiisi  h.i,!,.,!  with  clevn  thou- 
sand  re;rnlars  and  ( 'anadians,  and  tw<,  ilmusand  Indians.  Colonel 
i\lunro,a  i.rav.«  oll,.-.-r,  ...Mninanded  in  the  i;u1,ao.|  had  no  more  than 
two  thonsand  inve  hundr.'d  OH-n  with   hi,M,  „nr  dcla.dnnent  included. 

Will  llu-,e  h,.  mad.,  a  -allant  deli  ncc,  and  probably  would  have 
been  a!,,.,  at  last  to  preserve  th..  Il.rt,  had  I,.,  bem  properly  supported, 
an<l  pcrnnlted  to  eontinuo  his  elK.rts.  On  ewrv  sununoas  to  'urrcn- 
d.a-  sent  by  the  l<ren.di  general,  who  odiavd"  ih..  most  honorable 
tonns,  his  answer  repeafdly  was,  that  he  yei  il.iuid  hunsclfin  a  con- 
•lition  to  repel  th.=  n.o.t  vi;^r„rous  alta<-ks  h,s  bcsieovrs  were  able  to 
make;  and  il  he  thought  his  present  ll.rce  insullicieni,  lie  could  soon 
be  suppli(;d  with  a  -reater  mnnber  iVoni  llic  adpi. cut  army 

Hut  the-  colonel    havin-'  a.'.piainled  (io,„Mal  Webb  with' his   siiua- 

''<»•,  .■uid  (iesn-ed    h.-  would   s.'ud    him  some   iVesh  tr ,s,  the  o,.,KM'al 

despatched  a  messen.^r,.,.  to  hie.  will,  a  l..|ter,  wherein  Uv.  in7i,rm(>d 
IH"  Ihat  It  was  not  m  his  power  t<.  assist  bun,  and  tluu-elore  o,.,ve 
him  orders  to  surrender  up  the  lorl  on  the  best  lenns  li<>  .•ould'I.ro. 
;-ure,  Ihispack.^t  fell  into  the  hands  of  ll,<.  Kici.di  <vneril  who 
immediately  sent  a  flaji  oftruee,  desirin-  a  conrennre  wiUi  the  .'over- 


nor. 
"•11 


I  hey  aecordiiinly  .net,  attended  only  by  a  small  guard,  in  the  een- 
Ire  hetwceen  Ihe  lines;  when  Monsieur  Aloniealm  fold  the  colonel 
that  he  was  come  in  person  to  demand  poss.s.sinn  ,,rilie  li.rt,  as  it  lx>! 
onued  to  the  kino-  his  master,  '{'he  clond  replied,  diat  he  knew  not 
how  that  eould  be,  nor  should  he  surnialep  i;  up  ul,ilst  it  was  in  his 
i)ower  to  delbiid  it. 

The  FreiK-b  ueiKavd  rejoined,  at  the  siuik^  time  deliverimr  tlie  packet 
•  into  the  colonel  s  hand,  "  15y  this  au  |,.,rif  v  dn  I  make  the  requisition." 
ihe  bravo  governor  had  no  sooner  n  ad  Ibe  contents  of  it,  and  was 
eoiiMiiced  that  such  were  ihe  (,nlers  of  the  .■emmaiider-in-chief  and 
not  to  be  disobeyed,  tlian  he  hung  his  head  in  silence,  and  reluctantlv 
entered  into  a  negoliatieii. 

In  consideration  of  the  gallant  dellnce  the  garrison  had  made  they 
werc!  to  bo  permittcxl  to  march  out  wilh  all  the  honors  ol'  war,  i(»  be 
allowed  covered  wagons  to  transport  their  baugaue  to  Fort  Edward, 
and  a  guarti  to  protect  them  from  Ihe  (iirv  of  tjie "savages. 

The'  morning  alter  tlu^  capitulation  was  si-ned,  as  soon  as  day 
Ijrolce,  the  whole  garrison,  now  consistiiiii'  of  about  two  thousand 
men.  besides  women  and  e!ul<lren,  were  drawn  up  witliin  the  lines, 
and  on  the  point  of  marching  oH",  when  great  numbers  of  tjie  Indians 
gathered  about,  and  began  to  plunder.  W'v.  were  at  first  in  liupes 
I  hat  i!iis  was  their  only  view,  and  suffered  them  to  proceed  without 
oppnsn.on.     Indeed  it  uas  not  in  our  power  to  makr^  any,  had  we 


594 


\    Siri'I'I.KMKNT. 


\ieen  ao  inclined;  lor  fhoiioh  \v»>  wen'  |i<rinittc(l  to  carry  ofl'our  nrn 
yet  U(!  \vcr(!  not  allowed  u  sinjilc  round  of  aninitiniiioii.      In   th 


im, 

08P 


loni 


hopes,  however,  we  wen;  (lisrii)|)ointe(l ;  llir  presenilv  scinie  of  tl 
Ix'^nn  to  iiltMck  the  sici(  iind  woiiiided,  when  sneh  iis  w(  re  not  tdile  to 
cni'  I  into  the  r!ud<H,  notwilhsfiiiidhiv:  iIk'V  ndensored  to  iiveit  the 
Jury  ol"  their  enemies  hy  their  .shri"lxs  or  u'roans,  wece  soon  des[intc|ied, 

lleie  we  were  lidly  in  exi>ecliition  ih.il  llie  disIiM'h;ince  woidd  huve 
I'onehided,  and  onr  little  .-irniy  Iw^^an  to  move;  hut  in  a  short  lime  we 
saw  the  front  dis'ision  driven  hack,  and  discovtM'ed  th:it  we  wi  re  en- 
tirely encircled  hy  tlr^  savages.  We  e.\|i(ct(i|  iverv  nioini'iit  that  the 
guard,  whi(di  the  Free.-h,  hy  the  articles  of  caititiilalion,  had  nfreod 
to  allow  us,  would  have  arrived,  and  |.ut  an  end  to  our  a|)|)reherisions; 
hut  none  appeared,  'I'lii  Indians  now  hei^au  lo  stripfAcrv  oui-,  with- 
out  rxception,  of  their  tirniiuind  clothes,  and  thosuwho  made  the  least 
resistance  IrU  the  weight  ol  'heir  tomahawks. 

I  happened  to  he  in  the  rear  ilivision,  ImU  it  was  not  long  heliire  I 
shared  th(!  fate  of  my  com|)aninns.  Three  or  lour  of  tin-  savages  laid 
hold  of  me,  and  whilst  some  held  their  weapons  over  mv  head,  the 
others  soon  disrohed  me  of  my  coat,  waistcoat,  hat  and  huckles, 
omitting  not  to  take  from  nie  what  money  I  had  in  my  |M)cket.     As 


this  was  transacted  close  hy  th( 


passable  that 


led  I 


the 


rem  liie  lux-s  on  to 


l)laiu,  near  which  a  French  ^('nlinel  wa^ 


<ted,  I 


as  posted,  I  ran  to  lum  ani 


claimed  his  protection  ;   hut   he  oidy  culled  me  an   English  dog,  and 
thrust  me  with  vioknice  hack  again  into  the  n\idst  of  lli(>  Indians. 

I  now  endeavored  to  join  a  hody  of  our  troops  Jiat  were  crowded 
together  at  some  distance;  hut  innunierahic  were  the  Mows  that  were 
made  at  me  with  ditli'reiit  weapons  as  I  passed  on: 
the  savages  were  so  close  toiietlK  r  thai,   ll 


luckily 


how 


ever. 


lev  con, (I  Hot  strike  at  me 


without  endangering  each  other;  nolwiihsliuuling  which,  one?  of  them 
found  means  to  make  a  thru.st  at  me  with  a  spear,  which  <;ra/,ed  mv 
side,  and'  from  anolher  I  received  a  wound,  willi  the  sanie  kind  of 
weapon,  in  my  ankle.  At  length  I  gaiu(  d  the  s|)ol  where  my  coun- 
trymen st(M)d,  and  forced  myself  into  ihe  midst  of  thoiii.  Hut  helore 
I  got  thus  far  out  of  the  hands  of  ihe  Indians,  the  collar  and  wrist- 
bands  of  my  shirt  were  all  that  remained  of  it,  and  my  flesh  was 
scratched  and  torn  in  m,uiy  plac(!s  by  iheir  sava'^e  gripes. 

By  this  time  the  warwhoop  was  given,  and  the  liulians  began  t.,) 
murder  those  that  were  nearest  to  ihem  w  itiiout  distinclion.  It  is  not 
in  the  power  of  words  to  nv(!  any  toleral>le  idea  <^l'  the  horrid  scene 
that  now  ensued  ;  men,  women,  and  children  were  now  de.-patched  in 
the  most  wanton  iuid  cruel  tnamier,  and  immediately  scalped.  Many 
of  these  savages  drank  the  blood  of  their  victims,  as  it  flowed  warm 
from  the  falal  wocnid. 

We  now  perceived,  though  too  lato  to  avail  us,  that  we  were;  lo  ex- 
pect no  relief  from  the  French;  and  that,  contrary  to  the  agreement 
they  had  so  lately  signed  to  allow  us  a  sidlicient  "force  to  p'rctect  us 
from  tiiese  insults,  they  tacitly  j)ermitted  them  ;  for  I  could  plainly 
percei%e  the  F'rcnch  ollicers  walking  about  at  some  distance,  discourj- 
iug  toy.'thor  with  apparent  unconcern ,  Fur  the  honor  of  human  nature 


A    SIM'IT.r.HKNr. 


6or 


would  hn|.(!  (hilt  this  fli 


I 

ruthcr  iVdin  il 

le(l.i<!  it  is  somctiim's  ahnost 

now  inn>x|)«"clc«llv  li!iv<>  rirrivi'd  t 

th 


J'^'riiiit  hrcich  of  rycyy  sncrctl  law  [irrwofdod 


s;iV!l-!(!    <Il.S|IOSll|n||  of   iho     Illdi/ltlS,   whi.'h    I 


iin|iossihlc  to  I'otitrol,  nwl  wl 


li'Ull'iW- 

li'  il  mi 'ht 


o  (I  pilch  not  easily  h,  !,.•  n^siraiiKMl, 


<n  to  ,„y  prrnirdiiafd  d.-sin,,  i„  ,|„.  Fn.,„.|,  ,.oi,m.Mi,d,. 
I)ro|ii,||..,M|   oliscrvcr  would,  how.  v.t,  hr   ant 


'i|  ti'M  thousand  ("hrisf 


an  troops,  inost  (.'lirisiijui  ti 


All  un- 
to coii^-ludr,  ihiil  a    hody 


jiowcr  to  prevent  the  massacre  iVum  I 


>s,  had  if  in  rhfir 


ever  was  the  c.iuisc  I 


rlread 


I'om  which   it  arose,  tl 


x'comiiin  so  'jeiH-ral.     Uui  uhat- 


""•'  '""  '•>  I-'-  I'Jinilleied  in  modern  hist 


,  me  conse(pieii(!e.s  o.  It  were 


th 


is  till!  ciic|((  in  which  I   stood 


inned,  and    de;ifh  sr-eiiied  to   1 


ory. 
enclosed   |,v   tliis  tini 


wa 


'(P>rt 


^   proposci    |,y  some  .if  the    mont   rfsoliile   f 


X!  approachiiiif   wlih   hastv  stride 


e  was   much 


It 


and  eiidejivor  to  I 


o  inako  one  vigorous 


prohahlo  method 


'"•''(■our  way  through   the  sava-es,  the  onh 


ot   proHervinif  «)ur  lives  that 


lowever  desperate,  was   resolved 
once  into  the  midst  ol'thcin. 


now  leiiiamed 


at 


on,  and  about  twenty  oi   u.s  spra 


ll.S, 


n  a  moment  we  were 


companions  I  could   not   I 


nil  sepaialed,  and  what  was  the  (i 


that  only  six  or  seven  of  tl 


''ai-u    III!   some    i 


lie  ol"  fiiy 


no 


lem   (Hii'cted  ilu'ir  d 


tilhs  alter,  when    I  found 


my  own  iiazardous  situation,  j  <.iid 

my  savai.<' enemies   in  the  hcst   maim.a-   poss 


esi^n.      lull  nt  only  on 


eavored  lo  luake;  mv  w 


IV  tl 


Moll 


K'on  astonished  since,  when  i  hav(!  r 


il)l( 


And  I   h;ive  ofiri 


f  took 


as 


did 


ecollt'i' 


overtiiriu'il,  heiuM  .,t  th/it 


,  every  iiei'essary  step   li.r  my  prcserv 


ed  with  what   composiin 


ifion.      Sntue  [ 


t>y 

(-hie 

wh< 


,  ficxferously  avoidin<>-  their  wea 


limeyouno!i„d  athlcii(-,  j.nd  o!hers  I  passed 


the 


>on- 


)se  streimth  I 


most  savage  tribes,  as  I  could 


<'oiild    not    resist, 


till    al    last    t 
lisliii'^iiish  bv  ih''ir  dr 


wo    very  stout 


ess, 


aid 


)enan  to  (or.'e  me  ihroiit-h  the  crowd. 


Ilol 


ol    m(!  Iiy  ea.'h  arm,  and 


tem 

blood, 

that 


now  resigned   mvself  lo  niv  fate 


to  despatch    ni< 


•  ml  Iben    fi 


,  Ilol   (lollbtitl^■    but    that    tliey 


in- 


as 


oiind    they  were   Imrrvim--   mn   t 


)  s'ilia;e  ibeir  veie. 


(iuice  w  lb    iny 


ay  at  souu^  dislanc 


Kui'lisli   fcni 


Hi 


owards  a    ret  i  red   sw 


bcjo 


re  we  bad    iuit  niaiiv  \ 


:imr 


in  I 


leman  o,    some  (jhtineiiou,   as    I    could   disc/iver   l,v 
liiveches,  th<-  only  cov,-rin-  be  bid  on,  wbi,-li  were  *.f  fine 


an 
his 


I,     ,  •■••^  "■    •> I?  "iiii-M  uere  wi  line  scarlet  vol- 

e,  rushed  close  by  us.  0,„.  of  ihe  Indians  iuslaull y  relumui-bed  his 
hold,  ami  sprimiinu.  on  this  new  ol.ie,.t,end..ivored  i,',  ser/o  |,;,„  a-,  his 
prey  ;   i)..t  the  .irentleman  beiu.o-  stioi,.,  threw  bin,  on  ihe  .^roiuid   and 


would  probaiilv  h,- 


lid,  and 
.  .     ''''vc  ,unt  away,  had  no'  be  who   held   mv  o'b'rarm 

qmfle.|  n..-  to  a-.i  .r   bis    brother.      I  s..|/ed  li, po,-t„uily,  an  I   has- 

tened  asvay  to  ,, umtber  party  of  b],,  .li.!,  -roops  that  were  vc  un- 
broken, and  stood  in  a  body  at  some  .lisiaixv..  |',„f  b,.(ore'  I  had 
taken  mauvsteps.  [  hastily  ca>f  my  eyes  t..wanls  the  ■  euilM.nn.    md 


H.1W  Ihe  Indians  t.miahawk   oasl,    into   his  back,  and  beard  liiu,  utter 
his  last  uroan.      Tbi.  ad.led  both  to  my  speed  an.l  d..,,.eratiou. 

I  bad  lelt  this  shocking-  scene  but  a  |iw  vaids  ul„.|,  a  fii-  boy 
about  twelve  y,>ars  of  a.  e,  tha.  had  bitberio  escaped,  came  „„  >n  uw 
T.  ,,    !^"''''  !'""  '  ^^:?"'''  .1*''  '"'"    !^'v  bolrl  of  me.  so  that  1...  mioht 

II'  oi'liu;  bauds  of  the  sava^ies.      I  told 


stand  some  cham-.u  ol'geitiim-  o 


J* 'if! 
1  'fli 


sflf 


•;■  i 


!)m 


liini  thai  I  wixilil  uivc  i 


A    »i;i'l'l,KMK?»T, 


r-"    ■'!">  <'vi'ry  (i-isislaiico  ill  my  pown-,  and  (o  this 

|)iii|i(i,s(«  l)ii|  liiiii  liiyli-'ld;  liiii  ill  a  llw  moments  he  WHS  loiii  iVdin 
my  siili',  arid  by  his  shrieks  I  jiid-c  was  six.n  dfiimhshi'd.  I  cdidd 
ii'K  hi'l|i  li)i'ni.|iiiin  iiiy  ,,\v|i  .'ax's  |ur  II  minuh",  to  laiiiciil  (hi-  liitc  of 
SI)  yoim'^  a  snll^ivr;  hiil  it  was  u\U'r\y  impossihli;  lor  me  to  takr  any 

mi'lili)(|.-i  to  |l|rvoilt    il. 

I  now  n,,t  ,,iicc  iiKd-c  into  ihi-  mid>t  of  I'ricnds,  l)iit  we  wrrc  unahU; 

to  all;. 1(1  <M,||  oilier  any  s or.      As   tliis  was  the;   division  that    had 

.•idvaiice.l  th.-  liirlhest  rmm  the  lorf,  I  ihon-hl  ihertr  miidit  he  a  possi. 
I'ihly  (Ihoii^li  hut  a  hare  one)  ol'  my  loiviinj;  my  way  through  the 
oilier  ranks  ol'ihe  Indians,  and  iieltinn'  to  a  nei^hhorini;-  wood,"wiiicli 
I  I'crci'ived  at  some  dislamc.  I  was  slill  encourai,ed  to  hope,  hy  ihr 
almost  miraculous  preservation  I  had  already  e.xperieiieed. 

Nor  were  my  hopes  in  \ain,  nor  the  ellhrls  I  made  ineliirliml. 
Siiili.-r  fi.  say,  thai  I  reached  ihe  wood;  hut  hy  the  tinu'  I  had  peiie. 
''••■lied  a  hitle  way  into  it,  my  hrealli  was  .so  exhaiisled  thai  I  ihrew 
mysell  into  ;i  hivak,  and  la\  liu' sonu!  minutes  apparenlly  al  ihe  last 
^asp.  At  leiinlh  I  recovered  ihe  power  o|*  respiration  ;  hut  my  ap[)ro- 
liensions  relurmd  with  all  their  I'ormer  force,  when  I  saw  scvernl 
sava«j,es  pass  hy,  (irohahly  in  pursuit  ofme,  at  no  very  <<real  distance. 
In  this  silnatioii  I  knew  not  wheiher  il  was  Iwiicr  lo"  proceed,  or  eu. 
deavor  Ux  con<-eal  myself  where  I  lay  till  ni-ht  cam(>  on;  tearing, 
iiowever,  that  tln-y  would  reiiirn  the"  same  way,  I  ihoimht  il  most 
piihleiit  lo  net  liu'lher  from  the  dreadful  x-ene  of  my  distresses.  Ac 
<;ordimdy,  striking  into  another  pari  of  iIk;  wood,"  I  hasleiicd  on  as 
last  as  the  hriers  and  the  lo>s  of  one  of  my  sIkk's  would  permit  me  ; 
and  after  a  slow  pro-ress  of  some  hours,  oained  a  hill  lliat  overlooked 
the  plain  whiidi  1  had  just  left,  from  wIk'hco  1  could  discern  that  the 
hloody  storm  still  ratted  wilh  imahaled  fury. 

I?ul  not  to  tire  my  read.-rs,  j  shall  only  mid,  that  after  passing  ihron 
ilays  without  subsidence,  and  endurin^'the  severity  of  the;  cold  dews 
li>r  three  fi-hls,  I  at  leutilh  reached  I'ort  I'lduard  ;  w  here  wilh  proper 
care  my  hody  soon  recovi'ird  its  woiiled  streiu\lh,  and  my  mind,  as 
lar  as  ih--  recollection  of  the  late  melaiudioly  events  would'perinil,  its 
usual  I'oiiiposure., 

If  was  computed  that  filieeii   hundred   ijcrsons  were  kilhd  <> 
..; 1...  .1  _  1     •  ...',. 


I ......  wi..  <  II    iiiiiiiiiiii    |)(^'i.>>oiin  >\ere  imiku  or  maiii; 

prisoners  hy  these  savages  during  this  liital  day.  i\Ianv  of  ihe  |;iiter 
were  earrieil  olf  hy  them  and  never  returned.  "  "  |i\v,  ihrou-h  fivor- 
ah!"  ;iccidenls,  f.und  their  way  hack  to  llwir  nalivi'  (■(•unlrv  ,  afl(  r 
havini;  experienced  a  leiiij;  and  severe  captivitv. 

The  hravo  Colonel  Munro  had  hastened  awav,  soon  after  the  con- 
fusion  hciian,  lo  llic  I'Veii;  h  can 


i|i,  to  ende.'tvor   lo   |)rocui'e!he   miard 


■•  •■^^"■■»  "'  '">    •  I-  "•  M  '  .iijijp,  Ml  ciiiiejivor   lo   |)rocure  ! lie   niiani 

a-reed  hy  the  stipulaiion  ;  hiii  his  application  |irovini;'  inellecliial,  h(> 
reiiiiiiKd  there  till  (leiier.al  Wehh  sent  a  party  oj'  troo|)s  to  demand 
and  protect  him  ha.-k  lo  Fori  IMward.  Ihil  these  unhappy  concur- 
rences, which  would  proliJihly  have  heen  prevented,  had  he"  I.een  left 
to  pursno  his  own  plans,  toueiher  wiih  ihe  loss  of  so  many  hrave  le|. 
lows,  mnnk'red  in  c(.ld  hlood,  to  who-e  valor  he  had  heen"  so  lately  a 
witness,  made  such   an   impression  on   his   mind  that  he  did  not  loui? 


A    HI'I'I'I,KMI!NT. 


rnn 


rvivo.     Ifn  ,li..,l  ii,  !,|,„|,(  ,1 


All 


triitli  miL'ht  ii  I 


)'■  s.iiil  ilidf  ]u>  WHS.  an  I 


iir(>  iiiniifhs  uf  ji  litdkcn  licart,  nnd  with 


ntc 


iii'aii  not  lo   puiril  out  H,,.  |(,||,,wi,|M  ,.\ 


nnv  Id  Ills  ('(iimlrv. 


.|it'l,nmriii  orilciivni,  1111(1 


r('iittis(jiiic(!  ns  Ihn  imim-d 


for;  Iml.  I  f!iiiiii)f  omit  that  vrv  I 


iiit«'ii(l<(l  Ms  an  aloiiciiiriit  ll.rihis  slinivh- 


that 


■<liari'(|  ill  it  ever  livcil  I 


y  If'W  ol"lhoM'(hlli'rciil  tril 


<) 


<)  n-tiirn  hnnu!.    '|'h 


M's  of  Indians 


ni'W  cniiiiiiiiiiiralinti  with    Ihc    I'lui'Miicai 


il,,,,,,    ,  ,,  I  I  ,    , I "1    MMHi  I    IIS    niiv  an 

:,""'  ""I  '•'■""  ""  ••'l"''l    Imv..,.  to  what    th,.v  lhrn.s(lv...s  had  d 

.  "' ""'•''  "'•■y  pi'rsn.Mlon  ih-  (irsl.  afta,d<  ofthal  inalint.anl  .Ii 

in<ndin<r  it,  rendered   it   (iital.      Uhilst   il 


der,  to  ahatc  the   li'\ 


blood 
ont  tl 


,,,. 


K'  .small. |)o.\,  hy  inemis 
nu  I   iis  wav  anion"- 


OIK! 

isor. 


was  III  a  stale  of  (('•nnenlalioii,  and 


icir 
nature  was  slriviiiLf  to  throw 


"'  I";;'''""  i"atl..,,they  elie.died  her  op.. rat  ions  hy  |.lunL'ilio-  iiil 


the  water;   the  cons.'.iiiciirc!  was   that   || 


lew  that   siirvivoil  w 


•  'i-e   Iraiisli.nnc.i   hv  i(    into   Jii.i. 


K'y  .lied    l.v  hiiiidivds.      Th 


Vr  Wllh  UM'Iii    tothc  nn,v(.di'|.|,i,id,.|,t;,,| 


disease 


•  •oils   objects,  ail. I 
narksol'this  imii'ji  dreaded 


M 


oiisieiir  Monfr-alm  foil  soon  aft 


of 


'J'hat  ihe  unprovoked  cruollv  of  ll 


er  on  the  plains  of  (iiichec 


o 


hy  the  ^ireneralify  .)f  his  c.ninlrvmen,  I  | 


IIS coiiimaiider  was  ii.)f  approved 


f  hy 


,  I   have  sin-e    heeii  coiiviiiced 


many  pr.,ol.s.     ()„c,  only,  l.ow..ver,  whieh  1   rec'.Mve.l    from  a 


person  who  was  witness  to  it,  shall  I 
iierchanr,  .if  some  eotisideratio 


lOii'dish  lorf. 


eelr 


'lyal 


e. 


inspitahfy,  accordinir  to  (he  oust 


h'd  lh< 


present  f>ivo.     A  r'anadian 

n,  havinn  heard  of  ihe  surrender  of  the 

I   lii(!  Ii)rliinate  event  with   >^iv;a  rejoicin;j;s  aii.l 

to  (he  eiistom  of  that   cMiinlry;   hut  no  sooner 


news  of  the  miissacre  whi.di  .'iisiied   n.-ach    I 


put  an   imm.'.liate  slop  to  tiie  li-stivily,  aii.l  exclaimed  in  l| 


term 


s  ai.;amsf   the  inhiiii 


lis  ears,  thfin  he 


le  severest 


tliaf  tiios.;  that,  had   eoniiived 
pnrf  of  their  kiiin's  d 


lan   permission  ;  d..clariim   at  tl 


le  same  time 


added,  ihiit  he  much  li.'ared  th 


al    it  hid  Iherehv  drawn  down  on  that 
,!4  s  (Joiiiiiiions  the  veiin<'ane..  oj'  |  leaven.     T.)  this  he 


Ih 
wo 


coiisefpicncc.      How  Iriilv  ll 


lolal  loss  ol  1 


<IIOW, 


lem  would  deservedly  he 
lis  predi.-lion  has   heen  verified,  wc 


A  r\irri('tri.Ai( 


VUMMVSlCAn:i,  TO  UK.  lU^LKfiAi^  liYV{mkv    ni^KEH^iAY   '^  '  ^'''    '• 

As  Messrs.  Caleh  I  lowe,  Ililkiah  (u-oiit,  and  Heiijamin  (irallield, 
wtio  had  b"en  hoemg  ,;orn  in  i|„.  m,.„d„w,  w.;st  of  the  river,  wore  re- 
tuininn  home,  a  IiMk;  Ijcf.rc  siiiisei,  lo  ;,  plac  called  BridHiian's  forf 
they  were  |,,v.|  upon  hy  fwelv  Indians,  who  ha.l  ambushed  their 
path,  tlow.;  was  on  iiorsoba.k,  with  two  vouui,'  hi.Is.  his  children, 
IHiiiid  l.im.  A  l»all,  which  broke  Ins  lhin|,,  broM-lit  him  to  the  around. 
His  horse  ran  a  few  rods  aii.l  leil  likewis..,  and  bull,  the  lads  wen,- 
taken.  Ih.!  In.lians,  ni  lh.;ir  sava-v  inamiei-  comiui;  up  to  Howe, 
pierc...!  his  bo.ly  with  a  spear,  toiv  ..If  his  scalp,  slack  a  liatclief  in  his 


head,  and  left  him  in  this  litrlorn  oii.l 


Ip,    .-JtUL    lY     ll     il.lUIIl-l      III      |||:i 

e.)ii(iiiion.     He  was  found  alive  the 


Jiiorniiifr  aft(>r,  by  a   iKirly  ...f  men   from  Forf  llind.sdn 


!e;  and  being 


598 


A    SUl'l'LKMKM", 


askffi  hy  oim  oftlic  parly  whcilicr  lio  knew  liim,  he  answered,  "  Yes, 
I  know  you  all."  Tlicso  wcrc!  liis  lust  words,  lliuU'ili  lie  did  not  ex- 
pire tiiiiii  aller  liis  li-ieuds  had  arrived  wiiji  jiiiu  ui' Fort  lliiidsdale. 
(iroui  was  so  loritinate  as  to  escapt;  iinliiirl.  IJiit  (Irallii'ld,  in  alleiiipt- 
iiig  lo  wade  ihrouiiii  ihe  river,  at  a  cerlaiu  place  which  was  indeed  lord- 
ahle  ai  tha  lime,  was  iiiil()rtiiiialely  ilrowiied.  Flusiied  with  the  suc- 
cess lh(!y  had  met  wiih  hi.'re,  the  savages  went  directly  to  Bridgiiiau'a 
Ibrt.     'i  here  was  no  man  in  il,  and  oid\'  three  women  and  some  chil- 


dren,  viz.,  IVlrs.  Jemima  Howe,  Mrs.  S 


uhmit  Grout,  and  Mrs.  1' 


lUmce 


(irallleid.     'J'heir  husi)ands  I  need  not  niention  aj-am,  «nd  tlieir  lee 

the 
Ext 


It  ihis  jinicture  I  will  not  altempt  to  descrihe.     'i'hey  Jiad  heard 
u'iny's  iMuis,  hut  knew  not  whal   had   happened  to  their  i'riends. 


enemy  s  iMins. 
r(  n 


Lxtrc  mely  an.vious  ior  their  salety,  they  stood  longing  to  endjrace 
them,  nniil  at   length,  concluding  Irom  the  noise  they  heard  without 


that  some  of  ihcm  were  cduie,  they  unbarred   tl 


le  gati;  in  a  hurry  to 


receive  them;  wiien,  lo !  to  thcMr  inexpressible  disappointment  and  sur 


prise,  instead  of  their  husbands,  in   rushed  a  numi 


ijcr  o 


f  hid 


leous  In- 


dian 
an( 


to  whom  tliey  and  th(Mr  tender  ollspriiig  became  an  easy  prev, 
1  Irom  whom  they  had  nothing  to  expect   but  either  an  immediate 


deal 

vor  of  i'rovidence,  tiu'iied  oiit'to   he  tlie  lot  of  tl 


1  or  a  lung  and  ilolelid  (;aptivity.     The  latter  of  these,  hy  the  fa- 


-lese  unhappy  women 
and  their  still  inort;  unhappy,  because  more  helpless,  children.  Mrs. 
GraHield   had   but  one,  .Mrs",  (iroui  had  three,  and   Mrs.  11 


The  eldest  ol    Mis.  How 


hut  si 


e's  was  eleven    years  old,  and  tl 


X  months. 


The  t 


wo  e,(|( 


I) we  seven, 
le  youngest 


her  liivt  husbaiul,  Mr,  Will 


Ind 


lam 


ians,  ol'  whicdi  i  doubt  not  but   voi:   hav 


St  w(!re  daughters,  which  she  liad   hy 
n   IMiipus,  who  was  also  slain  bv  the 


l)t)olitlle's  history.     Jt   was  fnai 


e  seen  an  account  in 


Ml 


lately  recei\('d   tlio  l()re'/oiiig  aceoiuit.     ^h 


be  mouth  of  tiiis   woman  that   I 


not,  a  :rue,  though,  to  he  sure,  a  very  brief  and   i 


also  gave  me,   1  doubt 


mp(;riect  history  of 


lier  caplivity,  wlach  !  here  iii.-ert  lor  Nour  perusal.      It  may  perliaj 
aiilad  \ou  some  amusement,  and  can  do  no  harm,  ill  after  it  has  under 


)S 


gone  y.Hir  crifi-'ai  iiispectiiui,  you  should  not  think  it  (or  an  abbrevia- 
tion ot   it)  wor;liy  to  he  preserved  among  the  records  vou  are  about  lo 


)U 


bhsl 
'1' 


Indians  (she  says)  having  plundered   and   put  fire  to  the  fort, 


we  iiiaieh((l,  as   near  as   i   could 


,!'" 


woods,  where  we  encamped  that   niuht.      \\ 


ge,  a  iMiie  and   a   half  into  the 


and 


lieti  ilie  nKji-mii"-  came 


\'. e  had  advame 


as  naic 


arther,  six  liaiians  were 


the  pla-'f  of  onr  late  abode,  who  ( ollcct'-d  a  bttle   i.. 
destroyed  some  other  ell<^(  Is  that   had   been  left  Lehin 


sen 


t  h, 


fic 


to 


n  )t  reiiiin  until  tlie  day  wa;- 


n^'ie  plunder,  :\i.(\ 
but  thev  (M 


ir  spent,  th; 


was 


jlid  ;(  d 


<'onl!iiue  V.  here  we  w(io  through  the  night,     j'larlv  the  ne>:t 
we  set  off  Idr  Canada,  and   (out 


best    to 
niorniiii: 


iitinuetl  our  manii  eJMhf  (!;,vs  s 


UCC(  s- 


sively,  uiiril  we  had  reached  the  place  where  :he  Indians  had  leil  iliiMr 
caiKK:>s,  a!)i.i!i  ii.leen  miles  from  ( 


rown 


unt. 


tedious  march  ;  but  the  e;i|)tives,  hy  divine  assistance,  w 
f-ndure  it  with  less  trouble  and  dillicidty  than  they  had 
pect.     Fiuin  such  savage  iria.-ters,  in  such 


/  nis  was  a  long  auu 
ere  enabled  to 
reason  lo  ex- 
indigent  eiivuinstances,  we 


■T  i'i'i,i::iif;,\  r. 


r,<)N 


-'Hhi  u.„    nUionnlly  |,m,k.   (.„■   kinder  in.u.n.iu  tl,;.i,    uv   nviv...! 
.dn-»    1    |„)„.ht  ,ny  son  .S,|n,rf  |,ud  tho  l.ardost  uf  miy.      1 1,:  u,-,. 


!"■  sat  ,!ow,i  on  his  master's  pack,  tho  savn.^c 


<l>..n>   at  that  tender  a,u'e,  are  siill  plainly  lo  Ik-  s,vn.     ' 

A     lenjrlhwo  an-ived  at. Crown   IV.int,  and  took,,.,  oar  m.arler. 

^iven.y   youngest  daup^h.nr,  Submit  ]'hip,,s,   to     LVnZj     I 

•n  (ou,  ,  .    hvo  canoes,  just  as  night  uas  comini.-  on,  and  uere  -oo, 
-UTounded   with  cku-kness.     A  heavy  storn,  han.  '  ^e  T 

■U    veiv  /lash  o|  expansive  I, :,:htnbo.  seemed  to  he  all  in  a   hin/ 
>(Y;'  ""■^,;vc.  were  mdehtcd  f.,  all  the  liHit  we  eiijove.l.      ^^o  o  nee 
ccmld  we  discern- any  longer  than  the  Hashes  la.ti  ^  In  thh  p  '  un 
^    sa.led  m  our  open,  tottering  canoes  almost  the  whole  of  that  'd 

.vl^^<■u  ashore;  and  havmg  eolleetcd  a  hoapofsan;!  and  .n'avid  lor  . 
l-illnu;,!   Ia,d  myself  down,  with  my  tender  infimt   byniysde    n,! 
ki.ow.ng  where  any  of  my  other  children  were,  or  what  a^    sera 
eonmuen  they  m.ght  he  in.     The  next  day,  houever,  under     "^nl 
f  1  at  ever-presen    and  .  Il-powerful  Providence,  wh.ich  had  preserved 

we  all  arrived  m  safetv  at  .St.  Johns.  '" 

Our  next  movement  was  to  St.  Francois,  thc^  metropolis  .t"  I  m'u 
-call  ,t,  to  which  the  Indian.,  who  led  us'caplive,  be  !  Jd  So 
n  Iter  our  arrival  at  then-  wretched  capital,  a  council,  consi^tin.-  ofth.- 
cl.iel  sachem  and  some  prmcip-!,!  warriors  ol'  the  St.  I-'rancoH  trib( 
was  convened,  an<l  arter  the  ceremonies  usual  on  such  occasions  wer.^ 
over,  was  c-onducted  and  deliven.l  to  un  old  squaw,  whom  the  In- 
dians tuld  me  [must  call  my  mother;  my  inlant  still  continuing  to  he 
he  prop<Mly  oi  its  (.riginal  Indian  owners.-   I  was  nevertheless  pc'rmit: 

u'lu      ?l     i'"^*'  "^•'  '''.''''"^'  '""-'^'•'  '■"■  ""'  ■'^^"'  -'"saving  them  ll,e 
ouhle  o   looking  alter  it,  and  of  maintaining  it  with  mv  milk.   When 

he  weather  began  to  grow  cold,  shuddering  at  the  prospect  of  ap- 
r.ioaching  winter,  [  acquainte.!  my  new  mother  that  I  did  not  think  ii 
would  be  possible  for  me  to  endure  it,  if  I  must  spend  it  wilh  her,  and 

are  as  the  Indians  did.     Listening  to  my  repeated  and  earnest  solici- 
n  ions,  that  I  might  be  disposed  of  among  some  of  the  French  inha- 
bitants of  Canada,  she  al  lenglh  set  otf  with  me  and  mv  infant,  at- 
tended  by  some  male  Indians,  upon  a  journev  to  Montre;!,  in  hopes 
-I- /Hiding  a  market  for  me  tb.^re.     i!ut  the  attempt  proved  unsucces.- 


ir^ 


HOd 


A  SUPPLEMENT. 


fill,  Hill]  the  jounicy  todious  iiuluod.  Our  provisions  wore  so  seamy- 
;is  well  as  insi[)id  and  unsavory;  tlu;  Mcatlier  was  so  cold,  and  the  un- 
veiling so  very  bad,  that  it  often  seemed  as  if  1  ninst  have  perished  on 
the  way.  'The  lips  of  my  poor  child  were  somelinu.'s  so  b(,'numbed. 
that  wlien  I  |)Ut  it  to  my  breast  it  could  Uijt,  till  it  grew  warm,  imbilu 
the  nourisinnent  recjuisite  for  its  support.  While  wo  were  at  Mon- 
treal, we  went  into  the  hnuse  of  a  certain  French  gentleman,  whose 
lady,  being  sent  tor,  and  ruming  into  the  room  where  I  was,  to  exam- 
ine me,  seeing  1  had  ati  iiilimt,  exclaimed  suddenly  in  this  manner: 
"Damn  it,  [  will  not  buy  a  woman  that  has  a  child  to  look  alter." 
There  was  a  swill-pail  standing  near  me,  in  which  1  observed  some 
crusts  and  crumbs  ol"  bread  swimming  on  the  surlace  of  the  greas\. 
li(|Uor  it  contained;  sorely  pinched  with  hunger,  1  skimmed  them  oti 
with  my  hands  and  eat  th(;m ;  and  this  was  all  the  refreshn'.LUt  whicli 
the  liouse  afforded  me.  Somewhere,  in  the  course  of  this  visit  to 
Montreal,  my  f)idia)i.moth"r  was  so  unlbrtunate  as  to  catch  the  small- 
pox, ol"  which  distemper  she  died  soon  after  our  return,  which  \sas  by 
water,  to  St.  Francois. 

And  now  came  on  i he  season  when  the  Indians  began  Ui  prepare 
for  a  winter's  hunt.  I  was  ordered  to  return  my  poor  child  to  those 
of  them  v/ho  still  claimed  it  as  their  properly.  This  was  a  seven 
trial.  The  babe  clung  to  rnv  bosom  with  all  its  misht ;  l)ut  I  was 
obliged  1o  pluck  it  thence,  and  deliver  it,  siirieking  and  s(;reaniiiig 
enough  to  penetrate  a  lieart  of  stone,  into  the  hands  of  those  unteeling 
wretches,  whose  tender  mercies  may  be  termed  cruel.  }t  was  s(joii 
carried  otf  by  a  hunting  party  of  those  Indians  to  a  plac(>  called  Mes- 
siskow,  at  the  lower  end  of  Lake  Champlain,  whither,  in  about  a 
month  after,  it  was  my  fortune  to  follow  them,  f  had  preserved  m\ 
inilk  in  hopes  of  seeing  my  beloved  child  again.  And  here  I  IbunrI 
it,  it  is  true,  but  in  a  condition  that  atlbrded  me  no  great  satisliictioii. 
it  being  greatly  emaciated,  and  almost  starved.  I  took  it  in  my  arms, 
put  its  face  to  mine,  and  it  instantly  bit  me  with  such  violence  that  ii 
seemed  as  if  I  must  have  parted  with  a  piece  of  my  cheek.  1  wax 
permitted  to  lodge  with  it  that  and  the  two  i'ollowing  nights;  but  everv 
morning  tluit  intervened,  llie  Indians,  I  sujipose  on  purpose  to  torment 
me,  sent  m(.'  away^  to  another  wigwam  which  stood  at  .a  little  distance, 
tliough  not  so  far  from  the  one  in  which  iny  distressed  infant  was  con- 
fmed^but  that  f  could  plainly  hear  its  incessant  cries  and  heart-n^nding 
lamentations.  In  this  de[)l()vable  condition  I  was  obliged  to  take  mv 
leave  of  it,  on  the  morning  of  the  third  day  after  my  arrival  at  ili' 
place.  We  moved  down  the  lake  several  miles  the  same  dny ;  .ni.; 
the  night  f()llowing'  was  remarkable  on  account  of  the  //iral  cartli- 
qiiahr*  which  terribly  shook  that  liowling  wilderness.  Aiuong  i\v 
islands  hereabouts  we  spent  the  winter  season,  often  shifting  our  (piar- 
ters,  and  roving  about  from  one  place  to  another;  ou-  liunilv  consi.-i- 
ing  of  three  persons   only,  besides  myself,  viz:   nn    lal<!   nioilier's 

my  sister,   her    s;uihop.  ami   ■ 


daughter,  whom    then^lbn^  I  calle( 


"  November  18,  1755. 


m 


A  SI  I't'l.KiMK.NT. 


(iO) 


I'apooso.  Ihey  once  leli  nic  nl.uu.  tw.,  di.uial  nluhis;  .•uul  ui.u  ihry 
n'rimuMl  to  mc  ngain,  perccivin-  tlicm  sniilo  afoadi  other,  I  .•;skn,i, 
•'  VV  hat  IS  the  nmtter  .'"  They  replied  that  two  of  up.  .•hiMrea  w.re 
no  more;  one  ot  which,  they  said,  died  a  natural  d..ath,  and  the  ..ihcr 
was  knoekerl  <,„  the  head.  I  did  n.,t  utter  nianv  words,  l«,t  n,\  lu-nn 
wassorelv  pained  withui  me,  and  my  mind  excoedinolv  troubled  u,th 
strange  ai.d  awful  ideas.  1  olten  imauine.l,  tor  .istance.  ihaf  I  pl.inlv 
sciw  the  naked  carcasses  of  my  deceased  cliildren  haniiin.>  ui'on  il,'.- 
mibs  o(  tlie  trees,  as  the  Indians  are  wont  to  han-  tlie'raw  hides  ..r 
iJiose  beasts  which  they  take  in  humini£. 

It  was  not  lonir,  however,  belore  it  was  so  ordered  hv  kind   l'ro\ ,. 
Oence  that  I  should  be  relieved   in  a  o-ood  nicasuj-o  from  tho'-e  Jior- 
rid  nmginations;  lor  as  I  was  walking  one  day  upon  llie  ice,  observ- 
ing a  sniQke  at  some  .listance  upon  the  land,  it" must  proceed,  thoucdil 
I,  Irom  the  lire  ol  some  Indian  hut,  and  wi,o  knows  but  some  oinroF 
my  poor  cliildren  may  be  there  .'     M y  curiosi! y,  thus  excited,  led  me 
to  the  place,  and  there  I  found  my  sou  Caleb,  v.  little  boy  between  two 
and  three  years  old,  whom  I  had  lately  buried,  in  seniinu-nt  at  least' 
or  rather  imagined  to  have  been  deprived  of  hfe,  and  perhaps  also 
.   'lemed  a  decent  grave.     1  found  him  likcwi^x>  in  tolerable  health  and 
circumstances,  under  the  protection  of  a  lend    Indian   mother:  tmd 
moreover  had  the  happiness  of  lodging  with  idm  in  my  arms  on- 
loylu   night.     Again  we  shifted  our  quarters,  and  when  «e  had  Ira.- 
veiled  eight  or  ian  miles  upon  tlie  snow  and  ice,  came  to  a  i)lace  when 
the  Indians  manufactured  sugar,  which  they  extracted  from  the  manl- 
trees      Here  an  hidian  came  to  visit  us,\',y  an  I  knew,  and  couM 
speak  English      Me  asked  me  wIin-  I  did  nol  .■;o  to  see  my  sou  .Squirc' 
I  replied  that  I  had  lately  been  inlormed  that  lie  was  dJad      [le  a  ' 
sured  me  (hat  he  was  yet  alive,  an,t  but  two  or  three  miles  oil',  on  the 
opposite  side  ol  the  lake.     At  my  renue.t  he  gave  me  the  best  diivc 
tions  he  could  to  the  place  of  his  abode.     I  resolved  to  embrace  th'r 
u-st  opportunity  that  oliiTc!  of  endeavoring-  to  .search  it  out.     Whii- 
1  was  busy  in  contemplating  this  allair,  the  Indians  obtained  a  iitde 
bread,  of  which  they  gave  mc  a  small  share.     I  di.l  not  taste  a  mor- 
sel ol  It  myself,  but  saved  it  all  for  my  poor  child,  if  [  should  be  so 
ucky  as  to  find  him.     At  length.  Inning  obtain-d  of  mv  keepers 
leave  to  be  absent  lor  one  day,  1  sf;t  olf  early  iu  the  monnn<r,  and 
steering  as  wejl  as  I  could,  aecordinu  to  ih,,  directions  which  the 
Irien.Uy  ndian  had  given  me,  I  <]uickly  il.und  the  place  which  he  had  -o 
accurately  marked  out.      I  beheld,  as  I  dre>A  niyh,  my  little  son  with- 
out the  camp;  but  he  looked,  thought  I,  like  a  starved  and  mmv^ 
puppy,  that  had  been  walli  .wing  in  the  ashes.     I  took  him  in  my  arms 
and  he  spoke  to  mc  these  words,  in  the  Indian  toimue :  "  f.Iother,  are 
you  come  r'     1  took  him  info  the  wigwam  with  me,  and  observin-r  a 
number  ol   Indian  children  in  ii.  I  distributer!  all  the  bread  whidi  I 
had  reserved  ior  my  own  children,  among  them  all,  otherwise  I  should 
have  given  great  ollence.     iMy  littk>  boy  appeared  to  bo  very  find  ..f 
his  new  mother,  kept  as  near  me  as  possible  while  I  staid,  and  mIwh 
I  told  him  1  must  go,  he  fel.l  as  tliouuj,  !,(.•  Jiad  been  knorl;,.!  dov  i. 


i 


(H); 


A   St  I'I'LK'MIIM', 


wiif 


I   !l  (illl 


iiiif  liiiviii.'j;  rcconiiiU'iKlod  liiin  to 


the 


en  10  o\ 


Inn  wn. 


II' 


inJKtc  limi,  uhcu  ilKMliy  v.as  i.ir  sjK'nt,  and  llio  lime  would  pcnviit  i 
no  loii;^ei',  I   (IcpnrtccI,  yuii  inny  well  suppose,  with  ;i  lica'. 


')  Slav 


'iv.\  at:   !;)\-  heart. 


yMili^esf   child    |.;id,  ;;   little   b-llu'e,  h^ 


Till'  tidiii'rs  1  had    received  of  the  death  ol' 


lie 


.loulit,   l)l|t    I 

Id. 


K'cii  coiiiii'iiied  to  ine 


L)ev( 


Mid 


coil 


Id 


IVlll; 


eH 


not   mourn  ^^  hcartilv  jiir  the  deceased  as  ii>r  th' 


to  .St.  Johns ;  and  llu'on 'h 


\Vhfn  ihe  wiutei-  liMke  up,  we  ivm. 

•  etisnini-  summer,  our  prineipal  residenec  w, 


at  no  yreal  distal 


ICC 


!'ol!l  (lie  :c 
lii>!;il.d 


mviii! 


at  t!;at   I  laei  .      In  ilic  mean   time,  lioncvcr,  my  sister' 
'eeii  (>nt  wnh  a  seoutinu  parly  to  some  oftht;  En  . 


M  di  :«i'^ dements,  liad  a  dijinken  I'rolic  at  the  tial  when  lie  roturr.i 
l!i_swi:i\  w}..  lujvi  r  -ot  drunk,  but  had  often  exp(nv  need  ih-  i 
cdeets  Ol  her  luisliand's  inlemperanee,  fearint!;  what  the  eoiise.jaen. 
r.iadit  prove  if  1.-  shoiikl  come  Jiome  in  a  morose  and  turbulent  In 


iTior. 


lo  a 


voiil  Ins  insolence,  propur.i.-d   tli;il  we  should  both  retii 


•p  i'ltt  ol"  llic  reardi  ol'  it  until  the  siuriii 


an 


\ 


al)at 


eii 


VV 


nsconoeo 


•conhnolv,  but  so  it  h: 


irest 


'nc(>,  before  his 


ippcnoi 


tl 


lal  I.  returned  and  ventured  into  hi^ 


wile 


iiad 


pn 


iineu  to  come  ni: 


.iUii  :i)  bts  wi'>wani,  an 


(!  in  a  suriv  moot 


and  no 


t  boi 


line 


I  iouni 

le  t'>  re 

liold  o 

ui.l  hurried  mo  to  the  fort,  and,  for  a  triliin"-  consideration,  soli 


\''i]'j.<'  upon  liis  wile,  Ixjcause  she  was  not  at  1 


lome,  lie 


aid 


IMO 


ni(^  to  a  hn  n-'li 


V.I  IK  I    ( 


ontlenian  whose  name  was  .Saecaj)ee.     'Tis  a 


n  il 


oa 


ertainly  that  blows  nobody  any  good.     I  had     eon  with  tl., 
liaiis  ft  year  lacking  fourteen  days;  and,  if  not  ll)r  mv  sister,  vef 


iv  iTi; 


( was 


luck 


V  circumstance  indeed,  v.'hieh  thus  at  last 


iuc.\j.ee!e<l  m^'inont,  snatched  me  out  of  th 


01  r  erue 


laiHl 


beyuiid  the  wncU  o!' their  insolent  power, 
.far  mv  Indian  m-.i'sicr  had  d 


uid 


111  an 

|)la<-e  i 


isiiusof 


I  of 


ove,  and  iho  rn  iment  r»I'  sober  rclleetion   hail 


me  111  the  manner  reiatod 


hat  the  mrni  \\  ho  boui'ht   mo  had 


arnvcil,  perceiviiiL'' 


unoiiartli 


d  h 


akon  the  advantage  ol    nan  m  an 


our,  bis  ro^■eiltmel<ts  bouan  t( 


ose  t^o  hiuh.that  ho  threatened  to  kill  me  if  lie  should  meet 


cnidli',  ami  his  indiixnatinii 


lllf.'  aloiie. 


or,  It  lie  coil! 


:t)Vt. 


iiMi  iT'vooL-e  himself  thus,  that  he  w 


I  was  therefore  secreted 


m  an 


oarefully  guarded,  until  his  wrath  had 
the  i'lmilv  to  \\lii(di  1  was 


ij^prr  c 
linK.'  to 


olllil    sol   lliv  to  tile 

mbor,  and  the  lin-r 


ow  advanced,  wa,- 


1« 


eo(j|.     3.!v. 
rf -ct  iVeedf 


parison  jvilh  wlnt  it  had  been  amon;::  the  barbaroii 


'rvice  i!i 
(0.1  in  ciini- 


Indians. 


.Mvnc 


masror  and  mistress  were  b!)tli  as  l;ind  and  ueneroiis  towards  mo  as  I 


•on 


Id 


wrivs  ex['ect 


it  ^v!!s  readily  ijrantod  ;  i 
/!!  many  instance^-;,  to  ad 


^ckloiii  asked  a  litv.ir  ol' either  of  then 
in:-,(M|uenco  ol"  whicii  1  had 


1  hia 


n  (•• 

iministor  aid  and  refreshment  to  tl 


It  111  my  [lower. 


\v.  iioor  nris- 


o.  m\-  uv.n 


natinii,  who  wore  liroiight  into  8t.  Johns  during  mv 

1)  th'^  liunily  of  the  above-mentioned  benevolent  and  hospitable 

Sa.'captv.      Vet  even  in  this  lamily  such  trials  auaited  me  as  f  had 


-aier, 
a  bod 


li'tio  !•(  asoii  t  )  expect,  but  stood  i 


n  Jieed  ol  a  lari'.i;  stock  ol 


|)rude 


nee 


t'l  enable  mo  to  encounter  them.     Must  I  :ell  yon,  tluai,  that  even  th 


good  old  man  himself,  who  considerod  me  ash 
vvi<e  ,7  \\;vrm  aiwl  1 


esojote  tion  ol  his.  at  '\v 


irtjperty,  and  like 
uiie  time,  and  uuder  th. 


A  St'lTI-K.HEXT, 


608 


same  r..nl,  beccune  both  oxc-e.sivHy  load  uf  ,.>y  comp.-.ay  ;  ;so  tbut  bt- 
ween  th.,so  two  r.valMhe  lalh.r  ami  th.  son,  I  Ihuu.l  .ny«.  Hn  a 

I'vil'T  II  "t""''""  '"'''"''  ^"•'  ^^"'^  ^"■''''">'  ^•"'"-''n-a.sM.d  and  per- 
plexed, luu-dly  knovvii.o-  nuiny  tunes  how  to  behave  in  .su<d.  u  manner 
■<s  at  oiuv  to  K(|ciwe  iny  own  virtue,  and   tho  i-ood  esteem  oC  th«' 

amdy  n,  which  1   resKlcd,  and  upon  which  1  w.-us  wholly  dependent 
ior  my  dady  sni.po.,       At  [on^th,  however,  tln-ough  the  ^tender  em 
l^ssion  o   a  eermm  English  gc-ntlenum,"  the  ( iov^vnor  of  Vau d' 

-  fely  r  idea  d  the  you.ig  and  amarou.s  Saecap.'e,  then  an  oniccr  in  the 
l-  rench  .u.uy,  Irom  the  tield  of  V'enns  to  tl.'  liel.i  of  Mar.s,  Z  le 
same  tniie  also  wrote  a  letter  to  hi.  lather,  (..njoining  it  upon  i  by 
MO  means  to  suIILt  n.c  to  be  abused,  but  to  make  my  s  tuati  ami 
.serv.ce  m  h,s  lannly  as  easy  and  delightful  as  possible!^  f  waTmo.e- 
over  under  unspeakable  obligations  to  the  governor  upon  another  ac- 
<-uunt.  I  bad  received  mtelhgeneo  from  my  druiohter  [\larv  th- 
purport  01    which   was,    that    there   was   a    ^ospe;^   of  U^'lJit 

which  tube  she  had  continued  from  the  beginning  ofher  eapivity. 
hese  were  heavy  tuhngs,  and  added  greatly  to  thcM-oiunancy  of  nfy 
.  ther  allhct.ons.     However,  not  Imig  after  I  had  heani  this  n.elui- 
eholy  news,  an  opportunity  presented  of  acquainting  ihat  humane  and 
^eneious  geutk'man,  the  comman.ler-in-chief,  ami  mv  illustrious  bem- 
cactor,  with  this  allair  also,  wlio,  in  compassi.ju  Ibr  my  sufferin-^s,  and 
fo  mitigate  my  sorr.nvs,  issued  his  orders  in  good  time,  and  had  my 
<liiugiiler  taken  away  from  the  Indians,  and' conveyed  to  the  sime 
nunnery  where  her  sister  was  then  lodged,  with  his  express  in,unction 
al.  .hey  shoidd  both  o   llunn  togelher  he  well  looked  after,  and  care- 
miy  (du.-aled,  as  his  adopted  children.      In  this  school  of  superstition 
and  bigotry  they  continu<.d   while  the  war  in  those  days  between 
I'mnce  and  Croat  [Britain  lasted.     At  the  conclusion  of' which  war 
the  govern.. r  went  home  to  France,  took  my  cMest  daughter  alon- 
wi  .1  hu.j,  and  marrie.1  her  then  to  a  French  gcnileman,  whose  name 
!s  (.rou  I...W1:-.     [[.,  was  al  Boston  with  the  (Icet  under  Count  de  Es- 
famg,  (1 .  / ,-)  and  one  of  his  clerks.     My  other  daughter  still  conti- 
'luui;;  m  !he  uumiery,  a  considerable  time  had  elapsed  ailer  mv  re- 
turn Irom  cap.livity,  when  1  made  a  journey  to  Canada,  resolvim.-  to 
use  my  best  endeavors  not  to  return  without  her.     1  arrived  jus°  in 
nine  to  prevent  her  being  sent  to  I'rnnce.     She  was  to  have  .^one  in 
t  le  next  vessel  that  sailed  for  that  place.     And  I  found  it  exTremelv 
'lilhcn  t  lo  pnwail  with  her  to  quit  the  nunnery  and  go  home  with  mo- 
\ea,  she  absolutely  refused,  and  all  the  persuasions' and  ar^niments  I 
'  'ii,d  use  with  her  were  to  no  eflect,  until  alter  I  had  been  to  the  o-q. 
Nernor,  aiid  oblamed  a  letter  from  him  to  the  superintendent  of  the 
nuns,  m  whi.-h  he  threatened,  if  my  daughter  should  not  be  imme 
'lialely  delivered   into  m_\  hands,  or  could  not  be  prevailed  with  to 
submit  lo  my  paternal  auihoriu  ,  (h  it  he  w.nild  send  a  band  of  soldiers 


^  (;«.'!.  Peter  Hchuyior,  then  a  prisoner, 


tiOI 


V  stiM'i,i;\||;\T. 


to  .issisf  mt«  in  l)iiii-iii-  Ik'i-  away.  li\)(m  luariiig  Iliis  sIk-  made  nc 
urili.T  ri.sistaii.-c,  JUit  so  cxtroinely  hiuotcil  %vas'slic  fo  tin;  cusluius 
.mil  !■(  Iiuioii  of  111,.  plae(>,  that,  ui'U.T  all,  slu^  Icit  it  wiiii  ihu  grcatL'sl 
inluriiiiK/c,  ami  ilii;  most  ljitti;r  lani<'iilaiioiis,  which  she  coiitiiTnod  as 


\v« 


li-i('H(l 


|)a.is('il  the  >fri'cts.  ami  wliollv  idii 


M 


ii1([  t( 


l|o|' 


Miial 


isi'(!  Id  |)r  f. millirti.'d.     My  oood 
ujioiii  vv(!   m<-t    with   on   tjir   u.in  ,  iriod  all   he 


o  (oiisok;  hfr;   ;iiid  wa.s  so  very  kind   :iiid  o'lliuiiin-  as  to  I 
IIS  coinpany,  and  carry  inv  dauirhtrr  'ht-iiiiid  him  on  hnrsi-hnck. 


iiut  I 


htive  run  on   ;i  littk 


l)('!orc    iiiv 


•  i\-\ 


I  h 


lornicd  you  oi  tlir  niuajis  and  inuniKT  i  i"  my  o\\ 


ivi>  not  v<t  in- 


ac(!<)ini)lishinii!;  oj'whii'h,  the  iccovc 


nijition. 


lo  iluj 


and 


ry  oi  my  danghler  just  nu'iilioiicd, 


rnnsominL',  ()1'  souk;  oi'  my  other  children,  several  ij:entlemcri 

I   am 


oi'  nolo  C(.ntril)nli'd   not  a  little ;  "lo  whose  |u:oodi,vs  tliere!T)re 
i,n-catly  indrhied,  and  sineo;rely  hone  I  shall  novr  !»>  so  oinnilelld 


to  tbr'^cl.     (!olunrl  .Selmvier  in  nar 


'M'ons  as  to  advance  ^iTOO  livres  to 
three  of  niv  childron.      f  J 


particiilai'  was  .>o  \crv  kind  and  ireu- 


|iroeiire  a  ransom  li.r  mysel 


ail; 


treai 


Al 


)a!i\ 


l)i(.'  maiiii'r  a   cijiisiderablc  ti^ne 
iiit.'K  al  his  own  expense. 


e  aecompanicdtnid  eondiicied  us  Jroni  IMoii- 
onteiiainod  us  mi  the  most  I'rieiidly  and  hospifii- 


111.- 


own  ii.iiise.  ami 


lielievc  eu- 


i  liave  siiun  oiii  the  above  narrative  to  a  iiiucl 


1  I'i'eater  lenyth  tlian 


iide  it  With  relerriir. 


\oii,  lor  a  iiion 


e  lieroine  who  is  the  subject 


1  at  lirsl  iniended,  and  shall  C(jnc 

amplo  uiid  hriUiant  accinint  oi'  the  cai)ti\     „  ...^  ^,.,,  ^^, 

<^i"it,  lo  VaA.  I  lumpliroy's  History  ol"  the  l.iio  of  lien.  Israel" PLitnani,' 
together  with  some  remarks  upon  ;i  ii;w  claiix's  in  it.      I  never  indeeil 

I  liistory,  but  remember 
1  it  in  one  of  the  IJoston 


liad  ih(!  ii'easuro  oCp^ 

!o  have  scon  somi'  timf  ar 


lerusinu,-  ilie  whole  oi"  san 

:o  an  e.\:!-a:'i.  .\\>\\ 


new.-papers,  in  winch  the  colonel  I 


sense,  and  rare  a  •  omiiiisliments  olMis.  I  h 
ciKk-avors  lo  paint  in  the  most  iivelv  and  en 


las  extolled  the  beauty  and 


lletoohiul 


i!v,and  ma 


stylet 


iwe,  the  person  whom  lie 
ng  colors,  |)erhai)s  a  lit- 


raiii 


with  her  to  this  day  mmai 
hav 


iiat  may  appear  to  those  who  are  acquainted 


needs  have  been  misinlbnned  with 


itie  and  e\tr;Lva!i/int.     And  the  colonel  i 


mist 


has  mentioned  m  her  history.      Indeed,  w  hen   [ 


iicei  i(^  some  particulars  that  he 


history  to  Mrs.  1 


ri'ad  tii(>  extract  li 


n:e,  (which  name  sIh-  has  derived  Ironi  a  tl 


om 

I      I       I  •    ,  .  ,        '  \    " —   ■•"■'  >^>^'irv.M  in/uj  <i  uiird 

liushand,  whose  widow  she'  now  remains,)  she  seemed  to  be  well 
p.oased,  and  said  at  iirst  it  was  all  true,  but  soon  alter  contradicted 
the  circumstanee  of  her  lover's  being  so  berell  of  his  senses,  when  \rc. 
saw  her  moving  oil  in  a  boat  at  some  dislance  from  the  shore,  as  to 
l)lungc  into  the  water  aiter  liin-,  in  consequence  ol'  which  ho  was  seen 
no  more.  It  is  true,  she  said,  that  as  sIh;  was  retuniinn.  iVom  Mon- 
treal to  Albany,  sli(>  met  with  yoim-  Sa.'caneo  on  the  way  ;  that  she 
was  in  a  boat  with  Colonel  rt.diuyier;  ihat  the  French  6(Heor  came 
on  board  the  uoaf,  made  h";.  some  luindsomo  presents,  tocjk  his  fma! 
UBaye  ol  hei .  and  departed,  to  .Mtw:,rd  appearance,  in  tolerable  <.ood 
humor.  ~ 

rfhe  morever  savs.  that  when  she  we„i  i„  (Wiiada  f.r  her  daiiuh 
er,  she  ivet  with  hna  again  ;  that  :.e  showed  iier  a  loek  of  her  hair; 


h( 


;r  nae-o 


likewi 


•e,  nnate'l  wit  i 


iio'i  Oil   his  ■i/vii. 


to  lu-'- 


A  sc;i'i'ij;.MKN'i', 


005 


■a  ,  wh.3,  Culonr-I  llmvuni  ,,|„.,i„,,i  fVonnh,,.  i-,.vc.nnuc.nt  of  N.m 
ork  a  patent  of  tl.nr  1:ukK  „n  . !u3  w.st  s:,lc  oiHu,  Con,,  .cti.ua  rivor, 
V  ..s  n.,.yor  onco  thought  of  !.,  ,ho  Min.Js.IuL.  pt-oplo  nntil  tho  ahow- 


niontioned  oxtnict  arnvrd  ninoivj  ilicin. 
s<!rtcfl  it  as  a  matter  of  nndoubted  liict. 


pL'Op 

which  the  auih.ir  lias  in 


STA'CISTICAI.  VIMVV. 


imits,  viz:  conimencii'  •;  at-  il 


y   claim  tii(;  country    within   the   foil 


own, 


ner,  called  Neaiio't 


IK 


lo  moiilh  of  u  .sTjuth  hranch  (jf  the  ihn 


wardiv  t( 


)  nitcrsect  I  lie   Ark 
tin 


7,  and  with  the  . same  to  it 


fhreo  forks  of  that  river 
to  the  continence  of  a 
considerable  <!  stance  wcstOf  the  ( 


iiisas,  about  one  him(h'cd 


s  source;  thence  soutli- 


niiie 


be 


nee  up  the  in-incipal  brancii  of  tj 


>\v  til 


irue  northwardly  branch  of  the 


same 


Jioarly  to  its  source;  thence  norfl 


emin-acin"-  tlic  waters  of 


fill'    u 


Jnat  Saline,  and  with  that  st. >.,... 
iwardly,  t.nvards  the  Kansas  i-'wov. 


li(!  same, 

yiiig  a 

ream 


i'per  portion  of  the  Osayo  river  ;  and 


thence  obliqudy  approachini^-  the  same  to  ih...  bc'^Innin-r      The  el, 

n.ate  is  .iehghtlul,  and  the  soil  fertilo  in  the  e.xtr/.ne.  ^The  hce    f 

the  country  ,s  g..ne,vUly  levd,  and  wHI  ^vatered  ;   the  ea„:..,„    ^  t  •  ' 

die  coun  ry  .s  covered  with  a  variety  of  ex,.el!ent  timber ;  .he  west .n 

and  middle  country,  high  prairies.      It  embraces  within  ils  limitst 

salmes,  which  are,  m  point  of  magnitude  and  excellence,   nicnualled 

by  any  known  11,  North  Aiu-rica  ;  there  are  also  inanv  o  h .rs  d" £^ 

no  e.      Ihe  prnicipal   part  ol'  the  Great  Osa.e  have  always  ^M 

t  then-  villages,  on  the  <  )sage  river,  since  they  have  been  kno^    t 

ho  inha, .Hants  ..]•  J.omsiana.     About  three  vears  since,  noarh  on 

halt  of  tins  n.t,on    headed  by  their  ..hief;  the  m^trark,  .  n3d     . 

hethree    ;rkso(  the  Arkansas;  near  which,  and  on    ts  n.alh  lie 

h-T  established  a  vi  Inge,  whore  they  now  reside.     The  Little  o!,: 

formerly  res!,lod  on  the  southwest  side  of  the  Missouri,  near  the  mSl , 

oK.rand  river;  but,  being  reduced  by  conlinual  wurliire  with  their 

neighbors,  were  compelled  to  seek  the  i-rotection  of  ;h.  Groat  Osa  e 

near  whom  they  now  reside.  ''^^'o*^' 

K  VNSAs.-Tl;e  limits  of  the  country  they  claim  is  n.)t  kn<.wn.  The 
ooun  ry  in  whu  n  they  reside,  and  from  thence  to  the  Missouri  is  •, 
;iehghtful  one  and  generally  well  watered,  and  co....!  ;:^n;  ^eU 
•  •  't  timber;  they  hunt  to  the  upper  part  of  Kansas  and  Arknm:as 
■  luis;  Iheir  ,rado  may  be  expected  t.j  increase  with  proper  inana-o- 
mcnt  At  pr  sent  they  arc  a  dissolute,  lawless  banditti  :  Aequci^K- 
P  nu  er  th.ir  tmdc.rs  and  commit  depredations  on  persons  a.c^,^  ^ 
-aid  descendingnhe  Missouri  river ;  population  rathei-  incrca.ino-  The 
fCjople,as  well  as  the  Great  and  Little  Osayes,  are  .tationarv,  al  ,h 
tillages,  from  about  the  loth  of  March  to  the  l.jfh  of  iVIav  and 
•:>gam  irom  the  loth  of  August  to  th  >  1.5th  of  Octobor:  the  b  d-.n  - 
'!  !fv;  year  is  ai.propria'ed  to  !u!n!i.,g.     Tiny  cultivate  corn,  A-, 


i 


I 

j| 

ii 
i 


Ii()({ 


A  ;si  |■|•(,l•!.Ml;^T. 


Orroiis. — 'I'lu'Y  liiiv*^   no  idea  ol   mi  cmI 


foumry,  iior  (|i>  ilu-y  assij^n  tlieinaulv 
tlial  Ihcy  uiiiild  olijccl  U)  llir  iiilnuliicl 


IN   ,'iiiv  liniils. 


iisivi'  jxispicssiori  of  (iii\ 
(III  iiul  Iii'Im'vi' 


ii'U  (if  any  udl  (lis|t(is('(|  hniians; 
Kv  lival  llu'  iradirs  with  ics|.cct  and  Imspiialily,  ^rnnrally.  In 
uMi-  ocfiiimtions  of  liunlin.n  imtl  fullivalion,  they  im^  Ww.  sanic  wiih 


llic  Kansas  and  Osai'r.     'i'licy  limit  on  IIk!  Sal'iiK!  and  .Mniincl 


rivrrs,  and  west  ol    i 


law 


Hill   111  llic  plains 


(•  ((Uinti'v  111  wliK  li   Uii'v 


iiiiil  lK>s  wi'll;  It  is  cxtiviiicly  Icrliio  and  wril  watered;  that 


wlcicji  I 


loi'tlcrs  oil 


.\ 


iiiiineiiaw'  ami 


M 


issoiin 
1'. 


par;  m|  n 


"I  tinilicr;   |i.i|iulaii(iii  lallier  incri'asii 

iK'ar  tli(>  plare  u  Iiltc  (jji  Ir  villa<:c  is  siti'iatod,  and  an;  llu;  d 

ol"  the  iMissoiiiis. 


pos.M'sses  a  jrood   |iorti(iii 

riiny  have  always  resided 

I'seeiidani-; 


Mis.soi  lus 'riiese  are  the   reinnaiit  ol.'  ihe  i 


iulialfitiiin;  tlje  Missoiiii,  wlu  ii  (irst  k 


(•lent  and   principal  \ill,ii.'e  was  situated   ii 

plain,  on  ihe  luulh   hank  of  tlit;  Missouri,   jiisl  hejow  the 


Host  niiineroii     nation 


fiii- 


nowii  to  the  j-'rench.     Their 


1   an  extensive  and 


lie  ( 


iraiii 


U'rille 

entraiico  ol 
ri\er.      Ilepealed  allticks  ol"  the  sinall-pox,  t(j^ellier  wiih 


their  war  with  Ihe  Saiikees  and  Uenards,  have  induced  them  to  their 
present  state  ..|"  dependence  on  the  Olfoes,  with  whom  they  reside,  as 


we  I 


111   their    \  illa<i:e  as  on    iheir  liiintii 


vi(>w  tiiein  as  I  heir  mleriors,  am 

p(Mple  are   the   real   propiietiirs  of  an  extensive  and   le-rli 


lying  on  ihe  Mi-.- 
distance,  and  as   I 


lii,  excursions.     The  Olloes 
sonieliines  treat  tlieni  amiss.    These 

e  e.ounir\ 


>iiri,  al)oV(^  their  aiKnent   villa^v  lur  a  eoiisiderah 


iiw  as  the  mouth  ol   the  ( > 


I  he 


'sa!i:e  river,  and  th(nie 


ississipi.i. 


_  PanTas. — \\  iili  ri'-pcci   to  their  idea  of  the  possession  ul'soil,  it 
similar  to  thai  of  ihe  Oiloes.     They  hunt   on   ihe  south  side;  ol'  I 


IS 


iviver 


I'lall 


(lortioii.  of  this  count 


liii',lier  up,  and  on  tlu;  head  ol"  iIk;  Kan 


sas.      A  ureal  i) 


ro- 


l\'      IS     OjlCIl 


Ihains,  iiit(>rspersed,   hmvever,   wiiii 


th 


>ves  ol    limber,  wlucli  are  most  ^eiieraiiy  lomul  in  tlu;  vicinitv  ol' 
V.  waler-cotirses.      ||  is  o,.|„>rally  lerfik;  aiid  well  watered  :  lies  Ic'vei 


ami 


sioiie 


liev   Ii 


now  inhahit,  since  they  were  known  to  l| 
valuahle  one,  iVom   the   I; 


ive  resided   in   the  coiiiUry  \vhicli   ll 


le  willies. 


Tl 


le 


leir  trade  is 


they 


iuniisii  ;  and   i:  mav  he  exiiecli.  d  vet  to  i 


proportion  ol   Iseaver  and  (.iter  w  Inch 


iicreM.,(>,  as  tiiosc  ani- 


mals are  sliM  ahundaiit  m  their  eomitry.     The  |  eriods  ol"  iheir 


deiicu  at   their  viilaj,(>   and    luinti 


() 


saacs 


Tl 


are  similar  to  th(j  Ki 


resi- 


uisas  aim 


IIOSj) 


itabl. 


leir   po[)iilatioii    is   uicrcasuu 


Th 


lo  all  Willie 


•y  are   iricm 


iiy 


a  ill 


llieu-  iradcr:-,  with  whom  thev  are  i 


persons;   pay  great   respect   and  delerenen  tu 


d(4)t.- 


luiicui; 


111 


paymi^nt  ol  ll 


!(!  a  branch  ol  iho 


'aiiia 


I'axi AS  Ri'ihthmca ns — A 

lie\  are  tVecpieuily  termed,  the  /%  Patinch.     About  t( 
hey  withdrew  thenisolvc^s  Innii  tluj  mother  iia! 


n 


years  sinci- 


w 


lla 


tic  on  a 


iiirj;' 


iiorthwardlv  brancli 


ion,  and  est 


;ibli 


iiavo  mveu   name 


ilr'v  aicrward: 


ol   l!ie 


suudivuleil 


ansas,  to  wh 


sii'ii  a 
ch  thev 


nu 


llVO' 


parts  ol  th(U(iunfry  on  ilie  waters  ofKansas;  they  rejoined  the  I* 


ro 


pi  r  last  spni 


NVbai   has  1^ 


-'11   said  with  respi'ct  (o  the  I 


111  diliereiu 


una.- 


aiuns 


I  ^n'i'??>t\M.:N'r. 


mt 


'''•''I"-'-  IS    f.p|.lir:,|,|rn„  ,|„.    U,  .|,„l,|i.,,n  nV<T,  Vsh.rl,   H   ImML.T  Stor];,..! 

With  (iiiil)cr  (Ikiii  thai  Imiil.d  Uy  tlio  I'aiiia.s. 

I'vNiAs  J,„i  ,.s  OK  W  <,i.N  ,;.._'n„,s,.  aiv  also  a  l.iaii.-h  ..r  ih,.  I'u- 
•MJis  I  n.,K.r,^yhos<.|,aral..|   l),n„s-lv.s  nom  thai  i.alin,,  „.aiiv  vi.rs 

MM.Ns  ami  .•stahhsh.  (I  th<-ii.s(-lv(-.s  (.11  u  iH.rlh  hi-iitu'h  ..!•  Ih.' I!ivvr  I'lait.- 
'"Whirl,  th,.,r  nniur  was  nis.,  uivn  ;  ih-sr  ,„.„|,|,.  h:,vr  li!<,.u  isr  „„' 
H  •.■!  nl  an  ...xrhisiv,;  nirht  K,  any  porli.m  „r,hai  runiUrv.    TUry  huii. 
,    '  .<■  Wull   nv,.r  ahuv..  th.,,.  villa,^-,  an.l  ,.„  tl.    Kiwr  l'lal!./ah.,v.. 
u.    Ih  u(     hat  rtv.T.     This  .,H,.Urv  ,s  vry  Mi.nlar  to  that  of  -h. 
Kiv  ••■  I  amus    •ro,,or,  thnii^h  Uum-.;  is  an  .-M-iimvc.  h.Mlv  nf  (iai,!..,  -.wll 
'imhru-.l  lan-l  l-lwcn.  the  Wolf  riv,  r  h.lnw  Ih.ar  villau.=  a„.|  ,h.  \usrv 
•  ;"f,  .In  L,,.f,  or  |..||<|H.rn   riv.r.     Th-y  .•nltivatc  cm,  l,..aiis,  .Vc. 
i  l..>  part, Hilars  rclair.l  .,|  ,h...,th,.r  j'aniaH  uf..  als..  apphrahl-tn  th-ni. 
viAiiAs.—  I  hry-  liavc  ik.  idra  orcxcliisive  possession  of  soil,     \hoiir 
.(-'11  .V(_'ars  sine.,  ih.'y  hoasLd  .,rs.;vcn  huiidn'.l  wanLus      '''h.'v  liavc 
Hvod  in  a  vi  la^o,  „„  tho  ^vvst  hank  of  the  Missouri,  two  hmi.ln...l  and 
■hiity.siNmil(.sahovoth.Miioulh.ilMJioHivcTl'laU.,.,wh,.,vtli..yciillivri[.'d 
<•''^^lK.a,^s  and  rn(:l.)i,s:tli,.yu,:nMvarlikr,aii(lili(.  terror. .rili..irii.i.h. 
fwrs       In  Ih.!  smnm.  r  and  anlunin  of  ls(»;i,  they  weir-  visiK.'d  hv  the 
sinal  -pov,  which  re.hurd  their  nuinhcrs  to  soiu.ithin-  l<;ss  than  Ihree 
hun.lre.1:  th..y  hnrnt  ih-ir  villas.-,  aii.l  have  he<-o,ne  u  wan.l.-rii...  na- 
'i.)n,  deserted  hy  the  tra.lers,  and  tli.;  eonse-puMit  .l..(i<-ienev  oC  arms 
•■UKl  .•iiniuiinitiou  has  invited  fro.|nent  aoirressions  Iron,  th-ir  ii.M.d.bors, 
which  hav.3  l.mde,l   to  iv.lii.-..  th.'in  still  (iirther.     'i'h.^v  rovelirin.-i- 
paily  on  tli.;  w'alers  oflh  •  (iuiciiriv,  or  Uapi.l  riv.a-. 

I  oNCAits—Tlie  ivinnant  ..fa  nati..n  onco  respectuhle  in  point  of 
m.ml..|r,s.  I  hey  liuin.'rly  ■■esid.'.l  on  a  branch  ..f  the  |{o<l  river  oi' 
Lake  Vyiniiipie;  he.n-  oppress.xl  hy  the  Sicjiix,  tliev  reniov.l  to  the 
west  side  ol  the  Missouri,  on  l>..ncar  riv<-r,  where  tliVy  hnilt  and  fi,,- 
tilled  a  villag.-,  ami  icniaiiied  some  years:  hut  beinir  puiv,|,..d  |,y  tlieir 
ancient  .•n.'inies,  th.'  Sioux,  and  reduce.l  by  continual  wars,  th.'v  hav 
loiM.'d  aii.l  now  roid,,'  with  th.'  Mahas,  whos.-  laii-nane  they  speak. 

]{!,,,  ,.:s_A,v  th.'  ivniains  of  t.;ii  lai-..  tribes  ..ri^uiius,who  have 

boen  rc.aiced  by  ll,,;  sniall-pox  and  the  Sioux  to  th.;  pn.'sent  number. 

lli.-y  livv  111  foriihed  vil!a<4-.s,  and.  hunt  hnm.niiately  in  their  nei-.h- 

b.>rhoo.  .      I  he  .•oiinlry  ar..und  them,  in  .•very  dir.x-tion  Cr  s.'V.Tal 

i'i""l'v.l  miles,  IS  eiiLiivly  bare  of  timber,  excep't  on  tlu"  water-e.jurses 

and  steep  declivities  of  hills,  when;  it  is  sh.'lKn-ed  from  the  ravages  of 

fire.      I  h.;  land  is  tolerably  well  watered,  and  lies  well  li.r  cultivation 

I  lie  ivmams  ol   the  villaires  <,f  these  people  ar.Mo  be  seen  on  munv 

parts  of  ihe  Missouri,  from  the  moulh  of  Tetone  river  to  th<;  Mandans. 

I  hey  clami  no  land  except  that  on  win.  h  their  villa-j-es  slaii.|,ai!d  th.' 

ii.'l.ls  wl.i.di   llu.>y  cultivate.     The  'J'etons  claim  the  country  ai<.un<i 

!h.!ni.      I  hoy  arc  the  oldest  inhabitants,  and  mav  properly  be  ealle.i 

111-'  brm.'rs  or  tnmnfs  vt  will  of  that  lawless,  saVa-e,  and  rapa.-ions 

race,  the  Sioux  T.noiis,  who  rob  them  of  their  lioiCes,  plunder  theii' 

.iiar.iens  and  fields,  and  som.jlimes  murder  them  without  opposition. 

II  these  p(«oplo  were  freed  from  the  oppressicjn  of  the  Tetons,  their 

ira.lo  would  mcrccKje  rapidiv,  and  mi-ht  be  extende.l  to  a  onside-T, 


m 


ifi: 


tid- 


\  i*iii'i'i.i;,Mi;M'. 


mm 


>!<-•  mMoiuit.  n.r'v  i.mii.luii.  ,i  imrli.l  trade  uilli  tl,...ir  ,,|)|„v„su, . 
Mic  Jctoii^,  l(.  uliuin  they  i»:ulLT  iiorsrs,  imiks,  curn,  l,caiis,  uii.l  a 
.•s|jucica  ol  tobacco,  whidi  thcv  (niltivato ;  unci  ivceivc  in  rotmii  -.iiiis. 
••{""luinirioii,  kettles,  a.ves,  aii-l  <.tluT  artielu«  wliicli  the  Tetons  <^)laii, 
'I'Min  llie  ^  HiAibnu  of  tlie  X<.rtli,  and  «issatones,  wliu  trade;  vvitli  M.. 
Cameron,  <,n  tl,«;  lU\vr  St.  I'citcrs.  These  horses  and  i..id(.>s  iIh 
Kiears  ohlaiu  Irom  their  uesteru  nc'i..hhors,  who  visit  iheni  iVequenti^ 
•  '-»»■  the  iniTj '-  ■  I  i"!ra;!:"kin,n. 

^    MANDAj«s.~.i  i„  ,,  arc  the  most  IriemJlv,  wel[.(Hsi.o.se,l  Indians  in- 

iial)iuu.A  liie    ^llvM)Lll■l.      They  are  hrave,  humane,  and    hospitable. 

About   twenty.five  years  since  they  lived  in  six  villai-es,  ub.jiit  lorty 

miles  below  thou-  present  villages,  on  both  sides  oi'the  Missouri.    Re- 

iie.itcd  visitations  of  the -Muall-poA,  aided  bv  iVeijiieiit  attacks  of  the 

.^loiix,  have  reduix-d  them  to  their  present  number.     They  claim  no 

particular  tract  ol  country.     Th:y  live  in  li^tilied  viUa^es,  hunt  im- 

nKMiati.'iy  in  their  nei.irliborhood,  and  cultivate  wrn,  beans,  siuiashes, 

and  tobacco,  which  lorni  articles  of  tralilc  will,  their  neighbors,  the 

Vssinniboms;  thoy  also  barter  horses  with  th.;  Assiuniboiiis  for  ariin. 

■uiiimiiiitu.n,  axes,  kettles,  and  other  articles  of  European  manufuc 

iuie,  v.hich  these  last  obtain  from  the  British  esfablishm,  iits  on  the 

Vssmmbom  river.     The  articles  which  the^  thus  obtain  Ih^m  the  As- 

^iimibuMis,  and  the  British  traders  who  visit  tliem,  they  a.raiii  ev- 

'•h;inge  lor  horses  and  leather  tents  with  the  Crow  Indians,  Chyennev. 

A  etepahatoos,  Kiawas,  Kanenavieh,  Stacton,  and  Cataka,  who  visit 

iliem  occasionally  ibr  the  purj)ose  of  tralHc. 

AuwAjniAWAv.—They  diiler  but  very  little,  in  any  particular, 
iioni  the  Mandans,  their  neighbors,  exjcpt  in  the  unjust  war  which 
ihey,  as  well  as  the  Minetarcs,  prosecute  against  the  defenceless 
^nak('  Indians,  irons  which,  I  believe,  it  will  be  (liUlcuii  to  induce  them 
u^  desist.  1  hey  claim  to  havij  once  been  a  part  of  the  Crow  Indians, 
whom  they  still  acknowledge  as  relations.  They  have  resided  on  the 
\lis.souri  as  long  as  their  tradition  will  enable;  them  to  inlimn. 

AliAET.xjiKs.— Thoy  claim  no  particular  country,  nor  do  they  as- 
sign  themselves  any  limits:  (heir  tradition  relates  that  they  have  al- 
ways resided  at  their  preseni  village's.  In  their  customs,  manners, 
•ind  dispositions,  they  are  similar  to  the  Mandans  and  Ahwahha- 
-vays.  Iho  scarcity  of  fuel  induces  them  to  reside,  during  the  cold 
season,  in  large  bands,  in  camps,  on  diflerent  parts  of  the  Missouri,  as 
lugh  up  that  river  as  the. mouth  of  the  River  Vellow  Stone,  and  west 
ol  their  villages,  about  the  Turtle  mountain.  1  believe  that  these 
("-•ople,  as  w(>ll  as  the  Mandans  and  Ahwalilmwa\  s,  mi<rht  be  pre- 
vailed  on  to  remo\  e  to  the  mouth  of  Vellow  Stone  river,  provided  an 
esiatjlishmont  is  made  at  that  place.  They  have  as  yet  furnished 
scarcely  any  beaver,  although  the  country  thev  hunt  abounds  with 
iliem;  the  lodges  of  these  animals  arc  to  bo  seenVitliin  a  mile  of  thei-- 
Milages.  These  people  have  also  sufiered  considerably  by  the  small- 
pox,  but  have  successfully  resisted  the  attack-^  of  the  Sioux. 

Svi  KiKs  A.\D  Renakus,  OK  Foxks.—'I'Im 'sc  iiatioHs  are  so  per- 
fectly consolidated,  that  they  may,   in  tact,   be  considered  as  one 


i\.  «\)i'i'LEMi:.\r. 


""11  "Illy.   Thoy  .sj).-ak  tli.'.s.mio  liui-ua.iu  ;  f| 


'lif'onst  -idu  (,r  the  M 


lit'y  li>rn)cf!v  rcsidcl  un 


il'th 


>v  liver,  iVoiii  till!  (rioiifli  <>ftli(;  VV 


i^^sissippj,  a„il  still  .'hiiiii  fji..  1(111,1  ;,|,  iliat  -id 


oiistwtird  toward  1 


al;( 


M 


iscoiisin  to  the  iiliiiois  i 


ivfr,  and 


'111  not  iiiiomicd.    Thin-  also  claim,  I 


I'iii.unii;  Init  to  what  particular  hoiindarv.  I 


country  IM-Icjnninn.  t,j  )|,'( 
most  vuliialilo  portions  d' 
I'ifory  they  are  willimr  to 
I  •■•lit    of  it,    J  d 


)y  COIKjIlCSt,    fhu    Wholo    ol'llir 

aiiciciit  Missoiiris,  wliicli  |;.rins  (ri,,-.,!  iIk 
l'"iiisiana;  hut  what  proportion  ..f  jhis  icr- 
issii-ii  to  Ihc   Ayouways,  who  al-.o  claim  a 


wh  .  hvc  north  and  iiorlhw 

r 


o   not  kunw,   as  thoy   arc  at    war  with    :lio  fci 


est  o 


f  the 


Mtii 


,  <^\C('pt  the  >  aiikton  Aliiiah 


iH'ir  houndarics  in  that  .luartor  o.w  also  imdeliiipd  :  ll 

"vomo  much  more  valuahjo  if  peace  wrts  csfablidi-.d  het 


leir  trade  would 


iind  the  nations  west  ol'the  M 


population,  has  remained  i.carlv  il 


an  abundance  of 


'•oni,  lieans,  and  melons:  the\ 


ueen  ihe.n 
Willi  wiiom  tli(;y  are  at  war;  tin 
aine  for  many  years;  thev  rai.M' 


ssouri,  with  whom  th(;v 


sfiinelimes   h 


he  country  west  ..I  them,  towar.ls  the  Missonri-;  !„„  their  nrincieal 
minting  is  on  both  mdes  of  ,1...  Mississippi,  from  the  n-  ut  ' 

Wivonsm  to   he  mo„,h  of  the  Illinois   riu'r.     These  peonk  ar.      x 

remely  Inendly  to  the  whites,  and  seldom  injure  thei    7      er   •    >'; 

iney  air    at  w-ai.      jo  iheui  is  justly  attributed  the  almost  entin.  ,1,. 
^n,ctK.n  of  the   Missouris,  the  ,||ni,,  (■„,,,,,,,  S^da  I!  a!;.; 

VyAPATON,.>~(  'laim   the  counlry  in  whieh  they  r.,v..  ,.,,  the  uorlh 
west^sKleof  fheU.verS,.  I'eters,  Iron,  their  villa,,  •  to  thl    m™  h     f 
the  (  Inppeway  river,  and  thence  northeastwardl)  -owards  the  head 
of     he  Mississii  •  ,,  m.^hidino   the  Crow-win-r  rive/.     'I'heir  I-  i  d- 
ert  e  and  ,en...  ,dly  w.ll  timbered.     TheAre  only  stllti!  .an  i  h 

r'Vu'  ''H^  V/,?"V  ^^hi*^''  i«  '■'•»"•  <1"^  l^^T^'nnini,^  of  (^,0!,' 
"the  last  ol  March.     Their  trade  is  supposed  to  be  at  its^nvates,  ex- 
tent.      I  hey  treat  their  traders  with  respect,  and  seldom  at!em„l   to 
I'ol)  them.     This,  as  well  as  other  Sioux  ban.ls,  ac.s,  in  all  re       , 
as  mdepe  idently  ol  each  other  as  if  they  were  a  distinct  nation. 

MiNOA  WAKe.vuTON.-Tlus  is  the  only  banri  of . Sioux  that  ••ullivate- 
corn,  beans,  &c.;  and  these  even  cannot  pn.perly  l,e  termed  a  sia- 
-nm-y  people.  They  live  ui  unU  of  <lressid  leather,  whi..h  the  - 
transport  by  means  of  iiorses  and  dogs,  and  ramble  from  plar-e  ti- 
place  dunngtie  greater  part  of  the  year.  They  are  frien.llvt..  their 
mders,  but  the  inveterate  enemies  to  sucu  as'supply  their  r.iemies, 
the  (d„ppew_ays,  with  merelianrh.se.  Thev  also  claim  the  coimtrv  in 
which  they  hunt,  commencing  at  the  entrance  of  the  River  .-t.  Peters 

Z  tfTl"°r"^'''^'''''""  b.thsidesof,he   Mississippi   river,  to  th.' 
moutii  ol  tlie  (row-  river. 

Waupacoota.— They  rove  in  the  country  southwest  of  ilu;  River 
Nt.  J  cters,  Irom  a  plac  '-ailed  the  Hanhrood,  to  the  mouth  of  Yel- 
ow  Medicine  river;  never  stationary  but  when  tlieii'  tradf-rs  are  with 
them,  and  this  docs  not  happen  at  any  r.^ular  or  fi.xed  ixnnt.  A, 
pirsent  they  treat  traders  tolerably  Mell.  Their  trade  eati'iot  be  ov. 
peeled  to  increa.se  much. 


».l(t 


\  >l  I' I' I, i:\ir. NT. 


Sis>.vT(.M>. — 'l']u\  cUiiii  iliiM iiirv  III  wlih'li  they  n»vo,cinl(m(  • 

lUg  il.f  ((|,i...r  |M.i-tiun.  o|' tl,,.  Uf(i  riv.T,  (.r  h;ik.'  Wwinipio,  iiiid  Si. 
I'fU-r^;  It  m  a  UmA  cuuiiin,  uiLTscctfil  willi  iiiHiiy  '^miill  lalics ;  iIk- 
IuikI  is  liitili  ,-111.1  livr  (.I'sidiic;  tlip  iiinjorily  (.l"it  Apcii  piniiis.  This 
<  iMiiiiry  alM.imds  ukuv  hi  valiiahlr  liir  iinininls,  hoavor,  otfer,  and  niai- 
liii,  than  any  iMirtimi  nf  Lmipsiaiia  yd  kiuiwii.  Tliis  ciivunHtaiKT 
•  I'm  iiislicH  liic  iSi.s.salniics  witli  (he  means  ol"  |iiirfluisiiiy  nidrf  rncr- 
clinndisr,  lii  |»r.)|.(.i'ii.,ii  to  ilicir  niiinlx-r,  Ihaii  any  nalinn  in  this  ,n,jtr- 
I'  I.  A  yrcat  jirnporiioii  i,r  ihis  niciTliandis.'  i,^  reserved  Uy  tli«  in  liu 
Iluir  ti'adf  widi  tlic  Ti'Lins,  w  Ikuti  liny  auimally  incct  at  muhk!  jKiini 
jircviMiisly  a;.i:ivcd  ..n,ii|.<iii  ilic  waters  niMaincs  'nvHr,  in  llio  mniifli  n\ 
May.  Tins  Indian  liiir  is  rivi|ncntlv  atti'iidcd  hv  lli"  \  anlvl-.iis  o, 
liic  i\(Mlli  and  Aluiali. 

Vankt(.\s  or  Till:  .Noktm.— Tliis  liand,  allliniin;li  tli.'v  ijiircliasc  a. 
siiiallt.-r  i|u;uitity  orinoivliandis(!  than  tlio  Sissaloiirs,  still  a|.i)ni|.riat'j 
a  cmsidi  rai>l('  itniiioriioii  ot'wiial  tlicy  do  dhtaiii  in  a  similar  maiUM-r 
niih  tlial  iiU'iUion(.'d(.rihcSissaiuiii-i.  'I'liis  trade,  as  small  as  it  may 
apiicar,  has  boon  sntKrienI  ic  r.  iid.a-  the  Tetons  inde|iendeni  oi"  the 
iiadei.riiu'  Missouri,  in  a  ^reat  iiieasure,  and  has  rnrnishcd  l:lK'm 
with  the  means,  not  only  of  dislre'ssiiiii;  and  |i'underin^f  the  traders  of 
the  Missouri,  but  also  ul'  |iliiiidi!riii^  an<i  ina>sacn mn;  the  delenciilosw 
.vavai^es  oftlu;  Missouri,  Irom  tlu;  moulhuCilie  river  |Ti  the  Min, lares, 
and  west  to  the  liocky  mountains. 

Vanktons  Aunaii.— 'I'hese  are  tin-  Ix  s!  dls(.nsed  Sioux  who  rove 
on  th(,'  itanksofthr  Missouri,  and  these  even  will  not  sailer  any  trad(jr 
to  asr.  lul  the  river,  if  they  can  possibly  avoid  if:,  they  have;,  hereto- 
il>re,  invariably  arrested  the.  projiress  of  all  those  they  have  met  with, 
and  'teiu'raliv  rompelled  them  to  trade;  at  tho  prices,  n(<arly,  whidi 
they  themselves  think  proper  to  (ix  on  their  inerehandise  :  they  seldom 
commit  any  further  acts  of  violence  on  the  whites.  They  some- 
times visit  the  River  Demtiin,  where  a  partial  tivule  has  heeii  carried 
on  with  tliem,  lor  a  lew  years  |)ast,  by  a  .Mr.  ( 'rawlord.  Their  trade, 
iTwell  regulated,  might  bo  extremely  valuable. 

Ti:r(.Ns  1?ois  {{rt-m:— Tktons  (')kanuandas— Tktons  Sahoni;. 
— 'I'lies(;  are  the  vilest  miscreants  of  the  savage  race,  and  must  ever 
remain  the  [urates  of  the  Missouri,  until  such'  mea^;!l•es  are  pursued 
b>  nur  government  as  will  make  them  ll'ol  a  dependence!  on  its  will 
li.r  their  supply  ()f  merchandise,  lailess  those  ])eople  aro  nnJuced  to 
orilfM-.  by  c(HM\'ive  measures,  I  am  ready  to  pronounce  that  the  citir 
z(Mis  ofihe  Iniied  Stales  can  never  enjoy  but  partially  the  advantages 
which  the  Missouri  presents.  Relying  on  a  reuular' .-upply  of  mer- 
cjiandise,  through  tlic;  cliann.;!  of  the  Iliver  St.  Peters,  they  View  with 
contempt  the  merchants  of  the  Missouri,  whom  thev  never  tail  to  ' 
plunder,  when  in  their  power.  Persuasion  or  advice,  wilii  them,  is 
viewed  as  supplication,  and  only  tends  to  inspire  them  witii  contempt 
for  those  who  olfer  either.  The  lameness  with  which  the  traders  of 
Missouri  have  heretofore  submitted  to  tlieir  rapacity,  has  tended  not  a 
little  to  inspire  them  with  contempt  Ibr  the  white  persons  who  visit 
(hem  through  that  clianncl.     A  pn'valent  idea  among  them,  and  one 


A    SII'IM.KJIIONT. 


nil 


^vliich  l!j.-y  iiiakf  tl.r  nikr  ..f  t|i.-ir  .•..n.liir-t,  is.  ii,;u  th-  tunr.  ,11  (|„.v 
invif  the  iri.lcrs,  Iho  jrr,,,t<T  (|.miitify  »i'  mcivliMiidis.-  ihcv  ,vill  l.riiiu 
'("■in,  .MKl  lliiit  tli<  V  will  thus  ol.lHiii  the  urtj.-l.'H  th(*y  wish  wi  l«'ftrr 
'<-niH.  I  hey  U-Avr  «Mi(lci.v..rf.i  t.)  iiispiiv  Ihf  llicars  with  simihr 
sonfiincnts,  Imk,  h(i|.|Mly,  williMut  niiy  (•.•usi.l.Tjil.l..  clKrl.  Thcv 
'  inin.,  jnmtly  will,  ih-  .,tl,.-r  ha.,,!  n\-  i|,u  .Si„„x,  all  ,|„.  ...nmtrv  lyir.-' 
vnthu,  Ih-   ,ul|uw„u.   limiis,  vl/..,  l„.Mi,n.in-  al   ih, nflu.-ihv" ./ tl," 

)-MUM.,  aiMlAJississipiM;  Ih,.,,,.,.  u|.  ll„.  u,.st  .  m|..  ,.r  ,|„.  Alis.si.si.mi  to 
""•  '.""iith  ..I  Hi..  .Sf.  IN.u.rs  i-iv.-r;  th..,,..,.  ,„,  |„„|,  si,|,.s  .,r  t|,„  \Iis^i.s. 
si|.pi  I..  tl,(Ma.,„th  ..rCruw  W  in,,.  ,iv..,',  ...pI  iipuaivl ,  \v,tl,  (hai  sin.aMi. 
infhKhnu  thn  wnlcrs  uCtJ,,.  ui.pcr  |K„.|i,„.  ..f  U,.,|  ,iv..r,  ,,r  (.ak-  Wii,. 
iii|.if,  and  ,l,mii  Hi,:  .sumo  nrarly  t,.  I',.nil..  ua,.  .-iv,.,. ;  i|„.nf.,.  a  .oiiih. 
w-stcry  c.ui.sc  tn  nifcrsrvtihr.  AlissoM.-i  al  ..,•  n.ai'  Hi,.  Man.lans  and 
•Ailh  that  sti-eam  d.nvnwardH  I..  Hi.'  ..ntraii,',.  ..f  th..  VVaiTtvunac 
<;rc<'.<;  ilKiic,  |,assiii,M  t|„.  Missom-i  it  ..r,„.,s  t,,  inrlial,.  the  |,.svci-  |,„r. 
Unnol  H,(:  ItivnrC.'hyiuui.!,  allthc  wat.aN,.!'  VVhii,.  riv.r  nn.i  li'vf,- 
Ictoii;  nifhidesthc  h.w,.,-  jxirtion  of  (ho  Uiv..iMini..nrr('.  and  rHnrii. 
In  tiir  Mis.->,in,  and  with  that  stn.ain  downwards  i..  \h-  niouHi  ni' 
Wappidon  nvcr,  and  Hi«;iic(j  oastv-ardlv  t,.  iiitfjrsorl  ih,.  Mississii.i.i  •,■ 
the  hoffinniny;.  '  i  i    ■  ■ 

('irv,v.\,\i:s.— Thoy  arc  tho  remiiiuil  ol"  a  nation  onro  ro-spectahlf 
in  l»'>:iit  •»!  nuinhcr:  i;.r..i,.rly  n'sid.-d  on  a  hranch  of  the;  Ucl  nv..r  ,.!• 
Lnia-  \Vn)uipi<.,  winch  still  h,.ar>;  their  name.  iJf.ing  .mprcsse.l  hy 
Hie  Sioi!-.,  Hi(,'y  roinovcl  i,.  tl„.  west  side  of  the  .Missouri,  about  lilWn 
nnles  i).,.|,.w  the  mouth  ..f  W.rreciinno  creek,  where  they  l)Milt  and 
fortihe.!  a  village,  hui  bcini.;  pui'sned  bv  their  aiu^ient  enemies,  th,. 
Jmoux,  they  fled  to  the  Hluck  Hills,  about  the  he-ad  of  the  (Jhyanne 
rivci-,  whe,,  thoy  wander  in  que  it  of  the  Ruflid<.,  havinir  n„  fixe.l 
rcsidcnec.     They  do  not  eultivale. 

VVktei>aiiatoi.;s — Thoy  are  a  wandering  nation,  inhabit  an  open 
country,  and  raise  u  great  number  of  horses,  whieh  Hiey  barter  to  the 
Ricars,  iMandans,  (fee.,  for  articles  oC  lOuropeaii  manufacture.  'I'hey 
are  a  well  disposed  people,  and  might  be  readilv  induced  to 'visit  tlie 
trading  establishments  on  the  Missouri.  Fronj  the  animals  their 
country  produces,  their  trade  would,  no  doubt,  become  valuable. 

DoT.v.MKs.— The  inlbrmation  I  possess  with  respect  to  this  nation, 
IS  derived  from  Indian  information  :  they  are  said  to  bo  a  wanderin.r 
nation,  inhabiting  an  open  country,  and  "wIkj  raise  a  great  number  o[' 
lifu-ses  and  mules.  They  are  a  friendly,  well-disposed  people,  and 
might,  from  the  position  of  their  country,  be  easily  induced  to  visit  an 
establishment  on' the  Missouri,  ai)out  the  mouth  of  Chyannc  river. 
'I'hey  have  not,  as  yet,  visited  the  Missouri. 

Castaiiana. — What  has  been  said  of  the  Dotames  Is  applicable  to 
these  people,  except  tliat  they  trade'  [)riaci|)ally  w^i  the  Crow  Indians, 
and  tliey  would  most  probably  prefer  visiting^n  establishment  on 
the  Yellow  Stone  river,  or  at  its  mouth  on  the  Missouri. 

Crow  Indians — Those  people  are  divided  into  four  bands,  called 
by  themselves  Ahah-ar-ro-pir-no-pah,Noo.taa,Pa-rees-car,  and  E-hart- 
sar.     Thov  annually  visit  the  Mandans,  Minetares,  and  Ahwahhawavs, 


ill 


I 


■J4 


6112 


A    Sri'ri.KMF.NT, 


Jo   whom   they   hartor    h(ir,s( 

arliclcs  of  iiidifiii  .■i|)ii;ircl.  (or  \\h\rh  llir\ 


immitiiih-  ;i\c.s. 


VV 

IVu. 


icitic 


iiwls. 


It'll  I 
iicli 


;1  S 


S,      IIIUU'S,      Ic'ltMlT      ln(|(r(\s,     011(1      lll.'llii. 

receive  ill  return  jj,iiiih,  am- 
uid   (ilhei-    lMiro|)eaii    mamiliic-tiircs. 

isiled   by  lh( 


ley  refiirii   (o   ihcii-  (•duiilrx ,  lliey  aie   in   imii  v 


lliev  ha.ve  ohlaiued 


iKike  Indians,  t.)  wlinm   Miev  liaiter  nidst  of  llic  ariicli 


nudes,  of  whicli   ihnsr  nalioiis  havi 


ii'"iii  llie  iialioiis  on  llie   Missdiiri.  lur  h 


selves. 


Tl 


ie\'  also  o| 


•lain  ol 


liie  Snake  liidiiuis  lu 


lorses  and 
ler  a!iiindaiicc  than  them- 


k<!ts,  and  some  other  ai'licks  whieh  lliose  I 
^'paniards. 


idle-liiis,  and  hlaii- 


ndians  niirrliase  I 


roni  llie 


AI'ACII    ImiIAAS. 


lieir  eoinitrv  is  a  variei/aled 


nafion. 

valles  s. 


I)"   iiuhiced    It)  visil    Ilie   iMi 


lire  said  lo  he  a  peaetviljle,  \ve||.dis[iosed 


one,  consisliii":  ol   nioinilaiii- 


river 


and 


"lams,  jiiiil  \yoo,llaiids,  invniilarly  inte'isiiersed.     Tliey  nii.-jlii 
'iiiri,  at   Ihe   nioiilh  of  llie   ^■e||w\^  Sloi 


Ironi   llie   "real 


'leir  eciinlrv 


well 


al)Uii(!aiice  o(  valnahle  liir  aiiini 


llial   of  tile  ( 'row  li 


le 
lis  uliieh 


Tl 


irnde  must   ')efoni(>  (•.\frein"l\   valiiahh 
and  ltav(!  no  idea  ofexelusivo"  rioht  |,,  il,c  soil 
M.   1\Jankt(m>\— ( )si:i:.:  mi  —  Maiitoi'anato- 
dp 


idiaiis,   produces,   (jicii 


lev  are  a  ro\iii' 


iieonli' 


UV 


XSSINNIHO  A?>,.- 


io_  dPsceiideiils   of  il,..  Sioux,   and   parlakr   of  ihcir   nirhidenl 
ss   (lis!)osilioii:   ilicy    (re(|ueiilly    plunder,   and   somclime^ 


and   liiithli 


murder  Ipeir  own   Ira 


ders. 


rallv 


1. 


noun   was  honowed   Ironi   tht^  ("i 


le  name  iiy  \\liiidi  lliis  nation  i^;  tieiie- 


//) 


iippewavs,    who  call    Ihem 


.v.v///////>e(r,7,  whudi,   lil<rally  Iraiislale.l,  is  S/onr  Sioux,  hence  tli 
name  ol    Sioih:    Indians,  hy  which   ihey  are  sumelinKs  call 
•oimtry  ui  which  they  rove  is  almost  ('ntirely  uncov.'red  will 


e<l 


le 


lios  e.\lreiiic!y  level,  and   is  hnl    badly  wat 


Tl 

1  limber. 


■nul,    however,   is  tolerably   Ibrti!  ,   „ 

riiey  minhi    be  induced  to  irade  at'llie  Kiver  \v\Uas  'sione;"buri 
lot  think  that  iheir  Irado  promises   much.     Tl 

leso  bands,  like  ihe  Sionx,  act  rnlirely  iiide] 


)Ul  ll 


le  same 


'•ut  of  each  oilier,  alfliounh  thi 
make  war  on  each  other. 


<n-ed   m   many  parts  ;  the 
Hid   iinencnmbered   nilh   stone. 

do 

leir  immbers  continue 

)end- 

it\ ,  and  never 


y  claim  a  national  ailiii 


Cm 


I'PKWAYs  or  J,i:,\' II  l;VKi;. — (' 


ol    the   i\lississii) 

source,  and  e.\ 

the  Sioux,  Avith  whom  th( 


aim  Ihe  counlry 


•pi,   Ironi   the  nioulli   ol'  ihe  Crow  W 


on  bulb  side 


tend 


mir  river  to  it- 


II  lU" 


west  of  the  .Mississijipi  (o  the  lamis  claimed  b\ 


east  of  the  Mi 


y  contend  for  dominion.     Th 


meli 


ssissippi,the  eonntry  rxlpudin-j;  as  litr  as  Lake  Si 


idiiii;'  Ihe  waters  of  tlu;  St.  J. 

veird  with  limber  generally,  lies  level,  and 
considerabi 


ey  claim,  also. 


inerior 


-oui.s.     This  count rv 

ij;eiierallv  i'ertile,  Ihou-'h 


Ihi 


CKl\-  C(i. 


morasses  and  s 


e  portion  ol  it  is  intersected  and  brokm  uii  by  small 


;niall 


swamps,  partiriilarly  about  the  1 


sissippi  and  River  Si.  Louis.     Thev  <1 


leads  o 


Ihe  i\l 


laues. 


is- 


pallv  on  llie  wild  r 


tiordi 


■r.s  of  L( 


•lee,  which  Ihey  procure  in  "real  al 


lo  not  eultivaUs  but  live  priiici- 


iich  Lake,  and  Ihe  banks  of  the  ^\ 


nindance  on  ll 


issi.-sippi. 
iiim  iIk;  counlry  about  Ued  Lake 


(^Hii'i'KAVAVs  OF  Red  Laki;.— (  .,., 

ami  Red  Lake  river,  as  far  as  the  lied 

which  last  river  they  eontend  with  the  Sioux  Ibr  territoi 

generally  thickly  covered  with  'timber,  iuter^ 


river  of  Lake  Wiiinipie,  beyond 


low  level  epuntrv,  and 


-)\\. 


IIS  IS 


A.    hll'lM.K.M  l,.N- 


(ii; 


,  ani- 
11  res. 
y  111! 

iiclcs 

anil 

lidii- 


Hi- 
ll !llc 


aiiis. 

li;'jlll 

ildlic 
llich 

fhcii 


I  Ion  I 
iiif'> 

CIlC- 
llC'iU 

til.' 
'I'Ih- 

tlH> 
Ulc. 


llllf 
•11(1. 


vcr 


in 

so. 


rii|'li'il  \ulli  mail),  swaiiiiis  ami  iiii 
'      .|-(!|- 


'I.  Iiis,  as  U(;ll  as  i\\<:  oiJi 


'>aii.ls  ol   (  liipiic'wuys,  arc  cslcciiic,!  t||c  Lcs;  ImnliT,,  of  lli 


•ouiKry;  hill  i\\nn  IIk;  loii'.i,-  rcsidcijconj'lliis  I 
HOW  iiiliabil,  name   is  hccoiiiiiiL'- 


110llll\S(l>s( 


laiiii  111  tlic  coiiiitry  llicy 


:carci! 


|>os('(l  lo  |)(!  ill  lis  i.n-(;iilcsl  rxlijiil 


lui-fluiT,  llicir  trailc  i.' 


Sllll- 


Ok  Uni;i{  l'|.;.>iiii:\.\. — 'riicsc   p 


•iili;  oftlic  iMississi|i|)i,  al  S 


'  oiii|)aiiv  to   remove,  alimil   r 

rii 


leojiic  ioriiii:|-ly  resided  oii  ihe  easi 
mil  lake,  Iml  were  induced  l>v  liic  Xorlliucsl 


vo  ye:u-s  since,  lo  the,   liiver   I'einhciia. 


y  do  not  claim   ihe   Ijuids  on  whicii  Ijiey  liiiiiU     '1 


ievol   and   Ihe  soil   "-ood.     'I.'l 


wrs\.  side  of  rhe   riv 


\n:  (^iiiiifry  is 


lii'uiries  or  open  |)!aiiis;  on  the  cast  side  ih 


er   IS    |)riliei|),illv 


il  tiinl 


ei'e   IS   U 


aler 


n-i'. 


Ii(;ir  trade  a!  uresenl  is  a  ver\' 


I' 
l»i'o|i'irlioii 


Al-CONUIMAS   1)1'    IvAIW     J.AKi;. ()| 


aiualjle  oiu- 


hoy  claim,  I  am  iioi 
mall  parlies.     Ti 


he  |)recise   limits  of  coiiiiirv 


IHlormed.        I  hey  liy,-    v,'rv  lllllch    (jelachod,  ill 


If  has  hfMMi  much   hunted,  and  I 


coiinlry  they  iiihahit  is   l)iit  an  iiidii; 


erent  ouo 


le  uame  o: 


coiirsc;  nearly  c.\liaiis!cu. 
ley  an;  well  di~^|)n.rd  towards  the  whites.     Tin  ir  iiiimher  is  said  to 


<iccrc(ise 


Ol-   1'okt.u;k    I)i:    ri-Muii: — 'I'he.e    people    iuhahil   a   low,   liat, 


marshy  coiiiilr\,  mosdv  covered  wiih  lim' 
TI 


)•  r,  and  \vil  sloclu.-d  with 
^ainc.      lliey  are  ciniuraiits   iVom  llic   Lake  o\'  the  Woods  and  the 


<-oiiiilry  (!ast  ol'  it,   who  were   iiilrodiiced 


.Vorll 


,  some   years  since,   hy  the; 


nvesi  traders,  in  order  to  huiil  Ihe  country" oil  the  I 


lied   river,  which   then   ah  mi 


:iiiil 


ower  [larls  ol 
i<l:;:l   111  a  variel\-  ol"  animals  oflh"   llir 


(  'Ul{ii'l',.\()l'o. 'I'hey  ai' 


y  arc  a  waudennir  natimi ;  d 


aim  any  parln'iilar  tract  ol'  count 


leir  tiM'li'i's  Willi 


wards  lln'  whiles,  and  treat,  I 
ill  which  Ih.'y  rovi;  is  gcnu.'rully  o| 
ti(;iilarly  about  lii.;  head  of  llu;  Assin 
l<jleral)ly  W(;il    liiriiished  with  t 


o  not  ciiliivate,  nor 
'iiey   are  weli-disposcd  lo- 


'l\ 


)eii  plums,  hut  ill  some   parts,  p: 


le  coiiiiirv 


ir- 


tiiuunlaiiis,  io   whic'i   the 


iiihom  river;   it  i.-;  mar.diy  and 
imuer,  as  are   also  the   Fort   iJoiinhin 


y  sometimi.'s   res, id.      From  the  (iiiaiil 


itv  ol 


I'lii.^h   more  of  ilial  artic 


beaver  in  their  (country,  they  oujdit  lo   11; 
than  they  do  at  present. 

Aliatanis  S.naki;   (xdiains. — 'i"he.,(.;  are  a 
poseir|)eoplc,  inhabiliu^  a  woody  and  iiioiiiilaiiioiis  counlry  ;  they  are 
divided  into  three  laria;  Irihi-s,  who  wander 


iiiuucrous  and  weil-dis- 


Iroiii  each  other,  and  are  called  by  lli  ■ui.- 


11.  a.  courtiuerable  dislaiice 


iVe,:    ,-)0-SO-lia,   Si 


■llKl 


lia-kar.     These  are  a;;i,aiii  subdivided   in'  i  smaller  t 


)-s(i-!)iil)ar, 


loai'ii   mile 


I  lev  raise 


peiideni  bands,  Ihe  names  of  which  I  liavi;  m.L  yi  t  learned;  i.,    

a  number  ,,f  horses  and  mules,  which  they  trail';  with  ihe  Crow  [u- 
diaiis,  or  are  stokfii  by  tlus  iiatioi.s  to  the  ea,,i  of  them.  Tlu'v  main. 
lain  a  partial  trade  with  the  S|)ania 


articles  oi  ( 


l.oti 


Or 
d 


W 


11  IK  vviosr.— 


nis,  irom  wliom  they  ohi.iui  many 
iin^  and  )ronm(,'iiii,ery,  but  no  warlike  ini|)lemeiits. 

lese  pe()i)lc  also  inhabit  a  mountainous  coiintrv, 


iiiid    sometimes  veii'ure   in  the   [ilaiiis  east  o 
about  tin;   head  of  the  Arkan.sas   river. 


f  die   Kocky  Mountain^ 


'I'liey  have  no  i 


ourse  with  the  Spaniards  of  iNevv  Mexico  than  the  Snake  Ind 
ey  aw  said  to  he  very  nutiiorous  and  warlike,  but  are  badly  unned. 


'J'h 


nori!  mter- 


laus. 


! 


614 


A    SUPPLEMENT, 


n.u  Spaniards  (car  tho.e  people,  and  theroforo  take  the  precaution  not 
to  luriiish  then  with  any  warlike  implements.  In  their  present  nn- 
nrmed  stale,   (|,ey   hvqueutly  commit  hostilities  on    tlie    Spaniards 

I  hey  raise  ;i  oivat  many  horses. 

1-v  I'f.AVDs— They  inhabit  the  rich  i)lains,  iVoin  the  head  of  the 
Arkansas,  ombracinn-  the  heads  of  Red  river,  and  extendin-  with  the 
Munintains  and   high  lamis  eastwardly  as  far  as  known  towards  the 

<ull  o/  Ale.xico.  I'hey  possess  no  fire-arms,  but  are  warlike  and 
iirave.      '  '■"■ -    ^         n 


Thci 


Kiev  are,  as  well  as  the  other  Aliatans,  a  wanderin-r  people, 
r  country  abounds  in  wild  horses,  Ix^sido  oreat  numbers  which 
...ey  raise  themselves.     These  people,  and  the  West  Aliatans,  mioht 
k-  nulucod  to  trade  Nvith  us  on  the  upper  part  ofthc  Arkansas  riven 

1  VNIA  1  iQUE.— fhese  people  have  no  intercourse  with  the  iiihabi- 
»<''iit.  ol  the  Ilhnois;  the  inn^rmation,  therefore,  which  1  have  been 
enal.ied  to  obtain  with  respect  to  them,  is  verv  imperfect.  They 
ucre  (ormerly  known  by  the  name  of  the  White  I'aiiias,  and  are  of 
'I'f'  fnmdy  With  the  Pai.ia.,  of  the  Hiver  Platte.  They  are  said  to  he 
a  v. H, -disposed  people,  and  inhabit  a  verv  fertile  country ;  certain  if 
'>,  t^li-.;  they  enjoy  a  delightful  climate. 

I'Aix^e.vs.— This  once   powerful  nnilon  has,  apparently,  eiuii>>jlv' 
•iisappearcd;  every  inquiry  I  have  made  after  them  has  pn.ved  inef- 
ectual.     In  the  year  1774  they  rcsi.led  in  several  villatres  on  the 
ii'.ifi  ni   the  Kansas  river,  and  could,  at  that  time,  brinir  upwards  of 
wo  thousand  men  mlo  the  held.     (See  Monsiem-  Dupral/'  ffislorv  oi" 
l^nuis'ana,  paoe71,and  the  map  attached  to  that  work.)     The' in- 
I'Tination  that  (  have  received  is,  that  being  oppressed  by  the  nations 
-'■siflmg  on  the     'rssouri,  they  removed  to  the  upper  pait  ofthe  River 
I  atte,  where  the)-  afterwards  had  but  liitlo  intercourse  with  th<;  whites 
Ihey  wem  to  have  oiv(^n  name  to  the  northern  branch  of  the  river 
^v\ucn  is  stil   callcMl  the  I'aducas  I'ork.     The  most  probable  conier. 
lure  is,_that  being  still  fmihe,-  reduced,  il.ev  have  divi.ied  into  small 
waiKlenni:  bands,  which   assumed  the  names  of  the  sub-.livisions  r,f 
Jie  1  aducas  nation,  aud  are  known  to  us  at   present   un.ler  the  apnel- 
.^'finuo;    Wefepalmtoes,  Kiawas.  Ka,..:  • . ish,  Katfeka,  Dotame,  &c., 
Mb  .  SI,!)   uihabif  th-  nouiury  to  whi=M  t  h-  Padiicas  are  said  to  have 
reiu()\'efl. 


onSKRVAI'iON^ 

Made  in  a  Voyaor,  commencing  al  St.  Cat/nrinr's  Lnndinu',  on  tlic 
'Zjili'U''''  '^^'■'"■'■'^'PP'^  m-occcdin':  downinurh  to  the  month 
of  fh'-  hrd  lijra;  and  from  thcnrc  asc,ndin<r  that  rii^er,  «.v  hi<rh 
r^  the  I  fat  Spnng.s,  i,,  the  prcvimit,/  of  the  Inst  mentioned  Ritrr. 
h.xtracted  from  the  Jorrnah:  of  William  Dinhar,  I'Jso  .  and  Dr 
Hmttcr.  '  "  ' 


Mr.  Dunbar,  Dr.  Hunter,  and  the  pnrtv  employed  bv  the  LInited 
stales  to  niake  a  surv(-y  of,  and  exploit;  the  country  traversed  by  tlu,' 


A    Si  I'PL,I-MKNT. 


01/ 


U;is),ita  nvrr,  |,-|i  Sf.  ( "atl.orin--s  l:m,linir,  on  the  Ali.ssissippi,  in  lali. 
'M'le  :{1,  -Mi,  ;io,  i\.,  and  Kui-itnd,,.  (jh,r,,  oli,  \V.  irom  tho  inoridkui 
ot  Urneiiwicli,  on  Tuesday,  the  Kith  of  October,  In-IO.     A  littlr  dis- 
t|inc(,  lx;lowSt.  Catlu.riun'.s  creek,  and  five  leugue.s  iVon.  Natchez, 
hey  passed   I  lie  White  (JHirs,  composed   chieHy  of  sand,  sunnounled 
'jy  pnie,  and  h'oni  one  hundred  to  two  hundn.'d  leet  hi<rh.      Wlien  the 
waters  ol  th(;  Mississippi  arc  low,  the  base  oC  the  cHir  is  uncovered' 
winch   eonsisls  „f  diilbrent  colored   clavs,  and  some   beds  of  ochre 
over  winch   flier.,  lies,  in  sonic  places,  a  lliin  lamina  of  iron  ore' 
bniall  sprniLrs,  possessing  u  petriiyino;  ,,nality,  fluw  over  the  clay  and 
ocin-(-,  and  nunien;us  logs  and  piece;  of  timber,  converted  into  stone, 
are  strewed  about  the  b.;ach.     1 'ine  T)ure  argil  ol'  various  colors.  chieH v 
white  and  red,  is  jiunid  here.  '  '  ^ 

On  th(;  17th  they  arrived  .••t  t\v^  mouth  of  the  lied  river,  the  con- 
lluence  ol  which  with  the  Mississippi,  agreeablv  !..  the  observations  of 
Mr.  de  l-errer,  lies  in  latitude  JJl,  1,  10,  N.  and  lonuitudo  Oh,  7,  U 
west  ol  Greenwich.  U..1  river  i.  here  about  live  hundred  yards 
wide,  and  without  any  sensible  current.  The  hanks  of  the  river  are 
clothed  with  willow;  the  land  low  and  subject  to  inundation,  to  the 
heiu-ht  ol  thirty  h.et  or  more  above  tlie  level  of  the  water  at  this  time. 
Ihe  mouth  of  the  lied  river  is  accounted  to  bo  scvcnt^v-fivc!  hvunies 
Irom  New  Orleans,  and  thiv;o  miles  higher  up  than  the  (Jhafalaya,  or 
Opelousa  river,  which  was  probably  a  continuation  of  thr^  lied'  river 
when  Its  wafers  did  not  unite  with  those  of  the  Alississii>pi,  but  durinrr 
the  immdaiioti.  ° 

On  the  l^■'tll,  the  survey  nf  the  Red  river  was  commenced,  and  on 
the  evening  of  the  lOfh,  the  party  arrived  at  the  mouth  of  the  Black 
river,  m  platitude  :31,  15,  4^,  N.,  and  about  2G  miles  from  the  Missis- 
sippi.    Rod   river  derives  its  name  from  the  rich  fit  earHi  or  mari, 
or  that  col.,r  borne  down  by  the  floods;  the  last  of  which  nppr;ared  td 
have  (lepositedon  the  high  bank  a.  stratum  of  upwards  of  half  an  inch 
in  thiL'kness.     The  vegetaiioa  on  its  banks  is  surprisingly  luxuriant; 
no  doubt,  owing  to  the  deposition  of  marl  durii;g  its  miuual  Hoods! 
1  he  willows  grow  to  a  good  size,  but  other  forest  trees  arc  much 
smaller  than  tliohc  seen  on  the  banks  (,l'  the  Mississippi.     As  you  ad- 
vance up  th(..  river,  it  gradually  narrows  ;  in  latitude  ;31,  08,  N.,  it  is 
about  f>\.)  hundred  yards  wid(;,  which  width  is  continued  to  the  mouth 
of  Black   river,  where  each  of  them  appears  one  hundred  and  fifty 
yards  across.     The  banks  of  the  river  are  covered  with  pea-vine,  and 
several  sorts  of  grass  hearing  seed,  which  geese  and  ducks  eat  very 
greedily  ;  and  there  are  generally  seen  willows  growing  on  one  side, 
and  on  the  other  a  small  growth  ol  black  oak,  peccawn,'hickory,  elm, 
i''cc.     The  current  in  the  |{ed  rivr  is  .;o  moderate,  as  scarcely  to  af- 
lord  an  impediment  to  its  ascent. 

On  sounding  the  ({lack  rive,,  a  liule  ab  )ve  its  mouth,  there  was 
lound  twenty  ieet  of  wati>r,  with  a  bottom  of  bhudv  sand.  The  water 
of  Black  river  is  rather  clearer  than  the  Ohio,  and  of  a  warm  teinpe- 
ratiire,  which  it  may  receive  from  the  water  llowing  into  it  from  the 
valley  of  the  Mississippi,  particularly  by  the  Cutahoohi.     At  noon  on 

59* 


(ii-, 


v   SI  i'i'i,f;.Mf:,\(. 


Ih.'  T.Ul,  1.3  a  ,u(„„|  nicrnliaa  (.l),scrvaliiin,  llicy  asrcrlaiar,!  f|„.„-  |,i,|-. 
tii.l.'  to  he  ;}(»,  'M,  2{),  i\..  aad  wcv  ihni  a  lililc    UrU,w  \hr  moiillis  ..i 
)l..'   f  aiahncln,    W  a>l.ita,   au.l   liavoi.   'I'.aza,    Ihc   laalcl    waters   „r 
vvIhc  ,  (nnn  ilm  UlaHc   riv.r.     Th,.  carival   is  v.tv  ^u.lle  ihr  uholc 
Ifii^-th  <.l   tlie  HlacK   nv.T,  whirl,   ii,   manv   plac<>s  docs  iini   v\riv<{ 
ci-hty  \anl.s  la  wi.lil,.     '|'|i,;  banks  ..11  )li,-  |,,urr  pari  ..ftlic  river  pre- 
stMil  a.t,n-oat  lu.Niiria.uv  nf  vrn;otalioii  an.l   rank   -rass,  will,   red  and 
I'lnr-.v  (  ak,  ash,  peecawn,  iaekory,  ;uid  smn.-  (has.     Tlie  soil  is  hiack 
iiinrl.  njixed  with  a   nidd.'rale  portion  (.f  sand,  reseinhlino-  niueh   the 
waon    the   .MisM-s,p„i    haid<s;   yet  the   I  .rest  frees  are  not  loilv,  like 
those  nil  (ho  nmruin  ofthe  (Ireal  river,  I  ul  r.^smihlin-  the  orowth  on 
Ilie  Ked  river.      In  lalitnde  ;n,  -J,  4«i,  S.,  ihey  observed  that  runes 
^■rew  on  severd  pnrts  ..i"  the   ri-ht  b,T,k,  a  pro'of  that  th.    land  is  not 
•  leeplyoverdowed;  perliap.-.  Iroin  me  to  three  fivt:  the  banks  have  ihr 
.•ippearane(>of  slabdily;   very  littl.>  willow  or  other  productions  of  a 
neuly  inrnied  soil  on   either  side.      On  advancing  up  tlu'   river,  the 
timber  beeon.es   la.-ge.-,  in   so..,,,  pkuvs   risinj-- to  the   hei-|,t  of  Ibrtv 
(W'l  ;  yei  ih,.  kind  ,s  liable  !o  be  inundated,  not  from  the  vvatei-s  ofthis 
.sniad  i-iver,  hut  /.•oin  the  intrusion  ••f  its  more  powerliil  iici-dibor,  th.- 
Mississippi,      nw  lands  .kvli,,,.   rapidly,  as  in  all  nllnvialeountries, 
from  the  ma,-ir,n   lo  iho*  eypress   swamps,  where  more  or  less  water 
stagnates  all  ll.<.  year  round.     On  the  -Jlst  ihey  passed  a   small,  but 
elevate,    islai.,1,  sai.l  1.,  ]„-  th,.  o„|y  one  in  ||„.  river  lor  more  than  one 
hnn.i.vd   l.^ngues  aseen.lin-.      On   the   left   bank,  near  this   island    a 
si.iail  s<.ttl.Mu..nt  or  .,  ..ouple  oi"  a.avs   has  h.  ,■„  b.'^un  by  a  u.an   an,! 
IIS  w!|,..       [he   banks  an-   not    less  than  Kalv  uvt   a  hove  the  present 
level  ,,!  iho  water  m  th..  river,  and  are  but  rarel  v  .nvrflowed  ;  on  boll, 
sidcsthey  are  el,,the.l  with   .•i.h  caned.rake,  pierecd   by  c.veks  .'it   to 
cam- boals  diM'iiiu- th,.  inuiid'ilioii. 

They  saw  m;iny  ,-,a'moranis,  and  the  hoopiu;.;-  crane ;   ..ces(.  and 
.Iuck5  -Aiv  uol   y,.|  abundant,  but  are  sai.l   to  arriv..  in   niv.'iads,  with 
the  .-ains  an.l  w.nt.-r's   cold.     Th-.y   sh.-t   a   lo«  1  of  tho'duek   kind 
whose  loot  was  pa.iially  .lividc.l,  an.l  the   body  cove.v.l  uiU.  a  bluish 
er  lea,l-<:-o|,avd  pliunan,..      On  the  mornin-  .iftho  L'-Jd,  thoy  .)bs.>rved 
^reen  matter  f|,,atn,^  on   the   ..iv.'!,  supp;,s.d  u>  erne  iVon".  the  Cata- 
hoola   and  oth.r   kdu^s  and   bayous  uf  stayiiMUt   watci'.  whi -b    wh<<' 
rtu^ed  a   httle   by   rain,   How   info  th,.  Black   riv.a-;   and   al...'nianv 
patches  ol  an  a.jiiatic  pianr.  ivsenihliu,..-  small  islan.ls,  some  floatin"'- 
'HI  the  surlace  ol  il.e  river,  and  .jthers  adherin-  to,  or  ivslinu-  on  tliT 
.shore  and   1,^^.     On  ,  xamining  this  planf,  it  was  lluaid   f,',"  hav.' u 
h.Mlowjomtedsfeiu,  with  roofs  of  the  same  lorm,  exU'euielv  li-dit,  will, 
very  narrow  willou-^haped  leaves  projectin-;-  iVon.  ih-   ioinl,'",.u.brac- 
mg,h..u-evor,  the  whole  uflhe  lube,  and  e.M.'.iuli,,.-  v,  ,bi',  ,„..xt  iidla-i.-r 
joint  or   kn..t.      11,,.  exf,-en.ily   of  each    h,'an..his   lenniuale.l   by   a 
:,pike  o    veiy  blender,  narrow  s.aninal   leaves  froni  one  t„  („„  inch,., 
in  ienolh   and  one  a.nth  or  less  in  b.'oa.llh,  piNnluein-  iis  sc.l  on  the 
nnder  sac  oi  the  lea,;  in  a  double  rou-  almost  in  e,>nu„-t:  ihe  4,!u' 
.^dte,-nate!y  placed  111  pei'ibet  roanlaritv.      Not  bein-  able  t..  li.al  ,i.. 
llower.  its.class  and  ..rder  could  not  be  d(>tcnuine,l.',alih.Hinh  it  is  nut 


A  sri'i'r,i;.Mi;.M, 


<)17 


I(. 


i';"l'H!.ly  MPw  (owunls  th,,-  .,,,,„.,■  |,,,rr  oC  ,i„.  Black  river,  (lu- 
s hoivs  ah  |U..,  j.,1  VMlli  iMUsH.vs  .-UMl  prMriwinklcs.  Th..  ,M,.sr|..s  ^u■yr, 
"'"'.'• '<"""'-;ll"'l|'""l".i,s,-|.,.s.     Tlu",n,.n.ln..ss,.,la,,„aMtiyurtl„,„, 

consHl.Tu.;,  ,|„;,M  as  agnr'ahh ■  Iu.mI  :  hut  Mr.  i) tmm.l  them  toi.H 

and  iiii]ialatal)!c.  '  = 

On  arnvin-  at  ihn  n.nuth  of  th.,  (JaU.hnn|a,  )h,.v  landed  to  imKuire 
K-.nnatinn  hum  a  I'ronch.naa    ,.iile,l  ihen-.     lluvi.-.'  a  grant  ihnn 
ihe  ,si,amsh  pnernn.ent,  he  has  n.ad.:-  a  small  s(,.ttlemen  ,"u,d  ke..ps 
>i  ferry  boat  or  carrying-  ,n'cr  men  .md  horses  travellinu  to  and  Irom 
Natehe/.,  and  the  seftlom-nts  on  lied  river  and  on  the  Washita  river. 
J  hr  eoimtry  here  ,s  all  alk.viai.      In  process  of  lime,  the  river  shnt- 
nn^^  n|,  an-,enf   passages  ami  el..valiiig  the   hanks  over  which   iheir 
waters  pass,  no   lon-er  c<,mnmnicates  with  the  same   lacility  as   lor- 
merly  ;  the  conse.p.ence  is,  that  many  lar-er  lra<-ts  (hnnn-lv  suhjecl 
to   ,nundat,on     arc    now   entirely   exempt  lron>    that   incuenicnce. 
hn<-h  is  the  sitnalion  of  a  most  valuahk-  tract  np,„.  whi.d,  this  IVench- 
man  is  s.-ttlrd.      I  |,s   l,o„se  stands  on  an  Indian  moim.l,  with  sevr-ral 
o  h.M's  m  view.      I  hcv  ,s  also  a  species  of  rampart  surnnrndino'  this 
piiKV   an.l  f,ne  very  el<.vated  mound,  a  view  and  description  of  which 
is  pnstponed  till  the  return  ;  their  pr.^sent  situation  not  allowin-r  of  the 
i-qmsite  delay.      1  he  sod  is  ..pial  to  the  hest  Mississippi  botto^ns. 
I- rem  'us  j.lace  they  proc(.-edc.l  to  th..  mouth  <.f  Washita,  in  lati- 
Ip,      '        '  ''        ■  '"^"^  oncamp.-d  on  l|„.  eveniii"-  of  the  SAi] 
ihis  river  .lerives  its  appellation  fr.,m  th-  nauie  of  an   iiuiian  tribe 
(••■•i'lerly  resident  on  its  banks;  the  remnant  of  which,  it  is  said,  went 
ii'  o  tlio  Mi'^t  plams  to  tin;  westward,  and  eitl-r  comp.,s,.  a  small 
trih..  themselves,  or  are  incorporated  iuto  another  nation.     The  15la(d< 
m-er   loses   its  imme  at    the    i„ii,.tiou   „f  Washita,  ('ataho.,la,  and 
Wi,alth.n,-hour  maps  r..p,eM.ui  it  as  rnki,,^  pla.-eof  the  Washita, 
llie  leii/a  and  (  atah..nla  are  also  n-m,..,!  />..„.  In.han  ^11...^  now  ex- 
imct.      !h,"li,ttr,.  ,s  a  creek   twelve  lea-nies  lon:r,.  whi.d,  is  the  issu.- 
ol   alakeol   thcsaiiu,  name,  .ight  |,.a-ues  hi   l.'n-lh,  and  ab<,ut  two 
l'>a:;ucs  m    m-a.!:!,.      It  hes  w.^st  from  the  mouth  of  the  Cataho..la, 
and  comnumicaic.  with  the  ji-.l   riv.'r  durii,;^  the  ^reat  annual  inun- 
<.aUon       At  thewstor  uorthw.'st  an^le  .,f  the  lake,  a  creek  call..,! 
l.ittle  Uiv.T  .■liters,  which  preserves  a  .-hannel  with  runnin-  water  at 
all  seasons,  luean.iering  a.lon-,'  th.'  b.^.l  of  ;!,e  hd:e,-   but  in  other  parts 
its  siiperhces,  duriii-^  the  <lrv  s^'as.,!,,   fr,,ui  ,'uly  to   November,  and 
oiten  later  are  ...mpletely  drained,  an.l  b.vom..  covered  with  the  most 
luxuriant  herba.u,.;  t!„.  b.'d  <,f  the  lake  th<a.  becomes  the  residenc./of 
.mm..i.e  herds  ..fd.vr,  ol"  lurk..ys,  g.:ese,  (•ran.^s,  &c.,  which  fi^ed  .,n 
I  1^'  -rass  aii.l  i^ram.      IJayou  Tenza  serv.s  onlv  to  drain  offa  part  of 
tlio  waters  of   the  inuii.liiiei,   Inun  il.e  l-.w  lands  of  the   Mississippi, 
uhiHi  hen;  comaiunieal,.  with  th.;  llhck  river  duriw:.  the  season  . ,f 
hi  oh  v,-.r;;r. 

,  JHwr.c  ti„.  mouth  n,-  tb.  Wa.bJIa  and  V.;li,.,nont's  pra\-:,.  on  the 
iM-hr,  M,o.:.rrentof  th.M'iveris  -eniie,  am!  the  banks  liuorable  fl.r 
tmvm-.  i  nv.  land  ,  ..n  both  si.lcs  have  the  appearance  of  bein^  above 
t'i'-  inund.ti..,,;   tl...  timber  npuerally  such  as  hloh  lands  {rroduee. 


r 


(ilN 


A  si'i>i'i.i!.Mi:i\r. 


iH'lllii'   ( 


liiifh  red,  white  and  Mack 


oal 


iiilcrsnc 


s((l  Willi  a  vari(l\  ol" 


othrr  invs.     TIk;  niagiii.lia   "rmiulilloia,   llial    iiil;illil)l(«  si"ii   ol'ilu 


nil,   IS   tlol 


and   not   hcm^'  .siilt|ccl,  (o  iinindati 

\U)W^  flu!  I.atdis  a  stfaliiiu  ol'  solid 

liarcntly  of  anciciil   dcposilioii.      It   I 

an  anyli!  of  luvirly  ;i()  ilcmccs  uilli   ihc  Imri/nii,  and 


dined  with  Ihn  (l(>seciit  of 
lion  was  contrary.     Tiinlier  h 
bank,  which  sccnis  indurated 
sentiiiL!;  a  verv  ditHn'cnl 


lie  rivcM',  alllioii 


iWf  ver,  aniojin   tin m. 

clay,  or  marl,  is  ohservable,  ap- 

ies  ill  olili(|iie  |)()siti()iis,  mtikini/ 

^eiierallv  in- 

Ih 


I'll 


in   a  lew  eases  I  lie  posi 


^i'<-\\   projicliiiL!,'  Iroin  under  the  solid 
and   iiiHuiesiionalily  very  ancient,  pre- 


WKle 


river   is  alioiit    Hi)   vard> 

Washita,  th(>  l')avoii  llalia  conies  in 


a|i|iearance  iidin   receiitiv  ioriiied  -di! 


leauue    nli(i\e    the    iik 


.ml 


I    ol 


Ih 


une\|ii(ie(||y  from  the  riidil, 


111(1 


IS  one  ol    the  many  |)assa;2,fs  through  which   the  waters  of  tl 


iinindalion 


•netrale  an 


|)erva(k'  al 


le   irreat 


low  c(juiitnes,  amiihilatimr. 


lor  u  tim.',  the  currents  of  the  !ess<r  rivers  in  iIh^  neiuhhorlio(,d 


I) 


1ISS|SSI|)|)|. 


he  venelation  is  remarkahlv  vigorous  alou"  tl 


)anks.  which  aiv  covered  with  u  thick   shruhhery,  and 
phmts  in  lull  Mossom  at  this  late  se 


lie 
le  aliuvial 
iiuiumer.ahk! 


Vill 


isoii. 


emoiit  s  jirairieisso  named  in  conse(|ueiice 


within  a  ^rani  un 

iiain(>.   Mi 

prietovs. 

Ol!  this  riser 

i»y  ;he    liiiliaii- 

iNat'"li"7    rilic 


ol  Us  neiiiu'  iiK 


hided 

tli-r  !li(^    rreneli  udvernnieiit  to  a   gentleman  of  thai 
W 


inyotlur  parts  olllu-\Vasliiiaaiviiaiiu'(lalt('rlli('ir('arly  pro- 
ivnch  people  proje.led  and  hciiaii  eMei:sivi>  settleineiits 


liut  the  i'(  iieral  ma^'saci 


e  planned,  and  in  part  executed 


a<i:ain> 


lieni,  and 


I  hi' 


>\  tlie    l-'reiKdi,  hn 


y  were  not  recoiiunenced  under  that  i:,(>\ernnieii 


hi'  coiise(|iient   destruclion  of  the 
Ko  up  all   these  iiii(lertakin<'s,  and 


"Ik 


uiv  plains,  or  sa\aiinas,  without  liinher;  ur'nerallv  verv  lirt 


)se  praine 


lie 


protliu'iinj;  an  exuherance  o!  stronii-,  thi, 


and  coarse 


herl 


lariv 


W 


a  piece  ot   uroiiiul  has  once 


11(1 


and 
leii 


It  can  have  no  oppoiiiimiy  ef  reproduci 
al)l(>  pr;u'tic(!  t<i  s(.'t  lire  to  ihe  {\i-\!  nniss  iii 


into  tills  stale  111   ;in  Indian  com 
i<:   timlier,  ii  heiii"-  iui  inv 


ilr' 


in- 
the  !;ill  or  w  inter,  to  attain 


lo 


le  ailvrmtay  ol  atlackiiiu-  ;  ame  when  llie  ycuiii;-  1<  nder  i;rass  l.eoin 

and  lh(-   piaiiie  aiinnallv 


s|>rmi>' 


llii> 


s  (lestro\s  the   \()iiii<.)'  timl 


C  Won(i-!;UI(l 


iiains  u[)(in  th 

know  I!   to  exist   in   A 


It   1,^ 


irohaiile 


'I'he  plains  of  the  V\'asliita  lie  clii 


hat  th(!  inmu;Ms<>  [)lain.; 
meiica,  may   owe   then-  (iri<iin  to  tliis  custom. 


raiiv  lortiKMl 


l!k(>  the 


Mi 


eii\  Oil  tlKj  east  side,  and 


iHini 


iciu  - 


river  to  thi^  ureal  river,  ihev 


sissi|ipi   land,  slopinrj  Irom  tin-  l.-ank  of  i 


are  more  or  ie 


uihject  to  inundation  in 


the  rear:  and  m  certain  ureal  (londstlie  water  has  advanced  so  liir  a> 
to  ho  ready  to  p.our  over  the  margin  into  the  Washita.     This  I 


•are  tl 


las  i;ow 


iinir 


Dcconie  a  \er_\ 

tor  of  a  mile  *.■  a  mile  in  deiith. 


ir.d  il  may  he  estimated  that  from  a  (ii 


inu  Inu 


h  f1 


i<ih 


O'hIs. 
IS  the  I 


Thi 


il.  n  mam  tie<"  trom  inun 


piar- 
d.'itinii  dnr- 


s  IS  preltx  iimch  the  case  with  tlinso  lands  nearly 
flio  Washita,  with  tlu;  t'xception  of  certain  ridcc's 


ol  tho 
tl 


■i  primii;ve  hi-h-laiid  :  the  rest  heino  ,;videnlly  alluvial,  altluaiuh  ii. 


now  suhject  to  he  ii 


■d  hv  Ihe  W 


tshita   river,  in  consequence:  of 


the  ureal   deptli  winch  llu>  bed  ..f  the  river  has  aciai'vd  bv  abrasion 

^>ii  'il'l"'">'^'li'ii^'^\vardsthel5ay,,uLoui«,\\liichem|)iicsitri\valorsi 
iho  W  ashita  on  llio  rii;ht,  a  little  below  the 
of  hiuli  land  on  both  sides,  which  [U'uduo-. 


mo 


rapids,  there  is  a  u,reat  dea 
pine  and  o'.hcr  timlKi.  ik- 


A    HI'l'l'LKMKM'. 


010 


IK.t 

■ 

1?- 

: 

c  o\' 

1 

- 

ion. 

1 

into 

1 

leal 

1^ 

IK't 

V 

1 

:- 

k 

the  t-Toutlj  „(   ,,.,.M.Iati,M,  luM.ls.     Ar  tl,,.  foot  nf  th(,-  rapids   t|„.  nnvi 

in    '         ri      '      "'""'•.■,•"'  •^^'  ?•">.  •'i.  N.,  a  ii.tlc  above  vvl.id.  l\u.: 
ncnts  froc  f,:    VTT-  T''"''  ^'""'''"'  "''"'  -'^'^-^^I^^'hx.  of  frag- 

,     n-o     ith.iNM.Li   fl.o  uppnaranr..  of  iMrl„m((Ml   Hay;   the  oulsitic   i^ 
.on      '^M?  .        .         ',     '7''/'   ""•^^•''"■'-  ''<-''=-'""e  again  lil<e  a  niiil- 

Zv:^;;;  ';!;;;/';'"'"■•'  >'^'"''^ -'•'"•  ti.  whoio  or  those  first 

savannas  are  seen  on   .1,,.   right.     On  sounding  the  rim  l  ey  K.  „ 

110  live  1  .iljove  the  ha>oi,  see,,.  10  ,-elai„  vei'y  liltio  alhivial  soil  •  the 
1  .gl.  an.l  ea.-l  ,,  wlneh  is  a  san.ly  ba.n  of  a  light   o,vu    '  5,      J    i 
srea  sol    .vd  sand  and  elay,  is  seen  on  the  loR  bank  w      "■ 
,';!.,  l>-arn,g  p,n..s,  n,te,-s|,e,-sed  with  red  oak,  hickory,  a.  d  do-  -uo  d 

syn  advance.      J  he  n^vM  ,;;p,d  ,s  made  l.y  a  iedne  of  n.rks  tn,vo,-s. 
mu  the  jiver,  an.i  narrovvmg  f|,o  watr.-  (diannel  to  ah-,ut  il,i,-ty  ya,.ds 

.V  Ids  and  the  hanks  l,-o,n  tl,i,-fy  to  ihny  leet  high.  I,,  latitude  :i2, 
1  ',  1.1,  .apids  and  shoals  again  occurred,  an.l  tl,,,-  el,;,,,,,,.!  was  very 
...  uojv;  the  sand.|,a,'s  at  evnry  point,  extended  so  Ihr  into  ,he  hc-nd 
as  to  leave  little  ...oro  ihan  the  lavadih  ofthe  hoal  of  water  s„ir„.ie 
deep  br  her  passage,  ahhough  it  spreads  over  the  width  of:  .ve,  ,y  ■ 
eighty  yards  iipni,  (he  shoal.  • 

In  the  alternoon  of  the  olst,  they  passed  a  little  phnlalio,,  nr  set- 

^^     he      ^':iV'-'"' r'  '"'  "'""  '"■'■'^"''  '^^tl..-ceotl,e,-s  adi„in,n^ 

wM  !  ;         r'  «^^^^'7?"^^;"-^^  ""  '^  Plai..  or  pn,iri<,  the  soil  ,w' 

,         ,     1      7        r^'-''"'  '^^''!"viaMV.,n1   the  .-e^lar  slope  which 

(k.ep  (  l,ee  the,,,  ,-n„,  tj,.  ,nconvenienc.e  of  its  inun<lation ;  ye!  i„  the 
oa.-,  the  waters  ol  the  Mississippi  app.-oaei,,  and  s..,ne,i,ne;  lave  dry 
"t  ;i  "'H'n.w  st,Mp  a  ong  the  ba.dc  of  the  river.  It  is,  however,  now 
n.o,e  cnuunuK  f  ha.  the  extent  of  the  fk.lds  cultivat.:d,  (iron,  one-iinn-th 
o  one-hall  .n,le,)  renuuns  dry  dn.'ing  the  season  of  inundn,li,.„  :  tin-  ..!!! 
here  is  very  good,  but  not  equal  tr,  the  Mississippi  bottoms;  it  ,n;iy  be 
csteenied  second  ra!..     At  a  Mna!l  ,|;stanc:e  to' /he  east  a,;  e.lelisiv" 

'37/H"''T''o'''rV'''''''!  .'''"'  ''"^"'^  ^^'""'^^  inundation  always 
>tand  to  the  depth  o|   |,-o,n  blfceii  to  twcnty-tive  ieer.     On  the  wA. 

sKle,  alter  passing  ovrr  th<^  valley  of  the  rive,-,  whose  breadth  varies 

fi'on,  a  .,nartr>r  of  a  mile  to  two  niiles,  or  more,  the  land  assumes  a 


6:^0 


A  Miri'i.i;Mi:.N  r. 


fniisi(l('i';il)k!  flu\iUii.ii,  iVoiu  (iiic    luindivd   i,.  ihrct;    liiiiulivtl  lirl,  and 
rxuii.ls  all    iildiin-   ti)  till' .vllicUK.'lils  uf  thi:    lied    river. 


iH'sr    limll 


lal 


cuniiiiii- 


UuKls  arc  iV|)(jrU'd  to  br  \>nn\;  and  liadly  \\ali;ivd,  \>ruv^  rhiclly  u  | 
18  UM-nicd  a  pint;  barren.     'I'h.Te  is  Ikmv  a  li-rry  ami  road  ol 
Miy.ilKin  l.(!l\veeii  tlio  po.sl  ofllie  Wasliita  amUlV'  iNateL  _  , 
nrUiis  road  passes  to  the  seUleni.'nt  called  the  iJapids,  on' 
(li.sluuci!  troni  tliis  |)lac<;  by  e.)ni|)iilaiion  one  buudi'ed  and   lilly  i 


le/,  and  a  lork 


lle.l 


M  tl 


ns  pari  orijie  liver  lies  a  eonsiderabh-  had  of  land 


river, 
niles. 


llie  Spanish  (Joverninent  to  llie  ,Mar(jnis  ol'  .Maix.n  L 

•  •migrant,  who  becpieathed  il  with  all  bis  property  to  M.  iLul 


granl<'(l  by 


\olliie 


I  r  reiieli 

.      .      .  ■  ',!4'iV,  son 

the   late  colonel  ol'  the  Louisiana   reoinienl,  and   bv  him  slild   to 


J>aniel  Clar 


IS  saiil  to  cMciid  liom  lbe  po.st  of  Wasliiia  uilh  a 

oil 


breadth  ol"  lbe  two  lea-^iies,  includiii!.',-  the   river,  doun   lo  the  I5a\ 
•.'.•iliiinct;    the  coinpiiled  dislaiice  ol"  whid 


tl 


1  aloiiw-   111,,   liver   i> 


nr 


y  leaj.',iies,  bill  supposed  iioi  more  Ihan  tweUe  in  a  diixct  line. 
On  the  ()lh  olWovember,  in  the  alieriiooii,  lbe  party  arriveil  al  the 
|JONt  of  tlio  Washita,  in  latitiidi'  ,*}-J,  ;i7,  LT),  N.,  wiuire  tl 
lit(>ly  received  by  liiciil.  1 
lalily  ol'bis  dwelling-    willi  al 


lev  weie 


iwinar,  who  immediately  ollcreil  the  hospi- 


!• 


he  MM'vic 


rom  lbe 


cs  111  Ins  [lower 


•rry  lo  ilns  place,  the  naviu,ation  of  the  river  is,  at  II 


icawoii,  iiilerrupled   by  many  shoals  and   rapids.     Tl 
is  from  einhty  to  a  hiindrcd'yards.    Tbt;  water  is  e\ti 


Iniik,  and  much  clearer  than  thai  of  the  Oh 


lis 

le  general  uidlh 

le  water  is  ('\tremelv  aurceable 


i.-.  very  nnlike  ils  t\\i»  lu-i. 


alior: 


A 


lo. 
rkaiisas  and 


111  (Ills  r(;s|)ect   il 


Ued 


waters  an'  loaded  with  earlliy  mattiu'df  a  reddish  br,., 
to  theiu  a  chocolate-like  appearance;  and,  when  those 


rivers. 


wh( 


.)•  c 


arc  not  portable,  beinu'  brackish 


■own  ctilor,  giviiij^ 
waters  are  low. 


)m  th(>  <^reat  niiinbcr  of  salt  si 


ulnch   How  into  ibem,  and   |)iol)ably  fron'i  (he  beds  uf  rock  salt  >,,,. 
which  they  may  pass.     The  banks  of  the  river  i)resentcd  very  littlr 


rim's 
over 


leaiililii 


appearance  of  alluvial   land,  but    riiriiished   an  infmitud , 

landscapes,  lieigbteiK  d  by  the  vivid  colorin--  they  derive  from  Ihr 
aiitinnnal  changes  of  liu-  leaf.  Mr.  Dunbar  observes,  that  the  clian-c 
ol  color  111  the  leaves  of  ve^rtables,  which  is  probably  occasioned  by 
the  oxyuvn  (,|  ih(^  atmosphere  actinu-  on  the  vegetable  nialter,  deprived 


ol   lbe  prelecting  powca'  of  viial 


iide  It)  the  naturalist  who  dire'cfs  his  altenlion  t 


principle,  may  serve  as  an  ixci' 


lent 


)  a  discovery  ol  new 


"bjecis   lor  the  use  of  the  dyer.      For  li<'   has  always  remarked  that 
ilii'  leaves  oi  those  irjcs  whose  bark  or  wood  are  known  lo  pnxluce  a 
i"  ''"I'l'inn  lo  the  same  color  which  is  e.Mracted  in 


cially  by  the  use  of  mor^ 


'lye,  are  i-iiaii 

the  dyer's  val    from  the  wood;   mor* 

dants,  as  alum,   Oyc,  which  yields   oxygen:   tliiis  "the   i;>liag(,  ,,.   ,, 

hickory  and  oak,  wliich  produce  the-  quercilron-  bark,  is  chaimcd  b 

lore  i:s  liill  inio  a   beautiful   vellow  :  oil 


u  liver  color,  or  blood  color,  and  are  ki 


Comiilexioii. 


ler  oaks  assume  a  lawn  color, 
lown  lo  yield  dyes  of  the  same 


In   latitude  ^2,  is,  ,\.,  |),,eior  llunler  discovered  al 


side  a   substance  iiearlv    n 


ibl 


loijH-  the   river 


.  •esembling  nnneral  cojU  ;  its  appearance 
was  that  of  the  carbonateil  wood  described  by  Kirwan.  li  does  not 
easily  bnrn  ;  but  on  being  ap])lied  lo  the  flame  of  the  candle,  it  sensi- 


A  ■■trii'i'i,r,>fi;M', 


\(i2 


iihI 

llrt, 


-I".!,'!.'.',  thai  nl  thf  .riiiii  lac  or  muimm  s.-ulir.-.wa\ 

.Soil  Inai.ln  slo„„   is  <-..,nino„,  an.l  ...vMi   ,|;,»,„ifi,.s   „r  ...-avl  aiui 

i;;;^;r:;;!r '•"'''' ''••''• '"'• •  i-i-i-.-i  ..y ..,.:!:.;'?,  r 

Tin.  |M;sitiui.  rail,.,)  ['0,1    Alin,  |..i..;  ll„.  ,„.,.p,.,1v  ..f  a  i.nva,..  ,„.,.. 

M.i,,   wl.n   was   luruKTly  .Mvil   <-..um.a.„lai,l    h.'r.,  il...   |i,.  ,.,.,,..„( '|.v 

al<0M,...sl   al.o.„  i;.„,  h.nuln..]    vanl.   loun-;   I.als  l.u.l,  l„  ns       s.   '  i 

-tr-hnus.  s,  a,,.!  .nHus..,!  ,l„.n,  will,  a  sli^hl  sloduul..      11,,,...    Vw     , 

"""•';  ".Iry  ras,  „!    |  „•  ,,vrr,  ,,  is  ..vi.in.llv  alluvial;   ihc  s„rli.r,       ,: 

u  j...ntlo  s  .,..-  Irnm  ,|„.  nsv,  „,  ,|,.  ,.,,,  „,•■„„.  |,lan,a,in„s.     ' 

IS  o(  ^^vn,.IIn,  .pK.hly  J,dn.^  a  nrlH-laHMnoulJ  lo  ,h 

.....  ..Mv|,„i,  t|„.,v  ,s  a  (nal.k.  loa.,,  of  a  brownish  l.^r  - '.lor. 

At    !„.   post  on  thr  Washila,  ihoy  laonnv.l  a  hoal  of  I,,,,;  ,h-a.,.ht 

;; .t'-".horNovn..h,.r,,h..ypro<.,.,.,|.. Un.JZu^it 

•1";  <v,,uu,u-  n.ra,„|,..,|  at  Ih-  ,,|aMtal,oM  „r  !!aro„  llastn.,;     "^ 
.     I  his  .suiali  H.=lll(Mn..nt  on  Ih.  Washita,  an.J  son,...  of  i|„.  nvks  li,ll- 
mj^  ...to  ,1,  coniains  not  nnnv  than  Hv..  hnn.lr..!  ,„.rs..ns,  ol"  all  a-cs 
.   ..J    oxos        I   ,s  r.,.orl..|,  how.^vr,  that  th..-..  is' a    rrcal  .H.antilvV.r 

.•Hl.-,a   an,l  n,,on  tlxso  cr.ol<s,  an-l  ll,a,  th.-  s.ltl.nunU  islapal.^:  , 

iK.U  exl..ns,..n,  an.l   nmy  hn  ,.xp,...|,,,l,  with  an  a.^c-cssion  ..f  popui  ,- 

nun    to  bo,..n>.-  very  flonrishin.-.     Th-n-  ar..  ihroo  nx^r.-hants  s.'t,|,.,l 

at     !...■   i...sl,  who  snpply,  at   v.Ty  cxorhilant   pri.-s,  th,.  inhabitants 

h..n-n,.-c.ssaru.s;   Ih.-sn,  will,   Ih,.  garrison,  Kvo  sn.all   planters, 

-Hu   .1  U.-v.  csman  ..r  two   .onsl,l;,U.  U.n  pr..s,.nt  vilja^r-.      A  pn.portion 

""'"  ...l.Mhilants  .-onnnn..  lh<.  o|,l   pra.-tiro  of  hnntin;,.,  dnrin-^tl " 

-•....•••  s..ason;  nn.l   th,-y  ox.-hano,.  ,h..ir  p<.|fry  ll.r   n...:^ssari,.Avi  I, 

I  <•  in,.„-hants  a(  a  low  rat<-.     Dnrin,.-  th.-  sn,nni..r  those-  p(>op|e  ..on- 

U'.nt  tii..,ns<«lv('s  w.th  ra.sM.g  con,   ban-ly  sn(Ii,-i,iut   lor  bLul  ,h,rin- 

the  y(.ur.     In  this  manner  th.^y  always  remain  .'xfrem.lv  poor.    Some 

lew  who  have  conqn..re.|  that  habit  of  in.iol.M.c..,  wln.l,  is  always  the 

.•onse(|nence  o  the  In.lian  mo.le  oflifc,  and  attend  to  airrienlture   live 

.noi-e  c/,mlortab|y,  and  tast,>  n  litt!.-  of  the  sweets  orcivilised  life 

Ihelan.ls  along  the   river,  ab.>v(^  th..  post,  are  n..t  very  invitinir, 
l|f mg  a  thm,  poor  soil,  and  covered  with  pine  wood.     To  the  ri^S 
Jhe^settlements  on  the  Mayon  l?arthelemi  and  Siard  are  said  to  be  rivh' 

On  the  morning  of  the  I :{th.  th.^v  passed  an  island  and  a  stronc- 
.•apid,  and  arr,v<^d  at  a  litll.'  s(..tllem..nt  b<>!ow  a  ehain  of  rorI<s,  which 
emss.'s  the  cd.annel  b.'tw.-en  an  island  an.l  ihe  main  land,,  called 
Ivofp.o  Ivaw.  J  he  Spaniar.l  and  his  Dunilv  setlle.l  here,  appear,  from 
>.l.'M.;...dolenc.,to  liv<.  miserably.  Th.;  riv,.-  acqnires  here  a  more 
spacious  appearan.-e,  b<-ing  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  yards  wi.h 
In  the  alternoon  they  passed  the  Bavon  Barthelemi  on  the  ri-d.t.  above 
the  last  settiomr.nts,  and  about  twelve  computed  Leagues  from  the  post 
Here  commenci.s  IJaron  Jiastrops  great  granv  of  land  from  the  Span-* 
ish  (T(H-crnment,  being  a  square  of  twelve  leagues  on  each  side  a 


■ 


«••»•' 


I'l'MUiriM-. 


litlli!  otfri'iliii^  !i  niilliuii  of  l-rcnch  ai  res.  'I'iic  Imiiks  ol  tlic  rivir 
(•imtimu"  nlxMit  tliiriy  Ik-t  lii^h,  of  u  liifli  cinlitft'ii  llvt  iVdiii  iIk;  wiiu  t 
is  ;i  clnyry  lomii  ol'  n  pale  hhIi  colcii'.  Ujioii  wliidi  t[ic  water  has  (l(.'|)(,. 
sitc'il  twrlvr  li'cl  u|"  h^lif  sandy  .soil,  aiiparcntly  li-rlik',  ami  ol  .<  dark 
lu'owii  colnr.  'i'liis  dcsi-riptio'ii  of  land  is  nl'.siiiiiil  lufadtli,  ii.  I  i\\. 
"ciiliiiMT  hulCa  Kiilr  on  iwh  .side  of  ihc  river,  ami  may  !«•  callfd  the 
valley  (<{'  the  \VM-,hita,  lieycMd  whieli  iliere  \<  :\  hiirh  land  rovi-red 
with  [)ine. 

'i'lif!  soil  (»(■  thu  ••  Ituyou  tics  BiUlL's"  continues  ihin,  with  a  ji'roulli 
"l"  small  tiiTiher.  I'his  creek  is  named  iVoin  u  imiMlii  r  of  Indian 
ii'okihIs  diseovored  liy  the  ImnterH  nh'Wj^  its  course.  The  margin  ol' 
I  he  river  Ije.^ins  lohe  covered  with  sueli  limber  as  usuully  gruws  om 
immdatou  land,  particidarly  a  specios  ..i'  while  oak,  vulfiarly  called 
over.eup  oak;  its  tiniher  is  reiiiarkahly  hard,  solid,  [)onderous,  and 
diiraiil'';  and  it  prodiicr-s  a  largf;  acorn  in  gre/ii  al)un(lan(;e,  ujititi 
wliieli  the  bear  lijeds,  and  which  is  very  latteninji'  to  Iiol^s. 

ill  laiitude  :j'2,  50,  '■',  j\.,  ihcy  passed  a  long  and  narrow  island. 
•The  i'fice  ol"  the  country  begins  to  change;  the  banks  arc  low  and 
stoop;  the  river  deep  and  more  conl>  noted,  I'rom  thirty  to  fifty  yard  ^ 
in  width.  The  soil  in  ilu;  neighborhe  .d  of  the  rixor  is  a  very  saii 
l(.)am,  and  covered  with  such  vegetables  as  are  found  uii  tlie  inm, 
dated  lands  of  the  Mississippi.  The  tract  ]>rescnts  the  appcirance  of 
new  soil,  very  dillerent  from  what  tlity  passed  below.  This  alluvial 
tract  may  he  supposed  the  site  of  a  gr(;at  lake,  drained  by  a  natural 
clvmnol,  from  the  abrasioii  of  the  waters:  since  which  period,  liie 
annual  inuiulati(pns  have  dcp(jsited  the  superior  soil ;  eighteen  or  twenty 
li^et  ani  wanting  to  rojider  it  habitable  fur  inun.  It  a|)pears,  neverthe- 
less, well  stocked  with  the  beasts  of  the  forest,  several  of  which  were 
seen. 

Uiiantities  of  water  it)wl  are  beginning  to  make  their  appearance, 
which  are  not  very  numerous  here  until  the  cold  rains  and  frosts 
compel  them  to  leave  a  more  northern  climate.  I'ish  arc  not  so 
abundant  as  might  be  e.\[)ectod,  owing,  it  is  said,  to  the  inundation  of 
the  Mississippi,  in  the  year  1709,  which  damm(>d  up  the  Washita, 
some  distance  above  the  post,  and  produced  a  stagnation  and  consc- 
(pient  corrui)tion  of  the  waters  that  destroyed  all  the  tish  within  its 
inliuerice. 

\t  noon,  on  the  15th  of  November,  they  passed  the  island  of  Mal- 
let ;  and  at  ninety  yards  northeast  from  the  upper  point  ui  the  island, 
hy  a  good  observation,  ascertained  their  latitude  to  be  .S^i,  59,  21,  5, 
N.,  or  two  seconds  and  a  half  of  latitude  south  of  the  dividing  line  be- 
tween  the  territories  of  Orleans  and  Louisiana.  The  bed  of  the  river, 
along  this  alluvial  country,  is  generally  covered  with  water,  and  the 
navigation  into;rrupted  ;  but  in  the  afternoon  of  this  daj-,  th(-y  passed 
three  contiguous  sand-bars,  or  beaches,  called  "Les  trois  battures," 
and  before  evening,  the  '•  Bayou  dc  grand  Marais,"  or  Great  Marsh 
creek  on  the  right,  and  "  La  Cypreri  C^haltelrau,"  a  point  of  high 
land  on  the  other  side,  which  reaches  within  hall' a  mile  of  the  river. 
As  they  advanced  towards  the  Marais  de  Saline,  on  the  ri<>ht,  a 


A  KUPl'LE.VKNT, 


ti'Si 


■iril 


* 


«u«tum  of  dirty  white  clay,  imder  ihc  alluvial  Irucl,  .howi  u  llii;,,, 
to  be  loaviiig  Ihf  inkeii,  and  approachiri'  the  high  land  comitry. 
I  ne  Walt  Lick  M.-u.h  d(K3«  not  derivt!  iis  ,mi,„.  iVom  any  brackiMh- 
ne8s  in  t  1..  water  of  the.  Uko  or  luursli,  bi,.  /rom  ita  contiutiilv  to  s<ime 
oJ  the  ick..,  Honietinies  called  "  saline,"  and  .soinetiniOH  »  ulaisc,"  -e„e. 
rally  io.ind  in  thr  clay,  con.n.ut  ..nnuul,  fu,-  pollers'  ware.  The 
nayou  do  la  lurlipo  forms  a  eoinmunicutioii  Utween  tli<«  lakf  and  the 
river.  Upposile  to  rhis  place,  thoro  is  a  point  ul  high  land  1.  ..niiM'  >■ 
pro,nonfnry,ndvan<,..  within  a  mile  oltl.o  rivr,  and  to  ulu.h  b,°iU 


l"u  -ruiiiid.s  arc  under  uulcr,     A  .shbrt  leaj>ii.;  al 


aliove 


resort  \v|i.  u  tlic 

is  the  mo..th  ..       V,  (Jrand  UuyoU  de  la  Salin..(SaU  Lid^'.mek^") 

ims  creek  is  u.  ..  coasidcrublc  length,  and  nuvi-able  lor  .small  uuafs. 

Ihe  hmilcrs  ascenri  it,  to  one  hundred  of  their  leajrues,  ii  pursuit  of 
game,  and  all  agree  that  none  of  the  springs  which  lie,  thi.s  cnck 
nro  t.  It  has  obtained  its  name  from  the  nianv  buiUilo  salt  licks 
jvtii,      iiiur  been  discovcr(;d  in  iu  virinity.     Alth.mf^h  m.-st  of  fhrs,. 

icks,  by  diggnig,  iurnish  water  will,  h  holds  inarin.;  salt  in  solution 
more  exists  no  reason  Ibr  believing  that  many  of  them  would  produo 
nitre.  Notwithstanding  this  low  and  alluvial  tr;u:t  appears  in  all 
respects  >Ve  1  adapted  to  the  growth  of  tin,-  long  moss  (Ulandsi;., 
none  was  observe.!  since  entering  it  in  latitude  ;{2,  52  j  and  ;s  tlie 
pilot  mforined  th.  ,.,  none  would  be  seen  in  tiieir  pro-wss  „„  t|,.'. 
mer,  it  is  probable  that  the  latitude  of  the  thirty-three  degrees  is 
about  the  iiortherii  limit  of  vegetation,  ihe  long-leaf  pine,  frequentlr 
the  growth  ol  rich  and  even  inundated  laud,  was  here-  observed  in 
i,a-eat  abundance:  the  sliort-lealid  or  pitch  pine,  on  the  conirarv,  i. 
always  found  upon  arid  lands,  und  g.  iierally  in  sandy  and  lolty  skua- 

This  is  the  season  when  the  poor  settlers  on  the  Washita  (urn  ou' 
to  make  their  annual  hunt.  The  deer  is  now  lai,  and  the-  skins  in 
perfection;  the  bear  is  now  also  in  liis  best  state,  with  irgaid  to  the 
quality  of  Ins  fur,  and  the  quantity  of  fiu  or  oil  he  yields,  as  he  has 
been  feasting  luxuriously  on  the  autumnal  fruits  of  the  fon^st.  It  is 
here  well  known,  that  he  does  not  confine  himself,  as  some-  ^^■l•itel■s 
have  supposed,  to  vegetable  food  ,•  he  is  particularly  fond  of  hcu,\ 
flesh;  sheep  and  calv>vs  are  frequ.'utly  his  j,rey ;  and  no  animules. 
capes  him  which  com.  s  within  his  i.owcr,  and  which  he  is  able  if, 
conquei-.  Ho  often  destroys  the  fawn,  when  chance;  throws  it  in  his 
way.  lie  cannot  however,  discover  it  by  smelling,  notwithstanding 
the  exf-ellence  of  h.s  scent;  Ibr  nature  has,  as  if  Ibr  its  protectioir 
elenied  the  fawn  the  property  of  leaving  any  eflli.via  upon  its  track  a 
property  so  powerful  in  the  old  deer.^'^     The  bear,  unlike  most  otlier 

«w  l^  "lay  not  be  generally  known  to  naturalists,tliat  between  the  hoof  of 
the  deer,  &c.,  there  is  found  a  sack,  with  its  mouth  incliomV  uVN^-ds 
?n  nrnn."^r"'''''f  V'''  ">"«J^'' ""^  ^vl.icb  by  escaping  over Hre  opeS' 
in  proportion  to  the  secretion,  causes  the  foot  to  leave  a  scent  on  tl^' 
ground  vyherever  it  passes.    During  the  rutting  season,  this  musfi  is  s o 

cl"ri£brdi2c^'^  "  ""'  '"^'^'^'^  ^^  '^  '^  '^''^^'  ^>-  ^'-  »'"»^-  ^t^^ 
53 


I 


rMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


I.O 


I.I 


11.25 


2.5 
2.2 

2.0 


M.  i  1.6 


<^ 


'-y 


/} 


<^ 


^r 


'c? 


'^w%* 


n i_ 


^Sciences 
U)rporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  87^-4503 


# 


i\ 


^ 


^ 


i\^^ 


<^^>^ 

^^V-0 


9)^^.  <A.  ^^\ 


<^ 


«<.' 


!>      ^^ 


%' 


IS 


624 


A  Sl'PI'LEMKNT. 


bfj.Msts  of  prey,  does  not  kill  the  animal  he  lias  seized  upon  before  ho 
eats  it;  hut,  regardless  otits  strugiHcs,  cries  and  lamentations,  fastunn 
upon,  and,  if  the  expiTssion  is  allowable,  devours  it  alive.  The  hunt- 
ers count  much  on  tlicir  profits  from  the  oil  drawn  irom  the  hear'.- 
lat,  which,  at  Now  Orleans,  is  always  oi"  ready  sale,  and  nuich 
esLcenied  for  its  wholesomcness  la  cooking,  heing  ])reierrcd  to  butter 
or  liog's  lard.  It  is  Ibund  to  keep  longer  than  any  other  animal  oil, 
without  becoming  ran(>id;  and  boiling  it  from  time  to  time,  upon  sweet 
bay  leaves,  restores  its  sweetness,  or  facilitates  its  conservation. 

In  the  ullernoon  of  the  17th  they  passed  some  sand  beaches,  and 
over  a  few  rapids.  They  had  cane  brakes  on  both  sides  of  (he  river; 
the  canes  were  small,  but  dt.'monstrate  that  the  water  does  not  sur- 
mount tho  bank  more  than  a  lew  leet.  The  river  begins  to  widen  as 
thev  advance;  the  baidvs  of  the  river  show  the  high  land  soil,  with  ;i 
stratum  of  three  (jr  lour  leet  oi'  alluvial!  deposited  by  the  river  upon 
it.  This  superstratum  is  grayish,  and  very  sandy,  wi'di  a  small 
admixture  t)i"  loam,  indicative  of  the  poverty  ol'  the  mounlains  and 
uplands  where  the  river  rises.  Near  this  tliey  passed  through  a  new 
and  very  narrow  channel,  in  which  all  the  water  of  the  riv(;r  passes. 
i;xce|)t  in  the  tini(;  of  fiesliets,  when  the  interval  lljrms  an  island.  A 
litlie  above  this  pa.ss  is  a  small  clearing,  rtalled  "Cache  la  Turlipe," 
(Turlip's  hiding  j)tace;)  this  is  tlio  name  of  a  French  hunter  who  here 
concealed  his  jn'opcirty.  It  continues  the  practice  of  both  the  white 
and  red  hunters  to  leave  their  skins,  &c.,  often  suspended  to  poles, 
or  laid  over  a  pole  placed  upon  two  forked  ])osts,  in  sight  of  tho  river, 
until  their  return  iVom  hunting.  These  doposites  are  consid(jred  as 
sacred,  and  lew  examples  exist  of  their  behig  plundered,  Al'ler  p.'iss- 
ing  tiie  entrance  oi'a  bay,  v.hich  within  must  ibrm  u  great  lake  dtu'- 
inu  iniaidation,  great  numbers  of  the  iong-leai"  pine  wenj  observed  ; 
and  the  increa.sed  size;  of  the  cane  along  the  river's  bank  denoted  a 
better  and  more  elevated  soil ;  on  the  left  was  a  high  hill  (three  hun- 
dred ieet)  covered  with  lofty  pine  trees. 

The  hanks  of  thf^  river  present  more  the  appearance  of  upland  soil. 
the  under  stratum  being  a  pale  yellowish  clay,  and  the  alluvial  soil  ol 
a  dirty  white,  surmounted  by  a  thin  covering  of  a  brown  vegetable 
earth.  The  trees  improve  in  ap{)earance,  growing  to  a  considenibic 
size  and  height,  though  y«;t  inl'.;iii)r  to  tho.se  on  the  alluvial  banks  of 
the  I\iississippi.  Alter  passing  the  "Bayou  de  Hachi.«"  on  the  left, 
points  of  high  land  not  subject  to  be  overflowed  fVecjuently  touch  the 
rivt;r,  jmd  the  valley  is  said  to  be  more  than  ;i  league  in  breadth  on 
both  sid(;s.  On  tlie  le(i  are  pine  hills,  called  "  Code  de  Champignole." 
The  river  is  not  more  than  iiity  (M'  sixty  yards  wide.  On  the  morn- 
inii'  of  tho  idth  tliey  passed  a  number  of  sand  beaches  and  some 
rapids,  but  found  good  dejUh  of  water  between  them,  A  creek  called 
"  Chetnin  (k)uvert,"  which  ibrins  a  deep  ravine  in  the  highlands,  here 
enters  the  river;  almost  nnmediately  above  this  is  a  rapid  where  the 
water  of  the  river  is  confined  to  a  channel  oi'  about  forty  yards  in 
width ;  above  it  they  had  to  quit  the  main  channel,  on  account  of  thf 
shallownesti  and  rapidity  of  the  water,  and  pass  along  a  i.arrow  chan- 


A  StJPPLE.MMNT, 


625 


ncl  of  only  sixty  feet  wide ;  without  a  -juide,  a  strnii'j,er  might  lake 
this  passage  for  a  creek. 

Notwithstanding  the  laloness  of  t!ie  seas.ni,  and  t!io  nortliern  lati- 
iude  they  were  in,  they  tiiis  day  ml  with  an  ahigator.  Tlie  hanics 
of  the  river  are  covered  with  cane,  or  thick  under-bru.-h,  fretiucntlv  so 
interwoven  with  thorns  and  briars  as  to  hi-  impenetrable.  Birch, 
maple,  holly,  and  two  kinds  oC  wood  to  which  names  have  nof  vet 
been  given,  except  "  wator-side  wood,"  are  li(;rc  to  1)0  met  with,'as 
also  persimmons  and  small  black  grapes.  The  margin  of  the  river 
IS  fringed  with  a  variety  of  plants  and  vines,  ainon'.;  which  are  s(  vera! 
species  of  convolvidiis. 

On  the  left  they  passed  a  hill  and  clifi;  one  hundred  feet  perpendi- 
cidar,  crowned  with  pines,  and  called  "  CVite  de  Fin,*' (Fiifs  Hill.) 
Irom  which  a  chain  oi'  high  land  continues  some  distance.  The  cii:!' 
in-esents  the  appearance  of  an  ash-colored  clay.  A  little  f;irthr;r  to 
the  right  is  *he  Bayou  do  Acacia  (J.ocusl:  crock.)  The  river  varies 
here  from  eighty  to  an  hundred  yards  in  width,  presenting  frequent 
indications  oi'iron  along  its  banks,  and  some  tliin  strata  of  ivou'orp. 
The  ore  is  from  half  an  inch  to  three  inches  in  thickness. 

On  the  morning  of  the  :i2d  of  NovernlMn-,  they  arrived  at  the  r<;;.td 
of  the  Cadadoquis  Indian  nation,  leading  to  the  Arkansas  nation  ;  a 
little  beyond  this  is  the  Ecor  a  Fabri  (Fabri's  cliOs),  from  eiuiilv  to  an 
hundred  Ibet  high,  a  little  distance  above,  a  smaller  cliff  called  "  l.f 
P^Hit  Ecor  a  Fabri"  (the  little  Cliif  of  Fabri);  these  clitrs  appear  chi"lly 
to  bo  composed  of  ash-col(KYd  sand,  with  a  siratum  of  clay  at  th'- 
base,  such  as  runs  all  along  under  iho  banks  of  this  river. '  Ai'ove 
these  cliffs  are  several  rapids;  the  current  i;^  swifter,  and  (k'uolcs  their- 
ascent  into  a  higher  country:  the  v.-ater  becomes  clear  and  equal  tn 
nny  in  its  very  agrcoable  taste,  ami  as  drinkino-  water.  In  the  river 
are  immense  beds  of  gravel  and  sand,  over  which  the  ri\.T  passes 
with  great  velocity  in  the  season  of  its  floods,  carrying  with  it  vast 
quantities  of  drii't  wood,  which  it  piles  up  in  many  pla'ces",  lo  the  li?  iuht 
of  twenty  feet  above  the  present  surface,  pointin<x  out  the  difllfultv 
and  danger  in*  certain  times  of  the  flood;  acyidentsrhowever,  are  rare 
with  the  canoes  of  the  country. 

As  the  [)arty  ascended  they  found  the  banl-is  of  tiie  river  less 
elevated,  being  only  from  nine  to  twelve  leet,  and  are  probably 
surmounted  some  feet  by  the  freshets.  Tlu;  river  becomes  more 
obstructed  by  rapids  and  sand  and  gravel  beaches ;  among  which  are 
found  fragmenis  of  stone  of  all  forn.s,  and  a  variety  of  colors,  somf- 
higlily  i)olished  and  rounded  by  friction.  The  banks  of  tlie  I'iver  in 
tliis  upper  country  suffer  greatly  by  abrasion,  one  side  and  sometimes 
both  being  broken  down  by  every  flood. 

At  a  place  called  "  Auges  d' Arelon,"  (Arlan's  troughs)  is  lami- 
nated iron  ore,  and  a  stratum  of  black  sand,  very  tenacious,  sliiuino 
with  minute  chrystals.  The  breadth  of  the  river  is  here  about  eighty 
yards :  in  some  places,  however,  it  is  enlarged  by  islands,  in  others 
contracted  to  eighty  or  one  hundred  feet.  Rocks  of  a  grayish  color, 
and  rather  friable,  are  here  found  in  many  places  on  the  river.     On' 


ll 


nao 


A  SlJIM'LEMK.Vr. 


rlio  hanks  grow  willows  of  a  dilllTciit  luriu  iVom  those  Ibuiid  below, 
uiid  on  l\n>  margin  ul'tho  I\Iiis.si.s,sii)|)i ;  tlio  last  arc  very  brittle  ;  these, 
on  the  eontrary,  are  extreni(;ly  pliaiit,  n'senihling  the  osier,  of  which 
(hey  are  probably  a  s|ii'cies. 

At  noon  (^11   the  ".'tth,  they  arrived  at  ihe  eontlneuee  of  the  J.esser 
.Miss(.uri  with  the  Washita;  the  Ibnner  is  a  consi.lerabk  branch,  per- 
hajjs  the  li.urlh  of  ihit  Washita,  and  conies  in  from  th(;  left  hand.  The 
hunters  often  ascend  the  littk  Missouri,  hut  are  not  inclined  to  peiie- 
trite  lar  up,  because  it  reaidn's  near  the  great  plains  or  prai-ies  upon 
llid  river,  visited   by  (lie  Lesser  Osage  tribes  of  Indians,  settled  on 
\rkans!is;  these  last  frequently  carry  war  into  the  ('adado(|uis  trilx^ 
settled  on  tli(!  ]U'(\  river,  about  west-southwest  from  this  i»la<'e;  and.  in- 
deed, ihey  are  reported  not  to  spare  any  nation  or  i/cople.     They  aro 
prevented  iVoin  visiting  lh(>  head  waters  of  the  Washita  by  the  steep 
hills  in  which  they  rise.     These  mountains  aro  so  diineult  to  travel 
i\er,  that  tlie  savages,  not  having  an  object  suHicientlv  desirabli', 
ne\er  altempt  to  penetrate  to  this  river;  and  it  is  supposed  to  ho  uii- 
?;no\vii  to  this  nation.     The  Cadadofjuis,  or  Cadoux,  as  the  French 
proiioimce  Uk- word,_  may  be  considered  as  S[)anisli   Indians;  they 
boasi,  and  it  is  said' with  truMi,  that  they  never  have  imbrued  their 
hands  in  the  blood  of  a  white  mait.     It  is'  said  that  the  stream  of  the 
liitile  Missouri,  some  distance  i'roin  its  mouth,  Hows  ov(T  a  briijht 
-plendid   bed  of  mineral  of  a  yellowish  white  color,  Onost  probably 
martial   p3ritos;)   tiiat   thirty  years   ago,  s(^veral  of  the  inhabitants, 
luinleis,  worked  iqioii  this  mine,  and  sent  a  (|uanlity  of  tin;  ore  to  the 
Uovernuicnt  ai  .New  Orleans,  and  they  were  i»rohibiteil  iVoin  working 
any  more. 

There  is  ;i  great  sameness  in  the  appearance  of  tlie  river  banks;  the 
Inlands  are  skirted  with  osier;  and  immedialcly  within,  on  the  bank, 
-rows  a  ningf!  of  birch  trees  and  some  willows;  the  more  elevated 
iianks  are  covered  with  cane,  among  which  grow  the  oak,  ma[)le, 
"Im,  sycamore,  ash,  hi'-kory,  dog-wood,  holly,  iron-wood,  v.Vc.  From 
Mu;  pilot  they  learned  that  there  is  a  body  of  excellent  land  on  the 
Little  Missouri,  [tarticularly  on' the  creek  called  the  "  IJayou  a  Terre 
Noire,"  which  tails  iiiio  it.  This  land  extends  to  lied  river,  and  is 
"onnected  with  the  givat  prairies  which  form  the  luniting  grounds  of 
the  C ;;uloux  nation,  consisting  of  about  two  hundred  wari-Iors.  They 
ai-e  warlike,  but  frequently  miablc  to  deli'iid  tlu'iiiselves  against  the 
fribe  of  Osages,  settled  on  the  Arkansas  river,  who,  passing'round  the 
mountains  at  the  head  of  the  Washita,  and  along  the;  i)ra'iries,  wliif;li 
■icparate  the*.;-,  f.om  the  main  chain  on  the  west,  where  the  waters  of 
'he  Red  and  Arkansas  rivers  have  their  rise,  pas.s  into  the  Cadoux 
'•omitry,  tmd  rob  and  plund(>r  them. 

The  water  in  the  river  Washita  rising,  the  party  arc  enabled  to 
pass  the  numerous  rapids  ami  shoals  wliich  they  liiieet  with  in  tlur 
upper  ciMintry,  some  ol"  which  are  dillicult  of  ascent.  The  general 
height  of  the  main  banks  ot"tlie  river  is  from  six  to  twelve  feet  aljove 
the  level  of  the  water:  the  land  is  better  in  (piality — the  canes,  &c., 
showing  a  more  luxuriant  vegetation.     It  is  subject"  to  inundation,  an-i 


A    Sin'I'I.KJiKIVT.  Q27 

shows  !i  brown  soil  mixed  with  .si.od.     Near  Cache  Mason  (Mason's 
hiding  |)  ar-e)  or.  iho   right,  they  stopped  lo  exan.ine  a  supposed  coal 
^nln(^     Doctor  llunler  and  the  pilot  set  out  fur  this  purpose,  and  at 
about  a  uMle  and  :,  hall  northwest  Iron,  the  boat,  i„  the  bed  d'a  creek, 
Ihcy  lound  a  substance  similar  to  what  they  had   before  met  with 
under  that  name,  though  iiicre  advanced   towards  a  state  of  pertect 
coal.     At  the  bottom  oftlu,  creek,  ia  u  place  then  dry,  was  tbun.l  do- 
tached  pieces  oi  Irom  tilty  to  one  huiidred  pounds  weight;  adioinin- 
to  which  lay  woo<l  ebanged  int<,  lh<,'  same  substance/  A  stratum  o? 
this  cual    Six  inches  thick,   lay  on  both  sides   ol'  this   little  creek, 
over  another  of  yellow  clay,  and  cov(>red  by  one  Ibot  of  .rravel  •  on 
rhc  gravel  are  eight  inches  of  loam,  which  bear  a  lew  inches  ofvecre- 
table  mould.    1  his  stratum  ol'  coal  is  about  three  Ibet  hi.rlu.r  than  The 
water  in  the  creek,  ami  appears  mariilbstly  to  have  been,  at  some 
period   the  surface  of  ,be  gromul.     The  gravel  and  loam  have  been 
ilcposied  there  since  by  the  waters.     Home  pic-ces  of  this  coal  were 
very  back  and  solid,  of  an  homogenous  appearance,  much  resemblin- 
pit-coal,  but  of  less  specifi.r  gravity.     |r  does  not  appear  to  be  suffi! 
cienlly  impregnated  with  bitumen,  but  mav  be  considered  as  vcrota- 
ble  matter  in  the  progress  of  transmutation"  to  coal.  ° 

Below  the  "  IJayou  de  I'eau  l-'roide,"  which  runs  into  the  Washita 
rom  the  right   th<;  river  is  one  hundivd  and  seventy  yards,  tlowino- 
through  tolerable  good  Irmd.     Tlu-y  passed  a  beautiful  forest  of  pines" 
and  on  the  L'Oth  fell  in  with  an  old  Dutch  hunter  and  his  party  con- 
sisting in  all  of  live  persons. 

This  man  had  resided  Ibrtv  -,  --a -s  on  the  Washita,  and  before  that 
period  had  b(>en  up  the  Arkansas  river,  the  White  river,  a.id  the  St. 
1-rancis;  tlm  two  last,  he  iuf.rms,  are  of  >  KHcult  navigation,  similar 
to  the  VVasliifa:  but  the  Arkansas  rivc^r  is  oi  gr(>at  magnitude,  having 
a  large  and  broad  cliaimel,and  whr^n  the  water  is  low," has  creat  sand 
banks,  like  t  .os"  in  tlu>  Mississippi.     .So  far  as  he  has  bceirup  it,  the 
navigation  is  safe  and  commodious,  wi:hout  imp(Hliments  from  rocks 
•shoals,  or  rapids ;  its  bed  being  Ihrmed  of  m.id  and  sand.     The  soil  on 
It  IS  of  the  first  rate  quality.     The  co.miry  is  easy  of  access,  bein-^ 
iolty  o[)en  forests,  unembarrassed"  by  r;aies  or  underorowth.     The 
water  is  disagreeable  to  drink,  Ikmu  ■  of  a  r-d  color, Imd  brackish 
wlien  Ibe  river  is  low.     A  miiltitu.le  of  creeks  which  tlow  into  the 
Arkansas  furnish  swi.-et  waler,  which  (he  voyager  is  oblioed  to  carry 
with  him  for  the  supply  of  his  immediate  wants.     This  mim  confirms 
the  accounts  of  silver  b(;ing  abundant  u|)  that  river:  he  has  not  been 
so  high  as  to  .ser;  it  himself,  but  says  he  received  a  silver  pin  from  a 
hunter,  who  assured  him  that  he  iiimself  collected  the  virgin  silver 
Irom  the  rock,  out  of  which  ho  made;  the  e|>inglete  by  hammerin«-  it 
out.     The  tribe  of  the  Osage  live  higher  up  than  this  position ;  °but 
the  hunters  rarely  go  so  high,  beiiin;  afraid  of  these  savages,  who  are 
at  war  with  all  the  world,  aud  destroy  all  the  strangers  ihev  meet 
vvith.     It  is  reported  that  the  Arkansas  nation,  with  a  part  of  the 
(-du)ctaws,  Cliickasaws,  ShawaiK.'(;s,  &c.,  have;  formed  a  lea^^ue,  and 
an'  aclually  gone,  or  going,  80U  strong,  against  these  depredators, 

03* 


if 


«i-J>« 


A  .Siri'i'i,i:Mi:NT. 


^v■ltl,  ;i  view  to  (I.'stroy  or  driv,.  tlif.ir  ontirdv  oti;  and  possess  thenv 

schc,-,  >>l  tl.cir  iinc  pnurK's.  which  arc  most  ahnndaiif  hunfin'r  .rnninds, 

«-n.-  plrntilully  ^t.n-kcd  with  hulliilo,  elk,  deer,  hear,  and  evm-y  other 

x'fist  o    the   lorest  commoi-   to  those   latitudes  in  America.       'J'his 

Hi.iter  haviiiu-  n-,veu  inlonuatiou  <.f  ,-,   sn.all  .p.riiig  i„  their  viciaiiv, 

rnn,  which  h..  Irequently  si,,    'v.d  hi.nselfhv  evaporatinu  the  water, 

nocfor  Himter,  witl,  a  com|...,iy,  accompaiiird  him,  on'ihe  inorninLr 

oi  the  --Ith   \MV(.,!ber,  to  the  place.     Tlu'v  ibimd  a  saline,  about  a 

v»h  mn]  a  hall  north  ofthe  cainp  lh,m  whence  ;hev  set  out,  an.i  near 

H  rrcek  which  ent.-rs  the  Washita  a  little  above.      If  is  situated  in  the 

l.<>t torn  oi  the  bed  ol  a  dry  gully.     The  surroin.diim  Iniid  is  rich  and 

well  timbered,  bill  sul>ject  to  inundation,  e.xcr.pt  an' Indian  mound  oh 

'iK'  <'n'ck  side,  having  a  base  of  oightv  or  an   hundred   leet  diameter, 

.-'Ud  iw.nty  (..(■t   high.      Alter  digcrin/about  three  li-et,  throuul,  blue 

.■My,tiiey  .•ame  to  a  .juick-sand,  from  which  the  water  fi.iwed  in 

aInuuJanc.e;   its  (a>le  was  salt  ;ui.l   bitKjr,  roscmblinu-  that  of  waler  in 

1  he  ..cean.      In   a  secoiul   hole,  it   required   them  to 'dig  six  loot  belbrc 

liev  reached  the_  .|Uick.sand,  in  doing  which  thev  thixnv  up  several 

broken   Piece.-:  o(    Indian   pottery.      '['ho  .sp..citic  uravitv ,  compared 

uith  the  rner,  ^as,  Iron,  the  first  pit,  or  that  three  leet  d<-('p,  102,120  ■ 

irom  the  second  pit,  or  that  six  i;.,.t  ,kvp,  U)2,UH,  vi..Idin-  a  saline 

mass,  M-om   iho  evaporation  of  ton  (piarts,  wl>ich  uh.'n  drv  w.i-died 

•  ■ighr  ounces  :  fnis  brino  is,  theivli.re,  about  tho  same  strcn<rth  as'that 

oi  Ih"  oce^m  oil  our  coast,  and  twice  the  siirngfh  of  the  fnu-His  licks 

in  Kenti'cky  called  Bullet's  lick  and  Man's  lick,  Irom  wliLdi  so  much 

salt  IS  iiKKu;. 

The  '^'ourehe  (k-  Ladoux''  (Cadado.piis  Vnr],)  which  thov  passec} 
"»  flH- ii:on.:ng  OI  the  yuth,  is  about  one  hundred  vanlsuide  at  its 
-'France  mt<;  the  Wn.shila,  from  the  lelt  :  immediate  !v  l,..vond  which' 
on  the  same  sale,  the  laiul  is  hi.],,  prd.ablv  elevat.d  thV'ee  hundird 
:r>jt  aoove  the  vat..-.  1  he  shoals  an,l  rapids  here  impede  their  pro- 
^^i'",  :^  ^'"''',|'"'y  '.'^'I'-K-ed  their  lalilude.  bv  observation,  u'  Ik> 
i .  '  .  '  M  '  ,  ^'■■■'■'^'^'".^  Hif.rmation  o!-another  salt  lick,  or  saline, 
J)octor  llunier  landed,  with  a  j.u1y.  to  view  it.  Th,.  pit  was  Ibund 
HI  a  low  Hat  place,  s-d.ject  to  be  overllow. ,,  iron,  theriv<-r:  it  was 
wet  ami  muddy,  the  oarth  on  the  .surlace  v(.!low,  but  on  di-in.- 
through  about  lour  Icot  of  bine  clay,  ,he  salt  water  oo/ed  from  a 
<iuiek.sand.  ion  .p.n-t.s  of  ll„s  water  produced,  by  evaporation,  six 
ounces  olsaiae  mas.,  which,  Irom  taste,  wa.  incipally  marine  salt: 
lo  the  taste  hosyover,  ,t  sliowed  an  admixtu...  of  soda,"  and  mnriated 
luHgnesia,  but  the  marine  salt  greatly  rncp.mderated.  The  specific 
g.-avity  was  about  1,07G  probably  w^ikened  iVom  the  rain  which  had 
all.n  he  da  V  before.  1  he  ascent  of  the  river  becomes  troublosomo, 
ronj  tlK^  ra|,ids  and  currents,  particularlv  at  ;l,..  "  !sk.  du  bavou  des 
Koclrv  (KocKv  crc.k  island),  where  it  required  on-at  exertions,  and 
was  attended  with  some  hazard  to  pass  them.  This  i.land  is  thrcc- 
lourlhs  el  a  imle  m  length.  The  river  presents  a  series  of  shoals,  ra. 
pids,  and  small  .•atarads;  an.l  they  passed  several  points  of  hi-h  laii.i 


A  Sri'l'LKMKNt. 


629 


ilai^/'::!?  ^uh;'""^'  '""•' '-''''''  "'"•  '"""^  ^'^"^'  ^"-  -y  ''->' 

The  r«.-k.s  uxTo  all  siliric.s,  with  thcnr  fissures  pruicf rated  l,v  sparrv 
rnaueu     indu-at.ons  of  ,ru„  were  iVcjucnt,  a.ul  Ira.nK.nts  of  Juk^  rf> 
^e  e  corn.non    hut  no  r.rl.  ore  of  that  or  anv  other  im.al  wal  loun  l.' 
N,n.e  ol    he  h.lls  appear  well  a.lapte.l  to  the"  cultivation  of  the  v  ie 
.       K   so.l  hc.,.;r  a  sa.uly  loam,  with  a  considerable  portion  of  ...nuel 
ad  u  superlK.al  covering  oi'good  ven,„al,le  hla.-k  clu-lh.     '1-1,,^  u  t.  -' 
.0    productions  are,  several  varieties  oC  oak,  pine,  <lo.-wood,  ho    ' 
JVC    wah  a  sea,teru>,r  undergrowth  orwhortlehorrx',  h,uvthorn   eh    a' 
hnor,  and  a  varujtv  o(  .small  vines 

Ahove  the  Isle 'de  Mallon,  the  country   wears  another  prospect 
i    gh  lands  and  rocks  frequently  approac-h  the  river.     The  locks   i', 
^ram   i^scmhle  lrcestone,andare  hard. enough  to  he  used  as  han 
•  .1  -stone,   o  which  p.urpose  they  are  frequently  applied.    Tlie  qualit 
of  1^1.0  lands  nnproves,  the  stratum  of  ve^elable  earth    hein-^  1  om 
X  to  twelve  mchos  oi  a  dark  hrown  c-lor,  witi,  an  admixture  of  loam 
•nd  .md.     Holow  J  )eer  Island  they  passed  a  stratum  of  frees  on  ^ 
V  fee   thick,  under  which  ,s  a  quarry  of  inipe-rfect  slate  m  perpen 
<lar  layers.     About,  a  league  fn.n  the  rive;,  and  a  little  alive  1^ 
>  ate  quai  ry,  ,s  a  considerable  plain,  calle<l  -  Prairie  ,le  Championole  " 
'    Y^.  '••«l^"^'"f<'!'   l-.v  buflhloes.     Son>e  salt  licks  are  form,,    n  "u-  i't  ' 
and  m  many  s,tu-r„ons  on  both  sides  of  the  river,  there  are  said  tl  he' 
sahnes  whirl,  m.y  hereafter  be  rendered  vcrv  pVoductive,  and  fVom 
^vhK.h  the  luturc  settlenu.nt.s  may  be  abundantiv  supplied 

About  four  miles  below  the  "  L'huttes,"  (falls)  they,  fmm  a  nood 
observation,  l„und  the  latitude  U,2l,2^X  The  bnd  on  eiihc^r 
lu  d  crntnm.,  to  nni>rov'.  m  quality,  with  a  sufllcient  stratum  of  dark 
'•a.tl  o!  a  browmsb  color.  I  Jills  frequently  ri.-e  out  .f  the  level 
oounlrv,  ml,  „i  rocks  and  stones,  hard  and  flintv,  and  <,Ii.n  re^c^m 
hhng  lurkey  r.l  stenes.  Of , bis  kin<l  was  a  promJntorv  ^^bich  n  ni^  ' 
H.  irom  the  ri.ht  band  a  litfl,.  below  the  CMmtlcs;  at  a  distance  it  pn' 

sfnted  the  appeanuire  of  ruined  1 din^s  and  li>rtiticarir,ns,  and  s've 

ral  Uisulajed  masses  of  rock  .■ouv<.yed  tbr  i^iea  of  ,v,b,u!,ts  and'  out- 
vvorl<s  e  cfle..,  was  boigbtened  by  the  rising  of  a  flock  of  su"  s 

which  bed  taken  ibeir  stall.,,,  in  (be  Mate,-,  ai  ibc  fi,ot  of  thcs,-  walls 
-  s  (he  voyag,.rs  approached,  the  birds  floated  about  majestieally  oJ 
ti.>o  glassy  surlace  o,  the  water,  and  in  t.-emtdous  accents  seemed  to 
-nsult  upon  nieaus  of  saiety.     The  whole  was  a  sublime  pictured 
u  J,e  a  u.-noon  o   the  8d  o(  December  they  reached  the  Chut  es,  and 


f'umd  the  fidls  to  be  or 


easioned 


by  a  chain  of  rocks  of  the  same  hard 


■■  •■.•  ■'  -  .i-i..  V,  n,.  us  i>i  IMC  same  lard 
substance  seen  below,  extending  m  the  direction  of  north'-ast  and 
southwest,  quite  across  the  river,  'fbe  wat.r  passes  tlirouoh  u  num- 
.):m-  ot  brnnche-^  worn  by  the  impetuosity  of  the  torrent,  where  it  forms 
so  many  cascades.  I'hs  chain  of  ro.-k  or  lull  on  the  Icll  appears  to 
have  be.>n  cut  <lown  to  its  presmt  level  by  the  abrasion  of  the  wafer. 
15y  great  exertions  and  ligbt.-uing  the  boa:,  they  pass,-d  the  muuies 
that  evening,  m,d  encamped  just  above  the  catan^cts,  and  within  the 
hearing  o;  fheirincessant  roar. 


1 


hi 

m 


030 


A  SUIM'LKJinNT. 


Immodmtoly  ubove  tlie  Cliultrs,  tlic  rmnul  of  ilic  water  is  slow  to 
aiiotlirr  h'd-c  of  li;if(l   liTrstciK' ;  ili,;  rwicli  h'Xmvn  is  .spncidus  and 
not  less  than  (wo  yards  wide,  and  turiiiinattd  h\  u  hill  tiir.  o  luindicd 
leet  In-li,  covered  wiili  beautiful   [)ines :  this  is  a  fine  siluation  for 
iMuldnig.     In  l.-ui.nde  :J-i,  2i),  4«,  they  passed  ii  very  dangerous  rapid, 
Innn  iho  nutnl)cr  of  rocks  which  obstruct  th(!  passage  .)f  the  water 
and  break  it  into  f.,ani.     ( )i,  il„;  righi  „f  the;  rapid  "is  a  high  rocky 
Inll  covered  with  very  handsome  pinev  wootls.     TIk;  stratum  of  the 
rock  has  an  niclination  of  ;;() '  i.,  the  horizon,  in  the  direction  of  the 
river  descendmu-.     This  hiil  may  be  three  hundred  or  three  hundred 
and  <ilty  leet  high,-  a  border  or  list  of  green  cane  skirls  the  mar-nn  of 
the  river,  beyond  which  generally  rises  a  high,  and  s(jmeiimes  a  bar- 
ren  lull.     Near  another  ra[)id  they  passed  a  iiill  on  liie  lell,  eontain- 
ing  u  large  body  of  blue  slate.     A  small  disfanec-  above  the  llayou  do 
bulme  they  had  to  pass  a  rapid  of  one  hmulred  and  fifty  vtirds  in 
length,  and  lour  and  u  half  tcet  Ihll,  which,  iVom  its  velocitv,  iJi.' 
brench  have  denominated  ''  La  Cascade."     lielow  the  cascade'  there 
are  rocky  hills  on  both  sides,  con)[)osed  of  very  hard  freestone.    The 
stone  in  the  btnl  of  tlie  river,  and  wlikh  has" been  rolled  from  lh(> 
upper  country,  was  of  the  hardest  (lint,  or  ,.f  a  quality  resemblin- 
I  urkey  oil  stone.     "  b'ourche  an  Tigre,"  ^Tigers  creek,)"which  comes 
in  iroin  the  right,  a  little  above  the  cascade,  is  said  to  liave  many  ex- 
tensive  tracts  of  rich  knel   land  upon  it.     The  rocky  hills  h(n-e  fre- 
quently  approach  the  Wasluta  on  bo!h  sides;  rich  bottoms  are  never- 
theless frequent,  and  the  upland  is  sometimes  of  modern  elevation  and 
tolerably  level.      The  stones  and    roek«   here  met  with   have  their 
fissures  Idled  by  sparry  and  chrystalme  matti'r. 

Wild  turkeys  become  more  abundant  and  less  diilicult  of  a[)proach 
than  below;  and  the  howl  of  the  volves  is  heard  during  ihe  ni'dit. 

To  the  "Fourcbe  an  Caliat,"'  (Caulker's  creek)  where  the  voya-^e 
terminates,  they  found  level  and  good  lantl  on  the  right,  and  liigirhiFis 
on  the  left  hand.  After  i)assing  over  a  very  pivcipitous  rai)id%eem. 
mgiy  divided  into  four  steps  or  iidls,  one  of  which  was  at  kvisl  fifteen 
inches  in  perpendicular  h(»iglit,  and  which  together  could  not  be  less 
than  five  and  a  half  feet,  they  arrived  at  IHkV  camp,  a  small  distance 
bekjw  the  Fourcho  au  Calliit,  where  they  stopped  on  tiie  (jih  of  De- 
cember, as  th(i  pilot  considered  it  the  mosi  convenient  landing  from 
whence  to  carry  their  necessary  baognue  to  the  hot  spriin's,  ilie  dis- 
tance being  about  three  leagues.  There  is  a  creek  ab,,ut  two  leaoues 
higher  up,  called  "  Bayou  dcs  .Sources  Clinuds."  (Iiol  si.-rln<r  cn^ek,) 
upon  lh(;  banks  of  which  the  hot  springs  are  situated  at  about  two 
lca;.,ues  from  its  mouth.  The  banks  of  it  are  hilly,  and  the  road  less 
fliiiible  than  fixmi  Elles'  canij). 

On  ascending  the  hill  to  enr-.anp,  they  found  the  land  very  level 
and  good,  some  plants  in  flower,  and  a  great  many  cver'rreen"vines ; 
the  (orest  oak,  with  an  admixture  of  other  woods.  The  latitude  of" 
this  place  is  Hi,  27,  31,  o.  The  ground  on  which  th(;y  encamped 
was  about  fifty  fret  above  the  water  in  th<^  riv(M-,  and  supposed  to  be 
lhii;y  ftcl  higiicr  tl;  in  the  inundation.^..     Hills  of  considerable  Jiei-I  ' 


V  SUPPLEMENT. 


a:h 


and  clofioi  w,fh  ,>,nn,  urm  in  n  \rw  ;  !,„(  tl,,-  lm..l  nround,  ;n.,l  rxf.„<l- 

<n,U-  lK>y....d  thru-  vinvv,  li...  |,Mn.|so„u,.lv  (;„■  ri.llivaiion.     Tl,..  supn-. 

ran.n,  ...of a  bla.kisl.  brown  cclc.r,  npon  a  vHluw  l.nsis,  t  ,.  21 

..  ...•rn.xcvl  w.th  j;mv..|  an.l  1,1,,..  s.-hisms,'  .Vc.|n.-ntlv 'so  ihr  .i,.c..„np.,.seJ 

n  aslnta,  t.>   h,^  l.of  H,,ru,,!r.s,  a  disfanr-c.  of  al,..„t  nine.  nuL-s   tl,.    Ih^st 

s  X  n,il.-s  .M  flu.  r.;a.    ,,s  n,  a  w.-sfi-ly  .iircvti.m  wilh,>„t  n.anv  .•„ri...si- 

I'S  and  .ho  r..n,ain.i(.r  i,.>..tl,^v,-,ni|y,  wjii..!,  r.-u.-rsos  a,-.,  n.  ..Vswai-v  t<, 

.s,d    li.dcs  and  son,,.  ,,.„,,„..  o„os,  which  aro  all  imiuonivl]  hy 
'  "I  >,  d.;or   .V...      n...  s,.,l  a,..„nui  tl,.,,,  is  a  whit,-,  fPna.-i.,,,.  rlav, 
m.ba  hly  (,t  (,„•  potters'  war.  :  h.n.-o  tl,.-  nan,.:  ..f"  .lais..,"  whi.-h  tl,; 
1  r,.|,..h  l,„nt..,-s  l,ay.<  l,..st.,w.^.d  „p.,n  n,nst  of  fho  licks  iVcqiu.nf.l  \n 
I .    beasts  .,1  the  lores!    n,a.,y  ..f  whi...h  exhibit   no  saline  i,„p,....r,„i. 
...      I  he  hrst  two  m,!..s  ln„n  the  riv.T  ,..a,np  is  ..v.m-  l.-v,.M,.„.d  .,f 
c  MTond  i-af..  .juahfy ;  the  t„nl.,,-  ehi.,.|ly  oak,  intermixed  with  other 
ees  eo.nnion  to  the  eh.nate,  and  a  llnv  seafte.-ino  pines,    h^n.-thr,.  .„,, 
lands  on  e,th..r  han.l  nse  ,nto  gently  sw..|lu.g  hills,  ....VM-ed  w,>h 
.  ndso,,..,  p,n.- w.„kIs.     Tl,.:  .-oad  passes  al.mg  a  valley  free, nentlv 
^a  by  thr  n,„TK.,.oL,s  ,-,lls  and  .prin-s  ..fexcell..nt  wat-'r  whi,-!,  issn.s 
fom   he  l.,ot  ol  ,h,,  h,||s.      Near  tl...  hot  springs  the  hills  iKvo.ne  .no.-e 
e.  yated   sloeper  of  aseent,  and  rocky.     They  are  he,-e  call,.,!  .noun- 
.  i.is  al  h„„.  ,  „on.M,l  th.-n.  ,n  view  e.xc...,.,!  |o-„.  or  five  hun.h-.Ml  flvt 
m  altitiae      it  is  sai.l  that  mountains  of  more  than  live  times  the  el.-- 
vat, on  oi  t.ese  bills  a,-e.  to  be  seen  m  the  nurthw..st,  towanis  the 
sou.ee  ol    the  VVashila,-  .,„.>  of  then,   is  ..alle.I  the  .lass,  .-hrystal,  or 
shnnn-  mo,mta,n,  1,-om  the  vast  nnn.ber  ..rhcxao-..nal  prisn.s'of  verr 
■  anspanrnt  and  colorless  c-h,-ystal  whi.di  aro  found  on  its  surlae..": 
hey  a,v  .generally  s,,rn,ou„f<.,I  by  py,.a,nids  at  one  end,  .-arely  on 
both.      li,ose,.h,-ystals.I.,  „.,t  pt'oduee  a  double  reira..tion  ..f  tl,..  "ray. 
oi  light.     Many  searches  have  been  n,ade  over  these  m.M,„tains  li.r 
the  p,-e..ioiis  inelals,  but  ,t  is  b.-lLived  without  siK...ess 

At  the  hot  springs  they  ioun.l  an  ope.,,  |.,g  cabin,  and  a  li'w  huts  of 
split  boai-ds  all  .calculated  lor  sunim.T  ..ueampni..nt,  and  wbi.'b  ha.I 
jeon  (T.^ed  by  persons  resorting  to  th(>  sprinirs  for  the  reeov..ry  .,f 
their  health. 

They  slightly  i-opaircd  these  huts,  or  cabins,  for  their  accomn,oda. 
tion  .luring  the  time  of  their  detenti.^n  at  the  F|)rings.'  for  the  pn,-no<e 
of  examiinng  thr.,,,  an.l  (ho  sm-ronndinii- count,.y  ,-^u,d  nud^inn-  such 
astronorriical  observations  as  mm^,  lU'cessary  fo.-  ascertainin'o-  their 
geographical  fiositi.m.  "  ° 

It  is  ,ind,>,.sto.)(l  that  th.^  hot  ,sp,-ings  are  in..luded  within  a  -^rant  of 
sw,o  h.m.h-ed  acres,  granted  by  the  late  Spanish  cominandaiU  .jf  the 
v\  ashita  to  some  of  his  fVi..nds,  but  it  is  not  believed  that  a  i-e  ndar 
pat.nt  was  ever  issiu'd  ibr  the  plac, :  a.id  it  cannot  be  said  that^esi- 
(leiice,  with  impr.)vement  he,.-,  Ibnns  a  pl<,.a  to  claim  the  land  iip.)n. 

"n  their  arrival  they  immediately  tasted  the  waters  of  tiie  hot 
springs,  that  is,  alter  a  few  mimit.-s'  coolinir,  fbr  it  was  impossible  to 
approach  it  with  (he  hps  when  lirst  taken  up,  without  scakiino- :  the 


♦ 


0.32 


A  Ml  Hl'LUMMNT. 


tasto  docs  not  dill'or  Irotii  timt  ol' <iood  writer  rciidiTc.l  hot  hv  culiimrv 
hro. 

On  the  lOll,  l|„.y  visit.Hl  all  llic  l,..t  sprin-s.  'I'hrv  ussuc  on  the 
cust  wide  ol  th(!  valley,  wIkto  the  Ijiits  arc,  oxcopt  ono  sprinjr,  whi.h 
risrs  on  Iho  wpst  hank  ol'  the  crn-k,  iVom  ij,.'  sides  and  loot  of  a  hill. 
I'l-oiu  tiu!  .small  (|iiantity  oi'.'aicarooiis  mattiT  yet  deposited,  thi;  west- 
•-•n.  spnng  doos  not  appear  to  ho  of  lonji  ^tandin-;  u  natin-al  i-ondiiit 
probacy  pusses  uiid-r  tlx;  hed  of  the  ereek,  and  siippli.'s  it.  .  TIkto 
are  iour  pruij-ipa!  springs  risin^^  ii,„„e'dialely  on  the  east  hank  of  the 
ereek,  ()no  of  whifh  may  he  rather  said  to  sprin^^  onf  ol'  the  yravel 
bed  ol  the  rnn.;  a  (ilih,  a  smaller  on(;  than  that  -abuvr,  mentioned,  as 
nsm;,r  on  the  west  side  of  the  eieek ;  and  a  sixth,  of  flie  same  um-mi. 
indo,  the  most  nortlvu-ly,  and  risinu-  neartht;  hank  of  the  ereek  ;  these 
are  cjII  the  sources  thai  nierit  iIk;  name  of  springs,  near  the  huts;  but 
tlierc  IS  a  considerai)le  one  below,  and  all  alonj,',  at  intervals,  th(>  warm 
water  oozes  out,  or  drops  from  the  hank  into  the  ereek,  as  appears 
Iron,  the  condensed  vapor  ilortinir  along  the  margin  of  the  creek  where 
the  (hippinifs  occur. 

The  hill  from  wiiich  the  iiot  springs  issue  is  of  a  conical  form,  tcv- 
mmatiiig  at  the  top  wilh  a  lew  loose  fragments  of  mck,  coverin"  a 
flat  space  twenty-live  feet  in  diamet<r.  Although  the  fiirure  of'the 
lnll  IS  conical,  it  is  not  ejitirely  insulated,  but.  connected  with  the 
iieighhonng  hills  by  a  very  narrow  ridge.  The  primitive  rock  of  tins 
lull,  above  the  base,  is  principally  silicious,  some  part  of  it  l)eing  the 
hardest  flint,  others  a  freestixio  extremely  compact  and  solid,  and  ol" 
various  cohns.  The  base  of  the  iiill,  and  for  a  considerable  extent, 
IS  composed  of  a  blackish  blue  schistus,  which  divides  into  perpendi- 
^dar  hunina  like  blue  slat(\  The  water  of  the  IkjI  springs  is,  there- 
lore,  delivered  from  the  silicious  rock,  generally  invisible  at  the  sur^ 
face,  trom  the  mass  of  calcareous  matter  with  which  it  is  encrusted, 
or  rather  buried,  and  uliich  is  perpelually  precipitating  from  the  water 
oftlu!  springs;  a  small  proportion  of  iron,  in  the  Ibrm  of  red  calx,  is 
also  deposited,  the  color  of  which  is  iVequciitlv  distiuouishable  in  the 
lime. 

In  nsceiulinr  the  hill,  several  [)atches  of  rich  black  earth  are  Ihund, 
which  appeared  to  Ik;  formed  by  the  decomposition  of  the;  calcareous 
matter;  in  other  situations  the  superlicial  earth  is  penetrated,  or  en- 
crusted, by  limestone,  with  t'mv  lamina,  or  minute  fragments  of  iron 
ore. 

The  water  of  the  hot  springs  must  lurmerly  have;  issued  at  a  greater 
elevation  in  the  hill,  and  run  over  the  surllux,',  liaviiii.-  formed  a  mass 
ol"  calcareous  njck  one  hundred  feet  perpendicular  by  its  deposition. 
In  this  high  situation  they  lound  a  spring  whosc^  temperature  was  140 
of  Fahrenheit's  thermometer.  After  passing  the  cidcareous  region, 
they  Ibiind  the  primitive  hill  covered  by  a  forest  of  not  very  large 
frees,  consisting  chi(>fly  of  oak,  pine,  cedar,  holly,  hawthorn,  and 
others  common  to  the  climate,  with  a  great  variety  oY  vines,  some  said 
to  produce  black  and  yellow  grapes,  both  excellent  in  their  kinds. 
Ihe  soil  IS  rocky,  interspersed  with  gravel,  sand,  and  fine  vegetablt; 


si 


IS 


Jc 


A  bll'I'LKMENT. 


IS 


•"••"'•I;     ;>""'aHiingthel,..i;^|,t„rtwul,.u..l 


«'iiii.si(|('ial 


"•;  chuiiKu  ill  fho  soil  was  ol) 


10(1  U'vt 


GUa 


P'TpoDcliculnr,  a 


,   ^   .       "  ":  '  -'"«  ""   "I  llii.  t!i-av,J,  i„„l  ,.,  ,„„„|„.r  „i  ,|,.i|,,,i„ 
.V  "!'""  "»,""""l  '''""ll"''-':.,.,,.;  .1,0  .w„o-  i„li  -b 


THK  K\-D. 


